Rep:TSR:ZX2015Y3C

2017-11-21T17:34:31Z

Zx2015: /* Introduction */

==Introduction==
The minimum state is the reactant or product whichever has the lower energy and the transition state is where the system reaches its highest energy. Both of these states have gradient of zero. The minimum state has positive curvature while the transition state has negative curvature.

At the minimum state, all frequencies calculated should be positive. At transition state, all frequencies, apart from the vibration responsible for the reaction (negative), should be positive.

==Exercise 1: Reaction of Butadiene with Ethylene==
===MO diagram===
At the transition state the system has the highest energy in the reaction, hence the energy levels of all MOs formed shift upward.
[[File:zx2015exercise1tsMO.png|500px|none|thumb|left|MO diagram for the formation of butadiene/ethane transition state]]
===Visualising MOs===
Symmetry requirement for the reaction can be concluded as only molecular orbitals with the same symmetry label can combine to form new molecular orbital.

Orbital overlap integral can be surmised as below:
{|class="wikitable"
|
!Symmetric
!Asymmetric
|-
!Symmetric
|Non-zero(allowed)
|Zero(forbidden)
|-
!Asymmetric
|Zero(forbidden)
|Non-Zero(allowed)
|}
====Reactants====
{| class="wikitable"
!
! HOMO
! LUMO
|-
! Butadiene
|<jmol>
<jmolApplet>
<uploadedFileContents>Zx2015exercise1diene jmol.chk</uploadedFileContents>
<color>black</color>
<size>300</size>
<script>frame 16;mo 11; mo nodots mesh no fill translucent; mo titleformat "";spinning=0;frank off</script>
<name>e1dienehomo</name>
</jmolApplet>
</jmol>
|<jmol>
<jmolApplet>
<uploadedFileContents>Zx2015exercise1diene jmol.chk</uploadedFileContents>
<color>black</color>
<size>300</size>
<script>frame 16;mo 12; mo nodots mesh no fill translucent; mo titleformat "";spinning=0;frank off</script>
<name>e1dienelumo</name>
</jmolApplet>
</jmol>
|-
! Ethylene
| <jmol>
<jmolApplet>
<uploadedFileContents>Zx2015exercise1DIENEOPHILE_JMOL.LOG</uploadedFileContents>
<color>black</color>
<size>300</size>
<script>frame 16;mo 6; mo nodots mesh no fill translucent; mo titleformat "";spinning=0;frank off</script>
<name>e1dieneophilehomo</name>
</jmolApplet>
</jmol>
| <jmol>
<jmolApplet>
<uploadedFileContents>Zx2015exercise1DIENEOPHILE_JMOL.LOG</uploadedFileContents>
<color>black</color>
<size>300</size>
<script>frame 16;mo 7; mo nodots mesh no fill translucent; mo titleformat "";spinning=0;frank off</script>
<name>e1dieneophilelumo</name>
</jmolApplet>
</jmol>
|}
====Transition State====
{| class="wikitable"
!
!Asymmetric Antibonding
!Symmetric Antibonding
!Symmetric Bonding
!Asymmetric Bonding
|-
!Energy
|0.03067au
|0.01732au
|<nowiki>-0.32534au</nowiki>
|<nowiki>-0.32756au</nowiki>
|-
!MOs
|<jmol>
<jmolApplet>
<uploadedFileContents>Zx2015exercise1ts_jmol.log</uploadedFileContents>
<color>black</color>
<size>250</size>
<script>frame 6;mo 19; mo nodots mesh no fill translucent; mo titleformat "";spinning=0;frank off</script>
<name>e1tsaa</name>
</jmolApplet>
</jmol>
|<jmol>
<jmolApplet>
<uploadedFileContents>Zx2015exercise1ts_jmol.log</uploadedFileContents>
<color>black</color>
<size>250</size>
<script>frame 6;mo 18; mo nodots mesh no fill translucent; mo titleformat "";spinning=0;frank off</script>
<name>e1tssa</name>
</jmolApplet>
</jmol>
|<jmol>
<jmolApplet>
<uploadedFileContents>Zx2015exercise1ts_jmol.log</uploadedFileContents>
<color>black</color>
<size>250</size>
<script>frame 6;mo 17; mo nodots mesh no fill translucent; mo titleformat "";spinning=0;frank off</script>
<name>e1tssb</name>
</jmolApplet>
</jmol>
|<jmol>
<jmolApplet>
<uploadedFileContents>Zx2015exercise1ts_jmol.log</uploadedFileContents>
<color>black</color>
<size>250</size>
<script>frame 6;mo 16; mo nodots mesh no fill translucent; mo titleformat "";spinning=0;frank off</script>
<name>e1tsab</name>
</jmolApplet>
</jmol>
|}
===Bond Length===
====Butadiene====
<jmol>
<jmolApplet>
<uploadedfilecontents>zx2015exercise1diene_jmol.chk</uploadedfilecontents>
<color>black</color>
<size>400</size>
<script>frame 16;vibrating=0; spinning=0; select atomno=[1 4 6 8];label display;frank off</script>
<name>e1bonddiene</name>
</jmolApplet>
<jmolbutton>
<script>if(spinning==0) spinning=1; spin; else; spinning=0; spin off; endif</script>
<text>Spin</text>
<target>e1bonddiene</target>
</jmolbutton>
<jmolmenu>
<target>e1bonddiene</target>
<item>
<text>Choose to show bond length</text>
<script>measure off</script>
</item>
<item>
<script>measure off;measure 1 4</script>
<text>C1-C4 bond</text>
</item>
<item>
<script>measure off;measure 4 6</script>
<text>C4-C6 bond</text>
</item>
<item>
<script>measure off;measure 6 8</script>
<text>C6-C8 bond</text>
</item>
</jmolmenu>
</jmol>

====Ethylene====
<jmol>
<jmolApplet>
<uploadedfilecontents>Zx2015exercise1DIENEOPHILE_JMOL.LOG</uploadedfilecontents>
<color>black</color>
<size>400</size>
<script>frame 16;vibrating=0; spinning=0; select atomno=[1 4];label display;frank off</script>
<name>e1bonddieneophile</name>
</jmolApplet>
<jmolbutton>
<target>e1bonddieneophile</target>
<script>if(spinning==0) spinning=1; spin; else; spinning=0; spin off; endif</script>
<text>Spin</text>
</jmolbutton>
<jmolbutton>
<target>e1bonddieneophile</target>
<script>measure off; measure 1 4</script>
<text>C1-C4 Bond Length</text>
</jmolbutton>
</jmol>

====Transition State====
<jmol>
<jmolApplet>
<uploadedfilecontents>zx2015exercise1ts_jmol.log</uploadedfilecontents>
<color>black</color>
<size>400</size>
<script>frame 6;vibrating=0;spinning=0;select atomno=[1 4 7 10 12 14];label display; frank off</script>
<name>e1bondts</name>
</jmolApplet>
<jmolbutton>
<target>e1bondts</target>
<script>if(spinning==0)spinning=1;spin;else;spinning=0;spin off; endif</script>
<text>Spin</text>
</jmolbutton>
<jmolmenu>
<target>e1bondts</target>
<item>
<text>Choose to show bond length</text>
<script>measure off</script>
</item>
<item>
<text>C1-C4 bond</text>
<script>measure off; measure 1 4</script>
</item>
<item>
<text>C7-C10 bond</text>
<script>measure off; measure 7 10</script>
</item>
<item>
<text>C10-C12 bond</text>
<script>measure off; measure 10 12</script>
</item>
<item>
<text>C12-C14 bond</text>
<script>measure off; measure 12 14</script>
</item>
<item>
<text>Partly formed C-C bond</text>
<script>measure off; measure 1 14</script>
</item>
</jmolmenu>
<jmolbutton>
<target>e1bondts</target>
<text>Vibration</text>
<script>frame 7;if(vibrating==0)vibrating=1; vibration 2;else;vibrating=0;vibration off; endif</script>
</jmolbutton>
</jmol>

====Product====
<jmol>
<jmolApplet>
<uploadedfilecontents>zx2015exercise1product_jmol.log</uploadedfilecontents>
<color>black</color>
<size>400</size>
<script>frame 34;vibrating=0;spinning=0;select atomno=[1 2 5 8 11 14];label display; frank off</script>
<name>e1bondproduct</name>
</jmolApplet>
<jmolbutton>
<target>e1bondproduct</target>
<text>Spin</text>
<script>if(spinning==0)spinning=1;spin;else;spinning=0;spin off; endif</script>
</jmolbutton>
<jmolmenu>
<target>e1bondproduct</target>
<item>
<text>Choose to show bond length</text>
<script>measure off</script>
</item>
<item>
<text>C1-C2 bond</text>
<script>measure off;measure 1 2</script>
</item>
<item>
<text>C2-C8 bond</text>
<script>measure off;measure 2 8</script>
</item>
<item>
<text>C8-C5 bond</text>
<script>measure off;measure 8 5</script>
</item>
<item>
<text>C5-C11 bond</text>
<script>measure off;measure 11 5</script>
</item>
<item>
<text>C11-C14 bond</text>
<script>measure off;measure 11 14</script>
</item>
<item>
<text>C14-C1 bond</text>
<script>measure off;measure 14 1</script>
</item>
</jmolmenu>
<jmolbutton>
<target>e1bondproduct</target>
<text>Highlight sp2 Carbons</text>
<script>select atomno=[1 2];color label red</script>
</jmolbutton>
</jmol>

====Summery====
{|class="wikitable"
|Bond Lengths/nm
!Reactant
!Transition State
!Product
!Trend
|-
!Dienophile
|0.133
|0.138
|0.153
|Increase(Weaken)
|-
!Diene(Terminal)
|0.133
|0.138
|0.150
|Increase(Weaken)
|-
!Diene(Bridging)
|0.147
|0.141
|0.134
|Decrease(Strengthen)
|-
!New formed
|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
|0.211
|0.154
|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
|}
Typical sp3-sp3 C-C bond has length of 0.154 nm; sp2-sp3 C-C bond has length of 0.150 nm; sp2-sp2 C-C bond has length of 0.147 nm.

During the reaction 3 double bonds are weaken to become single bond, simultaneously 1 single bond is strengthen to become double bond and two new sp3-sp3 single bond are formed.

Carbon has Van der Waals radius of 0.170 nm while the partly formed C-C bond in the transition state has distance of 0.211 nm which is already shorter than two times the Van der Waals radius.

'''By analysing the change of bond length from reactant to transition state then to product and also looking at the vibration model in the transition state, the formation of two bonds in the reaction can be confirmed to be synchronous.'''

==Exercise 2: Reaction of Cyclohexadiene and 1,3-Dioxole==
===MO diagram===
This Diels-Alder reaction can give two different products via two different transition states (endo- and exo-). Two different transition state MO diagrams are shown below.
{|class="wikitable"
|[[File:zx2015exercise2endotsMO.png|500px|thumb|MO diagram for the formation of endo- transition state]]
|[[File:zx2015exercise2exotsMO.png|500px|thumb|MO diagram for the formation of exo- transition state]]
|}
===Energy of MOs===
{|class="wikitable"
|
!Asymmetric antibonding
!Symmetric antibonding
!Symmetric bonding
!Asymmetric bonding
|-
!endo- MOs
|<jmol>
<jmolapplet>
<uploadedfilecontents>zx2015exercise2endots.log</uploadedfilecontents>
<color>black</color>
<size>200</size>
<script>frame 2;mo 43;mo nodots mesh no fill translucent;mo titleformat""; frank off</script>
<name>e2endotsaa</name>
</jmolapplet>
</jmol>
|<jmol>
<jmolapplet>
<uploadedfilecontents>zx2015exercise2endots.log</uploadedfilecontents>
<color>black</color>
<size>200</size>
<script>frame 2;mo 42;mo nodots mesh no fill translucent;mo titleformat""; frank off</script>
<name>e2endotssa</name>
</jmolapplet>
</jmol>
|<jmol>
<jmolapplet>
<uploadedfilecontents>zx2015exercise2endots.log</uploadedfilecontents>
<color>black</color>
<size>200</size>
<script>frame 2;mo 41;mo nodots mesh no fill translucent;mo titleformat""; frank off</script>
<name>e2endotssb</name>
</jmolapplet>
</jmol>
|<jmol>
<jmolapplet>
<uploadedfilecontents>zx2015exercise2endots.log</uploadedfilecontents>
<color>black</color>
<size>200</size>
<script>frame 2;mo 40;mo nodots mesh no fill translucent;mo titleformat""; frank off</script>
<name>e2endotsab</name>
</jmolapplet>
</jmol>
|-
!endo- Energies
|0.01543
|<nowiki>-0.00462</nowiki>
|<nowiki>-0.29896</nowiki>
|<nowiki>-0.30845</nowiki>
|-
!exo- MOs
|<jmol>
<jmolapplet>
<uploadedfilecontents>zx2015exercise2exots.log</uploadedfilecontents>
<color>black</color>
<size>200</size>
<script>frame 2;mo 43;mo nodots mesh no fill translucent;mo titleformat""; frank off</script>
<name>e2exotsaa</name>
</jmolapplet>
</jmol>
|<jmol>
<jmolapplet>
<uploadedfilecontents>zx2015exercise2exots.log</uploadedfilecontents>
<color>black</color>
<size>200</size>
<script>frame 2;mo 42;mo nodots mesh no fill translucent;mo titleformat""; frank off</script>
<name>e2exotssa</name>
</jmolapplet>
</jmol>
|<jmol>
<jmolapplet>
<uploadedfilecontents>zx2015exercise2exots.log</uploadedfilecontents>
<color>black</color>
<size>200</size>
<script>frame 2;mo 41;mo nodots mesh no fill translucent;mo titleformat""; frank off</script>
<name>e2exotssb</name>
</jmolapplet>
</jmol>
|<jmol>
<jmolapplet>
<uploadedfilecontents>zx2015exercise2exots.log</uploadedfilecontents>
<color>black</color>
<size>200</size>
<script>frame 2;mo 40;mo nodots mesh no fill translucent;mo titleformat""; frank off</script>
<name>e2exotsab</name>
</jmolapplet>
</jmol>
|-
!exo- Energies
|0.01019
|<nowiki>-0.00698</nowiki>
|<nowiki>-0.18559</nowiki>
|<nowiki>-0.19800</nowiki>
|}
{|class="wikitable"
|
!HOMO
!LUMO
|-
!Cyclohexadiene
|<jmol>
<jmolapplet>
<uploadedfilecontents>zx2015exercise2diene.log</uploadedfilecontents>
<color>black</color>
<size>200</size>
<script>frame 2;mo 22;mo nodots mesh no fill translucent;mo titleformat""; frank off</script>
<name>e2dienehomo</name>
</jmolapplet>
</jmol>
|<jmol>
<jmolapplet>
<uploadedfilecontents>zx2015exercise2diene.log</uploadedfilecontents>
<color>black</color>
<size>200</size>
<script>frame 2;mo 23;mo nodots mesh no fill translucent;mo titleformat""; frank off</script>
<name>e2dienelumo</name>
</jmolapplet>
</jmol>
|-
!Energies
|<nowiki>-0.20598</nowiki>
|<nowiki>-0.01787</nowiki>
|-
!1,3-Dioxole
|<jmol>
<jmolapplet>
<uploadedfilecontents>zx2015exercise2dienophile.log</uploadedfilecontents>
<color>black</color>
<size>200</size>
<script>frame 2;mo 19;mo nodots mesh no fill translucent;mo titleformat""; frank off</script>
<name>e2dienophilehomo</name>
</jmolapplet>
</jmol>
|<jmol>
<jmolapplet>
<uploadedfilecontents>zx2015exercise2dienophile.log</uploadedfilecontents>
<color>black</color>
<size>200</size>
<script>frame 2;mo 20;mo nodots mesh no fill translucent;mo titleformat""; frank off</script>
<name>e2dienophilelumo</name>
</jmolapplet>
</jmol>
|-
!Energies
|<nowiki>-0.19617</nowiki>
|0.03668
|}
{|class="wikitable"
|
!HOMO
!LUMO
!Energy difference
|-
!Standard
|Diene
|Dienophile
|<nowiki>-0.20598</nowiki>-0.03668=0.24226au
|-
!Inverse
|Dienophile
|Diene
|<nowiki>-0.01787</nowiki>-<nowiki>-0.19617</nowiki>=0.1783au
|}
In this reaction, the LUMO of Diene is closer in energy with HOMO of Dienophile than opposite. Hence the reaction is an inverse demand Diels-Alder reaction.

