ChemWiki - User contributions [en]

It:Phenylmercury Acetate

2006-12-07T21:13:31Z

Zc205: added 3d jmol structure

<noinclude>

</noinclude>{| class="toccolours" border="1" style="float: right; clear: right; margin: 0 0 1em 1em; border-collapse: collapse; width: 280px"
! {{chembox header}} | {{PAGENAME}} 
|-
| align="center" colspan="2" bgcolor="#ffffff" | [[Image:It-Phenylmercury_Acetate.jpg|200px|{{PAGENAME}}]] 
|-
! {{chembox header}} | General
|-
| Systematic name
| Phenylmercury Acetate

|-
| Molecular formula
| C8H8HgO2
|-
| SMILES 
| InChI=1/C6H5.C2H4O2.Hg/c1-2-4-6-5-3-1;1-2(3)4;/h1-5H;1H3,(H,3,4);/q;;+1/p-1/fC6H5.C2H3O2.Hg/q;-1;m/rC8H8HgO2/c1-7(10)11-9-8-5-3-2-4-6-8/h2-6H,1H3
|-
| Molar mass
| 336.74g/mol
|-
| CAS number
| 62-38-4
|-
! {{chembox header}} | Properties
|-
| Melting point
| 149°C

|-
| Main [[Worker safety and health|hazard]]s
| toxic if inhaled, swallowed or absorbed through skin corrosive
|-
| [[Risk and Safety Statements|R/S statement]]
| [[R24 R25 R34 R48 R50 R53]]: [[S23 S24 S25 S37 S45 S60 S61. ]]:
|
|}

== Headline text ==
== Introduction ==

Phenylmercury acetate is an organomercury compound. It was widely used as antisepic untill mercury poisoning became clear and nowadays it is hardly used in medical field. Mercury compound has been used frequently as an antiseptic for many years before this compound was introduced. A very common chemical used as an antiseptic before phenylmercury acetate was mercury chloride. This is because the Mercury +2 ion dissociated from the compound is particularly good as an antiseptic. After series of researches, it became clear organomurcury was a much better than inorganic compound of murcury, so synthesis of good organomercury compound was a very good inductrial process.

== Reaction ==

Phenyl mercury acetate reacts with R-SH first removing the acetate functional group called the phenylmercury thiolate, then additional R-SH is added to remove mercury from the compound leaving the benzene ring. Mercury dithiolate, RS-Hg-SR further decomposes to Hg +2 ion and 2RSH. Final products are benzene ring ,mercury ion.

[[Image:R0405.gif]]

== Mercury Poisoning ==
The toxic nature of this compound arises from the mercury ion. Mercury Posioning causes a very serius neurological syndrome. A famous example is the Minamata disease occured in Japan. Typical symptoms of mercury poisoning are ataxia, muscle weakness,loss of vision, dameges to hearing and speech, paralysis, coma and death.

==3d Structure==

<jmol>
<jmolApplet>
<size>200</size>
<color>white</color>
<script>zoom 100; cpk on;frame 1; move 10 -20 10 0 0 0 0 0 3; delay 1;</script>
<inlineContents>HEADER CSD ENTRY XICKAV
HEADER NONAME 07-Dec-06 NONE 1
TITLE NONE 2
AUTHOR WWW daemon apache NONE 3
REVDAT 1 07-Dec-06 0 NONE 4
ATOM 1 C 0 4.558 0.268 0.000 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 2 C 0 3.069 0.499 -0.000 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 3 O 0 2.633 1.626 -0.001 0.00 0.00 O+0
ATOM 4 O 0 2.228 -0.547 0.001 0.00 0.00 O+0
ATOM 5 Hg 0 0.301 -0.247 -0.000 0.00 0.00 Hg+0
ATOM 6 C 0 -1.774 0.075 -0.001 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 7 C 0 -2.641 -1.002 0.000 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 8 C 0 -4.007 -0.790 -0.000 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 9 C 0 -4.506 0.499 -0.001 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 10 C 0 -3.640 1.576 -0.001 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 11 C 0 -2.274 1.364 0.004 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 12 H 0 5.075 1.227 -0.001 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 13 H 0 4.838 -0.295 0.891 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 14 H 0 4.839 -0.297 -0.889 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 15 H 0 -2.251 -2.009 0.001 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 16 H 0 -4.684 -1.631 -0.000 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 17 H 0 -5.573 0.665 -0.002 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 18 H 0 -4.030 2.583 -0.002 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 19 H 0 -1.596 2.205 0.004 0.00 0.00 H+0
CONECT 1 2 12 13 14 NONE 24
CONECT 2 1 3 4 0 NONE 25
CONECT 3 2 0 0 0 NONE 26
CONECT 4 2 5 0 0 NONE 27
CONECT 5 4 6 0 0 NONE 28
CONECT 6 5 11 7 0 NONE 29
CONECT 7 6 8 15 0 NONE 30
CONECT 8 7 9 16 0 NONE 31
CONECT 9 8 10 17 0 NONE 32
CONECT 10 9 11 18 0 NONE 33
CONECT 11 10 6 19 0 NONE 34
END END</inlineContents>
</jmolApplet>
</jmol>

== Reference ==
http://umbbd.msi.umn.edu/servlets/pageservlet?ptype=r&reacID=r0405
http://www7.ocn.ne.jp/~mimuseum/rekisitokyukun/eng/rekisitokyukuneng.html

It:Melatonin

2006-12-07T15:13:07Z

Zc205:

== '''Properties of Melatonin'''1 ==

{| class="toccolours" border="1" style="fix: left; clear: left; margin: 0 0 1em 1em; border-collapse: collapse;"
|-
| align="centre" colspan="3" bgcolor="lt blue" |'''Properites'''
|-
|colspan="1"|IUPAC Systematic Name
|colspan="2"|N-[2-(5-methoxy-1H-indol-3-yl)ethyl]ethanamide
|-
|colspan="1"|Chemical Name
|colspan="2"|5-methoxy-N-acetaltryptamine
|-
|colspan="1"|Synonyms
|colspan="2"|Circadin, MT6, Mela-T, Melatol, Melatonex, Melatonine, Melovine, Night Rest, Regulin
|-
|colspan="1"|Molecular formula
|colspan="2"|C13H16N202
|-
|colspan="1"|Molecular Mass
|colspan="2"|232.278 gmol-1
|-
|colspan="1"|Melting Point
|colspan="2"|117oC
|-
|colspan="1"|Type of Substance
|colspan="2"|Neurohormone
|-
|colspan="1"|CAS Registry Number
|colspan="2"|[http://www.emolecules.com/cgi-bin/search?t=ss&q=melatonin 73-31-4]
|-
|colspan="1"|SMILES string
|colspan="2"|CC(=O)NCCC1=CNC2=C1C=C(C=C2)OC
|-
|colspan="1"|Colour
|colspan="2"|Clear Solid
|-
|}

Melatonin, (C13H16N202), or 5-methoxy-N-acetaltryptamine is considered to be the ultimate route towards an uninterrupted sleep. It also controls other vital bodily functions, including the metabolism rate and ones sex drive. Perhaps most excitingly however, melatonin is thought to hold the key to the door behind which the prospect of human life extension lies. The idea of being able to extend the human lifespan makes melatonin one of the most widely researched topics today.

