ChemWiki - User contributions [en]

It07:Humulene

2007-12-07T14:45:28Z

Wj206:

It07:Humulene

2007-12-07T14:39:09Z

Wj206:

It07:Humulene

2007-12-07T14:38:22Z

Wj206:

=Humulene=

<noinclude>

</noinclude>{| class="toccolours" border="1" style="float: right; clear: right; margin: 0 0 1em 1em; border-collapse: collapse; width: 280px"
! {{chembox header}} | {{PAGENAME}} 
|-
| align="center" colspan="2" bgcolor="#ffffff" | [[Image:it07-Humulene.jpg|200px|{{PAGENAME}}]] 
|-
! Humulene | General
|-
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IUPAC Systematic name]
| (1E,4E,8E)-2,6,6,9-tetramethyl-cycloundeca-1,4,8-triene

|-
| Other names
| 2,6,6,9-Tetramethyl-cycloundeca-1t,4t,8t-trien, humulene, α-humulene, α-caryophyllene
|-
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_formula Molecular formula]
| C15H24
|-
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_file_format SMILES] 
| CC1(C)/C=C/C/C(C=C/CC/C(C)=C/C1
|-
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molar_mass Molar mass]
| 204.35 g/mol
|-
| Appearance
| Oil
|-
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CAS_registry_number CAS number]
| 6753-98-6
|-
! {{chembox header}} | Properties
|-
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Density Density] & [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phase_%28matter%29 phase]
| 0.8865 g/ml 
|-
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solubility Solubility in water]
| Insoluble in water 
|-



| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melting_point Melting point]
| 450 - 451 K 
|-
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boiling_point Boiling point]
| 123 K (at 10 Torr)
|-
! {{chembox header}} | Structure
|-
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orbital_hybridisation Molecular shape] 
| {{{Mol_Shape}}} 
|-
! {{chembox header}} | Hazards 
|-
| [[Material safety data sheet|MSDS]]
| [[{{PAGENAME}} (data page)#Material Safety Data Sheet|External MSDS]] 
|-
| Main [[Worker safety and health|hazard]]s
| {{{Hazards}}} 
|-
| [[NFPA 704]]
| {{{NFPA}}}
|-
| [[Flash point]]
| {{{Fp}}}°C
|-
| [[Risk and Safety Statements|R/S statement]]
| [[List of R-phrases|R]]: {{{R-S}}} [[List of S-phrases|S]]: ?
|-
| [[RTECS]] number
| {{{RTECS}}}
|-
! {{chembox header}} | [[{{PAGENAME}} (data page)|Supplementary data page]]
|-
| [[{{PAGENAME}} (data page)#Structure and properties|Structure and properties]]
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refractive_index ''n''], [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dielectric_constant εr], etc.
|-
| [[{{PAGENAME}} (data page)#Thermodynamic properties|Thermodynamic data]]
| Phase behaviour Solid, liquid, gas
|-
| [[{{PAGENAME}} (data page)#Spectral data|Spectral data]]
| [[UV/VIS spectroscopy|UV]], [[Infrared spectroscopy|IR]], [[nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy|NMR]], [[Mass spectrometry|MS]]
|-
! {{chembox header}} | Related compounds
|-
| Other [[Ion|anion]]s 
| {{{Other_anion}}} 
|-
| Other [[Ion|cation]]s 
| {{{Ohter_cation}}} 
|-
| Related compounds

| {{{Relative_Compounds}}}
|-
| {{chembox header}} | Except where noted otherwise, data are given for materials in their [[standard state|standard state (at 25 °C, 100 kPa)]] [[wikipedia:Chemical infobox|Infobox disclaimer and references]]
|-
|}
{{Chem-Data_Structure}}

==Humulene 3D Structure==

<jmol>
<jmolApplet>
<title>Humulene</title>
<size>300</size><color>white</color>
<script>zoom 80; cpk -25;frame 1; move 10 -20 10 0 0 0 0 0 3; delay 1;</script>
<uploadedFileContents>humulene.mol</uploadedFileContents>
</jmolApplet>
</jmol>

==General==

'''Humulene''' is a naturally occurring sesquiterpene of many essential oils such as hops (Humulus lupulus) and cloves (Syzygium aromaticum). It is often found in nature as a mixture with its isomers, β-caryophyllene and isocaryophyllene.