===Thermochemistry===
{|class="wikitable"
|kj/mol
!Energy of Reactants
!Energy of Transition state
!Reaction Barrier
!Energy of Product
!Reaction Energy
|-
!Endo-
|<nowiki>-1313830.4067</nowiki>
|<nowiki>-1313622.1573</nowiki>
|208.2494
|<nowiki>-1313849.3812</nowiki>
|<nowiki>-18.9745</nowiki>
|-
!Exo-
|<nowiki>-1313830.4067</nowiki>
|<nowiki>-1313614.3333</nowiki>
|216.0734
|<nowiki>-1313845.7501</nowiki>
|<nowiki>-15.3434</nowiki>
|}
From the data in the table above: The endo- transition state is the faster forming transition state since it has lower energy barrier, the endo- reaction also has larger reaction energy which means the endo- product is the thermodynamic product. Therefore the endo- process is both kinetically and thermodynamically favoured.
{|class="wikitable"
!colspan="2" style="text-align: center"|HOMO MO diagrams with isovalue of 0.01
|-
!Endo-TS
!Exo-TS
|-
|<jmol>
<jmolapplet>
<uploadedfilecontents>zx2015exercise2endots.log</uploadedfilecontents>
<color>black</color>
<size>200</size>
<script>frame 2;mo 41;mo nodots no fill mesh translucent; mo titleformat""; mo cutoff 0.01;frank off</script>
</jmolapplet>
</jmol>
|<jmol>
<jmolapplet>
<uploadedfilecontents>zx2015exercise2exots.log</uploadedfilecontents>
<color>black</color>
<size>200</size>
<script>frame 2;mo 41;mo nodots no fill mesh translucent; mo titleformat""; mo cutoff 0.01;frank off</script>
</jmolapplet>
</jmol>
|}
The endo- transition state has secondary orbital interaction between C=O {{pi}}* orbital and C=C {{pi}} orbital which provides extra stabilisation to the endo- transition state.
==Exercise 3: Diels-Alder vs Cheletropic==
===IRC===
{|class="wikitable"
|
!Endo-
!Exo-
!Cheletropic
|-
!Animation
|[[File:zx2015exercise3endo.gif|350px]]
|[[File:zx2015exercise3exo.gif|350px]]
|[[File:zx2015exercise3cheletropic.gif|350px]]
|-
!IRC path
|[[File:zx2015exercise3endo.png|350px]]
|[[File:zx2015exercise3exo.png|350px]]
|[[File:zx2015exercise3cheletropic.png|350px]]
|}
'''The six-membered ring gets aromatised during this course of the reaction.'''
===Thermochemistry===
{|class="wikitable"
|kj/mol
!Energy of Reactants
!Energy of Transition state
!Reaction Barrier
!Energy of Product
!Reaction Energy
|-
!Endo-
|156.5979594
|237.770549
|81.1735896
|56.9576013
|<nowiki>-99.6403581</nowiki>
|-
!Exo-
|156.5979594
|241.750807
|85.1528476
|56.3353578
|<nowiki>-100.2626016</nowiki>
|-
!Cheletropic
|156.5979594
|260.0873010
|103.4893416
|0
|<nowiki>-156.5979594</nowiki>
|}
From the data above:
*Endo- reaction is kinetically preferred,
*Cheletropic reaction is thermodynamically preferred.
[[File:zx2015exercise3profile.png|400px|left|thumb|none|Reaction profile for the o-Xylylene-SO2 Cycloaddition]]

File:Zx2015exercise3profile.png

2017-11-21T17:26:57Z

Zx2015: Zx2015 uploaded a new version of File:Zx2015exercise3profile.png

Rep:TSR:ZX2015Y3C

2017-11-21T13:23:31Z

Zx2015: /* Energy of MOs */

Rep:TSR:ZX2015Y3C

2017-11-21T13:19:33Z

Zx2015: /* Energy of MOs */

==Introduction==
In your introduction, briefly describe what is meant by a minimum and transition state in the context of a potential energy surface. What is the gradient and the curvature at each of these points? (for thought later on, how would a frequency calculation confirm a structure is at either of these points?)
==Exercise 1: Reaction of Butadiene with Ethylene==
===MO diagram===
At the transition state the system has the highest energy in the reaction, hence the energy levels of all MOs formed shift upward.
[[File:zx2015exercise1tsMO.png|500px|none|thumb|left|MO diagram for the formation of butadiene/ethane transition state]]
===Visualising MOs===
Symmetry requirement for the reaction can be concluded as only molecular orbitals with the same symmetry label can combine to form new molecular orbital.

Orbital overlap integral can be surmised as below:
{|class="wikitable"
|
!Symmetric
!Asymmetric
|-
!Symmetric
|Non-zero(allowed)
|Zero(forbidden)
|-
!Asymmetric
|Zero(forbidden)
|Non-Zero(allowed)
|}
====Reactants====
{| class="wikitable"
!
! HOMO
! LUMO
|-
! Butadiene
|<jmol>
<jmolApplet>
<uploadedFileContents>Zx2015exercise1diene jmol.chk</uploadedFileContents>
<color>black</color>
<size>300</size>
<script>frame 16;mo 11; mo nodots mesh no fill translucent; mo titleformat "";spinning=0;frank off</script>
<name>e1dienehomo</name>
</jmolApplet>
</jmol>
|<jmol>
<jmolApplet>
<uploadedFileContents>Zx2015exercise1diene jmol.chk</uploadedFileContents>
<color>black</color>
<size>300</size>
<script>frame 16;mo 12; mo nodots mesh no fill translucent; mo titleformat "";spinning=0;frank off</script>
<name>e1dienelumo</name>
</jmolApplet>
</jmol>
|-
! Ethylene
| <jmol>
<jmolApplet>
<uploadedFileContents>Zx2015exercise1DIENEOPHILE_JMOL.LOG</uploadedFileContents>
<color>black</color>
<size>300</size>
<script>frame 16;mo 6; mo nodots mesh no fill translucent; mo titleformat "";spinning=0;frank off</script>
<name>e1dieneophilehomo</name>
</jmolApplet>
</jmol>
| <jmol>
<jmolApplet>
<uploadedFileContents>Zx2015exercise1DIENEOPHILE_JMOL.LOG</uploadedFileContents>
<color>black</color>
<size>300</size>
<script>frame 16;mo 7; mo nodots mesh no fill translucent; mo titleformat "";spinning=0;frank off</script>
<name>e1dieneophilelumo</name>
</jmolApplet>
</jmol>
|}
====Transition State====
{| class="wikitable"
!
!Asymmetric Antibonding
!Symmetric Antibonding
!Symmetric Bonding
!Asymmetric Bonding
|-
!Energy
|0.03067au
|0.01732au
|<nowiki>-0.32534au</nowiki>
|<nowiki>-0.32756au</nowiki>
|-
!MOs
|<jmol>
<jmolApplet>
<uploadedFileContents>Zx2015exercise1ts_jmol.log</uploadedFileContents>
<color>black</color>
<size>250</size>
<script>frame 6;mo 19; mo nodots mesh no fill translucent; mo titleformat "";spinning=0;frank off</script>
<name>e1tsaa</name>
</jmolApplet>
</jmol>
|<jmol>
<jmolApplet>
<uploadedFileContents>Zx2015exercise1ts_jmol.log</uploadedFileContents>
<color>black</color>
<size>250</size>
<script>frame 6;mo 18; mo nodots mesh no fill translucent; mo titleformat "";spinning=0;frank off</script>
<name>e1tssa</name>
</jmolApplet>
</jmol>
|<jmol>
<jmolApplet>
<uploadedFileContents>Zx2015exercise1ts_jmol.log</uploadedFileContents>
<color>black</color>
<size>250</size>
<script>frame 6;mo 17; mo nodots mesh no fill translucent; mo titleformat "";spinning=0;frank off</script>
<name>e1tssb</name>
</jmolApplet>
</jmol>
|<jmol>
<jmolApplet>
<uploadedFileContents>Zx2015exercise1ts_jmol.log</uploadedFileContents>
<color>black</color>
<size>250</size>
<script>frame 6;mo 16; mo nodots mesh no fill translucent; mo titleformat "";spinning=0;frank off</script>
<name>e1tsab</name>
</jmolApplet>
</jmol>
|}
===Bond Length===
====Butadiene====
<jmol>
<jmolApplet>
<uploadedfilecontents>zx2015exercise1diene_jmol.chk</uploadedfilecontents>
<color>black</color>
<size>400</size>
<script>frame 16;vibrating=0; spinning=0; select atomno=[1 4 6 8];label display;frank off</script>
<name>e1bonddiene</name>
</jmolApplet>
<jmolbutton>
<script>if(spinning==0) spinning=1; spin; else; spinning=0; spin off; endif</script>
<text>Spin</text>
<target>e1bonddiene</target>
</jmolbutton>
<jmolmenu>
<target>e1bonddiene</target>
<item>
<text>Choose to show bond length</text>
<script>measure off</script>
</item>
<item>
<script>measure off;measure 1 4</script>
<text>C1-C4 bond</text>
</item>
<item>
<script>measure off;measure 4 6</script>
<text>C4-C6 bond</text>
</item>
<item>
<script>measure off;measure 6 8</script>
<text>C6-C8 bond</text>
</item>
</jmolmenu>
</jmol>

====Ethylene====
<jmol>
<jmolApplet>
<uploadedfilecontents>Zx2015exercise1DIENEOPHILE_JMOL.LOG</uploadedfilecontents>
<color>black</color>
<size>400</size>
<script>frame 16;vibrating=0; spinning=0; select atomno=[1 4];label display;frank off</script>
<name>e1bonddieneophile</name>
</jmolApplet>
<jmolbutton>
<target>e1bonddieneophile</target>
<script>if(spinning==0) spinning=1; spin; else; spinning=0; spin off; endif</script>
<text>Spin</text>
</jmolbutton>
<jmolbutton>
<target>e1bonddieneophile</target>
<script>measure off; measure 1 4</script>
<text>C1-C4 Bond Length</text>
</jmolbutton>
</jmol>

====Transition State====
<jmol>
<jmolApplet>
<uploadedfilecontents>zx2015exercise1ts_jmol.log</uploadedfilecontents>
<color>black</color>
<size>400</size>
<script>frame 6;vibrating=0;spinning=0;select atomno=[1 4 7 10 12 14];label display; frank off</script>
<name>e1bondts</name>
</jmolApplet>
<jmolbutton>
<target>e1bondts</target>
<script>if(spinning==0)spinning=1;spin;else;spinning=0;spin off; endif</script>
<text>Spin</text>
</jmolbutton>
<jmolmenu>
<target>e1bondts</target>
<item>
<text>Choose to show bond length</text>
<script>measure off</script>
</item>
<item>
<text>C1-C4 bond</text>
<script>measure off; measure 1 4</script>
</item>
<item>
<text>C7-C10 bond</text>
<script>measure off; measure 7 10</script>
</item>
<item>
<text>C10-C12 bond</text>
<script>measure off; measure 10 12</script>
</item>
<item>
<text>C12-C14 bond</text>
<script>measure off; measure 12 14</script>
</item>
<item>
<text>Partly formed C-C bond</text>
<script>measure off; measure 1 14</script>
</item>
</jmolmenu>
<jmolbutton>
<target>e1bondts</target>
<text>Vibration</text>
<script>frame 7;if(vibrating==0)vibrating=1; vibration 2;else;vibrating=0;vibration off; endif</script>
</jmolbutton>
</jmol>

====Product====
<jmol>
<jmolApplet>
<uploadedfilecontents>zx2015exercise1product_jmol.log</uploadedfilecontents>
<color>black</color>
<size>400</size>
<script>frame 34;vibrating=0;spinning=0;select atomno=[1 2 5 8 11 14];label display; frank off</script>
<name>e1bondproduct</name>
</jmolApplet>
<jmolbutton>
<target>e1bondproduct</target>
<text>Spin</text>
<script>if(spinning==0)spinning=1;spin;else;spinning=0;spin off; endif</script>
</jmolbutton>
<jmolmenu>
<target>e1bondproduct</target>
<item>
<text>Choose to show bond length</text>
<script>measure off</script>
</item>
<item>
<text>C1-C2 bond</text>
<script>measure off;measure 1 2</script>
</item>
<item>
<text>C2-C8 bond</text>
<script>measure off;measure 2 8</script>
</item>
<item>
<text>C8-C5 bond</text>
<script>measure off;measure 8 5</script>
</item>
<item>
<text>C5-C11 bond</text>
<script>measure off;measure 11 5</script>
</item>
<item>
<text>C11-C14 bond</text>
<script>measure off;measure 11 14</script>
</item>
<item>
<text>C14-C1 bond</text>
<script>measure off;measure 14 1</script>
</item>
</jmolmenu>
<jmolbutton>
<target>e1bondproduct</target>
<text>Highlight sp2 Carbons</text>
<script>select atomno=[1 2];color label red</script>
</jmolbutton>
</jmol>

====Summery====
{|class="wikitable"
|Bond Lengths/nm
!Reactant
!Transition State
!Product
!Trend
|-
!Dienophile
|0.133
|0.138
|0.153
|Increase(Weaken)
|-
!Diene(Terminal)
|0.133
|0.138
|0.150
|Increase(Weaken)
|-
!Diene(Bridging)
|0.147
|0.141
|0.134
|Decrease(Strengthen)
|-
!New formed
|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
|0.211
|0.154
|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
|}
Typical sp3-sp3 C-C bond has length of 0.154 nm; sp2-sp3 C-C bond has length of 0.150 nm; sp2-sp2 C-C bond has length of 0.147 nm.