The 3D structure,(figure 1) and chemical structure, (figure 2) of melatonin is shown below, alongside its physical and chemical data, (above). This structure was determined via X-ray diffraction. A single melatonin crystal can be isolated after crystallising it in a benzene solution. Infrared and 1H NMR spectroscopy can be used to analyse the compound. Both techniques show evidence of hydrogen bonding between nitrogen and hydrogen. This provides an adequate reason for the higher than expected boiling point of melatonin, (1160C – 1180C).

Melatonin is the hormone that helps to regulate sleep-wake cycles, and can be found within all living creatures. Besides this key role, melatonin is thought to have many other useful properties, and minimal side effects. As a result, it is available as an over the counter drug, even though it is secreted naturally within humans. While the natural form can be contaminated by viruses, the synthetic product is often used to eliminate sleeping disorders and to minimise the effects of jet lag. Older people may find it particularly useful because as humans age, the amount of melatonin secreted in the body decreases. This gives some explanation as to why young people find it easier to sleep than older people.

For humans specifically, the neurohormone is naturally synthesised by the enzyme 5-hydroxyindole-O-methyltransferase from tryptophan, an amino acid essential in human nutrition. [[Image:C-Documents and SettingsZaal ContractorMy DocumentsMy PicturesGeneral PicturesPineal Gland.jpg|thumb|Figure 3: ''Pineal Gland''2]] The secretion occurs by the pineal gland, (figure 3), in the brain, the gastrointestinal tract and the retina as the fall of darkness is registered by the eyes. The two conditions required for the pea-sized pineal gland to produce the hormone. Firstly, it must be dark, and secondly the time must be right, (i.e. between approximately 09.00 and 21.00). The latter condition is illustrated in the diagram below, (figure 4).

The levels of melatonin in the circulatory system are easily monitored as the hormone is non-species specific. [[Image:C-Documents and SettingsZaal ContractorMy DocumentsMy PicturesGeneral PicturesMelatonin Levels.jpg|thumb|Figure 4: ''Melatonin Levels in the Blood''3]] This allows a direct comparison to be made between pineal activity in species with varying breeding patterns and the amount of melatonin being produced. Many techniques can be used to analyse the levels of melatonin in the blood, of which bioassay, fluorometry, mass spectroscopy and gas chromatography are the most prominent. Of these, gas chromatography and mass spectroscopy are probably the most useful as they are highly specific and highly sensitive, giving an error of just ±0.01pg.

Melatonin can be used in a wide variety of disciplines, including:

1. [[Treating sleep disorders]]4

2. [[Visual impairment treatment]]5

3. [[Neurological disorder treatment]]6

4. [[Epilepsy treatment]]7

5. Dietary supplements

6. Cancer treatment

7. Strengthening the immune system

8. Human life extension

Although melatonin is one of the least toxic substances known to man, the drug has not been approved by the Food and Drug Administration. As a result, there has been no indication by a regulating body as to what a safe dosage of melatonin is. Indeed, in many cases, the amount of the drug taken to induce an effect varies greatly from person to person. An experimental safe dosage is said to be 1.5mg, and should be taken before sleeping. However, doctors have administered dosages from 1mg to 200mg, and there is no evidence to suggest that over dosing leads to increased side effects. It is clear however, that even at extremely high dosages, (300mg), the negative side effects have been minimal. These include simply drowsiness and slower reaction times. Muscle, mood and sex life enhancement, along side energy boosting properties are amongst the positive side effects of melatonin.

Melatonin is still in the early stages of a highly rigorous analytical process, designed to assess its safety as a drug for humans. Regardless of this seemingly harmless substance, scientists have advised pregnant women, those with severe allergies, mental illnesses and immune system cancers not to take it.

==3D Structure== figure 1

<jmol>
<jmolApplet>
<size>325</size>
<color>white</color>
<script>zoom 100; cpk off;frame 1; move 10 -20 10 0 0 0 0 0 3; delay 1;</script>
<inlineContents>HEADER CSD ENTRY XICKAV
ATOM 1 C1 MOL 1 17.585 9.594 0.030 1.00 0.00
ATOM 2 C2 MOL 1 18.985 10.261 0.015 1.00 0.00
ATOM 3 C3 MOL 1 16.624 10.755 0.025 1.00 0.00
ATOM 4 N4 MOL 1 20.107 9.328 0.000 1.00 0.00
ATOM 5 C5 MOL 1 15.171 10.739 0.012 1.00 0.00
ATOM 6 C6 MOL 1 17.022 12.032 0.026 1.00 0.00
ATOM 7 C7 MOL 1 21.430 9.900 -0.011 1.00 0.00
ATOM 8 C8 MOL 1 14.769 11.987 0.004 1.00 0.00
ATOM 9 C9 MOL 1 14.230 9.623 0.005 1.00 0.00
ATOM 10 N10 MOL 1 15.863 12.848 0.014 1.00 0.00
ATOM 11 C11 MOL 1 22.646 9.022 -0.024 1.00 0.00
ATOM 12 O12 MOL 1 21.561 11.131 -0.012 1.00 0.00
ATOM 13 C13 MOL 1 13.381 12.354 -0.012 1.00 0.00
ATOM 14 C14 MOL 1 12.921 9.932 -0.009 1.00 0.00
ATOM 15 C15 MOL 1 12.484 11.367 -0.019 1.00 0.00
ATOM 16 O16 MOL 1 11.955 8.913 -0.014 1.00 0.00
ATOM 17 C17 MOL 1 10.627 9.474 -0.028 1.00 0.00
ATOM 18 H36 MOL 1 17.455 9.023 -0.780 1.00 0.00
ATOM 19 H38 MOL 1 17.465 9.039 0.853 1.00 0.00
ATOM 20 H40 MOL 1 19.047 10.835 -0.802 1.00 0.00
ATOM 21 H42 MOL 1 19.066 10.833 0.831 1.00 0.00
ATOM 22 H44 MOL 1 19.965 8.339 -0.001 1.00 0.00
ATOM 23 H46 MOL 1 17.969 12.354 0.035 1.00 0.00
ATOM 24 H48 MOL 1 14.544 8.674 0.011 1.00 0.00
ATOM 25 H50 MOL 1 15.836 13.847 0.013 1.00 0.00
ATOM 26 H52 MOL 1 23.468 9.590 -0.031 1.00 0.00
ATOM 27 H54 MOL 1 22.632 8.445 -0.840 1.00 0.00
ATOM 28 H56 MOL 1 22.648 8.444 0.792 1.00 0.00
ATOM 29 H58 MOL 1 13.098 13.313 -0.018 1.00 0.00
ATOM 30 H60 MOL 1 11.508 11.587 -0.031 1.00 0.00
ATOM 31 H62 MOL 1 9.953 8.735 -0.032 1.00 0.00
ATOM 32 H64 MOL 1 10.510 10.034 -0.848 1.00 0.00
ATOM 33 H66 MOL 1 10.495 10.040 0.785 1.00 0.00
END</inlineContents>
</jmolApplet>
</jmol>