It07:Humulene

2007-12-07T14:37:24Z

Wj206:

=Humulene=

<noinclude>

</noinclude>{| class="toccolours" border="1" style="float: right; clear: right; margin: 0 0 1em 1em; border-collapse: collapse; width: 280px"
! {{chembox header}} | {{PAGENAME}} 
|-
| align="center" colspan="2" bgcolor="#ffffff" | [[Image:it07-Humulene.jpg|200px|{{PAGENAME}}]] 
|-
! Humulene | General
|-
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IUPAC Systematic name]
| (1E,4E,8E)-2,6,6,9-tetramethyl-cycloundeca-1,4,8-triene

|-
| Other names
| 2,6,6,9-Tetramethyl-cycloundeca-1t,4t,8t-trien, humulene, α-humulene, α-caryophyllene
|-
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_formula Molecular formula]
| C15H24
|-
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_file_format SMILES] 
| CC1(C)/C=C/C/C(C=C/CC/C(C)=C/C1
|-
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molar_mass Molar mass]
| 204.35 g/mol
|-
| Appearance
| {{{Appearance}}}
|-
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CAS_registry_number CAS number]
| 6753-98-6
|-
! {{chembox header}} | Properties
|-
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Density Density] & [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phase_%28matter%29 phase]
| 0.8865 g/ml 
|-
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solubility Solubility in water]
| Insoluble in water 
|-



| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melting_point Melting point]
| 450 - 451 K 
|-
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boiling_point Boiling point]
| 123 K (at 10 Torr)
|-
! {{chembox header}} | Structure
|-
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orbital_hybridisation Molecular shape] 
| {{{Mol_Shape}}} 
|-
! {{chembox header}} | Hazards 
|-
| [[Material safety data sheet|MSDS]]
| [[{{PAGENAME}} (data page)#Material Safety Data Sheet|External MSDS]] 
|-
| Main [[Worker safety and health|hazard]]s
| {{{Hazards}}} 
|-
| [[NFPA 704]]
| {{{NFPA}}}
|-
| [[Flash point]]
| {{{Fp}}}°C
|-
| [[Risk and Safety Statements|R/S statement]]
| [[List of R-phrases|R]]: {{{R-S}}} [[List of S-phrases|S]]: ?
|-
| [[RTECS]] number
| {{{RTECS}}}
|-
! {{chembox header}} | [[{{PAGENAME}} (data page)|Supplementary data page]]
|-
| [[{{PAGENAME}} (data page)#Structure and properties|Structure and properties]]
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refractive_index ''n''], [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dielectric_constant εr], etc.
|-
| [[{{PAGENAME}} (data page)#Thermodynamic properties|Thermodynamic data]]
| Phase behaviour Solid, liquid, gas
|-
| [[{{PAGENAME}} (data page)#Spectral data|Spectral data]]
| [[UV/VIS spectroscopy|UV]], [[Infrared spectroscopy|IR]], [[nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy|NMR]], [[Mass spectrometry|MS]]
|-
! {{chembox header}} | Related compounds
|-
| Other [[Ion|anion]]s 
| {{{Other_anion}}} 
|-
| Other [[Ion|cation]]s 
| {{{Ohter_cation}}} 
|-
| Related compounds

| {{{Relative_Compounds}}}
|-
| {{chembox header}} | Except where noted otherwise, data are given for materials in their [[standard state|standard state (at 25 °C, 100 kPa)]] [[wikipedia:Chemical infobox|Infobox disclaimer and references]]
|-
|}
{{Chem-Data_Structure}}

==Humulene 3D Structure==

<jmol>
<jmolApplet>
<title>Humulene</title>
<size>300</size><color>white</color>
<script>zoom 80; cpk -25;frame 1; move 10 -20 10 0 0 0 0 0 3; delay 1;</script>
<uploadedFileContents>humulene.mol</uploadedFileContents>
</jmolApplet>
</jmol>

==General==

'''Humulene''' is a naturally occurring sesquiterpene of many essential oils such as hops (Humulus lupulus) and cloves (Syzygium aromaticum). It is often found in nature as a mixture with its isomers, β-caryophyllene and isocaryophyllene.

It07:Humulene

2007-12-07T13:19:18Z

Wj206:

File:It07-Humulene.jpg

2007-12-07T13:11:14Z

Wj206:

It07:Humulene

2007-12-07T13:10:56Z

Wj206: New page: <noinclude> <!-- This template has been defined after elaborate discussion in the Chemicals Wikiproject. Please do not add, deleted or otherwise change it unless after due discussion in [[...