During the reaction 3 double bonds are weaken to become single bond, simultaneously 1 single bond is strengthen to become double bond and two new sp3-sp3 single bond are formed.

Carbon has Van der Waals radius of 0.170 nm while the partly formed C-C bond in the transition state has distance of 0.211 nm which is already shorter than two times the Van der Waals radius.

'''By analysing the change of bond length from reactant to transition state then to product and also looking at the vibration model in the transition state, the formation of two bonds in the reaction can be confirmed to be synchronous.'''

==Exercise 2: Reaction of Cyclohexadiene and 1,3-Dioxole==
===MO diagram===
This Diels-Alder reaction can give two different products via two different transition states (endo- and exo-). Two different transition state MO diagrams are shown below.
{|class="wikitable"
|[[File:zx2015exercise2endotsMO.png|500px|thumb|MO diagram for the formation of endo- transition state]]
|[[File:zx2015exercise2exotsMO.png|500px|thumb|MO diagram for the formation of exo- transition state]]
|}
===Energy of MOs===
{|class="wikitable"
|
!Asymmetric antibonding
!Symmetric antibonding
!Symmetric bonding
!Asymmetric bonding
|-
!endo- Energies
|0.01543
|<nowiki>-0.00462</nowiki>
|<nowiki>-0.29896</nowiki>
|<nowiki>-0.30845</nowiki>
|-
!endo- MOs
|<jmol>
<jmolapplet>
<uploadedfilecontents>zx2015exercise2endots.log</uploadedfilecontents>
<color>black</color>
<size>200</size>
<script>frame 2;mo 43;mo nodots mesh no fill translucent;mo titleformat""; frank off</script>
<name>e2endotsaa</name>
</jmolapplet>
</jmol>
|<jmol>
<jmolapplet>
<uploadedfilecontents>zx2015exercise2endots.log</uploadedfilecontents>
<color>black</color>
<size>200</size>
<script>frame 2;mo 42;mo nodots mesh no fill translucent;mo titleformat""; frank off</script>
<name>e2endotssa</name>
</jmolapplet>
</jmol>
|<jmol>
<jmolapplet>
<uploadedfilecontents>zx2015exercise2endots.log</uploadedfilecontents>
<color>black</color>
<size>200</size>
<script>frame 2;mo 41;mo nodots mesh no fill translucent;mo titleformat""; frank off</script>
<name>e2endotssb</name>
</jmolapplet>
</jmol>
|<jmol>
<jmolapplet>
<uploadedfilecontents>zx2015exercise2endots.log</uploadedfilecontents>
<color>black</color>
<size>200</size>
<script>frame 2;mo 40;mo nodots mesh no fill translucent;mo titleformat""; frank off</script>
<name>e2endotsab</name>
</jmolapplet>
</jmol>
|-
!exo- Energies
|0.01019
|<nowiki>-0.00698</nowiki>
|<nowiki>-0.18559</nowiki>
|<nowiki>-0.19800</nowiki>
|-
!exo- MOs
|<jmol>
<jmolapplet>
<uploadedfilecontents>zx2015exercise2exots.log</uploadedfilecontents>
<color>black</color>
<size>200</size>
<script>frame 2;mo 43;mo nodots mesh no fill translucent;mo titleformat""; frank off</script>
<name>e2exotsaa</name>
</jmolapplet>
</jmol>
|<jmol>
<jmolapplet>
<uploadedfilecontents>zx2015exercise2exots.log</uploadedfilecontents>
<color>black</color>
<size>200</size>
<script>frame 2;mo 42;mo nodots mesh no fill translucent;mo titleformat""; frank off</script>
<name>e2exotssa</name>
</jmolapplet>
</jmol>
|<jmol>
<jmolapplet>
<uploadedfilecontents>zx2015exercise2exots.log</uploadedfilecontents>
<color>black</color>
<size>200</size>
<script>frame 2;mo 41;mo nodots mesh no fill translucent;mo titleformat""; frank off</script>
<name>e2exotssb</name>
</jmolapplet>
</jmol>
|<jmol>
<jmolapplet>
<uploadedfilecontents>zx2015exercise2exots.log</uploadedfilecontents>
<color>black</color>
<size>200</size>
<script>frame 2;mo 40;mo nodots mesh no fill translucent;mo titleformat""; frank off</script>
<name>e2exotsab</name>
</jmolapplet>
</jmol>
|}
{|class="wikitable"
|
!HOMO
!LUMO
|-
!Cyclohexadiene
|<jmol>
<jmolapplet>
<uploadedfilecontents>zx2015exercise2diene.log</uploadedfilecontents>
<color>black</color>
<size>200</size>
<script>frame 2;mo 22;mo nodots mesh no fill translucent;mo titleformat""; frank off</script>
<name>e2dienehomo</name>
</jmolapplet>
</jmol>
|<jmol>
<jmolapplet>
<uploadedfilecontents>zx2015exercise2diene.log</uploadedfilecontents>
<color>black</color>
<size>200</size>
<script>frame 2;mo 23;mo nodots mesh no fill translucent;mo titleformat""; frank off</script>
<name>e2dienelumo</name>
</jmolapplet>
</jmol>
|-
!Energies
|<nowiki>-0.20598</nowiki>
|<nowiki>-0.01787</nowiki>
|-
!1,3-Dioxole
|<jmol>
<jmolapplet>
<uploadedfilecontents>zx2015exercise2dienophile.log</uploadedfilecontents>
<color>black</color>
<size>200</size>
<script>frame 2;mo 19;mo nodots mesh no fill translucent;mo titleformat""; frank off</script>
<name>e2dienophilehomo</name>
</jmolapplet>
</jmol>
|<jmol>
<jmolapplet>
<uploadedfilecontents>zx2015exercise2dienophile.log</uploadedfilecontents>
<color>black</color>
<size>200</size>
<script>frame 2;mo 20;mo nodots mesh no fill translucent;mo titleformat""; frank off</script>
<name>e2dienophilelumo</name>
</jmolapplet>
</jmol>
|-
!Energies
|<nowiki>-0.19617</nowiki>
|0.03668
|}
{|class="wikitable"
|
!HOMO
!LUMO
!Energy difference
|-
!Standard
|Diene
|Dienophile
|<nowiki>-0.20598</nowiki>-0.03668=0.24226au
|-
!Inverse
|Dienophile
|Diene
|<nowiki>-0.01787</nowiki>-<nowiki>-0.19617</nowiki>=0.1783au
|}
In this reaction, the LUMO of Diene is closer in energy with HOMO of Dienophile than opposite. Hence the reaction is an inverse demand Diels-Alder reaction.

===Thermochemistry===

Rep:TSR:ZX2015Y3C

2017-11-20T16:50:15Z

Zx2015: /* Exercise 2: Reaction of Cyclohexadiene and 1,3-Dioxole */

==Introduction==
In your introduction, briefly describe what is meant by a minimum and transition state in the context of a potential energy surface. What is the gradient and the curvature at each of these points? (for thought later on, how would a frequency calculation confirm a structure is at either of these points?)
==Exercise 1: Reaction of Butadiene with Ethylene==
===MO diagram===
At the transition state the system has the highest energy in the reaction, hence the energy levels of all MOs formed shift upward.
[[File:zx2015exercise1tsMO.png|500px|none|thumb|left|MO diagram for the formation of butadiene/ethane transition state]]
===Visualising MOs===
Symmetry requirement for the reaction can be concluded as only molecular orbitals with the same symmetry label can combine to form new molecular orbital.

Orbital overlap integral can be surmised as below:
{|class="wikitable"
|
!Symmetric
!Asymmetric
|-
!Symmetric
|Non-zero(allowed)
|Zero(forbidden)
|-
!Asymmetric
|Zero(forbidden)
|Non-Zero(allowed)
|}
====Reactants====
{| class="wikitable"
!
! HOMO
! LUMO
|-
! Butadiene
|<jmol>
<jmolApplet>
<uploadedFileContents>Zx2015exercise1diene jmol.chk</uploadedFileContents>
<color>black</color>
<size>300</size>
<script>frame 16;mo 11; mo nodots mesh no fill translucent; mo titleformat "";spinning=0;frank off</script>
<name>e1dienehomo</name>
</jmolApplet>
</jmol>
|<jmol>
<jmolApplet>
<uploadedFileContents>Zx2015exercise1diene jmol.chk</uploadedFileContents>
<color>black</color>
<size>300</size>
<script>frame 16;mo 12; mo nodots mesh no fill translucent; mo titleformat "";spinning=0;frank off</script>
<name>e1dienelumo</name>
</jmolApplet>
</jmol>
|-
! Ethylene
| <jmol>
<jmolApplet>
<uploadedFileContents>Zx2015exercise1DIENEOPHILE_JMOL.LOG</uploadedFileContents>
<color>black</color>
<size>300</size>
<script>frame 16;mo 6; mo nodots mesh no fill translucent; mo titleformat "";spinning=0;frank off</script>
<name>e1dieneophilehomo</name>
</jmolApplet>
</jmol>
| <jmol>
<jmolApplet>
<uploadedFileContents>Zx2015exercise1DIENEOPHILE_JMOL.LOG</uploadedFileContents>
<color>black</color>
<size>300</size>
<script>frame 16;mo 7; mo nodots mesh no fill translucent; mo titleformat "";spinning=0;frank off</script>
<name>e1dieneophilelumo</name>
</jmolApplet>
</jmol>
|}
====Transition State====
{| class="wikitable"
!
!Asymmetric Antibonding
!Symmetric Antibonding
!Symmetric Bonding
!Asymmetric Bonding
|-
!Energy
|0.03067au
|0.01732au
|<nowiki>-0.32534au</nowiki>
|<nowiki>-0.32756au</nowiki>
|-
!MOs
|<jmol>
<jmolApplet>
<uploadedFileContents>Zx2015exercise1ts_jmol.log</uploadedFileContents>
<color>black</color>
<size>250</size>
<script>frame 6;mo 19; mo nodots mesh no fill translucent; mo titleformat "";spinning=0;frank off</script>
<name>e1tsaa</name>
</jmolApplet>
</jmol>
|<jmol>
<jmolApplet>
<uploadedFileContents>Zx2015exercise1ts_jmol.log</uploadedFileContents>
<color>black</color>
<size>250</size>
<script>frame 6;mo 18; mo nodots mesh no fill translucent; mo titleformat "";spinning=0;frank off</script>
<name>e1tssa</name>
</jmolApplet>
</jmol>
|<jmol>
<jmolApplet>
<uploadedFileContents>Zx2015exercise1ts_jmol.log</uploadedFileContents>
<color>black</color>
<size>250</size>
<script>frame 6;mo 17; mo nodots mesh no fill translucent; mo titleformat "";spinning=0;frank off</script>
<name>e1tssb</name>
</jmolApplet>
</jmol>
|<jmol>
<jmolApplet>
<uploadedFileContents>Zx2015exercise1ts_jmol.log</uploadedFileContents>
<color>black</color>
<size>250</size>
<script>frame 6;mo 16; mo nodots mesh no fill translucent; mo titleformat "";spinning=0;frank off</script>
<name>e1tsab</name>
</jmolApplet>
</jmol>
|}
===Bond Length===
====Butadiene====
<jmol>
<jmolApplet>
<uploadedfilecontents>zx2015exercise1diene_jmol.chk</uploadedfilecontents>
<color>black</color>
<size>400</size>
<script>frame 16;vibrating=0; spinning=0; select atomno=[1 4 6 8];label display;frank off</script>
<name>e1bonddiene</name>
</jmolApplet>
<jmolbutton>
<script>if(spinning==0) spinning=1; spin; else; spinning=0; spin off; endif</script>
<text>Spin</text>
<target>e1bonddiene</target>
</jmolbutton>
<jmolmenu>
<target>e1bonddiene</target>
<item>
<text>Choose to show bond length</text>
<script>measure off</script>
</item>
<item>
<script>measure off;measure 1 4</script>
<text>C1-C4 bond</text>
</item>
<item>
<script>measure off;measure 4 6</script>
<text>C4-C6 bond</text>
</item>
<item>
<script>measure off;measure 6 8</script>
<text>C6-C8 bond</text>
</item>
</jmolmenu>
</jmol>

====Ethylene====
<jmol>
<jmolApplet>
<uploadedfilecontents>Zx2015exercise1DIENEOPHILE_JMOL.LOG</uploadedfilecontents>
<color>black</color>
<size>400</size>
<script>frame 16;vibrating=0; spinning=0; select atomno=[1 4];label display;frank off</script>
<name>e1bonddieneophile</name>
</jmolApplet>
<jmolbutton>
<target>e1bonddieneophile</target>
<script>if(spinning==0) spinning=1; spin; else; spinning=0; spin off; endif</script>
<text>Spin</text>
</jmolbutton>
<jmolbutton>
<target>e1bonddieneophile</target>
<script>measure off; measure 1 4</script>
<text>C1-C4 Bond Length</text>
</jmolbutton>
</jmol>

