View source for It07:Taurine

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| align="center" colspan="2" bgcolor="#ffffff" | [[Image:Taurinemolecule.jpg]] <!-- replace if not identical with the pagename -->
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! {{chembox header}} | General
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| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IUPAC Systematic name]
| Taurine

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| 
| 
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| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_formula Molecular formula]
| C2H7NO3S 
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| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_file_format SMILES] <!-- mostly for organic compounds, omit otherwise -->
| NCCS(=O)(O)=O
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| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molar_mass Molar mass]
| 125.14 g/mol
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| Appearance
| White crystalline solid
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| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CAS_registry_number CAS number]
| 107-35-7
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! {{chembox header}} | Properties
|-
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Density Density] 
| 1.734 g/cm³ <!-- ? g/cm³, solid / ? g/ml, liquid / ? g/l, gas -->
|-
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solubility Solubility in water]
| {{{Sol_Water}}} g/100 ml (25°C) <!--  at least put miscible with, not soluble in -->
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<!-- | Other solvents e.g. [[ethanol]], [[acetone]] -->
<!-- | solubility info on other solvents -->
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| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melting_point Melting point]
| 578.26 K <!-- (mention any decomposition) -->
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| 
| 
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| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acid_dissociation_constant Acidity] (p''K''<sub>a</sub>) <!-- omit if not an acid or a base.  If several values, be clear -->
| {{{pKa}}}
|-
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acid_dissociation_constant Basicity] (p''K''<sub>b</sub>) <!-- omit if not a base. If several values, be clear -->
| {{{pKb}}}
|-
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Specific_rotation Chiral rotation <nowiki>[α]</nowiki><sub>D</sub>] <!-- (Only include this for chiral compounds, indicate direction/enantiomer combo if known) -->
| {{{Rotation}}}°
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| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viscosity Viscosity]
| {{{Viscosity}}} [[Poise|cP]] at 25°C <!-- Liquids only, omit if data unavailable. You may use [[Pascal second|Pa.s]] if you prefer -->
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! {{chembox header}} | Structure
|-
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orbital_hybridisation Molecular shape] <!-- for simple covalent molecules (omit for most large molecules, ionics and complexes) -->
| {{{Mol_Shape}}} <!-- e.g. trigonal bipyramidal -->
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| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coordination_geometry Coordination<br />geometry] <!-- for a metal complex or an ionic crystal, otherwise omit -->
| {{{Coordination}}} <!-- e.g. trigonal bipyramidal -->
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| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crystal_structure Crystal structure] <!-- omit if not a solid -->
| {{{Crystal_Structure}}} <!-- e.g. [[triclinic]], [[monoclinic]], [[orthorhombic]], [[hexagonal]], [[rhombohedral|trigonal]], [[tetragonal]], [[cubic]], and mention "close packed" or similar.  You may also cite what class it belongs to, e.g. [[Cadmium_chloride#Crystal_structure|CdCl<sub>2</sub>]]  -->
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| [[Dipole#Molecular_dipoles|Dipole moment]]
| {{{DM}}} [[Debye|D]]
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! {{chembox header}} | Hazards <!--  Summary only- MSDS entry provides more complete information -->
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| [[Material safety data sheet|MSDS]]
| [[{{PAGENAME}} (data page)#Material Safety Data Sheet|External MSDS]] <!-- please replace with proper link-->
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| Main [[Worker safety and health|hazard]]s
| {{{Hazards}}} <!-- e.g. highly toxic, explosive, flammable, corrosive -->
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| [[NFPA 704]]
| {{{NFPA}}}<!-- {{NFPA 704 | Health=4 | Flammability=4 | Reactivity=4 | Other=OX }} These are set on "very dangerous" as default- adjust according to actual values -->
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| [[Flash point]]
| {{{Fp}}}°C
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| [[Risk and Safety Statements|R/S statement]]