==Chemical Structure== figure 2

[[Image:C-Documents and SettingsZaal ContractorMy DocumentsMy PicturesGeneral PicturesMelatonin.bmp]]

==References==

1. http://redpoll.pharmacy.ualberta.ca/drugbank/cgi-bin/getCard.cgi?CARD=APRD00742.txt

2. http://images.google.co.uk/imgres?imgurl=http://www.fluoridealert.org/health/pineal/pineal.gif&imgrefurl=http://www.fluoridealert.org/health/pineal/&h=209&w=231&sz=34&hl=en&start=4&tbnid=QrEJe8CJOGuwKM:&tbnh=98&tbnw=108&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dpineal%2Bgland%26svnum%3D10%26hl%3Den%26lr%3D%26sa%3DN

3. http://www.ch.ic.ac.uk/local/projects/s_thipayang/+start.html

4. http://ep.bmj.com/cgi/content/full/90/3/ep74

5. http://ep.bmj.com/cgi/content/full/90/3/ep74

6. http://ep.bmj.com/cgi/content/full/90/3/ep74

7. http://ep.bmj.com/cgi/content/full/90/3/ep74

==General Information==

1. Lewy AJ, Lefler BJ, Emens JS, et al., ''CHRONOBIOLOGY INTERNATIONAL 23 (1-2): 403-412 2006''

2. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melatonin

3. http://www.ch.ic.ac.uk/local/projects/s_thipayang/+start.html

4. Rufo-Campos M: REVISTA DE NEUROLOGIA 35, ''S51-S58 Suppl. 1 SEP 2002''

It:Melatonin

2006-12-07T15:10:10Z

Zc205: added more references

== '''Properties of Melatonin'''1 ==

{| class="toccolours" border="1" style="fix: left; clear: left; margin: 0 0 1em 1em; border-collapse: collapse;"
|-
| align="centre" colspan="3" bgcolor="lt blue" |'''Properites'''
|-
|colspan="1"|IUPAC Systematic Name
|colspan="2"|N-[2-(5-methoxy-1H-indol-3-yl)ethyl]ethanamide
|-
|colspan="1"|Chemical Name
|colspan="2"|5-methoxy-N-acetaltryptamine
|-
|colspan="1"|Synonyms
|colspan="2"|Circadin, MT6, Mela-T, Melatol, Melatonex, Melatonine, Melovine, Night Rest, Regulin
|-
|colspan="1"|Molecular formula
|colspan="2"|C13H16N202
|-
|colspan="1"|Molecular Mass
|colspan="2"|232.278 gmol-1
|-
|colspan="1"|Melting Point
|colspan="2"|117oC
|-
|colspan="1"|Type of Substance
|colspan="2"|Neurohormone
|-
|colspan="1"|CAS Registry Number
|colspan="2"|[http://www.emolecules.com/cgi-bin/search?t=ss&q=melatonin 73-31-4]
|-
|colspan="1"|SMILES string
|colspan="2"|CC(=O)NCCC1=CNC2=C1C=C(C=C2)OC
|-
|colspan="1"|Colour
|colspan="2"|Clear Solid
|-
|}

Melatonin, (C13H16N202), or 5-methoxy-N-acetaltryptamine is considered to be the ultimate route towards an uninterrupted sleep. It also controls other vital bodily functions, including the metabolism rate and ones sex drive. Perhaps most excitingly however, melatonin is thought to hold the key to the door behind which the prospect of human life extension lies. The idea of being able to extend the human lifespan makes melatonin one of the most widely researched topics today.

The 3D structure,(figure 1) and chemical structure, (figure 2) of melatonin is shown below, alongside its physical and chemical data, (above). This structure was determined via X-ray diffraction. A single melatonin crystal can be isolated after crystallising it in a benzene solution. Infrared and 1H NMR spectroscopy can be used to analyse the compound. Both techniques show evidence of hydrogen bonding between nitrogen and hydrogen. This provides an adequate reason for the higher than expected boiling point of melatonin, (1160C – 1180C).

Melatonin is the hormone that helps to regulate sleep-wake cycles, and can be found within all living creatures. Besides this key role, melatonin is thought to have many other useful properties, and minimal side effects. As a result, it is available as an over the counter drug, even though it is secreted naturally within humans. While the natural form can be contaminated by viruses, the synthetic product is often used to eliminate sleeping disorders and to minimise the effects of jet lag. Older people may find it particularly useful because as humans age, the amount of melatonin secreted in the body decreases. This gives some explanation as to why young people find it easier to sleep than older people.

For humans specifically, the neurohormone is naturally synthesised by the enzyme 5-hydroxyindole-O-methyltransferase from tryptophan, an amino acid essential in human nutrition. [[Image:C-Documents and SettingsZaal ContractorMy DocumentsMy PicturesGeneral PicturesPineal Gland.jpg|thumb|Figure 3: ''Pineal Gland''2]] The secretion occurs by the pineal gland, (figure 3), in the brain, the gastrointestinal tract and the retina as the fall of darkness is registered by the eyes. The two conditions required for the pea-sized pineal gland to produce the hormone. Firstly, it must be dark, and secondly the time must be right, (i.e. between approximately 09.00 and 21.00). The latter condition is illustrated in the diagram below, (figure 4).