====Transition State====
<jmol>
<jmolApplet>
<uploadedfilecontents>zx2015exercise1ts_jmol.log</uploadedfilecontents>
<color>black</color>
<size>400</size>
<script>frame 6;vibrating=0;spinning=0;select atomno=[1 4 7 10 12 14];label display; frank off</script>
<name>e1bondts</name>
</jmolApplet>
<jmolbutton>
<target>e1bondts</target>
<script>if(spinning==0)spinning=1;spin;else;spinning=0;spin off; endif</script>
<text>Spin</text>
</jmolbutton>
<jmolmenu>
<target>e1bondts</target>
<item>
<text>Choose to show bond length</text>
<script>measure off</script>
</item>
<item>
<text>C1-C4 bond</text>
<script>measure off; measure 1 4</script>
</item>
<item>
<text>C7-C10 bond</text>
<script>measure off; measure 7 10</script>
</item>
<item>
<text>C10-C12 bond</text>
<script>measure off; measure 10 12</script>
</item>
<item>
<text>C12-C14 bond</text>
<script>measure off; measure 12 14</script>
</item>
<item>
<text>Partly formed C-C bond</text>
<script>measure off; measure 1 14</script>
</item>
</jmolmenu>
<jmolbutton>
<target>e1bondts</target>
<text>Vibration</text>
<script>frame 7;if(vibrating==0)vibrating=1; vibration 2;else;vibrating=0;vibration off; endif</script>
</jmolbutton>
</jmol>

====Product====
<jmol>
<jmolApplet>
<uploadedfilecontents>zx2015exercise1product_jmol.log</uploadedfilecontents>
<color>black</color>
<size>400</size>
<script>frame 34;vibrating=0;spinning=0;select atomno=[1 2 5 8 11 14];label display; frank off</script>
<name>e1bondproduct</name>
</jmolApplet>
<jmolbutton>
<target>e1bondproduct</target>
<text>Spin</text>
<script>if(spinning==0)spinning=1;spin;else;spinning=0;spin off; endif</script>
</jmolbutton>
<jmolmenu>
<target>e1bondproduct</target>
<item>
<text>Choose to show bond length</text>
<script>measure off</script>
</item>
<item>
<text>C1-C2 bond</text>
<script>measure off;measure 1 2</script>
</item>
<item>
<text>C2-C8 bond</text>
<script>measure off;measure 2 8</script>
</item>
<item>
<text>C8-C5 bond</text>
<script>measure off;measure 8 5</script>
</item>
<item>
<text>C5-C11 bond</text>
<script>measure off;measure 11 5</script>
</item>
<item>
<text>C11-C14 bond</text>
<script>measure off;measure 11 14</script>
</item>
<item>
<text>C14-C1 bond</text>
<script>measure off;measure 14 1</script>
</item>
</jmolmenu>
<jmolbutton>
<target>e1bondproduct</target>
<text>Highlight sp2 Carbons</text>
<script>select atomno=[1 2];color label red</script>
</jmolbutton>
</jmol>

====Summery====
{|class="wikitable"
|Bond Lengths/nm
!Reactant
!Transition State
!Product
!Trend
|-
!Dienophile
|0.133
|0.138
|0.153
|Increase(Weaken)
|-
!Diene(Terminal)
|0.133
|0.138
|0.150
|Increase(Weaken)
|-
!Diene(Bridging)
|0.147
|0.141
|0.134
|Decrease(Strengthen)
|-
!New formed
|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
|0.211
|0.154
|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
|}
Typical sp3-sp3 C-C bond has length of 0.154 nm; sp2-sp3 C-C bond has length of 0.150 nm; sp2-sp2 C-C bond has length of 0.147 nm.

During the reaction 3 double bonds are weaken to become single bond, simultaneously 1 single bond is strengthen to become double bond and two new sp3-sp3 single bond are formed.

Carbon has Van der Waals radius of 0.170 nm while the partly formed C-C bond in the transition state has distance of 0.211 nm which is already shorter than two times the Van der Waals radius.

'''By analysing the change of bond length from reactant to transition state then to product and also looking at the vibration model in the transition state, the formation of two bonds in the reaction can be confirmed to be synchronous.'''

==Exercise 2: Reaction of Cyclohexadiene and 1,3-Dioxole==
===MO diagram===
This Diels-Alder reaction can give two different products via two different transition states (endo- and exo-). Two different transition state MO diagrams are shown below.
{|class="wikitable"
|[[File:zx2015exercise2endotsMO.png|500px|thumb|MO diagram for the formation of endo- transition state]]
|[[File:zx2015exercise2exotsMO.png|500px|thumb|MO diagram for the formation of exo- transition state]]
|}
===Energy of MOs===
{|class="wikitable"
|
!Asymmetric antibonding
!Symmetric antibonding
!Symmetric bonding
!Asymmetric bonding
|-
!endo- Energies
|0.01543
|<nowiki>-0.00462</nowiki>
|<nowiki>-0.29896</nowiki>
|<nowiki>-0.30845</nowiki>
|-
!endo- MOs
|<jmol>
<jmolapplet>
<uploadedfilecontents>zx2015exercise2endots.log</uploadedfilecontents>
<color>black</color>
<size>200</size>
<script>frame 2;mo 43;mo nodots mesh no fill translucent;mo titleformat""; frank off</script>
<name>e2endotsaa</name>
</jmolapplet>
</jmol>
|<jmol>
<jmolapplet>
<uploadedfilecontents>zx2015exercise2endots.log</uploadedfilecontents>
<color>black</color>
<size>200</size>
<script>frame 2;mo 42;mo nodots mesh no fill translucent;mo titleformat""; frank off</script>
<name>e2endotssa</name>
</jmolapplet>
</jmol>
|<jmol>
<jmolapplet>
<uploadedfilecontents>zx2015exercise2endots.log</uploadedfilecontents>
<color>black</color>
<size>200</size>
<script>frame 2;mo 41;mo nodots mesh no fill translucent;mo titleformat""; frank off</script>
<name>e2endotssb</name>
</jmolapplet>
</jmol>
|<jmol>
<jmolapplet>
<uploadedfilecontents>zx2015exercise2endots.log</uploadedfilecontents>
<color>black</color>
<size>200</size>
<script>frame 2;mo 40;mo nodots mesh no fill translucent;mo titleformat""; frank off</script>
<name>e2endotsab</name>
</jmolapplet>
</jmol>
|-
!exo- Energies
|0.01019
|<nowiki>-0.00698</nowiki>
|<nowiki>-0.18559</nowiki>
|<nowiki>-0.19800</nowiki>
|-
!exo- MOs
|<jmol>
<jmolapplet>
<uploadedfilecontents>zx2015exercise2exots.log</uploadedfilecontents>
<color>black</color>
<size>200</size>
<script>frame 2;mo 43;mo nodots mesh no fill translucent;mo titleformat""; frank off</script>
<name>e2exotsaa</name>
</jmolapplet>
</jmol>
|<jmol>
<jmolapplet>
<uploadedfilecontents>zx2015exercise2exots.log</uploadedfilecontents>
<color>black</color>
<size>200</size>
<script>frame 2;mo 42;mo nodots mesh no fill translucent;mo titleformat""; frank off</script>
<name>e2exotssa</name>
</jmolapplet>
</jmol>
|<jmol>
<jmolapplet>
<uploadedfilecontents>zx2015exercise2exots.log</uploadedfilecontents>
<color>black</color>
<size>200</size>
<script>frame 2;mo 41;mo nodots mesh no fill translucent;mo titleformat""; frank off</script>
<name>e2exotssb</name>
</jmolapplet>
</jmol>
|<jmol>
<jmolapplet>
<uploadedfilecontents>zx2015exercise2exots.log</uploadedfilecontents>
<color>black</color>
<size>200</size>
<script>frame 2;mo 40;mo nodots mesh no fill translucent;mo titleformat""; frank off</script>
<name>e2exotsab</name>
</jmolapplet>
</jmol>
|}
{|class="wikitable"
|
!HOMO
!LUMO
|-
!Cyclohexadiene
|<jmol>
<jmolapplet>
<uploadedfilecontents>zx2015exercise2diene.log</uploadedfilecontents>
<color>black</color>
<size>200</size>
<script>frame 2;mo 22;mo nodots mesh no fill translucent;mo titleformat""; frank off</script>
<name>e2dienehomo</name>
</jmolapplet>
</jmol>
|<jmol>
<jmolapplet>
<uploadedfilecontents>zx2015exercise2diene.log</uploadedfilecontents>
<color>black</color>
<size>200</size>
<script>frame 2;mo 23;mo nodots mesh no fill translucent;mo titleformat""; frank off</script>
<name>e2dienelumo</name>
</jmolapplet>
</jmol>
|-
!Energies
|<nowiki>-0.20598</nowiki>
|<nowiki>-0.01787</nowiki>
|-
!1,3-Dioxole
|<jmol>
<jmolapplet>
<uploadedfilecontents>zx2015exercise2dienophile.log</uploadedfilecontents>
<color>black</color>
<size>200</size>
<script>frame 2;mo 19;mo nodots mesh no fill translucent;mo titleformat""; frank off</script>
<name>e2dienophilehomo</name>
</jmolapplet>
</jmol>
|<jmol>
<jmolapplet>
<uploadedfilecontents>zx2015exercise2dienophile.log</uploadedfilecontents>
<color>black</color>
<size>200</size>
<script>frame 2;mo 20;mo nodots mesh no fill translucent;mo titleformat""; frank off</script>
<name>e2dienophilelumo</name>
</jmolapplet>
</jmol>
|-
!Energies
|<nowiki>-0.19617</nowiki>
|0.03668
|}
{|class="wikitable"
|
!HOMO
!LUMO
!Energy difference
|-
!Standard
|Diene
|Dienophile
|<nowiki>-0.20598</nowiki>-0.03668=0.24226au
|-
!Inverse
|Dienophile
|Diene
|<nowiki>-0.01787</nowiki>-<nowiki>-0.19617</nowiki>=0.1783au
|}
In this reaction, the LUMO of Diene is closer in energy with HOMO of Dienophile than opposite. Hence the reaction is an inverse demand Diels-Alder reaction.
===Thermochemistry===

Rep:TSR:ZX2015Y3C

2017-11-20T16:47:42Z

Zx2015: /* Energy of MOs */

==Introduction==
In your introduction, briefly describe what is meant by a minimum and transition state in the context of a potential energy surface. What is the gradient and the curvature at each of these points? (for thought later on, how would a frequency calculation confirm a structure is at either of these points?)
==Exercise 1: Reaction of Butadiene with Ethylene==
===MO diagram===
At the transition state the system has the highest energy in the reaction, hence the energy levels of all MOs formed shift upward.
[[File:zx2015exercise1tsMO.png|500px|none|thumb|left|MO diagram for the formation of butadiene/ethane transition state]]
===Visualising MOs===
Symmetry requirement for the reaction can be concluded as only molecular orbitals with the same symmetry label can combine to form new molecular orbital.

Orbital overlap integral can be surmised as below:
{|class="wikitable"
|
!Symmetric
!Asymmetric
|-
!Symmetric
|Non-zero(allowed)
|Zero(forbidden)
|-
!Asymmetric
|Zero(forbidden)
|Non-Zero(allowed)
|}
====Reactants====
{| class="wikitable"
!
! HOMO
! LUMO
|-
! Butadiene
|<jmol>
<jmolApplet>
<uploadedFileContents>Zx2015exercise1diene jmol.chk</uploadedFileContents>
<color>black</color>
<size>300</size>
<script>frame 16;mo 11; mo nodots mesh no fill translucent; mo titleformat "";spinning=0;frank off</script>
<name>e1dienehomo</name>
</jmolApplet>
</jmol>
|<jmol>
<jmolApplet>
<uploadedFileContents>Zx2015exercise1diene jmol.chk</uploadedFileContents>
<color>black</color>
<size>300</size>
<script>frame 16;mo 12; mo nodots mesh no fill translucent; mo titleformat "";spinning=0;frank off</script>
<name>e1dienelumo</name>
</jmolApplet>
</jmol>
|-
! Ethylene
| <jmol>
<jmolApplet>
<uploadedFileContents>Zx2015exercise1DIENEOPHILE_JMOL.LOG</uploadedFileContents>
<color>black</color>
<size>300</size>
<script>frame 16;mo 6; mo nodots mesh no fill translucent; mo titleformat "";spinning=0;frank off</script>
<name>e1dieneophilehomo</name>
</jmolApplet>
</jmol>
| <jmol>
<jmolApplet>
<uploadedFileContents>Zx2015exercise1DIENEOPHILE_JMOL.LOG</uploadedFileContents>
<color>black</color>
<size>300</size>
<script>frame 16;mo 7; mo nodots mesh no fill translucent; mo titleformat "";spinning=0;frank off</script>
<name>e1dieneophilelumo</name>
</jmolApplet>
</jmol>
|}
====Transition State====
{| class="wikitable"
!
!Asymmetric Antibonding
!Symmetric Antibonding
!Symmetric Bonding
!Asymmetric Bonding
|-
!Energy
|0.03067au
|0.01732au
|<nowiki>-0.32534au</nowiki>
|<nowiki>-0.32756au</nowiki>
|-
!MOs
|<jmol>
<jmolApplet>
<uploadedFileContents>Zx2015exercise1ts_jmol.log</uploadedFileContents>
<color>black</color>
<size>250</size>
<script>frame 6;mo 19; mo nodots mesh no fill translucent; mo titleformat "";spinning=0;frank off</script>
<name>e1tsaa</name>
</jmolApplet>
</jmol>
|<jmol>
<jmolApplet>
<uploadedFileContents>Zx2015exercise1ts_jmol.log</uploadedFileContents>
<color>black</color>
<size>250</size>
<script>frame 6;mo 18; mo nodots mesh no fill translucent; mo titleformat "";spinning=0;frank off</script>
<name>e1tssa</name>
</jmolApplet>
</jmol>
|<jmol>
<jmolApplet>
<uploadedFileContents>Zx2015exercise1ts_jmol.log</uploadedFileContents>
<color>black</color>
<size>250</size>
<script>frame 6;mo 17; mo nodots mesh no fill translucent; mo titleformat "";spinning=0;frank off</script>
<name>e1tssb</name>
</jmolApplet>
</jmol>
|<jmol>
<jmolApplet>
<uploadedFileContents>Zx2015exercise1ts_jmol.log</uploadedFileContents>
<color>black</color>
<size>250</size>
<script>frame 6;mo 16; mo nodots mesh no fill translucent; mo titleformat "";spinning=0;frank off</script>
<name>e1tsab</name>
</jmolApplet>
</jmol>
|}
===Bond Length===
====Butadiene====
<jmol>
<jmolApplet>
<uploadedfilecontents>zx2015exercise1diene_jmol.chk</uploadedfilecontents>
<color>black</color>
<size>400</size>
<script>frame 16;vibrating=0; spinning=0; select atomno=[1 4 6 8];label display;frank off</script>
<name>e1bonddiene</name>
</jmolApplet>
<jmolbutton>
<script>if(spinning==0) spinning=1; spin; else; spinning=0; spin off; endif</script>
<text>Spin</text>
<target>e1bonddiene</target>
</jmolbutton>
<jmolmenu>
<target>e1bonddiene</target>
<item>
<text>Choose to show bond length</text>
<script>measure off</script>
</item>
<item>
<script>measure off;measure 1 4</script>
<text>C1-C4 bond</text>
</item>
<item>
<script>measure off;measure 4 6</script>
<text>C4-C6 bond</text>
</item>
<item>
<script>measure off;measure 6 8</script>
<text>C6-C8 bond</text>
</item>
</jmolmenu>
</jmol>