It:projects

2007-12-07T12:43:37Z

Wj206: /* Supplemental Project Page */

__FORCETOC__

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{| summary="CIT Project Titles" border="1"
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<references />--[[User:Rzepa|Rzepa]] 15:18, 25 October 2007 (BST)
|<jmol>
<jmolApplet>
<title>Pentahelicene</title><color>yellow</color><size>200</size>
<script>zoom 80; cpk on;frame 1; move 10 -20 10 0 0 0 0 0 3; delay 1;</script>
<uploadedFileContents>Pentahelicene.mol</uploadedFileContents>
</jmolApplet>
<jmolMenu>
<item><text>Start spinning</text><script>spin on</script></item>
<item><text>Stop spinning</text><script>spin off</script></item>
<menuHeight>-1</menuHeight>
</jmolMenu>
<jmolButton>
<script>console</script>
<text>open a console window</text>
</jmolButton>
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<jmol><jmolAppletButton><title>Show CIYSIM.cif in popup window</title><color>cyan</color>
<uploadedFileContents>CIYSIM.cif</uploadedFileContents></jmolAppletButton>
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|}

== Main Project Page ==

'''''URGENT Announcement'''''

Whilst the Wiki itself is pretty robust, and although it is difficult to break a page on it, this did happen a few days ago to project 12. What seems to have happened is that some ''bad'' code (HTML or XML) was copied from another Web page, and pasted into the project 12 page. The Wiki system could not cope with this particular bad code, and sulked. Fortunately, by invoking appropriate magic, the page has now been restored to its state prior to the breakage, and I have learnt a valuable lesson in how to fix it if this happens again. So this serves as a warning; if you are copying/pasting blind from other web pages (which in general you should not be doing), you do run the risk of breaking the page. Hopefully, the break will be detected during the preview, and serves to remind that you should ''always'' preview before saving to detect any such breaks. --[[User:Rzepa|Rzepa]] 10:21, 28 November 2007 (UTC)

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{| summary="CIT Project Titles" border="1"
! bgcolor="cyan" |Project Number
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| bgcolor="#CCFF00" |01
| bgcolor="#CCFF00" | [[it07:Lignocaine|Lignocaine (used in dentistry as a "local")]]
|-
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| bgcolor="#CCFF00" |17
| bgcolor="#CCFF00" | [[it07:wilkinson|Wilkinson's catalyst]]
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|bgcolor="#CCFF00" |23
| bgcolor="#CCFF00" | [[it07:Vioxx|Vioxx (treatment of osteoarthritis symptoms and pain)]]
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| bgcolor="#CCFF00" |24
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| bgcolor="#CCFF00" |26
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It07:Rivaroxaban

2007-12-06T21:14:31Z

Wj206:

It07:Copper arsenate

2007-12-06T20:39:37Z

Wj206:

<noinclude>

</noinclude>{| class="toccolours" border="1" style="float: right; clear: right; margin: 0 0 1em 1em; border-collapse: collapse; width: 280px"
! {{chembox header}} | {{PAGENAME}} 
|-
| align="center" colspan="2" bgcolor="#ffffff" | [[Image:copper arsenate.jpg|200px|]] 
|-
! {{chembox header}} | General
|-
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IUPAC Systematic name]
| Arsenic acid (H3AsO4) copper(2+) salt (2:3)
|-
| Other names
| Copper arsenate, Copper orthoarsenate, Tricopper arsenate, Tricopper orthoarsenate
|-
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_formula Molecular formula]
| As2Cu3O8
|-
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molar_mass Molar mass]
| 468.476 g/mol
|-
| Appearance
| Pale green solid
|-
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CAS_registry_number CAS number]
| 7778-41-8
|-
! {{chembox header}} | Properties
|-
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Density Density] & [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phase_%28matter%29 phase]
| 5.07 - 5.25 g/ml 
|-
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solubility Solubility]
| Highly soluble in HCl 
|-



| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melting_point Melting point]
| 1373 K 
|-
! {{chembox header}} | Structure
|-
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orbital_hybridisation Molecular shape] 
| {{{Mol_Shape}}} 
|-
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coordination_geometry Coordination geometry] 
| {{{Coordination}}} 
|-
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crystal_structure Crystal structure] 
| {{{Crystal_Structure}}} 
|-
| [[Dipole#Molecular_dipoles|Dipole moment]]
| {{{DM}}} [[Debye|D]]
|-
! {{chembox header}} | Hazards 
|-
| [[Material safety data sheet|MSDS]]
| [[{{PAGENAME}} (data page)#Material Safety Data Sheet|External MSDS]] 
|-
| Main [[Worker safety and health|hazard]]s
| {{{Hazards}}} 
|-
| [[NFPA 704]]
| {{{NFPA}}}
|-
| [[Flash point]]
| {{{Fp}}}°C
|-
| [[Risk and Safety Statements|R/S statement]]
| [[List of R-phrases|R]]: {{{R-S}}} [[List of S-phrases|S]]: ?
|-
| [[RTECS]] number
| {{{RTECS}}}
|-
! {{chembox header}} | [[{{PAGENAME}} (data page)|Supplementary data page]]
|-
| [[{{PAGENAME}} (data page)#Structure and properties|Structure and properties]]
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refractive_index ''n''], [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dielectric_constant εr], etc.
|-
| [[{{PAGENAME}} (data page)#Thermodynamic properties|Thermodynamic data]]
| Phase behaviour Solid, liquid, gas
|-
| [[{{PAGENAME}} (data page)#Spectral data|Spectral data]]
| [[UV/VIS spectroscopy|UV]], [[Infrared spectroscopy|IR]], [[nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy|NMR]], [[Mass spectrometry|MS]]
|-
! {{chembox header}} | Related compounds
|-
| Other [[Ion|anion]]s 
| {{{Other_anion}}} 
|-
| Other [[Ion|cation]]s 
| {{{Ohter_cation}}} 
|-
| Related compounds

| {{{Relative_Compounds}}}
|-
| {{chembox header}} | Except where noted otherwise, data are given for materials in their [[standard state|standard state (at 25 °C, 100 kPa)]] [[wikipedia:Chemical infobox|Infobox disclaimer and references]]
|-
|}
{{Chem-Data_Structure}}

==Scheele's Green==
[[Image:Scheelepic.jpg]]
''Taken from http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Wilhelm_Scheele''

Developed in 1775, by the Swedish-German chemist [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Wilhelm_Scheele Carl Wilhelm Scheele], Scheele's green (also known as Schloss green- Schloss meaning castle/mansion in German) is a vibrant yellowish green colour, composed of a mixture of various copper arsenite compounds. It is the predecessor to the more vibrant Paris Green (also known as Schweinfurt Green, or Emerald Green) and was used as an insecticide, as well as a pigment, until the hazards connected to its use were acknowledged. Before the discovery of this pigment, the known green pigments were based on copper carbonate and had the tendency to fade, which made this choice of colour unsustainable. The popularity of Scheele's green was based on its bright colour, as well as the fact that it was a lot more durable than previous pigments, which meant that the colour green could be used in its full splendour, without having to worry too much about its progressive degradation.

'''3-D image of CuAsHO3'''

<jmol>
<jmolApplet>
<title>Pentahelicene</title><color>blue</color>
<size>200</size>
<script>zoom 80; cpk -25;frame 1; move 10 -20 10 0 0 0 0 0 3; delay 1;</script>
<uploadedFileContents>Scheele's_green.pdb</uploadedFileContents>
</jmolApplet>
<jmolMenu>
<item><text>Start spinning</text><script>spin on</script></item>
<item><text>Stop spinning</text><script>spin off</script></item>
<menuHeight>-1</menuHeight>
</jmolMenu>
<jmolButton>
<script>console</script>
<text>open a console window</text>
</jmolButton>
</jmol>

===Preparation [1]===
The pigment was originally prepared by making a solution of sodium carbonate at a temperature of around 90°C, then slowly adding in arsenious oxide, while constantly stirring until everything had dissolved. This sodium arsenite solution was then added to a copper sulphate solution. The sodium would displace the copper, which resulted in the formation of the desired product in the form of a green precipitate. This copper arsenite was then filtered off and warmed to around 43°C to dry the crystals. To enhance the colour, the salt was subsequently heated to 60-70°C. The intensity of the colour depends on the copper : arsenic ratio, which in turn was affected by ratio of the starting materials, as well as the temperature.

Another method used to produce Scheele's green was by directly adding dilute copper sulphate solution to an alkali solution of arsenic. This would then precipitate- the precipitate also being Scheele's green.