The levels of melatonin in the circulatory system are easily monitored as the hormone is non-species specific. [[Image:C-Documents and SettingsZaal ContractorMy DocumentsMy PicturesGeneral PicturesMelatonin Levels.jpg|thumb|Figure 4: ''Melatonin Levels in the Blood''3]] This allows a direct comparison to be made between pineal activity in species with varying breeding patterns and the amount of melatonin being produced. Many techniques can be used to analyse the levels of melatonin in the blood, of which bioassay, fluorometry, mass spectroscopy and gas chromatography are the most prominent. Of these, gas chromatography and mass spectroscopy are probably the most useful as they are highly specific and highly sensitive, giving an error of just ±0.01pg.

Melatonin can be used in a wide variety of disciplines, including:

1. [[Treating sleep disorders]]4

2. [[Visual impairment treatment]]5

3. [[Neurological disorder treatment]]6

4. [[Epilepsy treatment]]7

5. Dietary supplements

6. Cancer treatment

7. Strengthening the immune system

8. Human life extension

Although melatonin is one of the least toxic substances known to man, the drug has not been approved by the Food and Drug Administration. As a result, there has been no indication by a regulating body as to what a safe dosage of melatonin is. Indeed, in many cases, the amount of the drug taken to induce an effect varies greatly from person to person. An experimental safe dosage is said to be 1.5mg, and should be taken before sleeping. However, doctors have administered dosages from 1mg to 200mg, and there is no evidence to suggest that over dosing leads to increased side effects. It is clear however, that even at extremely high dosages, (300mg), the negative side effects have been minimal. These include simply drowsiness and slower reaction times. Muscle, mood and sex life enhancement, along side energy boosting properties are amongst the positive side effects of melatonin.

Melatonin is still in the early stages of a highly rigorous analytical process, designed to assess its safety as a drug for humans. Regardless of this seemingly harmless substance, scientists have advised pregnant women, those with severe allergies, mental illnesses and immune system cancers not to take it.

==3D Structure== figure 1

<jmol>
<jmolApplet>
<size>325</size>
<color>white</color>
<script>zoom 100; cpk off;frame 1; move 10 -20 10 0 0 0 0 0 3; delay 1;</script>
<inlineContents>HEADER CSD ENTRY XICKAV
ATOM 1 C1 MOL 1 17.585 9.594 0.030 1.00 0.00
ATOM 2 C2 MOL 1 18.985 10.261 0.015 1.00 0.00
ATOM 3 C3 MOL 1 16.624 10.755 0.025 1.00 0.00
ATOM 4 N4 MOL 1 20.107 9.328 0.000 1.00 0.00
ATOM 5 C5 MOL 1 15.171 10.739 0.012 1.00 0.00
ATOM 6 C6 MOL 1 17.022 12.032 0.026 1.00 0.00
ATOM 7 C7 MOL 1 21.430 9.900 -0.011 1.00 0.00
ATOM 8 C8 MOL 1 14.769 11.987 0.004 1.00 0.00
ATOM 9 C9 MOL 1 14.230 9.623 0.005 1.00 0.00
ATOM 10 N10 MOL 1 15.863 12.848 0.014 1.00 0.00
ATOM 11 C11 MOL 1 22.646 9.022 -0.024 1.00 0.00
ATOM 12 O12 MOL 1 21.561 11.131 -0.012 1.00 0.00
ATOM 13 C13 MOL 1 13.381 12.354 -0.012 1.00 0.00
ATOM 14 C14 MOL 1 12.921 9.932 -0.009 1.00 0.00
ATOM 15 C15 MOL 1 12.484 11.367 -0.019 1.00 0.00
ATOM 16 O16 MOL 1 11.955 8.913 -0.014 1.00 0.00
ATOM 17 C17 MOL 1 10.627 9.474 -0.028 1.00 0.00
ATOM 18 H36 MOL 1 17.455 9.023 -0.780 1.00 0.00
ATOM 19 H38 MOL 1 17.465 9.039 0.853 1.00 0.00
ATOM 20 H40 MOL 1 19.047 10.835 -0.802 1.00 0.00
ATOM 21 H42 MOL 1 19.066 10.833 0.831 1.00 0.00
ATOM 22 H44 MOL 1 19.965 8.339 -0.001 1.00 0.00
ATOM 23 H46 MOL 1 17.969 12.354 0.035 1.00 0.00
ATOM 24 H48 MOL 1 14.544 8.674 0.011 1.00 0.00
ATOM 25 H50 MOL 1 15.836 13.847 0.013 1.00 0.00
ATOM 26 H52 MOL 1 23.468 9.590 -0.031 1.00 0.00
ATOM 27 H54 MOL 1 22.632 8.445 -0.840 1.00 0.00
ATOM 28 H56 MOL 1 22.648 8.444 0.792 1.00 0.00
ATOM 29 H58 MOL 1 13.098 13.313 -0.018 1.00 0.00
ATOM 30 H60 MOL 1 11.508 11.587 -0.031 1.00 0.00
ATOM 31 H62 MOL 1 9.953 8.735 -0.032 1.00 0.00
ATOM 32 H64 MOL 1 10.510 10.034 -0.848 1.00 0.00
ATOM 33 H66 MOL 1 10.495 10.040 0.785 1.00 0.00
END</inlineContents>
</jmolApplet>
</jmol>

==Chemical Structure== figure 2

[[Image:C-Documents and SettingsZaal ContractorMy DocumentsMy PicturesGeneral PicturesMelatonin.bmp]]

==References==

1. http://redpoll.pharmacy.ualberta.ca/drugbank/cgi-bin/getCard.cgi?CARD=APRD00742.txt

2. http://images.google.co.uk/imgres?imgurl=http://www.fluoridealert.org/health/pineal/pineal.gif&imgrefurl=http://www.fluoridealert.org/health/pineal/&h=209&w=231&sz=34&hl=en&start=4&tbnid=QrEJe8CJOGuwKM:&tbnh=98&tbnw=108&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dpineal%2Bgland%26svnum%3D10%26hl%3Den%26lr%3D%26sa%3DN

3. http://www.ch.ic.ac.uk/local/projects/s_thipayang/+start.html

4. http://ep.bmj.com/cgi/content/full/90/3/ep74

5. http://ep.bmj.com/cgi/content/full/90/3/ep74

6. http://ep.bmj.com/cgi/content/full/90/3/ep74

7. http://ep.bmj.com/cgi/content/full/90/3/ep74

==General Information==

1. Lewy AJ, Lefler BJ, Emens JS, et al. : CHRONOBIOLOGY INTERNATIONAL 23 (1-2): 403-412 2006

2. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melatonin

3. http://www.ch.ic.ac.uk/local/projects/s_thipayang/+start.html

4. Rufo-Campos M: REVISTA DE NEUROLOGIA 35: S51-S58 Suppl. 1 SEP 2002

2006-11-20T14:53:24Z

Zc205:

Melatonin, (C13H16N2O2), or 5-methoxy-N-acetaltryptamine is considered to be the ultimate route towards an uninterrupted sleep. It also controls other vital bodily functions, including the metabolism rate and ones sex drive. Perhaps most excitingly however, melatonin is thought to hold the key to the door behind which the prospect of human life extension lies. The idea of being able to extend the human lifespan makes melatonin one of the most widely researched topics today.