| [[List of R-phrases|R]]: {{{R-S}}} <br /> [[List of S-phrases|S]]: ?
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| [[RTECS]] number
| {{{RTECS}}}
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! {{chembox header}} | [[{{PAGENAME}} (data page)|Supplementary data page]]
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| [[{{PAGENAME}} (data page)#Structure and properties|Structure and<br />properties]] 
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refractive_index ''n''], [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dielectric_constant ε<sub>r</sub>], etc. 
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| [[{{PAGENAME}} (data page)#Thermodynamic properties|Thermodynamic<br />data]] 
| Phase behaviour<br />Solid, liquid, gas 
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| [[{{PAGENAME}} (data page)#Spectral data|Spectral data]]
| [[UV/VIS spectroscopy|UV]], [[Infrared spectroscopy|IR]], [[nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy|NMR]], [[Mass spectrometry|MS]]
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! {{chembox header}} | Related compounds
|-
| Other [[Ion|anion]]s <!-- please omit if not applicable -->
| {{{Other_anion}}} <!-- Put in related anions e.g, iron(II) fluoride & iron(II) bromide if compound is iron(II) chloride -->
|-
| Other [[Ion|cation]]s <!-- please omit if not applicable -->
| {{{Ohter_cation}}} <!-- Put in other oxidation states of same element e.g. [[iron(III) chloride]], also for related metals such as [[manganese(II) chloride]], [[cobalt(II) chloride]], ruthenium(III) chloride-->
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| Related compounds 
<!-- A miscellaneous heading - use for covalent inorganics;  e.g. for PCl<sub>3</sub> you would list PCl<sub>5</sub>, POCl<sub>3</sub>, PF<sub>3</sub>, PBr<sub>3</sub>, NCl<sub>3</sub> and AsCl<sub>3</sub>. 
Please omit if not applicable -->
| {{{Relative_Compounds}}}
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| {{chembox header}} | <small>Except where noted otherwise, data are given for<br /> materials in their [[standard state|standard state (at 25&nbsp;°C, 100&nbsp;kPa)]]<br />[[wikipedia:Chemical infobox|Infobox disclaimer and references]]</small>
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{{Chem-Data_Structure}}
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<inlineContents>Taurine2.mol
TAURINE2
  WLViewer          3D                             0
14 13  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0999 V2000
    3.3490   -0.9920    0.4480 H   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  1
    3.2420   -0.0160    0.2150 N   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  2
    3.9140    0.1840   -0.5110 H   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  3
    1.9110    0.1310   -0.3890 C   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  4
    0.8390   -0.1600    0.6630 C   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  5
   -0.8050    0.0210   -0.0830 S   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  6
   -1.0780   -1.0230   -1.0080 O   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  7
   -1.7460   -0.2960    1.0710 O   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  8
   -2.6460   -0.2140    0.7280 H   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  9
   -1.1030    1.3810   -0.3680 O   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0 10
    1.7900    1.1490   -0.7590 H   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0 11
    1.8080   -0.5710   -1.2160 H   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0 12
    0.9600   -1.1780    1.0330 H   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0 13
    0.9420    0.5420    1.4910 H   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0 14
  2  1  1  0  0  0
  2  3  1  0  0  0
  2  4  1  0  0  0
  7  6  1  0  0  0
  8  6  1  0  0  0
  8  9  1  0  0  0
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  4 11  1  0  0  0
  4 12  1  0  0  0
  4  5  1  0  0  0
  5 13  1  0  0  0
  5 14  1  0  0  0
  5  6  1  0  0  0
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==Taurine==
The name taurine was derived from the latin name for ox, Bos Taurus. It was from an ox where taurine was first isolated in 1827. Taurine is a naturally occurring organic acid, which has various roles in the human body, but primarily it plays a major role in the formation of bile salts in the hepatocyte cells of the liver. 
Taurine is often referred to as an amino acid, but due to the lack of a carboxyl group this is not strictly true. Instead it may be called an amino sulfonic acid due to the presence of a sulfonate group. Also unlike most amino acids, the taurine molecule does not rotate polarised light, due to the lack of L- or D- configurations. 
In the body it occurs as a free molecule and is not incorporated into muscle proteins. The water soluble (hydrophilic) nature of taurine prevents it from crossing the body’s mostly fatty cell membranes however, it is present all cell membranes.