====Ethylene====
<jmol>
<jmolApplet>
<uploadedfilecontents>Zx2015exercise1DIENEOPHILE_JMOL.LOG</uploadedfilecontents>
<color>black</color>
<size>400</size>
<script>frame 16;vibrating=0; spinning=0; select atomno=[1 4];label display;frank off</script>
<name>e1bonddieneophile</name>
</jmolApplet>
<jmolbutton>
<target>e1bonddieneophile</target>
<script>if(spinning==0) spinning=1; spin; else; spinning=0; spin off; endif</script>
<text>Spin</text>
</jmolbutton>
<jmolbutton>
<target>e1bonddieneophile</target>
<script>measure off; measure 1 4</script>
<text>C1-C4 Bond Length</text>
</jmolbutton>
</jmol>

====Transition State====
<jmol>
<jmolApplet>
<uploadedfilecontents>zx2015exercise1ts_jmol.log</uploadedfilecontents>
<color>black</color>
<size>400</size>
<script>frame 6;vibrating=0;spinning=0;select atomno=[1 4 7 10 12 14];label display; frank off</script>
<name>e1bondts</name>
</jmolApplet>
<jmolbutton>
<target>e1bondts</target>
<script>if(spinning==0)spinning=1;spin;else;spinning=0;spin off; endif</script>
<text>Spin</text>
</jmolbutton>
<jmolmenu>
<target>e1bondts</target>
<item>
<text>Choose to show bond length</text>
<script>measure off</script>
</item>
<item>
<text>C1-C4 bond</text>
<script>measure off; measure 1 4</script>
</item>
<item>
<text>C7-C10 bond</text>
<script>measure off; measure 7 10</script>
</item>
<item>
<text>C10-C12 bond</text>
<script>measure off; measure 10 12</script>
</item>
<item>
<text>C12-C14 bond</text>
<script>measure off; measure 12 14</script>
</item>
<item>
<text>Partly formed C-C bond</text>
<script>measure off; measure 1 14</script>
</item>
</jmolmenu>
<jmolbutton>
<target>e1bondts</target>
<text>Vibration</text>
<script>frame 7;if(vibrating==0)vibrating=1; vibration 2;else;vibrating=0;vibration off; endif</script>
</jmolbutton>
</jmol>

====Product====
<jmol>
<jmolApplet>
<uploadedfilecontents>zx2015exercise1product_jmol.log</uploadedfilecontents>
<color>black</color>
<size>400</size>
<script>frame 34;vibrating=0;spinning=0;select atomno=[1 2 5 8 11 14];label display; frank off</script>
<name>e1bondproduct</name>
</jmolApplet>
<jmolbutton>
<target>e1bondproduct</target>
<text>Spin</text>
<script>if(spinning==0)spinning=1;spin;else;spinning=0;spin off; endif</script>
</jmolbutton>
<jmolmenu>
<target>e1bondproduct</target>
<item>
<text>Choose to show bond length</text>
<script>measure off</script>
</item>
<item>
<text>C1-C2 bond</text>
<script>measure off;measure 1 2</script>
</item>
<item>
<text>C2-C8 bond</text>
<script>measure off;measure 2 8</script>
</item>
<item>
<text>C8-C5 bond</text>
<script>measure off;measure 8 5</script>
</item>
<item>
<text>C5-C11 bond</text>
<script>measure off;measure 11 5</script>
</item>
<item>
<text>C11-C14 bond</text>
<script>measure off;measure 11 14</script>
</item>
<item>
<text>C14-C1 bond</text>
<script>measure off;measure 14 1</script>
</item>
</jmolmenu>
<jmolbutton>
<target>e1bondproduct</target>
<text>Highlight sp2 Carbons</text>
<script>select atomno=[1 2];color label red</script>
</jmolbutton>
</jmol>

====Summery====
{|class="wikitable"
|Bond Lengths/nm
!Reactant
!Transition State
!Product
!Trend
|-
!Dienophile
|0.133
|0.138
|0.153
|Increase(Weaken)
|-
!Diene(Terminal)
|0.133
|0.138
|0.150
|Increase(Weaken)
|-
!Diene(Bridging)
|0.147
|0.141
|0.134
|Decrease(Strengthen)
|-
!New formed
|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
|0.211
|0.154
|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
|}
Typical sp3-sp3 C-C bond has length of 0.154 nm; sp2-sp3 C-C bond has length of 0.150 nm; sp2-sp2 C-C bond has length of 0.147 nm.

During the reaction 3 double bonds are weaken to become single bond, simultaneously 1 single bond is strengthen to become double bond and two new sp3-sp3 single bond are formed.

Carbon has Van der Waals radius of 0.170 nm while the partly formed C-C bond in the transition state has distance of 0.211 nm which is already shorter than two times the Van der Waals radius.

'''By analysing the change of bond length from reactant to transition state then to product and also looking at the vibration model in the transition state, the formation of two bonds in the reaction can be confirmed to be synchronous.'''

==Exercise 2: Reaction of Cyclohexadiene and 1,3-Dioxole==
===MO diagram===
This Diels-Alder reaction can give two different products via two different transition states (endo- and exo-). Two different transition state MO diagrams are shown below.
{|class="wikitable"
|[[File:zx2015exercise2endotsMO.png|500px|thumb|MO diagram for the formation of endo- transition state]]
|[[File:zx2015exercise2exotsMO.png|500px|thumb|MO diagram for the formation of exo- transition state]]
|}
===Energy of MOs===
{|class="wikitable"
|
!Asymmetric antibonding
!Symmetric antibonding
!Symmetric bonding
!Asymmetric bonding
|-
!endo- Energies
|0.01543
|<nowiki>-0.00462</nowiki>
|<nowiki>-0.29896</nowiki>
|<nowiki>-0.30845</nowiki>
|-
!endo- MOs
|<jmol>
<jmolapplet>
<uploadedfilecontents>zx2015exercise2endots.log</uploadedfilecontents>
<color>black</color>
<size>200</size>
<script>frame 2;mo 43;mo nodots mesh no fill translucent;mo titleformat""; frank off</script>
<name>e2endotsaa</name>
</jmolapplet>
</jmol>
|<jmol>
<jmolapplet>
<uploadedfilecontents>zx2015exercise2endots.log</uploadedfilecontents>
<color>black</color>
<size>200</size>
<script>frame 2;mo 42;mo nodots mesh no fill translucent;mo titleformat""; frank off</script>
<name>e2endotssa</name>
</jmolapplet>
</jmol>
|<jmol>
<jmolapplet>
<uploadedfilecontents>zx2015exercise2endots.log</uploadedfilecontents>
<color>black</color>
<size>200</size>
<script>frame 2;mo 41;mo nodots mesh no fill translucent;mo titleformat""; frank off</script>
<name>e2endotssb</name>
</jmolapplet>
</jmol>
|<jmol>
<jmolapplet>
<uploadedfilecontents>zx2015exercise2endots.log</uploadedfilecontents>
<color>black</color>
<size>200</size>
<script>frame 2;mo 40;mo nodots mesh no fill translucent;mo titleformat""; frank off</script>
<name>e2endotsab</name>
</jmolapplet>
</jmol>
|-
!exo- Energies
|0.01019
|<nowiki>-0.00698</nowiki>
|<nowiki>-0.18559</nowiki>
|<nowiki>-0.19800</nowiki>
|-
!exo- MOs
|<jmol>
<jmolapplet>
<uploadedfilecontents>zx2015exercise2exots.log</uploadedfilecontents>
<color>black</color>
<size>200</size>
<script>frame 2;mo 43;mo nodots mesh no fill translucent;mo titleformat""; frank off</script>
<name>e2exotsaa</name>
</jmolapplet>
</jmol>
|<jmol>
<jmolapplet>
<uploadedfilecontents>zx2015exercise2exots.log</uploadedfilecontents>
<color>black</color>
<size>200</size>
<script>frame 2;mo 42;mo nodots mesh no fill translucent;mo titleformat""; frank off</script>
<name>e2exotssa</name>
</jmolapplet>
</jmol>
|<jmol>
<jmolapplet>
<uploadedfilecontents>zx2015exercise2exots.log</uploadedfilecontents>
<color>black</color>
<size>200</size>
<script>frame 2;mo 41;mo nodots mesh no fill translucent;mo titleformat""; frank off</script>
<name>e2exotssb</name>
</jmolapplet>
</jmol>
|<jmol>
<jmolapplet>
<uploadedfilecontents>zx2015exercise2exots.log</uploadedfilecontents>
<color>black</color>
<size>200</size>
<script>frame 2;mo 40;mo nodots mesh no fill translucent;mo titleformat""; frank off</script>
<name>e2exotsab</name>
</jmolapplet>
</jmol>
|}
{|class="wikitable"
|
!HOMO
!LUMO
|-
!Cyclohexadiene
|<jmol>
<jmolapplet>
<uploadedfilecontents>zx2015exercise2diene.log</uploadedfilecontents>
<color>black</color>
<size>200</size>
<script>frame 2;mo 22;mo nodots mesh no fill translucent;mo titleformat""; frank off</script>
<name>e2dienehomo</name>
</jmolapplet>
</jmol>
|<jmol>
<jmolapplet>
<uploadedfilecontents>zx2015exercise2diene.log</uploadedfilecontents>
<color>black</color>
<size>200</size>
<script>frame 2;mo 23;mo nodots mesh no fill translucent;mo titleformat""; frank off</script>
<name>e2dienelumo</name>
</jmolapplet>
</jmol>
|-
!Energies
|<nowiki>-0.20598</nowiki>
|<nowiki>-0.01787</nowiki>
|-
!1,3-Dioxole
|<jmol>
<jmolapplet>
<uploadedfilecontents>zx2015exercise2dienophile.log</uploadedfilecontents>
<color>black</color>
<size>200</size>
<script>frame 2;mo 19;mo nodots mesh no fill translucent;mo titleformat""; frank off</script>
<name>e2dienophilehomo</name>
</jmolapplet>
</jmol>
|<jmol>
<jmolapplet>
<uploadedfilecontents>zx2015exercise2dienophile.log</uploadedfilecontents>
<color>black</color>
<size>200</size>
<script>frame 2;mo 20;mo nodots mesh no fill translucent;mo titleformat""; frank off</script>
<name>e2dienophilelumo</name>
</jmolapplet>
</jmol>
|-
!Energies
|<nowiki>-0.19617</nowiki>
|0.03668
|}
{|class="wikitable"
|
!HOMO
!LUMO
!Energy difference
|-
!Standard
|Diene
|Dienophile
|<nowiki>-0.20598</nowiki>-0.03668=0.24226au
|-
!Inverse
|Dienophile
|Diene
|<nowiki>-0.01787</nowiki>-<nowiki>-0.19617</nowiki>=0.1783au
|}
In this reaction, the LUMO of Diene is closer in energy with HOMO of Dienophile than opposite. Hence the reaction is an inverse Diels-Alder reaction.

Rep:TSR:ZX2015Y3C

2017-11-20T16:36:16Z

Zx2015: /* Exercise 2: Reaction of Cyclohexadiene and 1,3-Dioxole */

==Introduction==
In your introduction, briefly describe what is meant by a minimum and transition state in the context of a potential energy surface. What is the gradient and the curvature at each of these points? (for thought later on, how would a frequency calculation confirm a structure is at either of these points?)
==Exercise 1: Reaction of Butadiene with Ethylene==
===MO diagram===
At the transition state the system has the highest energy in the reaction, hence the energy levels of all MOs formed shift upward.
[[File:zx2015exercise1tsMO.png|500px|none|thumb|left|MO diagram for the formation of butadiene/ethane transition state]]
===Visualising MOs===
Symmetry requirement for the reaction can be concluded as only molecular orbitals with the same symmetry label can combine to form new molecular orbital.