The structure of melatonin is shown on the right, (figure 1), alongside its physical and chemical data, (figure 2). This structure was determined via X-ray diffraction. A single melatonin crystal can be isolated after crystallising it in a benzene solution. Infrared and 1H NMR spectroscopy can be used to analyse the compound, (figure 3 and figure 4). Both techniques show evidence of hydrogen bonding between nitrogen and hydrogen. This provides an adequate reason for the higher than expected boiling point of melatonin, (1160C – 1180C).

Melatonin is the hormone that helps to regulate sleep-wake cycles, and can be found within all living creatures. Besides this key role, melatonin is thought to have many other useful properties, and minimal side effects. As a result, it is available as an over the counter drug, even though it is secreted naturally within humans. While the natural form can be contaminated by viruses, the synthetic product is often used to eliminate sleeping disorders and to minimise the effects of jet lag. Older people may find it particularly useful because as humans age, the amount of melatonin secreted in the body decreases. This gives some explanation as to why young people find it easier to sleep than older people.

For humans specifically, the neurohormone is naturally synthesised by the enzyme 5-hydroxyindole-O-methyltransferase from tryptophan, an amino acid essential in human nutrition. [[Image:C-Documents and SettingsZaal ContractorMy DocumentsMy PicturesGeneral PicturesPineal Gland.jpg|thumb|Figure 5: ''Pineal Gland'']] The secretion occurs by the pineal gland, (figure 5), in the brain, the gastrointestinal tract and the retina as the fall of darkness is registered by the eyes. The two conditions required for the pea-sized pineal gland to produce the hormone. Firstly, it must be dark, and secondly the time must be right, (i.e. between approximately 09.00 and 21.00). The latter condition is illustrated in the diagram below, (figure 6).

The levels of melatonin in the circulatory system are easily monitored as the hormone is non-species specific. [[Image:C-Documents and SettingsZaal ContractorMy DocumentsMy PicturesGeneral PicturesMelatonin Levels.jpg|thumb|Figure 6: ''Melatonin Levels in the Blood'']] This allows a direct comparison to be made between pineal activity in species with varying breeding patterns and the amount of melatonin being produced. Many techniques can be used to analyse the levels of melatonin in the blood, of which bioassay, fluorometry, mass spectroscopy and gas chromatography are the most prominent. Of these, gas chromatography and mass spectroscopy are probably the most useful as they are highly specific and highly sensitive, giving an error of just ±0.01pg.

Melatonin can be used in a wide variety of disciplines, including:

1. [[Treating sleep disorders]]

2. [[Visual impairment treatment]]

3. [[Neurological disorder treatment]]

4. [[Epilepsy treatment]]

5. [[Dietary supplements]]

6. [[Cancer treatment]]

7. [[Strengthening the immune system]]

8. [[Human life extension]]

Although melatonin is one of the least toxic substances known to man, the drug has not been approved by the Food and Drug Administration. As a result, there has been no indication by a regulating body as to what a safe dosage of melatonin is. Indeed, in many cases, the amount of the drug taken to induce an effect varies greatly from person to person. An experimental safe dosage is said to be 1.5mg, and should be taken before sleeping. However, doctors have administered dosages from 1mg to 200mg, and there is no evidence to suggest that over dosing leads to increased side effects. It is clear however, that even at extremely high dosages, (300mg), the negative side effects have been minimal. These include simply drowsiness and slower reaction times. Muscle, mood and sex life enhancement, along side energy boosting properties are amongst the positive side effects of melatonin.

Melatonin is still in the early stages of a highly rigorous analytical process, designed to assess its safety as a drug for humans. Regardless of this seemingly harmless substance, scientists have advised pregnant women, those with severe allergies, mental illnesses and immune system cancers not to take it.

Treating sleep disorders and in sleep EEG.

2006-11-20T14:52:22Z

Zc205: uses of melatonin in treating sleep disorder

It:Melatonin

2006-11-20T14:17:03Z

Zc205: internal links added

Melatonin, (C13H16N2O2), or 5-methoxy-N-acetaltryptamine is considered to be the ultimate route towards an uninterrupted sleep. It also controls other vital bodily functions, including the metabolism rate and ones sex drive. Perhaps most excitingly however, melatonin is thought to hold the key to the door behind which the prospect of human life extension lies. The idea of being able to extend the human lifespan makes melatonin one of the most widely researched topics today.

The structure of melatonin is shown on the right, (figure 1), alongside its physical and chemical data, (figure 2). This structure was determined via X-ray diffraction. A single melatonin crystal can be isolated after crystallising it in a benzene solution. Infrared and 1H NMR spectroscopy can be used to analyse the compound, (figure 3 and figure 4). Both techniques show evidence of hydrogen bonding between nitrogen and hydrogen. This provides an adequate reason for the higher than expected boiling point of melatonin, (1160C – 1180C).

Melatonin is the hormone that helps to regulate sleep-wake cycles, and can be found within all living creatures. Besides this key role, melatonin is thought to have many other useful properties, and minimal side effects. As a result, it is available as an over the counter drug, even though it is secreted naturally within humans. While the natural form can be contaminated by viruses, the synthetic product is often used to eliminate sleeping disorders and to minimise the effects of jet lag. Older people may find it particularly useful because as humans age, the amount of melatonin secreted in the body decreases. This gives some explanation as to why young people find it easier to sleep than older people.

For humans specifically, the neurohormone is naturally synthesised by the enzyme 5-hydroxyindole-O-methyltransferase from tryptophan, an amino acid essential in human nutrition. [[Image:C-Documents and SettingsZaal ContractorMy DocumentsMy PicturesGeneral PicturesPineal Gland.jpg|thumb|Figure 5: ''Pineal Gland'']] The secretion occurs by the pineal gland, (figure 5), in the brain, the gastrointestinal tract and the retina as the fall of darkness is registered by the eyes. The two conditions required for the pea-sized pineal gland to produce the hormone. Firstly, it must be dark, and secondly the time must be right, (i.e. between approximately 09.00 and 21.00). The latter condition is illustrated in the diagram below, (figure 6).

