Group5 sodiumalginate

Synthesis of Calcium alginate

1. Paste: 50g containing 2% w/w sodium alginate

2. Calcium chloride: 10% w/v aq. calcium chloride

2. Membrane thickness: 0.4mm

3. Temperature: room temperature

P = 240 x Δm / A

Δm: mg/h

A: cm² (10cm²)

Without additive
Trial	Initial mass /g	Final mass / g	Change in mass /g (Δm)	Time take / mins	Permeability
1	63.11	59.71	3.4	20	244 800
2	57.13	56.49	0.64	50	18432

With 0.05g chitosan
Trial	Initial mass /g	Final mass / g	Change in mass /g (Δm)	Time take / mins	Permeability
1	61.24	60.53	0.71	120	8520
2	58.75	52.74	6.01	1352	6401

1. Temperature: Room temperature

2. Time for hydrolysis: 30 minutes

3. Amount of chitosan used: 0.05g

4. Volume of 2M Hydrochloric acid used: 25ml

1. Amount of calcium alginate: 5g

2. Volume of calcium chloride: 25ml

3. Amount of buffer: 10 drops

4. Amount of indicator: 0.15g

Initial: Pinkish red

End point: Blue

Past end point: Orange-ish pink

Titration results
Condition	Average volume used / ml	Amount of Calcium Chloride incorporated/ml
Hydrolyzed with 0.05g chitosan	6.8	0.0191
Non-hydrolyzed with 0.05g chitosan	8.9	0.0180
Hydrolyzed without additive	7.0	0.0190
Non-hydrolyzed without additive	7.3	0.0188

1. Sodium alginate used: 1g

2. Amount of tea: 1g

3. Volume of water: 250ml

Results
Composition of paste	Result	Reason
0.1g Chitosan	Not permeable enough
0.05g Chitosan + 0.05g Sodium hexametaphosphate	Not permeable enough

1. Temperature: 100°C

2. Time left in hot water: 2 minutes

Results for temperature stability test
Additive	Initial mass (g)	Final mass (g)	% Weight loss
No	0.20	0.12	40%
No	0.35	0.22	37%
0.1% Chitosan	0.38	0.22	42%
0.1% Chitosan	0.17	0.11	35%
0.3% chitosan	0.15	0.10	33%
0.3% chitosan	0.18	0.13	28%
0.1% chitosan+0.1% sodium hexameta phosphate	0.21	0.15	28%
0.1% chitosan+0.1% sodium hexameta phosphate	0.19	0.13	31%
0.1% stearic acid+0.1% whey protein	0.19	0.12	37%
0.1% stearic acid+0.1% whey protein	0.18	0.125	30%