=Physiological Roles=

Taurine is conjugated via its terminal amino group with the bile acids chenodeoxycholic acid and cholic acid to form the bile salts sodium taurochenodeoxy cholate and sodium taurocholate. Bile salts break down fat globules in the duodenum through the process of emulsification.

Taurine is also associated with other physiological phenomena including inhibitory neurotransmission, long term potentiation in the hippocampus, adipose tissue regulation and calcium homeostasis. 

Premature babies often lack the enzymes needed to convert cystathionine to cysteine and as a result may become deficient in taurine. When this is the case taurine is a dietary essential nutrient and is added to infant formulae.

=Detoxification=

Hypochlorous acid is a potent oxidizing substance which can cause severe damage to DNA. Taurine however can help to prevent this from happening due to the fact that the taurine structure contains a sulphonic acid moiety rather than a carboxylic acid one, it therefore does not form an aldehyde when it reacts with hypochlorous acid, instead it forms a relatively stable chloroamine compound. Therefore taurine acts as an antioxidant, regulating the concentrations of the chloride ion and the hypochlorous acid concentration, and also in the mean time it protects the body from the potentially toxic effects of aldehyde release.

=Hormonal effects=

In woman, taurine acts on the pituitary gland and increases the levels of the hormone prolactin into the blood. Prolactin acts upon the mammary glands causing them to lactate. Prolactin also promotes better fetal development.

=Taurine production and excretion=

Taurine is formed primarily in the body from the amino acid cysteine.  Active vitamin B6 is needed for this to occur. Excretion of taurine is reduced when there is a lack of vitamin B6 in the body, this suggests that adequate vitamin B6 intake is necessary for taurine production.

Taurine is excreted in two ways:
If taurine levels in the body are adequate it is eliminated in the urine, if however the levels are too low the kidneys reabsorb it to prevent it from being lost. 
Taurine is also excreted in bile bound to bile salts.

=Taurine and cats=

Cats unlike humans cannot synthesise Taurine sufficiently in their body. The absence of Taurine in a cat’s diet causes the retina to slowly degenerate causing eye problems and eventually resulting in blindness. This is known as central retinal degeneration (CRD). CRD is most common in kittens. It can be reversed if the condition is caught early enough and if Taurine supplements are added to the cat’s diet.

=Taurine and heart disease=

Taurine in some countries is used to treat ischemic heart disease. Patients treated with Taurine (3-5g per day) were reported to have made an improvement in their condition. Research is also being carried out into the treatment of both hypertension and high cholesterol with Taurine.

=Sources of taurine=

Dietary taurine can be found in foods such as shellfish and organ meats i.e. liver. Human milk also contains taurine, but cows’ milk does not. Taurine is also one of the active ingredients found in energy drinks such as red bull, and in caffeine pills such as pro plus.

[[Image:redbull.jpg]]                    [[Image:Proplus.jpg]]

=Taurine Synthesis=

[[Image:Taurinesynth.jpg]]<ref>http://www.chem.qmul.ac.uk/iubmb/enzyme/reaction/misc/miscgif/taurine.gif</ref>

=Spectra=
==Infra red==
[[Image:TaurineIR.jpg]]<ref>http://riodb01.ibase.aist.go.jp/sdbs/cgi-bin/direct_frame_top.cgi</ref>

==H-NMR==
[[Image:TaurineNMR.jpg]]<ref>http://riodb01.ibase.aist.go.jp/sdbs/cgi-bin/direct_frame_top.cgi</ref>

=References=
<references/>