The levels of melatonin in the circulatory system are easily monitored as the hormone is non-species specific. [[Image:C-Documents and SettingsZaal ContractorMy DocumentsMy PicturesGeneral PicturesMelatonin Levels.jpg|thumb|Figure 6: ''Melatonin Levels in the Blood'']] This allows a direct comparison to be made between pineal activity in species with varying breeding patterns and the amount of melatonin being produced. Many techniques can be used to analyse the levels of melatonin in the blood, of which bioassay, fluorometry, mass spectroscopy and gas chromatography are the most prominent. Of these, gas chromatography and mass spectroscopy are probably the most useful as they are highly specific and highly sensitive, giving an error of just ±0.01pg.

Melatonin can be used in a wide variety of disciplines, including:

1. [[Treating sleep disorders and in sleep EEG.]]

2. [[Visual impairment treatment.]]

3. [[Neurological disorder treatment.]]

4. [[Epilepsy treatment.]]

5. [[Dietary supplements.]]

6. [[Cancer treatment.]]

7. [[Strengthening the immune system.]]

8. [[Human life extension.]]

Although melatonin is one of the least toxic substances known to man, the drug has not been approved by the Food and Drug Administration. As a result, there has been no indication by a regulating body as to what a safe dosage of melatonin is. Indeed, in many cases, the amount of the drug taken to induce an effect varies greatly from person to person. An experimental safe dosage is said to be 1.5mg, and should be taken before sleeping. However, doctors have administered dosages from 1mg to 200mg, and there is no evidence to suggest that over dosing leads to increased side effects. It is clear however, that even at extremely high dosages, (300mg), the negative side effects have been minimal. These include simply drowsiness and slower reaction times. Muscle, mood and sex life enhancement, along side energy boosting properties are amongst the positive side effects of melatonin.

Melatonin is still in the early stages of a highly rigorous analytical process, designed to assess its safety as a drug for humans. Regardless of this seemingly harmless substance, scientists have advised pregnant women, those with severe allergies, mental illnesses and immune system cancers not to take it.

It:Melatonin

2006-11-14T22:48:52Z

Zc205:

Melatonin, (C13H16N2O2), or 5-methoxy-N-acetaltryptamine is considered to be the ultimate route towards an uninterrupted sleep. It also controls other vital bodily functions, including the metabolism rate and ones sex drive. Perhaps most excitingly however, melatonin is thought to hold the key to the door behind which the prospect of human life extension lies. The idea of being able to extend the human lifespan makes melatonin one of the most widely researched topics today.

The structure of melatonin is shown on the right, (figure 1), alongside its physical and chemical data, (figure 2). This structure was determined via X-ray diffraction. A single melatonin crystal can be isolated after crystallising it in a benzene solution. Infrared and 1H NMR spectroscopy can be used to analyse the compound, (figure 3 and figure 4). Both techniques show evidence of hydrogen bonding between nitrogen and hydrogen. This provides an adequate reason for the higher than expected boiling point of melatonin, (1160C – 1180C).

Melatonin is the hormone that helps to regulate sleep-wake cycles, and can be found within all living creatures. Besides this key role, melatonin is thought to have many other useful properties, and minimal side effects. As a result, it is available as an over the counter drug, even though it is secreted naturally within humans. While the natural form can be contaminated by viruses, the synthetic product is often used to eliminate sleeping disorders and to minimise the effects of jet lag. Older people may find it particularly useful because as humans age, the amount of melatonin secreted in the body decreases. This gives some explanation as to why young people find it easier to sleep than older people.

For humans specifically, the neurohormone is naturally synthesised by the enzyme 5-hydroxyindole-O-methyltransferase from tryptophan, an amino acid essential in human nutrition. [[Image:C-Documents and SettingsZaal ContractorMy DocumentsMy PicturesGeneral PicturesPineal Gland.jpg|thumb|Figure 5: ''Pineal Gland'']] The secretion occurs by the pineal gland, (figure 5), in the brain, the gastrointestinal tract and the retina as the fall of darkness is registered by the eyes. The two conditions required for the pea-sized pineal gland to produce the hormone. Firstly, it must be dark, and secondly the time must be right, (i.e. between approximately 09.00 and 21.00). The latter condition is illustrated in the diagram below, (figure 6).

The levels of melatonin in the circulatory system are easily monitored as the hormone is non-species specific. [[Image:C-Documents and SettingsZaal ContractorMy DocumentsMy PicturesGeneral PicturesMelatonin Levels.jpg|thumb|Figure 6: ''Melatonin Levels in the Blood'']] This allows a direct comparison to be made between pineal activity in species with varying breeding patterns and the amount of melatonin being produced. Many techniques can be used to analyse the levels of melatonin in the blood, of which bioassay, fluorometry, mass spectroscopy and gas chromatography are the most prominent. Of these, gas chromatography and mass spectroscopy are probably the most useful as they are highly specific and highly sensitive, giving an error of just ±0.01pg.

Melatonin can be used in a wide variety of disciplines, including:

1. Treating sleep disorders and in sleep EEG.

2. Visual impairment treatment.

3. Neurological disorder treatment.

4. Epilepsy treatment.

5. Dietary supplements.

6. Cancer treatment.

7. Strengthening the immune system.

8. Human life extension.

Although melatonin is one of the least toxic substances known to man, the drug has not been approved by the Food and Drug Administration. As a result, there has been no indication by a regulating body as to what a safe dosage of melatonin is. Indeed, in many cases, the amount of the drug taken to induce an effect varies greatly from person to person. An experimental safe dosage is said to be 1.5mg, and should be taken before sleeping. However, doctors have administered dosages from 1mg to 200mg, and there is no evidence to suggest that over dosing leads to increased side effects. It is clear however, that even at extremely high dosages, (300mg), the negative side effects have been minimal. These include simply drowsiness and slower reaction times. Muscle, mood and sex life enhancement, along side energy boosting properties are amongst the positive side effects of melatonin.

Melatonin is still in the early stages of a highly rigorous analytical process, designed to assess its safety as a drug for humans. Regardless of this seemingly harmless substance, scientists have advised pregnant women, those with severe allergies, mental illnesses and immune system cancers not to take it.