Orbital overlap integral can be surmised as below:
{|class="wikitable"
|
!Symmetric
!Asymmetric
|-
!Symmetric
|Non-zero(allowed)
|Zero(forbidden)
|-
!Asymmetric
|Zero(forbidden)
|Non-Zero(allowed)
|}
====Reactants====
{| class="wikitable"
!
! HOMO
! LUMO
|-
! Butadiene
|<jmol>
<jmolApplet>
<uploadedFileContents>Zx2015exercise1diene jmol.chk</uploadedFileContents>
<color>black</color>
<size>300</size>
<script>frame 16;mo 11; mo nodots mesh no fill translucent; mo titleformat "";spinning=0;frank off</script>
<name>e1dienehomo</name>
</jmolApplet>
</jmol>
|<jmol>
<jmolApplet>
<uploadedFileContents>Zx2015exercise1diene jmol.chk</uploadedFileContents>
<color>black</color>
<size>300</size>
<script>frame 16;mo 12; mo nodots mesh no fill translucent; mo titleformat "";spinning=0;frank off</script>
<name>e1dienelumo</name>
</jmolApplet>
</jmol>
|-
! Ethylene
| <jmol>
<jmolApplet>
<uploadedFileContents>Zx2015exercise1DIENEOPHILE_JMOL.LOG</uploadedFileContents>
<color>black</color>
<size>300</size>
<script>frame 16;mo 6; mo nodots mesh no fill translucent; mo titleformat "";spinning=0;frank off</script>
<name>e1dieneophilehomo</name>
</jmolApplet>
</jmol>
| <jmol>
<jmolApplet>
<uploadedFileContents>Zx2015exercise1DIENEOPHILE_JMOL.LOG</uploadedFileContents>
<color>black</color>
<size>300</size>
<script>frame 16;mo 7; mo nodots mesh no fill translucent; mo titleformat "";spinning=0;frank off</script>
<name>e1dieneophilelumo</name>
</jmolApplet>
</jmol>
|}
====Transition State====
{| class="wikitable"
!
!Asymmetric Antibonding
!Symmetric Antibonding
!Symmetric Bonding
!Asymmetric Bonding
|-
!Energy
|0.03067au
|0.01732au
|<nowiki>-0.32534au</nowiki>
|<nowiki>-0.32756au</nowiki>
|-
!MOs
|<jmol>
<jmolApplet>
<uploadedFileContents>Zx2015exercise1ts_jmol.log</uploadedFileContents>
<color>black</color>
<size>250</size>
<script>frame 6;mo 19; mo nodots mesh no fill translucent; mo titleformat "";spinning=0;frank off</script>
<name>e1tsaa</name>
</jmolApplet>
</jmol>
|<jmol>
<jmolApplet>
<uploadedFileContents>Zx2015exercise1ts_jmol.log</uploadedFileContents>
<color>black</color>
<size>250</size>
<script>frame 6;mo 18; mo nodots mesh no fill translucent; mo titleformat "";spinning=0;frank off</script>
<name>e1tssa</name>
</jmolApplet>
</jmol>
|<jmol>
<jmolApplet>
<uploadedFileContents>Zx2015exercise1ts_jmol.log</uploadedFileContents>
<color>black</color>
<size>250</size>
<script>frame 6;mo 17; mo nodots mesh no fill translucent; mo titleformat "";spinning=0;frank off</script>
<name>e1tssb</name>
</jmolApplet>
</jmol>
|<jmol>
<jmolApplet>
<uploadedFileContents>Zx2015exercise1ts_jmol.log</uploadedFileContents>
<color>black</color>
<size>250</size>
<script>frame 6;mo 16; mo nodots mesh no fill translucent; mo titleformat "";spinning=0;frank off</script>
<name>e1tsab</name>
</jmolApplet>
</jmol>
|}
===Bond Length===
====Butadiene====
<jmol>
<jmolApplet>
<uploadedfilecontents>zx2015exercise1diene_jmol.chk</uploadedfilecontents>
<color>black</color>
<size>400</size>
<script>frame 16;vibrating=0; spinning=0; select atomno=[1 4 6 8];label display;frank off</script>
<name>e1bonddiene</name>
</jmolApplet>
<jmolbutton>
<script>if(spinning==0) spinning=1; spin; else; spinning=0; spin off; endif</script>
<text>Spin</text>
<target>e1bonddiene</target>
</jmolbutton>
<jmolmenu>
<target>e1bonddiene</target>
<item>
<text>Choose to show bond length</text>
<script>measure off</script>
</item>
<item>
<script>measure off;measure 1 4</script>
<text>C1-C4 bond</text>
</item>
<item>
<script>measure off;measure 4 6</script>
<text>C4-C6 bond</text>
</item>
<item>
<script>measure off;measure 6 8</script>
<text>C6-C8 bond</text>
</item>
</jmolmenu>
</jmol>

====Ethylene====
<jmol>
<jmolApplet>
<uploadedfilecontents>Zx2015exercise1DIENEOPHILE_JMOL.LOG</uploadedfilecontents>
<color>black</color>
<size>400</size>
<script>frame 16;vibrating=0; spinning=0; select atomno=[1 4];label display;frank off</script>
<name>e1bonddieneophile</name>
</jmolApplet>
<jmolbutton>
<target>e1bonddieneophile</target>
<script>if(spinning==0) spinning=1; spin; else; spinning=0; spin off; endif</script>
<text>Spin</text>
</jmolbutton>
<jmolbutton>
<target>e1bonddieneophile</target>
<script>measure off; measure 1 4</script>
<text>C1-C4 Bond Length</text>
</jmolbutton>
</jmol>

====Transition State====
<jmol>
<jmolApplet>
<uploadedfilecontents>zx2015exercise1ts_jmol.log</uploadedfilecontents>
<color>black</color>
<size>400</size>
<script>frame 6;vibrating=0;spinning=0;select atomno=[1 4 7 10 12 14];label display; frank off</script>
<name>e1bondts</name>
</jmolApplet>
<jmolbutton>
<target>e1bondts</target>
<script>if(spinning==0)spinning=1;spin;else;spinning=0;spin off; endif</script>
<text>Spin</text>
</jmolbutton>
<jmolmenu>
<target>e1bondts</target>
<item>
<text>Choose to show bond length</text>
<script>measure off</script>
</item>
<item>
<text>C1-C4 bond</text>
<script>measure off; measure 1 4</script>
</item>
<item>
<text>C7-C10 bond</text>
<script>measure off; measure 7 10</script>
</item>
<item>
<text>C10-C12 bond</text>
<script>measure off; measure 10 12</script>
</item>
<item>
<text>C12-C14 bond</text>
<script>measure off; measure 12 14</script>
</item>
<item>
<text>Partly formed C-C bond</text>
<script>measure off; measure 1 14</script>
</item>
</jmolmenu>
<jmolbutton>
<target>e1bondts</target>
<text>Vibration</text>
<script>frame 7;if(vibrating==0)vibrating=1; vibration 2;else;vibrating=0;vibration off; endif</script>
</jmolbutton>
</jmol>

====Product====
<jmol>
<jmolApplet>
<uploadedfilecontents>zx2015exercise1product_jmol.log</uploadedfilecontents>
<color>black</color>
<size>400</size>
<script>frame 34;vibrating=0;spinning=0;select atomno=[1 2 5 8 11 14];label display; frank off</script>
<name>e1bondproduct</name>
</jmolApplet>
<jmolbutton>
<target>e1bondproduct</target>
<text>Spin</text>
<script>if(spinning==0)spinning=1;spin;else;spinning=0;spin off; endif</script>
</jmolbutton>
<jmolmenu>
<target>e1bondproduct</target>
<item>
<text>Choose to show bond length</text>
<script>measure off</script>
</item>
<item>
<text>C1-C2 bond</text>
<script>measure off;measure 1 2</script>
</item>
<item>
<text>C2-C8 bond</text>
<script>measure off;measure 2 8</script>
</item>
<item>
<text>C8-C5 bond</text>
<script>measure off;measure 8 5</script>
</item>
<item>
<text>C5-C11 bond</text>
<script>measure off;measure 11 5</script>
</item>
<item>
<text>C11-C14 bond</text>
<script>measure off;measure 11 14</script>
</item>
<item>
<text>C14-C1 bond</text>
<script>measure off;measure 14 1</script>
</item>
</jmolmenu>
<jmolbutton>
<target>e1bondproduct</target>
<text>Highlight sp2 Carbons</text>
<script>select atomno=[1 2];color label red</script>
</jmolbutton>
</jmol>

====Summery====
{|class="wikitable"
|Bond Lengths/nm
!Reactant
!Transition State
!Product
!Trend
|-
!Dienophile
|0.133
|0.138
|0.153
|Increase(Weaken)
|-
!Diene(Terminal)
|0.133
|0.138
|0.150
|Increase(Weaken)
|-
!Diene(Bridging)
|0.147
|0.141
|0.134
|Decrease(Strengthen)
|-
!New formed
|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
|0.211
|0.154
|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
|}
Typical sp3-sp3 C-C bond has length of 0.154 nm; sp2-sp3 C-C bond has length of 0.150 nm; sp2-sp2 C-C bond has length of 0.147 nm.

During the reaction 3 double bonds are weaken to become single bond, simultaneously 1 single bond is strengthen to become double bond and two new sp3-sp3 single bond are formed.

Carbon has Van der Waals radius of 0.170 nm while the partly formed C-C bond in the transition state has distance of 0.211 nm which is already shorter than two times the Van der Waals radius.

'''By analysing the change of bond length from reactant to transition state then to product and also looking at the vibration model in the transition state, the formation of two bonds in the reaction can be confirmed to be synchronous.'''

==Exercise 2: Reaction of Cyclohexadiene and 1,3-Dioxole==
===MO diagram===
This Diels-Alder reaction can give two different products via two different transition states (endo- and exo-). Two different transition state MO diagrams are shown below.
{|class="wikitable"
|[[File:zx2015exercise2endotsMO.png|500px|thumb|MO diagram for the formation of endo- transition state]]
|[[File:zx2015exercise2exotsMO.png|500px|thumb|MO diagram for the formation of exo- transition state]]
|}
===Energy of MOs===
{|class="wikitable"
|
!Asymmetric antibonding
!Symmetric antibonding
!Symmetric bonding
!Asymmetric bonding
|-
!endo- Energies
|0.01543
|<nowiki>-0.00462</nowiki>
|<nowiki>-0.29896</nowiki>
|<nowiki>-0.30845</nowiki>
|-
!endo- MOs
|<jmol>
<jmolapplet>
<uploadedfilecontents>zx2015exercise2endots.log</uploadedfilecontents>
<color>black</color>
<size>200</size>
<script>frame 2;mo 43;mo nodots mesh no fill translucent;mo titleformat""; frank off</script>
<name>e2endotsaa</name>
</jmolapplet>
</jmol>
|<jmol>
<jmolapplet>
<uploadedfilecontents>zx2015exercise2endots.log</uploadedfilecontents>
<color>black</color>
<size>200</size>
<script>frame 2;mo 42;mo nodots mesh no fill translucent;mo titleformat""; frank off</script>
<name>e2endotssa</name>
</jmolapplet>
</jmol>
|<jmol>
<jmolapplet>
<uploadedfilecontents>zx2015exercise2endots.log</uploadedfilecontents>
<color>black</color>
<size>200</size>
<script>frame 2;mo 41;mo nodots mesh no fill translucent;mo titleformat""; frank off</script>
<name>e2endotssb</name>
</jmolapplet>
</jmol>
|<jmol>
<jmolapplet>
<uploadedfilecontents>zx2015exercise2endots.log</uploadedfilecontents>
<color>black</color>
<size>200</size>
<script>frame 2;mo 40;mo nodots mesh no fill translucent;mo titleformat""; frank off</script>
<name>e2endotsab</name>
</jmolapplet>
</jmol>
|-
!exo- Energies
|0.01019
|<nowiki>-0.00698</nowiki>
|<nowiki>-0.18559</nowiki>
|<nowiki>-0.19800</nowiki>
|-
!exo- MOs
|<jmol>
<jmolapplet>
<uploadedfilecontents>zx2015exercise2exots.log</uploadedfilecontents>
<color>black</color>
<size>200</size>
<script>frame 2;mo 43;mo nodots mesh no fill translucent;mo titleformat""; frank off</script>
<name>e2exotsaa</name>
</jmolapplet>
</jmol>
|<jmol>
<jmolapplet>
<uploadedfilecontents>zx2015exercise2exots.log</uploadedfilecontents>
<color>black</color>
<size>200</size>
<script>frame 2;mo 42;mo nodots mesh no fill translucent;mo titleformat""; frank off</script>
<name>e2exotssa</name>
</jmolapplet>
</jmol>
|<jmol>
<jmolapplet>
<uploadedfilecontents>zx2015exercise2exots.log</uploadedfilecontents>
<color>black</color>
<size>200</size>
<script>frame 2;mo 41;mo nodots mesh no fill translucent;mo titleformat""; frank off</script>
<name>e2exotssb</name>
</jmolapplet>
</jmol>
|<jmol>
<jmolapplet>
<uploadedfilecontents>zx2015exercise2exots.log</uploadedfilecontents>
<color>black</color>
<size>200</size>
<script>frame 2;mo 40;mo nodots mesh no fill translucent;mo titleformat""; frank off</script>
<name>e2exotsab</name>
</jmolapplet>
</jmol>
|}
{|class="wikitable"
|
!HOMO
!LUMO
|-
!Cyclohexadiene
|<jmol>
<jmolapplet>
<uploadedfilecontents>zx2015exercise2diene.log</uploadedfilecontents>
<color>black</color>
<size>200</size>
<script>frame 2;mo 22;mo nodots mesh no fill translucent;mo titleformat""; frank off</script>
<name>e2dienehomo</name>
</jmolapplet>
</jmol>
|<jmol>
<jmolapplet>
<uploadedfilecontents>zx2015exercise2diene.log</uploadedfilecontents>
<color>black</color>
<size>200</size>
<script>frame 2;mo 23;mo nodots mesh no fill translucent;mo titleformat""; frank off</script>
<name>e2dienelumo</name>
</jmolapplet>
</jmol>
|-
!Energies
|<nowiki>-0.20598</nowiki>
|<nowiki>-0.01787</nowiki>
|-
!1,3-Dioxole
|<jmol>
<jmolapplet>
<uploadedfilecontents>zx2015exercise2dienophile.log</uploadedfilecontents>
<color>black</color>
<size>200</size>
<script>frame 2;mo 19;mo nodots mesh no fill translucent;mo titleformat""; frank off</script>
<name>e2dienophilehomo</name>
</jmolapplet>
</jmol>
|<jmol>
<jmolapplet>
<uploadedfilecontents>zx2015exercise2dienophile.log</uploadedfilecontents>
<color>black</color>
<size>200</size>
<script>frame 2;mo 20;mo nodots mesh no fill translucent;mo titleformat""; frank off</script>
<name>e2dienophilelumo</name>
</jmolapplet>
</jmol>
|-
!Energies
|<nowiki>-0.19617</nowiki>
|0.03668
|}

File:Zx2015exercise2dienophile.log

2017-11-20T16:31:43Z

Zx2015:

File:Zx2015exercise2diene.log

2017-11-20T16:31:05Z

Zx2015:

Rep:TSR:ZX2015Y3C

2017-11-20T16:20:06Z

Zx2015: /* Energy of MOs */

==Introduction==
In your introduction, briefly describe what is meant by a minimum and transition state in the context of a potential energy surface. What is the gradient and the curvature at each of these points? (for thought later on, how would a frequency calculation confirm a structure is at either of these points?)
==Exercise 1: Reaction of Butadiene with Ethylene==
===MO diagram===
At the transition state the system has the highest energy in the reaction, hence the energy levels of all MOs formed shift upward.
[[File:zx2015exercise1tsMO.png|500px|none|thumb|left|MO diagram for the formation of butadiene/ethane transition state]]
===Visualising MOs===
Symmetry requirement for the reaction can be concluded as only molecular orbitals with the same symmetry label can combine to form new molecular orbital.