It has been found that Scheele's green was composed of a variety of different compounds, including copper metaarsenite (CuO.As2O3), copper arsenite salt (CuAsHO3 and Cu3(AsO3)2.3H2O)), neutral copper orthoarsenite (3CuO.As2O3.2H2O), copper arsenate (CuAsO2 and Cu(AsO2)2), copper diarsenite (2CuO.As2O3.2H2O).
===Uses===
The beautiful green colour of this compound meant that it was largely used in pigments- be these for paints, dyes for cloths, or otherwise. It was even used to colour foodstuffs, such as sweets and alcoholic beverages, to colour candles and to paint toys. Later, once its toxicity was vaguely understood, Scheele’s green was used as an insecticide. Today it is no longer used in any form.

===Toxicity===
Today it is intuitive to most that an complex containing arsenic is most likely to be toxic, however in the 19th century this was not really known. 19th century journals reported of children wasting away in bright green rooms, of ladies in green dresses swooning and newspaper printers being overcome by arsenic vapours. There is even one report of a Christmas party that resulted in mass arsenic poisoning, due to the use of green candles. [2]

Arsenic poisoning was usually caused by the inhalation of arsine gas (AsH3), which can be released from compounds containing arsenic following certain chemical processes, such as heating, or its metabolism by an orgnanism. Fungi such as Scopulariopsis, or the Paecilomyces species release arsine gas, when they are growing on a substance containing arsenic.[http://www.dehs.umn.edu/iaq_fib_fg_gloss.htm [3]] [http://www.alerchek.com/MoldTypesMoldSpecies.htm [4]] In these compounds, the Arsenic is either pentavalent, or trivalent (arsenic is in group 15), depending on the compound. In humans, arsenic of these valences is readily absorbed by the gastrointestinal tract, which accounts for its high toxicity. Pentavalent arsenic tends to be oxidised to trivalent arsenic and trivalent arsenic tends to proceed via oxidative methylation in which the trivalent arsenic is made into a mono, di and trimethylated products by the S adenosyl methionine (an enzyme) and its cofactor glutatione.

===Scheele's Green and Napoleon===

During Napoleon's exile in St. Helena, he resided in a very luxurious bright green room. His cause of death is generally believed to be stomach cancer, however, analysis of his hair samples revealed significant amounts of arsenic. As St. Helena has a rather damp climate, it is more than possible that fungus grew on the wall. So as to remove the toxic arsenic, the fungus would release it in the form of arsine gas, which when inhaled causes arsenic poisoning. [[Image:napoleon.JPG]]

===References===
[1] [http://books.google.com/books?id=TKFiYsc_xOAC&pg=PA122&lpg=PA122&dq=scheele's+green&source=web&ots=3IvbK3Qjd4&sig=WqswVShzEkivMk2BtQgSu5JlQcE#PPA122,M1 Pigment Compodium: A Dictionary of Historical Pigments, by Nicholas Eastaugh, Valentine Walsh, Tracey Chaplin, Ruth Sidall page 122]

[2][http://www.harvestfields.ca/HerbBooks/01/01/047.htm Acute poisoning]

[3] [http://www.dehs.umn.edu/iaq_fib_fg_gloss.htm Fungus Glossary]

[4] [http://www.alerchek.com/MoldTypesMoldSpecies.htm Fungus Glossary]

File:It07-Copper arsenate.jpg

2007-12-06T20:33:01Z

Wj206: Abstracted from http://www.alanwood.net/pesticides/copper%20arsenate.html

Abstracted from http://www.alanwood.net/pesticides/copper%20arsenate.html

File:Copper arsenate.jpg

2007-12-06T20:31:00Z

Wj206: Abstracted from http://www.alanwood.net/pesticides/copper%20arsenate.html

Abstracted from http://www.alanwood.net/pesticides/copper%20arsenate.html

It07:Copper arsenate

2007-12-06T18:17:56Z

Wj206:

<noinclude>

</noinclude>{| class="toccolours" border="1" style="float: right; clear: right; margin: 0 0 1em 1em; border-collapse: collapse; width: 280px"
! {{chembox header}} | {{PAGENAME}} 
|-
| align="center" colspan="2" bgcolor="#ffffff" | [[Image:{{PAGENAME}}.jpg|200px|{{PAGENAME}}]] 
|-
! {{chembox header}} | General
|-
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IUPAC Systematic name]
| Arsenic acid (H3AsO4) copper(2+) salt (2:3)
|-
| Other names
| Copper arsenate, Copper orthoarsenate, Tricopper arsenate, Tricopper orthoarsenate
|-
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_formula Molecular formula]
| As2Cu3O8
|-
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molar_mass Molar mass]
| 468.476 g/mol
|-
| Appearance
| Pale green solid
|-
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CAS_registry_number CAS number]
| 7778-41-8
|-
! {{chembox header}} | Properties
|-
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Density Density] & [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phase_%28matter%29 phase]
| 5.07 - 5.25 g/ml 
|-
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solubility Solubility]
| Highly soluble in HCl 
|-



| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melting_point Melting point]
| 1373 K 
|-
! {{chembox header}} | Structure
|-
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orbital_hybridisation Molecular shape] 
| {{{Mol_Shape}}} 
|-
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coordination_geometry Coordination geometry] 
| {{{Coordination}}} 
|-
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crystal_structure Crystal structure] 
| {{{Crystal_Structure}}} 
|-
| [[Dipole#Molecular_dipoles|Dipole moment]]
| {{{DM}}} [[Debye|D]]
|-
! {{chembox header}} | Hazards 
|-
| [[Material safety data sheet|MSDS]]
| [[{{PAGENAME}} (data page)#Material Safety Data Sheet|External MSDS]] 
|-
| Main [[Worker safety and health|hazard]]s
| {{{Hazards}}} 
|-
| [[NFPA 704]]
| {{{NFPA}}}
|-
| [[Flash point]]
| {{{Fp}}}°C
|-
| [[Risk and Safety Statements|R/S statement]]
| [[List of R-phrases|R]]: {{{R-S}}} [[List of S-phrases|S]]: ?
|-
| [[RTECS]] number
| {{{RTECS}}}
|-
! {{chembox header}} | [[{{PAGENAME}} (data page)|Supplementary data page]]
|-
| [[{{PAGENAME}} (data page)#Structure and properties|Structure and properties]]
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refractive_index ''n''], [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dielectric_constant εr], etc.
|-
| [[{{PAGENAME}} (data page)#Thermodynamic properties|Thermodynamic data]]
| Phase behaviour Solid, liquid, gas
|-
| [[{{PAGENAME}} (data page)#Spectral data|Spectral data]]
| [[UV/VIS spectroscopy|UV]], [[Infrared spectroscopy|IR]], [[nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy|NMR]], [[Mass spectrometry|MS]]
|-
! {{chembox header}} | Related compounds
|-
| Other [[Ion|anion]]s 
| {{{Other_anion}}} 
|-
| Other [[Ion|cation]]s 
| {{{Ohter_cation}}} 
|-
| Related compounds

| {{{Relative_Compounds}}}
|-
| {{chembox header}} | Except where noted otherwise, data are given for materials in their [[standard state|standard state (at 25 °C, 100 kPa)]] [[wikipedia:Chemical infobox|Infobox disclaimer and references]]
|-
|}
{{Chem-Data_Structure}}

==Scheele's Green==
[[Image:Scheelepic.jpg]]
''Taken from http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Wilhelm_Scheele''

Developed in 1775, by the Swedish-German chemist [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Wilhelm_Scheele Carl Wilhelm Scheele], Scheele's green (also known as Schloss green- Schloss meaning castle/mansion in German) is a vibrant yellowish green colour, composed of a mixture of various copper arsenite compounds. It is the predecessor to the more vibrant Paris Green (also known as Schweinfurt Green, or Emerald Green) and was used as an insecticide, as well as a pigment, until the hazards connected to its use were acknowledged. Before the discovery of this pigment, the known green pigments were based on copper carbonate and had the tendency to fade, which made this choice of colour unsustainable. The popularity of Scheele's green was based on its bright colour, as well as the fact that it was a lot more durable than previous pigments, which meant that the colour green could be used in its full splendour, without having to worry too much about its progressive degradation.

'''3-D image of CuAsHO3'''

<jmol>
<jmolApplet>
<title>Pentahelicene</title><color>blue</color>
<size>200</size>
<script>zoom 80; cpk -25;frame 1; move 10 -20 10 0 0 0 0 0 3; delay 1;</script>
<uploadedFileContents>Scheele's_green.pdb</uploadedFileContents>
</jmolApplet>
<jmolMenu>
<item><text>Start spinning</text><script>spin on</script></item>
<item><text>Stop spinning</text><script>spin off</script></item>
<menuHeight>-1</menuHeight>
</jmolMenu>
<jmolButton>
<script>console</script>
<text>open a console window</text>
</jmolButton>
</jmol>

===Preparation [1]===
The pigment was originally prepared by making a solution of sodium carbonate at a temperature of around 90°C, then slowly adding in arsenious oxide, while constantly stirring until everything had dissolved. This sodium arsenite solution was then added to a copper sulphate solution. The sodium would displace the copper, which resulted in the formation of the desired product in the form of a green precipitate. This copper arsenite was then filtered off and warmed to around 43°C to dry the crystals. To enhance the colour, the salt was subsequently heated to 60-70°C. The intensity of the colour depends on the copper : arsenic ratio, which in turn was affected by ratio of the starting materials, as well as the temperature.

Another method used to produce Scheele's green was by directly adding dilute copper sulphate solution to an alkali solution of arsenic. This would then precipitate- the precipitate also being Scheele's green.

It has been found that Scheele's green was composed of a variety of different compounds, including copper metaarsenite (CuO.As2O3), copper arsenite salt (CuAsHO3 and Cu3(AsO3)2.3H2O)), neutral copper orthoarsenite (3CuO.As2O3.2H2O), copper arsenate (CuAsO2 and Cu(AsO2)2), copper diarsenite (2CuO.As2O3.2H2O).
===Uses===
The beautiful green colour of this compound meant that it was largely used in pigments- be these for paints, dyes for cloths, or otherwise. It was even used to colour foodstuffs, such as sweets and alcoholic beverages, to colour candles and to paint toys. Later, once its toxicity was vaguely understood, Scheele’s green was used as an insecticide. Today it is no longer used in any form.

===Toxicity===
Today it is intuitive to most that an complex containing arsenic is most likely to be toxic, however in the 19th century this was not really known. 19th century journals reported of children wasting away in bright green rooms, of ladies in green dresses swooning and newspaper printers being overcome by arsenic vapours. There is even one report of a Christmas party that resulted in mass arsenic poisoning, due to the use of green candles. [2]

Arsenic poisoning was usually caused by the inhalation of arsine gas (AsH3), which can be released from compounds containing arsenic following certain chemical processes, such as heating, or its metabolism by an orgnanism. Fungi such as Scopulariopsis, or the Paecilomyces species release arsine gas, when they are growing on a substance containing arsenic.[http://www.dehs.umn.edu/iaq_fib_fg_gloss.htm [3]] [http://www.alerchek.com/MoldTypesMoldSpecies.htm [4]] In these compounds, the Arsenic is either pentavalent, or trivalent (arsenic is in group 15), depending on the compound. In humans, arsenic of these valences is readily absorbed by the gastrointestinal tract, which accounts for its high toxicity. Pentavalent arsenic tends to be oxidised to trivalent arsenic and trivalent arsenic tends to proceed via oxidative methylation in which the trivalent arsenic is made into a mono, di and trimethylated products by the S adenosyl methionine (an enzyme) and its cofactor glutatione.

===Scheele's Green and Napoleon===

During Napoleon's exile in St. Helena, he resided in a very luxurious bright green room. His cause of death is generally believed to be stomach cancer, however, analysis of his hair samples revealed significant amounts of arsenic. As St. Helena has a rather damp climate, it is more than possible that fungus grew on the wall. So as to remove the toxic arsenic, the fungus would release it in the form of arsine gas, which when inhaled causes arsenic poisoning. [[Image:napoleon.JPG]]

===References===
[1] [http://books.google.com/books?id=TKFiYsc_xOAC&pg=PA122&lpg=PA122&dq=scheele's+green&source=web&ots=3IvbK3Qjd4&sig=WqswVShzEkivMk2BtQgSu5JlQcE#PPA122,M1 Pigment Compodium: A Dictionary of Historical Pigments, by Nicholas Eastaugh, Valentine Walsh, Tracey Chaplin, Ruth Sidall page 122]

[2][http://www.harvestfields.ca/HerbBooks/01/01/047.htm Acute poisoning]

[3] [http://www.dehs.umn.edu/iaq_fib_fg_gloss.htm Fungus Glossary]

[4] [http://www.alerchek.com/MoldTypesMoldSpecies.htm Fungus Glossary]