It:Melatonin

2006-11-14T22:35:21Z

Zc205: addition of picture and lots of info

Melatonin, (C13H16N2O2), or 5-methoxy-N-acetaltryptamine is considered to be the ultimate route towards an uninterrupted sleep. It also controls other vital bodily functions, including the metabolism rate and ones sex drive. Perhaps most excitingly however, melatonin is thought to hold the key to the door behind which the prospect of human life extension lies. The idea of being able to extend the human lifespan makes melatonin one of the most widely researched topics today.

The structure of melatonin is shown on the right, (figure 1), alongside its physical and chemical data, (figure 2). This structure was determined via X-ray diffraction. A single melatonin crystal can be isolated after crystallising it in a benzene solution. Infrared and 1H NMR spectroscopy can be used to analyse the compound, (figure 3 and figure 4). Both techniques show evidence of hydrogen bonding between nitrogen and hydrogen. This provides an adequate reason for the higher than expected boiling point of melatonin, (1160C – 1180C).

Melatonin is the hormone that helps to regulate sleep-wake cycles, and can be found within all living creatures. Besides this key role, melatonin is thought to have many other useful properties, and minimal side effects. As a result, it is available as an over the counter drug, even though it is secreted naturally within humans. While the natural form can be contaminated by viruses, the synthetic product is often used to eliminate sleeping disorders and to minimise the effects of jet lag. Older people may find it particularly useful because as humans age, the amount of melatonin secreted in the body decreases. This gives some explanation as to why young people find it easier to sleep than older people.

For humans specifically, the neurohormone is naturally synthesised by the enzyme 5-hydroxyindole-O-methyltransferase from tryptophan, an amino acid essential in human nutrition. The secretion occurs by the pineal gland, (figure 5), in the brain, the gastrointestinal tract and the retina as the fall of darkness is registered by the eyes.

[[Image:C-Documents and SettingsZaal ContractorMy DocumentsMy PicturesGeneral PicturesPineal Gland.jpg|thumb|Figure 5: ''Pineal Gland'']]

The two conditions required for the pea-sized pineal gland to produce the hormone. Firstly, it must be dark, and secondly the time must be right, (i.e. between approximately 09.00 and 21.00). The latter condition is illustrated in the diagram below, (figure 6).

[[Image:C-Documents and SettingsZaal ContractorMy DocumentsMy PicturesGeneral PicturesMelatonin Levels.jpg|thumb|Figure 6: ''Melatonin Levels in the Blood'']]

The levels of melatonin in the circulatory system are easily monitored as the hormone is non-species specific. This allows a direct comparison to be made between pineal activity in species with varying breeding patterns and the amount of melatonin being produced. Many techniques can be used to analyse the levels of melatonin in the blood, of which bioassay, fluorometry, mass spectroscopy and gas chromatography are the most prominent. Of these, gas chromatography and mass spectroscopy are probably the most useful as they are highly specific and highly sensitive, giving an error of just ±0.01pg.

Melatonin can be used in a wide variety of disciplines, including:

1. Treating sleep disorders and in sleep EEG.
2. Visual impairment treatment.
3. Neurological disorder treatment.
4. Epilepsy treatment.
5. Dietary supplements.
6. Cancer treatment.
7. Strengthening the immune system.
8. Human life extension.

Although melatonin is one of the least toxic substances known to man, the drug has not been approved by the Food and Drug Administration. As a result, there has been no indication by a regulating body as to what a safe dosage of melatonin is. Indeed, in many cases, the amount of the drug taken to induce an effect varies greatly from person to person. An experimental safe dosage is said to be 1.5mg, and should be taken before sleeping. However, doctors have administered dosages from 1mg to 200mg, and there is no evidence to suggest that over dosing leads to increased side effects. It is clear however, that even at extremely high dosages, (300mg), the negative side effects have been minimal. These include simply drowsiness and slower reaction times. Muscle, mood and sex life enhancement, along side energy boosting properties are amongst the positive side effects of melatonin.

Melatonin is still in the early stages of a highly rigorous analytical process, designed to assess its safety as a drug for humans. Regardless of this seemingly harmless substance, scientists have advised pregnant women, those with severe allergies, mental illnesses and immune system cancers not to take it.

File:C-Documents and SettingsZaal ContractorMy DocumentsMy PicturesGeneral PicturesPineal Gland.jpg

2006-11-14T22:13:26Z

Zc205:

File:Pineal Gland.gif

2006-11-14T22:11:39Z

Zc205:

It:Melatonin

2006-11-14T22:11:24Z

2006-11-08T20:33:35Z

Zc205:

fdgfgsag

It:projects

2006-11-08T20:32:38Z

Zc205: New compound added

__FORCETOC__

'''''You MUST use the Edit buttons on the right to edit this content. Do NOT use the Edit button on the top of this page.'''''
== Sandbox (Play-Pen) ==

This is an area where you can play without worrying what you do. Enter it by pressing the [Edit] button '''on the right''' and '''not''' at the top. Go here for a [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Cheatsheet ''cheat sheet''] summary of how to create a Wiki page. It's a free-for-all in here! Learn how to use a Wiki by coming here! PS This is how to do Greek: Α, α, β Δ, δ
Try copying/pasting some of the [http://www.ch.ic.ac.uk/local/it/lab1.html examples in the course work] into this page. See the effect by selecting '''Show Preview'''. No not use '''Save Page''' so as to leave this area uncluttered for others.
----