Orbital overlap integral can be surmised as below:
{|class="wikitable"
|
!Symmetric
!Asymmetric
|-
!Symmetric
|Non-zero(allowed)
|Zero(forbidden)
|-
!Asymmetric
|Zero(forbidden)
|Non-Zero(allowed)
|}
====Reactants====
{| class="wikitable"
!
! HOMO
! LUMO
|-
! Butadiene
|<jmol>
<jmolApplet>
<uploadedFileContents>Zx2015exercise1diene jmol.chk</uploadedFileContents>
<color>black</color>
<size>300</size>
<script>frame 16;mo 11; mo nodots mesh no fill translucent; mo titleformat "";spinning=0;frank off</script>
<name>e1dienehomo</name>
</jmolApplet>
</jmol>
|<jmol>
<jmolApplet>
<uploadedFileContents>Zx2015exercise1diene jmol.chk</uploadedFileContents>
<color>black</color>
<size>300</size>
<script>frame 16;mo 12; mo nodots mesh no fill translucent; mo titleformat "";spinning=0;frank off</script>
<name>e1dienelumo</name>
</jmolApplet>
</jmol>
|-
! Ethylene
| <jmol>
<jmolApplet>
<uploadedFileContents>Zx2015exercise1DIENEOPHILE_JMOL.LOG</uploadedFileContents>
<color>black</color>
<size>300</size>
<script>frame 16;mo 6; mo nodots mesh no fill translucent; mo titleformat "";spinning=0;frank off</script>
<name>e1dieneophilehomo</name>
</jmolApplet>
</jmol>
| <jmol>
<jmolApplet>
<uploadedFileContents>Zx2015exercise1DIENEOPHILE_JMOL.LOG</uploadedFileContents>
<color>black</color>
<size>300</size>
<script>frame 16;mo 7; mo nodots mesh no fill translucent; mo titleformat "";spinning=0;frank off</script>
<name>e1dieneophilelumo</name>
</jmolApplet>
</jmol>
|}
====Transition State====
{| class="wikitable"
!
!Asymmetric Antibonding
!Symmetric Antibonding
!Symmetric Bonding
!Asymmetric Bonding
|-
!Energy
|0.03067au
|0.01732au
|<nowiki>-0.32534au</nowiki>
|<nowiki>-0.32756au</nowiki>
|-
!MOs
|<jmol>
<jmolApplet>
<uploadedFileContents>Zx2015exercise1ts_jmol.log</uploadedFileContents>
<color>black</color>
<size>250</size>
<script>frame 6;mo 19; mo nodots mesh no fill translucent; mo titleformat "";spinning=0;frank off</script>
<name>e1tsaa</name>
</jmolApplet>
</jmol>
|<jmol>
<jmolApplet>
<uploadedFileContents>Zx2015exercise1ts_jmol.log</uploadedFileContents>
<color>black</color>
<size>250</size>
<script>frame 6;mo 18; mo nodots mesh no fill translucent; mo titleformat "";spinning=0;frank off</script>
<name>e1tssa</name>
</jmolApplet>
</jmol>
|<jmol>
<jmolApplet>
<uploadedFileContents>Zx2015exercise1ts_jmol.log</uploadedFileContents>
<color>black</color>
<size>250</size>
<script>frame 6;mo 17; mo nodots mesh no fill translucent; mo titleformat "";spinning=0;frank off</script>
<name>e1tssb</name>
</jmolApplet>
</jmol>
|<jmol>
<jmolApplet>
<uploadedFileContents>Zx2015exercise1ts_jmol.log</uploadedFileContents>
<color>black</color>
<size>250</size>
<script>frame 6;mo 16; mo nodots mesh no fill translucent; mo titleformat "";spinning=0;frank off</script>
<name>e1tsab</name>
</jmolApplet>
</jmol>
|}
===Bond Length===
====Butadiene====
<jmol>
<jmolApplet>
<uploadedfilecontents>zx2015exercise1diene_jmol.chk</uploadedfilecontents>
<color>black</color>
<size>400</size>
<script>frame 16;vibrating=0; spinning=0; select atomno=[1 4 6 8];label display;frank off</script>
<name>e1bonddiene</name>
</jmolApplet>
<jmolbutton>
<script>if(spinning==0) spinning=1; spin; else; spinning=0; spin off; endif</script>
<text>Spin</text>
<target>e1bonddiene</target>
</jmolbutton>
<jmolmenu>
<target>e1bonddiene</target>
<item>
<text>Choose to show bond length</text>
<script>measure off</script>
</item>
<item>
<script>measure off;measure 1 4</script>
<text>C1-C4 bond</text>
</item>
<item>
<script>measure off;measure 4 6</script>
<text>C4-C6 bond</text>
</item>
<item>
<script>measure off;measure 6 8</script>
<text>C6-C8 bond</text>
</item>
</jmolmenu>
</jmol>

====Ethylene====
<jmol>
<jmolApplet>
<uploadedfilecontents>Zx2015exercise1DIENEOPHILE_JMOL.LOG</uploadedfilecontents>
<color>black</color>
<size>400</size>
<script>frame 16;vibrating=0; spinning=0; select atomno=[1 4];label display;frank off</script>
<name>e1bonddieneophile</name>
</jmolApplet>
<jmolbutton>
<target>e1bonddieneophile</target>
<script>if(spinning==0) spinning=1; spin; else; spinning=0; spin off; endif</script>
<text>Spin</text>
</jmolbutton>
<jmolbutton>
<target>e1bonddieneophile</target>
<script>measure off; measure 1 4</script>
<text>C1-C4 Bond Length</text>
</jmolbutton>
</jmol>

====Transition State====
<jmol>
<jmolApplet>
<uploadedfilecontents>zx2015exercise1ts_jmol.log</uploadedfilecontents>
<color>black</color>
<size>400</size>
<script>frame 6;vibrating=0;spinning=0;select atomno=[1 4 7 10 12 14];label display; frank off</script>
<name>e1bondts</name>
</jmolApplet>
<jmolbutton>
<target>e1bondts</target>
<script>if(spinning==0)spinning=1;spin;else;spinning=0;spin off; endif</script>
<text>Spin</text>
</jmolbutton>
<jmolmenu>
<target>e1bondts</target>
<item>
<text>Choose to show bond length</text>
<script>measure off</script>
</item>
<item>
<text>C1-C4 bond</text>
<script>measure off; measure 1 4</script>
</item>
<item>
<text>C7-C10 bond</text>
<script>measure off; measure 7 10</script>
</item>
<item>
<text>C10-C12 bond</text>
<script>measure off; measure 10 12</script>
</item>
<item>
<text>C12-C14 bond</text>
<script>measure off; measure 12 14</script>
</item>
<item>
<text>Partly formed C-C bond</text>
<script>measure off; measure 1 14</script>
</item>
</jmolmenu>
<jmolbutton>
<target>e1bondts</target>
<text>Vibration</text>
<script>frame 7;if(vibrating==0)vibrating=1; vibration 2;else;vibrating=0;vibration off; endif</script>
</jmolbutton>
</jmol>

====Product====
<jmol>
<jmolApplet>
<uploadedfilecontents>zx2015exercise1product_jmol.log</uploadedfilecontents>
<color>black</color>
<size>400</size>
<script>frame 34;vibrating=0;spinning=0;select atomno=[1 2 5 8 11 14];label display; frank off</script>
<name>e1bondproduct</name>
</jmolApplet>
<jmolbutton>
<target>e1bondproduct</target>
<text>Spin</text>
<script>if(spinning==0)spinning=1;spin;else;spinning=0;spin off; endif</script>
</jmolbutton>
<jmolmenu>
<target>e1bondproduct</target>
<item>
<text>Choose to show bond length</text>
<script>measure off</script>
</item>
<item>
<text>C1-C2 bond</text>
<script>measure off;measure 1 2</script>
</item>
<item>
<text>C2-C8 bond</text>
<script>measure off;measure 2 8</script>
</item>
<item>
<text>C8-C5 bond</text>
<script>measure off;measure 8 5</script>
</item>
<item>
<text>C5-C11 bond</text>
<script>measure off;measure 11 5</script>
</item>
<item>
<text>C11-C14 bond</text>
<script>measure off;measure 11 14</script>
</item>
<item>
<text>C14-C1 bond</text>
<script>measure off;measure 14 1</script>
</item>
</jmolmenu>
<jmolbutton>
<target>e1bondproduct</target>
<text>Highlight sp2 Carbons</text>
<script>select atomno=[1 2];color label red</script>
</jmolbutton>
</jmol>

====Summery====
{|class="wikitable"
|Bond Lengths/nm
!Reactant
!Transition State
!Product
!Trend
|-
!Dienophile
|0.133
|0.138
|0.153
|Increase(Weaken)
|-
!Diene(Terminal)
|0.133
|0.138
|0.150
|Increase(Weaken)
|-
!Diene(Bridging)
|0.147
|0.141
|0.134
|Decrease(Strengthen)
|-
!New formed
|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
|0.211
|0.154
|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
|}
Typical sp3-sp3 C-C bond has length of 0.154 nm; sp2-sp3 C-C bond has length of 0.150 nm; sp2-sp2 C-C bond has length of 0.147 nm.

During the reaction 3 double bonds are weaken to become single bond, simultaneously 1 single bond is strengthen to become double bond and two new sp3-sp3 single bond are formed.

Carbon has Van der Waals radius of 0.170 nm while the partly formed C-C bond in the transition state has distance of 0.211 nm which is already shorter than two times the Van der Waals radius.

'''By analysing the change of bond length from reactant to transition state then to product and also looking at the vibration model in the transition state, the formation of two bonds in the reaction can be confirmed to be synchronous.'''

==Exercise 2: Reaction of Cyclohexadiene and 1,3-Dioxole==
===MO diagram===
This Diels-Alder reaction can give two different products via two different transition states (endo- and exo-). Two different transition state MO diagrams are shown below.
{|class="wikitable"
|[[File:zx2015exercise2endotsMO.png|500px|thumb|MO diagram for the formation of endo- transition state]]
|[[File:zx2015exercise2exotsMO.png|500px|thumb|MO diagram for the formation of exo- transition state]]
|}
===Energy of MOs===
{|class="wikitable"
|
!Asymmetric antibonding
!Symmetric antibonding
!Symmetric bonding
!Asymmetric bonding
|-
!endo- Energies
|0.01543
|<nowiki>-0.00462</nowiki>
|<nowiki>-0.29896</nowiki>
|<nowiki>-0.30845</nowiki>
|-
!endo- MOs
|<jmol>
<jmolapplet>
<uploadedfilecontents>zx2015exercise2endots.log</uploadedfilecontents>
<color>black</color>
<size>200</size>
<script>frame 2;mo 43;mo nodots mesh no fill translucent;mo titleformat""; frank off</script>
<name>e2endotsaa</name>
</jmolapplet>
</jmol>
|<jmol>
<jmolapplet>
<uploadedfilecontents>zx2015exercise2endots.log</uploadedfilecontents>
<color>black</color>
<size>200</size>
<script>frame 2;mo 42;mo nodots mesh no fill translucent;mo titleformat""; frank off</script>
<name>e2endotssa</name>
</jmolapplet>
</jmol>
|<jmol>
<jmolapplet>
<uploadedfilecontents>zx2015exercise2endots.log</uploadedfilecontents>
<color>black</color>
<size>200</size>
<script>frame 2;mo 41;mo nodots mesh no fill translucent;mo titleformat""; frank off</script>
<name>e2endotssb</name>
</jmolapplet>
</jmol>
|<jmol>
<jmolapplet>
<uploadedfilecontents>zx2015exercise2endots.log</uploadedfilecontents>
<color>black</color>
<size>200</size>
<script>frame 2;mo 40;mo nodots mesh no fill translucent;mo titleformat""; frank off</script>
<name>e2endotsab</name>
</jmolapplet>
</jmol>
|-
!exo- Energies
|0.01019
|<nowiki>-0.00698</nowiki>
|<nowiki>-0.18559</nowiki>
|<nowiki>-0.19800</nowiki>
|-
!exo- MOs
|<jmol>
<jmolapplet>
<uploadedfilecontents>zx2015exercise2exots.log</uploadedfilecontents>
<color>black</color>
<size>200</size>
<script>frame 2;mo 43;mo nodots mesh no fill translucent;mo titleformat""; frank off</script>
<name>e2exotsaa</name>
</jmolapplet>
</jmol>
|<jmol>
<jmolapplet>
<uploadedfilecontents>zx2015exercise2exots.log</uploadedfilecontents>
<color>black</color>
<size>200</size>
<script>frame 2;mo 42;mo nodots mesh no fill translucent;mo titleformat""; frank off</script>
<name>e2exotssa</name>
</jmolapplet>
</jmol>
|<jmol>
<jmolapplet>
<uploadedfilecontents>zx2015exercise2exots.log</uploadedfilecontents>
<color>black</color>
<size>200</size>
<script>frame 2;mo 41;mo nodots mesh no fill translucent;mo titleformat""; frank off</script>
<name>e2exotssb</name>
</jmolapplet>
</jmol>
|<jmol>
<jmolapplet>
<uploadedfilecontents>zx2015exercise2exots.log</uploadedfilecontents>
<color>black</color>
<size>200</size>
<script>frame 2;mo 40;mo nodots mesh no fill translucent;mo titleformat""; frank off</script>
<name>e2exotsab</name>
</jmolapplet>
</jmol>
|}
{|class="wikitable"
|
!HOMO
!LUMO
|-
!Cyclohexadiene
|
|
|-
!Energies
|
|
|-
!1,3-Dioxole
|
|
|-
!Energies
|
|
|}

Rep:TSR:ZX2015Y3C

2017-11-20T16:18:36Z

Zx2015: /* Energy of MOs */

==Introduction==
In your introduction, briefly describe what is meant by a minimum and transition state in the context of a potential energy surface. What is the gradient and the curvature at each of these points? (for thought later on, how would a frequency calculation confirm a structure is at either of these points?)
==Exercise 1: Reaction of Butadiene with Ethylene==
===MO diagram===
At the transition state the system has the highest energy in the reaction, hence the energy levels of all MOs formed shift upward.
[[File:zx2015exercise1tsMO.png|500px|none|thumb|left|MO diagram for the formation of butadiene/ethane transition state]]
===Visualising MOs===
Symmetry requirement for the reaction can be concluded as only molecular orbitals with the same symmetry label can combine to form new molecular orbital.