== Main Project Page ==
'''Please do not edit this page itself'''. Click on one of the titles to start editing.
{| summary="CIT Project Titles" border="1"
! bgcolor="cyan" |Project Number
! bgcolor="cyan" |General Keywords
|-
| bgcolor="#CCFF00" |01
| bgcolor="#CCFF00" | [[it:Lignocaine|Lignocaine (used in dentistry as a "local")]]
|-
| bgcolor="#CCFF00" |02
| bgcolor="#66FF99" | [[it:Piperine|Piperine (active ingredient of both black and white pepper)]]
|-
| bgcolor="#CCFF00" |03
| bgcolor="#CCFF00" | [[it:Rapamycin|Rapamycin (prevents transplant rejection)]]
|-
| bgcolor="#CCFF00" |04
| bgcolor="#66FF99" | [[it:Gossypol|Gossypol (male birth control)]]
|-
| bgcolor="#CCFF00" |05
| bgcolor="#CCFF00" | [[it:Gentamycin|Gentamicin A (aminoglycoside antibiotic)]]
|-
| bgcolor="#CCFF00" |06
| bgcolor="#66FF99" | [[it:Herceptin|Herceptin (topical anticancer drug)]]
|-
| bgcolor="#CCFF00" |07
| bgcolor="#CCFF00" | [[it:Gingerone|Zingerone (the characteristic smell of ginger)]]
|-
| bgcolor="#CCFF00" |08
| bgcolor="#66FF99" | [[it:Sucralose|Sucralose (non-metabolizable sweetening agent)]]
|-
| bgcolor="#CCFF00" |09
| bgcolor="#CCFF00" | [[it:Bufotoxin|Bufotoxin (active component of the toad ''Bufo vulgaris'')]]
|-
| bgcolor="#CCFF00" |10
| bgcolor="#66FF99" | [[it:Roaccutane|Roaccutane (treatment for severe acne)]]
|-
| bgcolor="#CCFF00" |11
| bgcolor="#CCFF00" | [[it:Sibutramine|Sibutramine (appetite suppresor)]]
|-
| bgcolor="#CCFF00" |12
| bgcolor="#66FF99" | [[it:Anandamide|Anandamide (the "feel-good" factor in chocolate)]]
|-
| bgcolor="#CCFF00" |13
| bgcolor="#CCFF00" | [[it:h3nbh3|Ammonia-borane: H3N-BH3 (Hydrogen storage molecule?)]]
|-
| bgcolor="#CCFF00" |14
| bgcolor="#66FF99" | [[it:Methoxsalen|Methoxsalen (Treatment of psoriasis)]]
|-
| bgcolor="#CCFF00" |15
| bgcolor="#CCFF00" | [[it:Hycocine|Hyoscine (From Mandrake and Witches Henbane, pre-med before surgery)]]
|-
| bgcolor="#CCFF00" |16
| bgcolor="#66FF99" | [[it:Capreomycin|Capreomycin (Drug-resistant TB)]]
|-
| bgcolor="#CCFF00" |17
| bgcolor="#CCFF00" | [[it:wilkinson|Wilkinson's catalyst]]
|-
| bgcolor="#CCFF00" |18
| bgcolor="#66FF99" | [[it:Jacobsen|Jacobsen's epoxidation catalyst]]
|-
| bgcolor="#CCFF00" |19
| bgcolor="#CCFF00" | [[it:Methylaluminoxane|Methylaluminoxane: MAO - hugely important ethylene polymerisation cocatalyst]]
|-
| bgcolor="#CCFF00" |20
| bgcolor="#66FF99" | [[it:Schwartz|Schwartz reagent for the hydrozirconation of alkenes and alkynes]]
|}

== Supplemental Project Page ==

This area is for people who wish to create their own projects if none of the above appeal to them. Click on the '''Edit''' button to the right to open up an editable page,
then add an entry below as follows

*<nowiki> [[it:name_of_project|Descriptive name of intended project]]</nowiki>
*This will produce the effect: [[it:name_of_project|Descriptive name of intended project]]
----
*[[it:sitagliptin_page|Sitagliptin]]
*[[it:Retinal|Retinal, molecule of sight]]
*[[it:Tamoxifen|Tamoxifen, breast cancer treatment]]
*[[it:Morphine|Morphine, painkiller]]
*[[it:Pelargonidin|Pelargonidin, colouring in nature]]
*[[it:Propanil|Propanil, weedkiller]]
*[[it:Ranitidine|Ranitidine, antiulcerative]]
*[[it:chlorphentermine|chlorphentermine, anorectic]]
*[[it:Serotonin|Serotonin, The 'HAPPY' Drug]]
*[[it:Amphidinolide T1|Amphidinolide T1]]
*[[it:Rosiglitazone|Rosiglitazone, drug that is currently used to treat diabetes.]]
*[[it:Furosemide|Furosemide]]
*[[it:Tryptophan|Tryptophan]]
*[[it:methylpentynol|methylpentynol, tranquilliser.]]
*[[it:Ferrocene|Ferrocene]]
*[[it:Scopolamine|Scopolamine, the (Former) Truth Drug]]
*[[it:Camptothecin|Camptothecin,Anti-cancer agent ]]
*[[it:Salmeterol|Salmeterol, an agonist used to treat asthma]]
*[[it:Psilocin|Psilocin]]
*[[it:Epibatidine|Epibatidine]]
*[[it:Beta Carotene|Beta Carotene]]
*[[it:Thyroxine|Thyroxine, the Thyroid Hormone]]
*[[it:Tetrahydrocannabinol|Tetrahydrocannabinol]]
*[[it:Linalool|Linalool(A component of essential oil)]]
*[[it:Dihydroartemisinin| Dihydroartemisinin, An Active Anti-Malarial]]
*[[it:Acrolein|Acrolein]]
*[[it:Cinnamaldehyde|Cinnamaldehde: The smell and taste in the spice cinnamon]]
*[[it:Melatonin|Melatonin: The All-Natural Nightcap]]

== [[Special:Export|Export Pages]] ==

This takes you to an '''Export''' page. A backup of the Projects area can be made (in XML) if you want to keep your own ''snapshot'' of the project pages at any instant. After you Export the page you want (ie '''It:projects''' or '''It:Lignocaine''' for example) the XML encoding of it will appear in your browser Window. You should '''view source''' for this material, copy it to a text editor, and thence save it to disk.

== Overlaps ==

If someone else starts editing a page at the same time as you, the system will detect this and offer alternatives for you to deal with. For example, it may suggest you copy the contents of the page you have been editing and merge it into the other person's page,
so that both the sets of edits are preserved. Read the on-screen instructions carefully!

Another precaution you could take is to keep a copy of the contents of the page you are editing in eg Wordpad (or Word),
make the changes there, and then copy the entire lot to the Wiki page to preview and then save. That way, if your contribution
is overlapped by someone else, you will still have a copy, and you can then resubmit it.
----
--[[User:Rzepa|Rzepa]] 12:25, 19 October 2006 (BST)--[[User:Rzepa|Rzepa]] 08:31, 5 November 2006 (UTC)

== Wiki Utillities ==
Utilities have been written to help the conversion of material from HTML.

# [http://diberri.dyndns.org/wikipedia/html2wiki/ A HTML2Wiki Converter]

No wiki2html converter suitable for use has yet been identified.
=== Wiki Templates ===

[[Template:DOI]] and [[Template:Doi-inline]] are providea as (protected) templates for your use. Many other templates exist, often to be found on e.g. Wikipedia pages. You may decide one of these is of particular use, or of interest. If so, you can install it on the wiki here for you and others to use. Add below a line that looks like {{template-name|parameter}}, save, and click on the red text to create the new template. If you prefer the task of adding useful templates to that of adding information about molecules, then you will be given full credit for performing this valuable service for others!
--[[User:Rzepa|Rzepa]] 14:41, 20 October 2006 (BST)

----
[[Template:Chem-Data]]