Orbital overlap integral can be surmised as below:
{|class="wikitable"
|
!Symmetric
!Asymmetric
|-
!Symmetric
|Non-zero(allowed)
|Zero(forbidden)
|-
!Asymmetric
|Zero(forbidden)
|Non-Zero(allowed)
|}
====Reactants====
{| class="wikitable"
!
! HOMO
! LUMO
|-
! Butadiene
|<jmol>
<jmolApplet>
<uploadedFileContents>Zx2015exercise1diene jmol.chk</uploadedFileContents>
<color>black</color>
<size>300</size>
<script>frame 16;mo 11; mo nodots mesh no fill translucent; mo titleformat "";spinning=0;frank off</script>
<name>e1dienehomo</name>
</jmolApplet>
</jmol>
|<jmol>
<jmolApplet>
<uploadedFileContents>Zx2015exercise1diene jmol.chk</uploadedFileContents>
<color>black</color>
<size>300</size>
<script>frame 16;mo 12; mo nodots mesh no fill translucent; mo titleformat "";spinning=0;frank off</script>
<name>e1dienelumo</name>
</jmolApplet>
</jmol>
|-
! Ethylene
| <jmol>
<jmolApplet>
<uploadedFileContents>Zx2015exercise1DIENEOPHILE_JMOL.LOG</uploadedFileContents>
<color>black</color>
<size>300</size>
<script>frame 16;mo 6; mo nodots mesh no fill translucent; mo titleformat "";spinning=0;frank off</script>
<name>e1dieneophilehomo</name>
</jmolApplet>
</jmol>
| <jmol>
<jmolApplet>
<uploadedFileContents>Zx2015exercise1DIENEOPHILE_JMOL.LOG</uploadedFileContents>
<color>black</color>
<size>300</size>
<script>frame 16;mo 7; mo nodots mesh no fill translucent; mo titleformat "";spinning=0;frank off</script>
<name>e1dieneophilelumo</name>
</jmolApplet>
</jmol>
|}
====Transition State====
{| class="wikitable"
!
!Asymmetric Antibonding
!Symmetric Antibonding
!Symmetric Bonding
!Asymmetric Bonding
|-
!Energy
|0.03067au
|0.01732au
|<nowiki>-0.32534au</nowiki>
|<nowiki>-0.32756au</nowiki>
|-
!MOs
|<jmol>
<jmolApplet>
<uploadedFileContents>Zx2015exercise1ts_jmol.log</uploadedFileContents>
<color>black</color>
<size>250</size>
<script>frame 6;mo 19; mo nodots mesh no fill translucent; mo titleformat "";spinning=0;frank off</script>
<name>e1tsaa</name>
</jmolApplet>
</jmol>
|<jmol>
<jmolApplet>
<uploadedFileContents>Zx2015exercise1ts_jmol.log</uploadedFileContents>
<color>black</color>
<size>250</size>
<script>frame 6;mo 18; mo nodots mesh no fill translucent; mo titleformat "";spinning=0;frank off</script>
<name>e1tssa</name>
</jmolApplet>
</jmol>
|<jmol>
<jmolApplet>
<uploadedFileContents>Zx2015exercise1ts_jmol.log</uploadedFileContents>
<color>black</color>
<size>250</size>
<script>frame 6;mo 17; mo nodots mesh no fill translucent; mo titleformat "";spinning=0;frank off</script>
<name>e1tssb</name>
</jmolApplet>
</jmol>
|<jmol>
<jmolApplet>
<uploadedFileContents>Zx2015exercise1ts_jmol.log</uploadedFileContents>
<color>black</color>
<size>250</size>
<script>frame 6;mo 16; mo nodots mesh no fill translucent; mo titleformat "";spinning=0;frank off</script>
<name>e1tsab</name>
</jmolApplet>
</jmol>
|}
===Bond Length===
====Butadiene====
<jmol>
<jmolApplet>
<uploadedfilecontents>zx2015exercise1diene_jmol.chk</uploadedfilecontents>
<color>black</color>
<size>400</size>
<script>frame 16;vibrating=0; spinning=0; select atomno=[1 4 6 8];label display;frank off</script>
<name>e1bonddiene</name>
</jmolApplet>
<jmolbutton>
<script>if(spinning==0) spinning=1; spin; else; spinning=0; spin off; endif</script>
<text>Spin</text>
<target>e1bonddiene</target>
</jmolbutton>
<jmolmenu>
<target>e1bonddiene</target>
<item>
<text>Choose to show bond length</text>
<script>measure off</script>
</item>
<item>
<script>measure off;measure 1 4</script>
<text>C1-C4 bond</text>
</item>
<item>
<script>measure off;measure 4 6</script>
<text>C4-C6 bond</text>
</item>
<item>
<script>measure off;measure 6 8</script>
<text>C6-C8 bond</text>
</item>
</jmolmenu>
</jmol>

====Ethylene====
<jmol>
<jmolApplet>
<uploadedfilecontents>Zx2015exercise1DIENEOPHILE_JMOL.LOG</uploadedfilecontents>
<color>black</color>
<size>400</size>
<script>frame 16;vibrating=0; spinning=0; select atomno=[1 4];label display;frank off</script>
<name>e1bonddieneophile</name>
</jmolApplet>
<jmolbutton>
<target>e1bonddieneophile</target>
<script>if(spinning==0) spinning=1; spin; else; spinning=0; spin off; endif</script>
<text>Spin</text>
</jmolbutton>
<jmolbutton>
<target>e1bonddieneophile</target>
<script>measure off; measure 1 4</script>
<text>C1-C4 Bond Length</text>
</jmolbutton>
</jmol>

====Transition State====
<jmol>
<jmolApplet>
<uploadedfilecontents>zx2015exercise1ts_jmol.log</uploadedfilecontents>
<color>black</color>
<size>400</size>
<script>frame 6;vibrating=0;spinning=0;select atomno=[1 4 7 10 12 14];label display; frank off</script>
<name>e1bondts</name>
</jmolApplet>
<jmolbutton>
<target>e1bondts</target>
<script>if(spinning==0)spinning=1;spin;else;spinning=0;spin off; endif</script>
<text>Spin</text>
</jmolbutton>
<jmolmenu>
<target>e1bondts</target>
<item>
<text>Choose to show bond length</text>
<script>measure off</script>
</item>
<item>
<text>C1-C4 bond</text>
<script>measure off; measure 1 4</script>
</item>
<item>
<text>C7-C10 bond</text>
<script>measure off; measure 7 10</script>
</item>
<item>
<text>C10-C12 bond</text>
<script>measure off; measure 10 12</script>
</item>
<item>
<text>C12-C14 bond</text>
<script>measure off; measure 12 14</script>
</item>
<item>
<text>Partly formed C-C bond</text>
<script>measure off; measure 1 14</script>
</item>
</jmolmenu>
<jmolbutton>
<target>e1bondts</target>
<text>Vibration</text>
<script>frame 7;if(vibrating==0)vibrating=1; vibration 2;else;vibrating=0;vibration off; endif</script>
</jmolbutton>
</jmol>

====Product====
<jmol>
<jmolApplet>
<uploadedfilecontents>zx2015exercise1product_jmol.log</uploadedfilecontents>
<color>black</color>
<size>400</size>
<script>frame 34;vibrating=0;spinning=0;select atomno=[1 2 5 8 11 14];label display; frank off</script>
<name>e1bondproduct</name>
</jmolApplet>
<jmolbutton>
<target>e1bondproduct</target>
<text>Spin</text>
<script>if(spinning==0)spinning=1;spin;else;spinning=0;spin off; endif</script>
</jmolbutton>
<jmolmenu>
<target>e1bondproduct</target>
<item>
<text>Choose to show bond length</text>
<script>measure off</script>
</item>
<item>
<text>C1-C2 bond</text>
<script>measure off;measure 1 2</script>
</item>
<item>
<text>C2-C8 bond</text>
<script>measure off;measure 2 8</script>
</item>
<item>
<text>C8-C5 bond</text>
<script>measure off;measure 8 5</script>
</item>
<item>
<text>C5-C11 bond</text>
<script>measure off;measure 11 5</script>
</item>
<item>
<text>C11-C14 bond</text>
<script>measure off;measure 11 14</script>
</item>
<item>
<text>C14-C1 bond</text>
<script>measure off;measure 14 1</script>
</item>
</jmolmenu>
<jmolbutton>
<target>e1bondproduct</target>
<text>Highlight sp2 Carbons</text>
<script>select atomno=[1 2];color label red</script>
</jmolbutton>
</jmol>

====Summery====
{|class="wikitable"
|Bond Lengths/nm
!Reactant
!Transition State
!Product
!Trend
|-
!Dienophile
|0.133
|0.138
|0.153
|Increase(Weaken)
|-
!Diene(Terminal)
|0.133
|0.138
|0.150
|Increase(Weaken)
|-
!Diene(Bridging)
|0.147
|0.141
|0.134
|Decrease(Strengthen)
|-
!New formed
|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
|0.211
|0.154
|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
|}
Typical sp3-sp3 C-C bond has length of 0.154 nm; sp2-sp3 C-C bond has length of 0.150 nm; sp2-sp2 C-C bond has length of 0.147 nm.

During the reaction 3 double bonds are weaken to become single bond, simultaneously 1 single bond is strengthen to become double bond and two new sp3-sp3 single bond are formed.

Carbon has Van der Waals radius of 0.170 nm while the partly formed C-C bond in the transition state has distance of 0.211 nm which is already shorter than two times the Van der Waals radius.

'''By analysing the change of bond length from reactant to transition state then to product and also looking at the vibration model in the transition state, the formation of two bonds in the reaction can be confirmed to be synchronous.'''

==Exercise 2: Reaction of Cyclohexadiene and 1,3-Dioxole==
===MO diagram===
This Diels-Alder reaction can give two different products via two different transition states (endo- and exo-). Two different transition state MO diagrams are shown below.
{|class="wikitable"
|[[File:zx2015exercise2endotsMO.png|500px|thumb|MO diagram for the formation of endo- transition state]]
|[[File:zx2015exercise2exotsMO.png|500px|thumb|MO diagram for the formation of exo- transition state]]
|}
===Energy of MOs===
{|class="wikitable"
|
!Asymmetric antibonding
!Symmetric antibonding
!Symmetric bonding
!Asymmetric bonding
|-
!endo- Energies
|0.01543
|<nowiki>-0.00462</nowiki>
|<nowiki>-0.29896</nowiki>
|<nowiki>-0.30845</nowiki>
|-
!endo- MOs
|<jmol>
<jmolapplet>
<uploadedfilecontents>zx2015exercise2endots.log</uploadedfilecontents>
<color>black</color>
<size>200</size>
<script>frame 1;mo 43;mo nodots mesh no fill translucent;mo titleformat""; frank off</script>
<name>e2endotsaa</name>
</jmolapplet>
</jmol>
|<jmol>
<jmolapplet>
<uploadedfilecontents>zx2015exercise2endots.log</uploadedfilecontents>
<color>black</color>
<size>200</size>
<script>frame 1;mo 42;mo nodots mesh no fill translucent;mo titleformat""; frank off</script>
<name>e2endotssa</name>
</jmolapplet>
</jmol>
|<jmol>
<jmolapplet>
<uploadedfilecontents>zx2015exercise2endots.log</uploadedfilecontents>
<color>black</color>
<size>200</size>
<script>frame 1;mo 41;mo nodots mesh no fill translucent;mo titleformat""; frank off</script>
<name>e2endotssb</name>
</jmolapplet>
</jmol>
|<jmol>
<jmolapplet>
<uploadedfilecontents>zx2015exercise2endots.log</uploadedfilecontents>
<color>black</color>
<size>200</size>
<script>frame 1;mo 40;mo nodots mesh no fill translucent;mo titleformat""; frank off</script>
<name>e2endotsab</name>
</jmolapplet>
</jmol>
|-
!exo- Energies
|0.01019
|<nowiki>-0.00698</nowiki>
|<nowiki>-0.18559</nowiki>
|<nowiki>-0.19800</nowiki>
|-
!exo- MOs
|<jmol>
<jmolapplet>
<uploadedfilecontents>zx2015exercise2exots.log</uploadedfilecontents>
<color>black</color>
<size>200</size>
<script>frame 1;mo 43;mo nodots mesh no fill translucent;mo titleformat""; frank off</script>
<name>e2exotsaa</name>
</jmolapplet>
</jmol>
|<jmol>
<jmolapplet>
<uploadedfilecontents>zx2015exercise2exots.log</uploadedfilecontents>
<color>black</color>
<size>200</size>
<script>frame 1;mo 42;mo nodots mesh no fill translucent;mo titleformat""; frank off</script>
<name>e2exotssa</name>
</jmolapplet>
</jmol>
|<jmol>
<jmolapplet>
<uploadedfilecontents>zx2015exercise2exots.log</uploadedfilecontents>
<color>black</color>
<size>200</size>
<script>frame 1;mo 41;mo nodots mesh no fill translucent;mo titleformat""; frank off</script>
<name>e2exotssb</name>
</jmolapplet>
</jmol>
|<jmol>
<jmolapplet>
<uploadedfilecontents>zx2015exercise2exots.log</uploadedfilecontents>
<color>black</color>
<size>200</size>
<script>frame 1;mo 40;mo nodots mesh no fill translucent;mo titleformat""; frank off</script>
<name>e2exotsab</name>
</jmolapplet>
</jmol>
|}
{|class="wikitable"
|
!HOMO
!LUMO
|-
!Cyclohexadiene
|
|
|-
!Energies
|
|
|-
!1,3-Dioxole
|
|
|-
!Energies
|
|
|}

File:Zx2015exercise2exots.log

2017-11-20T16:18:28Z

Zx2015: Zx2015 uploaded a new version of File:Zx2015exercise2exots.log

2017-11-20T15:31:58Z

Zx2015: /* Energy of MOs */

Rep:TSR:ZX2015Y3C

2017-11-20T15:26:33Z

Zx2015: /* Energy of MOs */

File:Zx2015exercise2exotsMO.png

2017-11-20T15:22:41Z

Zx2015: Zx2015 uploaded a new version of File:Zx2015exercise2exotsMO.png

Rep:TSR:ZX2015Y3C

2017-11-20T14:58:12Z

Zx2015: /* Exercise 2: Reaction of Cyclohexadiene and 1,3-Dioxole */

Rep:TSR:ZX2015Y3C

2017-11-20T14:54:53Z

Zx2015: