ChemWiki - User contributions [en]

It:Serotonin

2006-12-05T14:59:03Z

Tfm05: /* Images of Serotonin */

{| class="toccolours" border="1" style="float: right; clear: right; margin: 0 0 1em 1em; border-collapse: collapse;"
! {{chembox header}} colspan="3" |2D Structure
|-
| align="center" colspan="3" bgcolour="#ffffff" | [[image:Serotonin.gif]]
|-
! {{chembox header}} colspan="3" |3D structure <jmol>
<jmolApplet>
<size>310</size>
<color>white</color>
<script>zoom 80; cpk on;frame 1; move 10 -20 10 0 0 0 0 0 3; delay 1;</script>
<inlineContents>HEADER NONAME 24-Oct-06 NONE 1
TITLE NONE 2
AUTHOR WWW daemon apache NONE 3
REVDAT 1 24-Oct-06 0 NONE 4
ATOM 1 N 0 4.143 1.513 0.282 0.00 0.00 N+0
ATOM 2 C 0 2.960 0.702 0.600 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 3 C 0 2.369 0.133 -0.691 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 4 C 0 1.156 -0.699 -0.365 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 5 C 0 1.124 -2.029 -0.185 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 6 N 0 -0.152 -2.432 0.097 0.00 0.00 N+0
ATOM 7 C 0 -0.996 -1.341 0.105 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 8 C 0 -0.212 -0.209 -0.178 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 9 C 0 -0.805 1.055 -0.237 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 10 C 0 -2.162 1.182 -0.015 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 11 O 0 -2.745 2.409 -0.071 0.00 0.00 O+0
ATOM 12 C 0 -2.936 0.058 0.265 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 13 C 0 -2.361 -1.191 0.330 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 14 H 0 3.815 2.311 -0.241 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 15 H 0 4.497 1.865 1.159 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 16 H 0 3.247 -0.117 1.260 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 17 H 0 2.215 1.324 1.097 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 18 H 0 2.082 0.952 -1.351 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 19 H 0 3.113 -0.490 -1.188 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 20 H 0 1.980 -2.684 -0.252 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 21 H 0 -0.424 -3.347 0.266 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 22 H 0 -0.206 1.926 -0.454 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 23 H 0 -3.024 2.545 -0.987 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 24 H 0 -3.996 0.169 0.437 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 25 H 0 -2.971 -2.055 0.547 0.00 0.00 H+0
CONECT 1 2 14 15 0 NONE 30
CONECT 2 1 3 16 17 NONE 31
CONECT 3 2 4 18 19 NONE 32
CONECT 4 3 8 5 0 NONE 33
CONECT 5 4 6 20 0 NONE 34
CONECT 6 5 7 21 0 NONE 35
CONECT 7 6 13 8 0 NONE 36
CONECT 8 7 4 9 0 NONE 37
CONECT 9 8 10 22 0 NONE 38
CONECT 10 9 11 12 0 NONE 39
CONECT 11 10 23 0 0 NONE 40
CONECT 12 10 13 24 0 NONE 41
CONECT 13 12 7 25 0 NONE 42
END NONE 43
</inlineContents>
</jmolApplet>
</jmol>
|-
!{{chembox header}} colspan="3" | Properties
|-
|colspan="1"|IUPAC Systematic Name
|colspan="2"|5-Hydroxytryptamine/
3-(2-aminoethyl)-1H-indol-5-ol
|-
|colspan="1"|Chemical Name
|colspan="2"|3-(2-Amino-aethyl)-indol-5-ol
|-
|colspan="1"|Molecular formula
|colspan="2"|C<sub>10</sub>H<sub>12</sub>N<sub>2</sub>O
|-
|colspan="1"|Molecular Mass
|colspan="2"|176.2182 gmol<sup>-1</sup>
|-
|colspan="1"|Type of Substance
|colspan="2"|heterocyclic
|-
|colspan="1"|CAS Registry Number
|colspan="2"|50-67-9, 61-47-2
|-
|colspan="1"|SMILES String
|colspan="2"|NCCC1=CNC2=C1C=C(O)C=C2
|-
|}

==What is Serotonin==

*Serotonin is a hormone manufactured by the brain that is associated with opiate-specific receptors - so helps maintain a happy feeling.
*It is a neurotransmitter which means that it is a chemical messenger in the brain, which allows the brain to communicate with nerve cells.
*An effective way of increasing serotonin levels is vigorous exercise, as in the case of mild depression. This exercise increases the levels for many days after the exercise takes place.
*Your diet will also effect the levels of serotonin. Low levels of omega 3 and vitamin C in the diet will cause a reduction in the amount of serotonin in the body.

==What Does Serotonin Do==

Serotonin affects many basic psychological functions such as
anxiety mechanisms and the regulation of mood, thoughts, aggression,
appetite, sex drive and the sleep/wake cycle. Multiple observations suggest that serotonin, which is one of
the more abundant neurotransmitters, plays an important role in the regulation of mood and a key role
in the treatment of depression.

Due to this, lack of serotonin is often associated with depression. Restoring the normal or enhanced level of this neurotransmitter acts as mood enhancer. Prozac is a mood enhancing drug, which acts in the central nervous system by inhibiting the re-uptake mechanism of serotonin into the synapse. The synapse is a junction where a signal is transmitted from one nerve cell to another. Since serotonin is not degraded in the synaptic cleft, Prozac promotes a prolonged presence of serotonin keeping the post-synaptic membrane active.

In the central nervous system, serotonin is involved in fear and "flight" responses, an activity which is opposed by the aggression or "fight" stimulating hormone adrenaline (epinephrine) and neurotransmitter dopamine.

Light modulates the production of certain hormones and brain chemicals including serotonin. The amount of serotonin in your brain reflects the amount of light in your environment. More light = more serotonin = more energy, a better mood, and fewer carbohydrate cravings.

==Serotonin in our bodies==

Serotonin originates in neurons deep in the midline of the brainstem. Because these neurons profile diffusely throughout the brain, serotonin can affect various brain functions, such as depression. It also interacts with many other neurotransmitters, either directly through neurons that use both serotonin and another neurotransmitter, or by serotonin neurons influencing neurons that primarily use these other transmitters.

Serotonin can be found in three main areas of the body: the intestinal wall, blood vessels, and the central nervous system.

==Sources of Serotonin==

*It is manufactured in the human brain using the essential amino acid tryptophan which is found in pineapples, plums, turkey and milk.
*Bananas also contain tryptophan, which the body converts into serotonin, known to make you relax, improve your mood and generally make you feel happier.
*Tryptophan is also found in chocolate, again causing the release of serotonin; which is often why it is eaten as a comfort food.

==Synthesis of Serotonin==

Serotonin is synthesized from the amino acid precursor tryptophan, packaged into vesicles, and
released into the synapse following an action potential. Once in the synapse, serotonin can interact
with both the pre- and postsynaptic receptors.

[[Image:synthesisSerotonin.gif|thumb|synthesis of serotonin]]
[http://www.chm.bris.ac.uk/motm/serotonin/synthesis.htm 1]

'''Detail of Synthesis:'''
[[image:detail_of_serotonin_synthesis.GIF]] [http://www.neurosci.pharm.utoledo.edu/MBC3320/serotonin.htm]

==Images of Serotonin==
{| class="toccolours" border="3" style="fix: right; clear: left; margin: 0 0 1em 1em; border-collapse: collapse;"
|- align="center"
| bgcolor="lt blue"|'''Electron Density of Serotonin'''
| bgcolor="lt blue"|'''Electrostatic Potential of Serotonin'''
|-
|[[image:Electron_density_of_serotonin.GIF]]
|[[image:electrostatic_potential_of_serotonin.GIF]]
|-
| Electron density is the measure of the probability of an
electron being present at a specific location.
| Electrostatic potential is used to describe the potential energy associated
with a charge distribution.

It provides a visual method to understand the relative polarity of a molecule.
|-
|}[http://www.cmste.uncc.edu/new/Document%20Hold/Sawsun-%20Serotonin%20FINAL%20PAPER.doc]

==Serotonin: Interesting Thoughts==

*Studies show that there is a chemical hierarchy in humans associated with social "rank" that is linked with serotonin levels. Those in high office, higher positions on sports teams and those of higher rank in academic clubs have been found to have higher levels of serotonin than their lower ranking peers. [http://www.globalhypnosis.com/hypnosis_stories.html]

*Serotonergic activity gradually decreases as one becomes drowsy and enters slow-wave sleep. An overall slowing of serotonergic activity is observed during slow-wave sleep known as non-REM sleep. During REM sleep (Rapid Eye Movement-the original dream sleep), serotonergic activity falls completely silent. Serotonergic activity returns to its basic level several seconds prior to the end of REM sleep. [http://www.antidepressantsfacts.com/pinealstory.htm]

*The stimulant in the drug Ecstasy forces the brain to release serotonin, in abnormally large amounts. The neurons (brain cells) that store serotonin are deformed or destroyed. Scientists have found that these injured neurons can regrow, but they may grow back abnormally or in the wrong locations. When Ecstasy wears off, the overflow of serotonin reverses to a lack of serotonin. Without enough serotonin it is difficult to sleep, learn, remember, or feel happy. [http://www.intheknowzone.com/ecstasy/chemistry.htm]

*When UV light interacts with your skin, it triggers the formation of vitamin D. Vitamin D stimulates the production of feel-good brain chemicals such as serotonin and dopamine.

*The light that enters your eyes has an immediate effect on your mood, so bright light- especially blue light (around the wavelength 460 nm) shuts down the production of melatonin, the night-time sleep hormone, and stimulates the production of serotonin, its energising, daytime counterpart.

==References==
*[http://www.healthscout.com/ency/1/409/main.html/ Healthscout]- What does Serotonin do?
*[http://www.chm.bris.ac.uk/motm/serotonin/synthesis.htm/ University of Bristol: Chemistry]- Synthesis of Serotonin
*[http://www.neurosci.pharm.utoledo.edu/MBC3320/serotonin.htm/ MBC Serotonin]- Detail of Synthesis
*[http://www.cmste.uncc.edu/ CMSTE]- Images of Serotonin
*[http://www.angelfire.com/hi/TheSeer/seratonin.html/ Serotonin]- What does Serotonin do?
*[http://www.thebodyblues.com/light.html/The Body Blues]- What does Serotonin do?
*[Belstein (2006/03]- Properties

It:Hycocine

2006-12-05T14:57:28Z

Tfm05: grammer corrections etc

== '''HYOSCINE''' ==

{| class="toccolours" border="1" style="float: right; clear: right; margin: 0 0 1em 1em; border-collapse: collapse;"
! {{chembox header}} colspan="3" |Structure of Hyoscine
|-
| align="center" colspan="3" bgcolor="#ffffff" | [[Image:hyoscine.gif|200px{{PAGENAME}}]]
|-
! {{chembox header}} colspan="3" |3D structure
|-
| align="center" colspan="3" bgcolor="#ffffff" | <jmol>
<jmolApplet>
<size>300</size>
<color>black</color>
<script>zoom 80; cpk on;frame 1; move 10 -20 10 0 0 0 0 0 3; delay 1;</script>
<inlineContents>hyoscine.pdb
title1
title2
ATOM 1 O 0 1.207 -1.433 0.214 0.00 0.00 O+0
ATOM 2 C 0 0.876 -0.299 0.465 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 3 C 0 1.906 0.801 0.481 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 4 H 0 1.934 1.258 1.470 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 5 C 0 1.538 1.860 -0.560 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 6 O 0 0.310 2.488 -0.187 0.00 0.00 O+0
ATOM 7 C 0 3.260 0.226 0.155 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 8 C 0 4.294 0.333 1.066 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 9 C 0 5.537 -0.195 0.767 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 10 C 0 5.745 -0.830 -0.443 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 11 C 0 4.710 -0.938 -1.354 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 12 C 0 3.467 -0.414 -1.053 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 13 O 0 -0.411 -0.017 0.723 0.00 0.00 O+0
ATOM 14 C 0 -1.401 -1.072 0.702 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 15 C 0 -2.545 -0.794 1.661 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 16 C 0 -3.763 -0.158 0.995 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 17 C 0 -3.374 1.193 0.361 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 18 O 0 -2.043 1.394 -0.100 0.00 0.00 O+0
ATOM 19 C 0 -2.916 0.830 -1.072 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 20 C 0 -3.097 -0.697 -1.157 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 21 C 0 -1.825 -1.419 -0.715 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 22 N 0 -4.153 -1.012 -0.158 0.00 0.00 N+0
ATOM 23 C 0 -5.413 -0.472 -0.683 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 24 H 0 2.328 2.610 -0.611 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 25 H 0 1.423 1.387 -1.535 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 26 H 0 0.114 3.146 -0.868 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 27 H 0 4.132 0.829 2.012 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 28 H 0 6.345 -0.111 1.479 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 29 H 0 6.715 -1.242 -0.677 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 30 H 0 4.873 -1.434 -2.299 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 31 H 0 2.659 -0.498 -1.764 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 32 H 0 -0.877 -1.978 1.099 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 33 H 0 -2.851 -1.736 2.139 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 34 H 0 -2.190 -0.131 2.463 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 35 H 0 -4.596 -0.043 1.701 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 36 H 0 -4.015 2.055 0.564 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 37 H 0 -3.213 1.426 -1.941 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 38 H 0 -3.406 -1.008 -2.165 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 39 H 0 -1.011 -1.164 -1.408 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 40 H 0 -1.985 -2.503 -0.790 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 41 H 0 -5.637 -0.940 -1.642 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 42 H 0 -6.219 -0.681 0.020 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 43 H 0 -5.319 0.606 -0.818 0.00 0.00 H+0
CONECT 1 2 0 0 0 NONE 48
CONECT 2 1 3 13 0 NONE 49
CONECT 3 2 4 5 7 NONE 50
CONECT 5 3 6 24 25 NONE 51
CONECT 6 5 26 0 0 NONE 52
CONECT 7 3 12 8 0 NONE 53
CONECT 8 7 9 27 0 NONE 54
CONECT 9 8 10 28 0 NONE 55
CONECT 10 9 11 29 0 NONE 56
CONECT 11 10 12 30 0 NONE 57
CONECT 12 11 7 31 0 NONE 58
CONECT 13 2 14 0 0 NONE 59
CONECT 14 13 21 15 32 NONE 60
CONECT 15 14 16 33 34 NONE 61
CONECT 16 15 22 17 35 NONE 62
CONECT 17 16 18 19 36 NONE 63
CONECT 18 17 19 0 0 NONE 64
CONECT 19 17 18 20 37 NONE 65
CONECT 20 19 21 22 38 NONE 66
CONECT 21 20 14 39 40 NONE 67
CONECT 22 20 16 23 0 NONE 68
CONECT 23 22 41 42 43 NONE 69
M END</inlineContents>
</jmolApplet>
</jmol>
|}

Hyoscine is a drug that is more commonly known as Scopolamine. It is a '''tropane alkaloid drug''' which means that it contains a '''tropane''' group; containing the chemical formula C<sub>8</sub>H<sub>15</sub>N (as drawn below).

<jmol>
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<color>white</color>
<script>zoom 150; cpk off;frame 1; move 10 -20 10 0 0 0 0 0 3; delay 1;</script>
<inlineContents>water.mol
title1
title2
27 28 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0999 V2000
2.1160 0.8000 -0.9900 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1
0.7240 0.3840 -0.7690 N 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2
0.2550 1.0950 0.4350 C 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 3
0.3930 0.1090 1.5790 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4
1.3010 -1.0180 0.9950 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5
0.7540 -1.0820 -0.4900 C 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 6
-0.6900 -1.5800 -0.1550 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 7
-1.7130 -0.7250 -0.8310 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 8
-2.0800 0.3870 0.1310 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 9
-1.1790 1.5800 0.0800 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 10
2.7170 0.5320 -0.1220 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 11
2.5090 0.2980 -1.8740 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 12
2.1530 1.8790 -1.1380 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 13
0.8920 1.9610 0.6190 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 14
0.8730 0.5820 2.4360 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 15
-0.5820 -0.2910 1.8590 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 16
2.3520 -0.7300 1.0170 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 17
1.1420 -1.9630 1.5150 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 18
1.3230 -1.6860 -1.1970 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 19
-0.8020 -2.6100 -0.4940 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 20
-0.8430 -1.5380 0.9230 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 21
-1.2970 -0.3020 -1.7450 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 22
-2.5960 -1.3190 -1.0650 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 23
-3.0970 0.7120 -0.0900 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 24
-2.0640 -0.0150 1.1450 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 25
-1.5080 2.3240 0.8050 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 26
-1.1880 2.0080 -0.9220 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 27
2 1 1 0 0 0
2 6 1 0 0 0
2 3 1 0 0 0
1 11 1 0 0 0
1 13 1 0 0 0
1 12 1 0 0 0
3 4 1 0 0 0
3 10 1 0 0 0
3 14 1 0 0 0
4 5 1 0 0 0
4 15 1 0 0 0
4 16 1 0 0 0
5 17 1 0 0 0
5 18 1 0 0 0
5 6 1 0 0 0
6 19 1 0 0 0
6 7 1 0 0 0
7 8 1 0 0 0
7 20 1 0 0 0
7 21 1 0 0 0
8 22 1 0 0 0
8 23 1 0 0 0
8 9 1 0 0 0
9 10 1 0 0 0
9 25 1 0 0 0
9 24 1 0 0 0
10 26 1 0 0 0
10 27 1 0 0 0
M END</inlineContents>
</jmolApplet>
</jmol>

'''Alkaloid''' means that it is an amine that naturally occurs in a plant. In the case of hyoscine comes from plants in the nightshade family or jimson weed. Jimson weed comes from the Datura family which was investigated by Savary in 1989 to find out about the yields of scopolamine in tissue cultures of Datura. They studied the accumulation of scopolamine in cell and tissue cultures of Datura as a way of seeing on a biochemical level how the natural products scopolamine and hyoscyamine accumulate in plants of the Datura family. (Ref 2)

[[Image:Datura.jpg|thumb|''Datura wrightii'' ]] ''Datura wrightii''

Scopolamine can be isolated from plants by extraction:

[[Image:Biosynthesis_of_alkaloids2.GIF]] [http://www.plantcell.org/cgi/reprint/7/7/1059.pdf]

==Physical properties of Hycocine==

{| border="1"

|-
! Formula
| C1<sub>7</sub>H<sub>21</sub>NO<sub>4</sub>
|-
! Molecular weight
| 303.35
|-
! Melting point
| 59<sup>o</sup>C
|-
! Appearance
| white, amophous, semi-solid
|}

==Chemical Properties of Hycocine==

It is a drug that acts on the autonomic nervous system and prevents muscle spasms.
It is an alkaloid, obtained from various plants of the nightshade family (such as belladonna). [http://www.tiscali.co.uk/reference/encyclopaedia/hutchinson/m0014386.html]

The depressive action hycocine on the central nervous system makes it suitable for use in very tiny amounts in the treatment of
anxiety-related problems and travel-sickness (in the form of hyoscine hydrobromide, which is a type of anticholinergic drug).

In larger doses, it breaks down a person’s ability to discriminate and make reasoned judgement, making it a potential 'truth drug'.

==Effects of Hycocine==

It is frequently included in premedication to dry up lung secretions and as a postoperative sedative. It is also used to
treat ulcers, to relax the womb in labour, for travel sickness, and to dilate the pupils before an eye examination.

Hycocine produces sedation. With higher doses it produces agitation and disorientation similar to that of atropine. Hycocine also has a significant anti-emetic effect, and that is why it is used for the treatment of motion sickness (Rang et al., 1995)

Hycocine induced a moderate bradycardia and a marked decrease in salivation when administered via injection. These
effects were maximal at 1 to 2 hours after administration of hycocine but were no longer present at 4 hours.

Consistent behavioral effects of hycocine in various experiments were a decrease in spontaneous speech and movement and a significant
decrease in energy.

When administered medically, hycocine may cause the muscles in the eye to become relaxed, widening the pupil. Pupils may remain wide and not respond to light. They'll also be more sensitive.

Fatal doses of hycocine causes the heart to cease functioning, which results in death.

There are side effects that are known to have affected patients (ref 6). The drug Hycocine affects the autonomic nervous system so this could be the cause of those side effects:

* Dizziness
* Blurred vision
* Dry mouth
* Vomiting
* Irritation of the skin
* Problems in urinating

{| class="toccolours" border="1" style="float: right; clear: right; margin: 0 0 1em 1em; border-collapse: collapse;"
! {{chembox header}}| '''(+)-scopolamine'''
|-
! CAS Registry Number
| 51-34-3, 138-12-5, 64069-63-2, 124917-17-5
|-
! Chemical Name
|3-hydroxy-2-phenyl-propionic acid 9-methyl-3-oxa-9-aza-tricyclo[3.3.1.02,4]non-7-yl ester
|-
! Molecular Formula
| C17H21NO4
|-
! Molecular Weight
| 303.36
|-
|}

==Synthesis==

In 1957 Fodor synthesised scopolamine via 2 steps. He found that the first work up step to produce 3α-acetoxytrop-6-ene, could be done in three different ways.

[[Image:Route1-2.gif]]

[[Image:route3.gif]]

This shows how the enantiomer of hyoscine is made:

[[image:Synthesis_Scopolamine.gif]] [http://www.ucalgary.ca/~bali/chem353/project/00final/00final.htm#chemistry]

==NMR Spectrum==

'''C-NMR'''

[[Image:Hyoscine_NMR.GIF]]

{| border="1"
|+ '''Chemical Shifts of Scopolamine'''
|-
! '''Carbon atom'''
| '''Scopolamine δ<sub>c</sub> from Me<sub>4</sub>Si'''
|-
! 1
| 171.3
|-
! 2
| 54.1
|-
! 3
| 63.5
|-
! 4
| 135.5
|-
! 5,9
| 128.5
|-
! 6,8
| 127.7
|-
! 7
| 127.5
|-
! 1',5'
| 57.3, 57.4
|-
! 2',4'
| 30.3, 30.4
|-
! 3'
| 66.4
|-
! 6', 7'
| 55.6, 56.0
|-
! 9'
| 41.6
|-
|}

'''H-NMR'''

[[image:H-NMR_Scopolamine.gif]] [http://www.ucalgary.ca/~bali/chem353/project/00final/00final.htm#chemistry]

==Uses of Hycocine==

Scopolamine is the main ingredient in skin patches marketed as "Tranderm Scop" [[1]], which are skin patches that can prevent nausea and vomitting caused by motion sickness.

The drug scopolamine is sold under the brand name of Scopace®. It is marketed to help prevent nausea and vomiting often caused by motion sickness. For this purpose it is sold over the counter but some doctors may use it to help ease the symptoms of irritable bowel, intestinal problems, parkinsonism, spastic muscle states, divertisulitis, to name a few.
[[Image:Scopace.GIF|thumb|Description]]

==Hyoscine derivative: '''Hyoscine-N-Butylbromide'''==

There is a derivative of Hyoscine called: '''Hyoscine-N-Butylbromide'''. This compound derivative can be obtained from the leaves of the Duboisia tree in Australia (ref 8).

[[Image:vlrawleaves.gif]]
Raw Duboisia leaves

[[Image:vlduboisiatree.jpg]]
Duboisia tree shrubs

The structure of this derivative:
[[Image:vlhyoscinederivative.gif]]

<jmol>
<jmolApplet>
<size>400</size>
<color>black</color>
<script>zoom 80; cpk on;frame 1; move 10 -20 10 0 0 0 0 0 3; delay 1;</script>
<inlineContents>ATOM 1 H 0 -4.700 -0.815 0.156 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 2 C 0 -4.102 -0.014 -0.277 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 3 O 0 -2.875 -0.567 -0.821 0.00 0.00 O+0
ATOM 4 C 0 -2.330 -1.663 -0.270 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 5 C 0 -1.057 -2.238 -0.834 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 6 C 0 -0.660 -3.456 -0.041 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 7 C 0 0.556 -3.488 0.614 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 8 C 0 0.920 -4.606 1.342 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 9 C 0 0.067 -5.691 1.414 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 10 C 0 -1.150 -5.659 0.760 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 11 C 0 -1.511 -4.544 0.026 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 12 C 0 -1.279 -2.631 -2.296 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 13 O 0 -1.541 -1.459 -3.070 0.00 0.00 O+0
ATOM 14 H 0 -0.264 -1.492 -0.775 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 15 O 0 -2.862 -2.189 0.680 0.00 0.00 O+0
ATOM 16 C 0 -4.895 0.666 -1.397 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 17 C 0 -6.113 1.375 -0.784 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 18 C 0 -6.805 0.381 0.177 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 19 O 0 -5.999 -0.624 0.795 0.00 0.00 O+0
ATOM 20 C 0 -6.106 0.593 1.536 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 21 C 0 -5.055 1.696 1.272 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 22 C 0 -3.761 1.011 0.809 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 23 N 0 -5.597 2.447 0.108 0.00 0.00 N+1
ATOM 24 C 0 -4.531 3.206 -0.559 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 25 C 0 -3.972 4.255 0.405 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 26 C 0 -2.862 5.046 -0.290 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 27 C 0 -2.303 6.095 0.674 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 28 C 0 -6.685 3.339 0.529 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 29 Br 0 14.489 1.142 0.058 0.00 0.00 Br-1
ATOM 30 H 0 1.223 -2.641 0.558 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 31 H 0 1.871 -4.631 1.853 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 32 H 0 0.351 -6.565 1.982 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 33 H 0 -1.816 -6.507 0.816 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 34 H 0 -2.462 -4.519 -0.485 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 35 H 0 -0.387 -3.127 -2.679 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 36 H 0 -2.130 -3.309 -2.365 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 37 H 0 -1.675 -1.750 -3.983 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 38 H 0 -4.262 1.397 -1.900 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 39 H 0 -5.231 -0.084 -2.113 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 40 H 0 -6.794 1.753 -1.546 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 41 H 0 -7.879 0.227 0.067 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 42 H 0 -6.649 0.610 2.481 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 43 H 0 -4.895 2.330 2.145 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 44 H 0 -3.293 0.505 1.653 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 45 H 0 -3.077 1.757 0.404 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 46 H 0 -3.733 2.527 -0.859 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 47 H 0 -4.936 3.703 -1.441 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 48 H 0 -4.770 4.935 0.705 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 49 H 0 -3.567 3.759 1.287 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 50 H 0 -2.065 4.367 -0.590 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 51 H 0 -3.267 5.543 -1.172 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 52 H 0 -3.101 6.775 0.974 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 53 H 0 -1.898 5.598 1.556 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 54 H 0 -1.513 6.659 0.179 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 55 H 0 -6.308 4.051 1.263 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 56 H 0 -7.068 3.879 -0.337 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 57 H 0 -7.487 2.749 0.973 0.00 0.00 H+0
CONECT 2 1 22 3 16 NONE 62
CONECT 3 2 4 0 0 NONE 63
CONECT 4 3 5 15 0 NONE 64
CONECT 5 4 6 12 14 NONE 65
CONECT 6 5 11 7 0 NONE 66
CONECT 7 6 8 30 0 NONE 67
CONECT 8 7 9 31 0 NONE 68
CONECT 9 8 10 32 0 NONE 69
CONECT 10 9 11 33 0 NONE 70
CONECT 11 10 6 34 0 NONE 71
CONECT 12 5 13 35 36 NONE 72
CONECT 13 12 37 0 0 NONE 73
CONECT 15 4 0 0 0 NONE 74
CONECT 16 2 17 38 39 NONE 75
CONECT 17 16 23 18 40 NONE 76
CONECT 18 17 20 19 41 NONE 77
CONECT 19 18 20 0 0 NONE 78
CONECT 20 19 18 21 42 NONE 79
CONECT 21 20 22 23 43 NONE 80
CONECT 22 21 2 44 45 NONE 81
CONECT 23 21 17 24 28 NONE 82
CONECT 24 23 25 46 47 NONE 83
CONECT 25 24 26 48 49 NONE 84
CONECT 26 25 27 50 51 NONE 85
CONECT 27 26 52 53 54 NONE 86
CONECT 28 23 55 56 57 NONE 87
END NONE 88</inlineContents>
</jmolApplet>
</jmol>

Above: 3D structure of Hyoscine-N-Butylbromide

This derivative is used to treat bowel diseases. Like Hycocine, this drug can relax the muscle lining of the gastrointestinal and urinary tracts, to reduce spasms and involuntary movements.

==History of Hycocine==

Before the discovery of the various anesthetic agents people underwent severe pain and agony. Patients were strapped down or were given alcohol and other sedative drugs to ameliorate the pain of surgery.

Despite hycocine's high toxicity, at suitable doses this substance has beneficial medicinal effects, which were recognized in folk medicine throughout the world, and later on in scientific medicine.

Hycocine is a popular poison used in classic literature, due to it's presence in a number of plants. Its toxic properties, regardless of whether it is administered internally or externally, makes it a highly useful drug for
physicians and poisoners alike!

Hycocine in the form of nightshade was also used by practitioners of witchcraft in the concocting of flying potions – large amounts
of it caused hallucination and a sensation of floating.

Scopolamine was first isolated by Albert Ladenburg, in the late 1800's. He isolated it as a racemic mixture with Hyoscine.

[[Image:Racemic_mixture.GIF]]

<jmol>
<jmolApplet>
<size>400</size>
<color>black</color>
<script>zoom 80; cpk off;frame 1; move 10 -20 10 0 0 0 0 0 3; delay 1;</script>
<inlineContents>ATOM 1 C 0 3.453 2.304 0.685 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 2 N 0 2.834 1.011 0.364 0.00 0.00 N+0
ATOM 3 C 0 3.140 0.731 -1.050 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 4 C 0 4.049 -0.415 -0.670 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 5 C 0 3.779 -0.036 0.796 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 6 C 0 3.013 -1.211 1.448 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 7 C 0 1.803 -1.504 0.547 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 8 O 0 0.905 -0.362 0.569 0.00 0.00 O+0
ATOM 9 C 0 -0.415 -0.542 0.402 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 10 C 0 -1.346 0.642 0.425 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 11 H 0 -1.269 1.147 1.388 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 12 C 0 -2.762 0.172 0.217 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 13 C 0 -3.720 0.412 1.184 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 14 C 0 -5.019 -0.020 0.993 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 15 C 0 -5.361 -0.691 -0.166 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 16 C 0 -4.404 -0.930 -1.134 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 17 C 0 -3.105 -0.495 -0.945 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 18 C 0 -0.962 1.615 -0.693 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 19 O 0 -1.769 2.790 -0.599 0.00 0.00 O+0
ATOM 20 O 0 -0.856 -1.654 0.234 0.00 0.00 O+0
ATOM 21 C 0 2.236 -1.777 -0.892 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 22 O 0 2.879 -0.629 -1.443 0.00 0.00 O+0
ATOM 23 H 0 3.037 3.076 0.039 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 24 H 0 3.253 2.554 1.727 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 25 H 0 4.530 2.240 0.527 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 26 H 0 3.229 1.522 -1.779 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 27 H 0 5.025 -0.717 -1.017 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 28 H 0 4.633 0.313 1.349 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 29 H 0 3.649 -2.091 1.502 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 30 H 0 2.669 -0.932 2.441 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 31 H 0 1.277 -2.379 0.934 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 32 H 0 -3.453 0.936 2.090 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 33 H 0 -5.767 0.167 1.750 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 34 H 0 -6.376 -1.029 -0.315 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 35 H 0 -4.671 -1.455 -2.039 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 36 H 0 -2.357 -0.682 -1.701 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 37 H 0 0.089 1.886 -0.593 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 38 H 0 -1.124 1.139 -1.660 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 39 H 0 -1.495 3.375 -1.319 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 40 H 0 2.928 -2.620 -0.907 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 41 H 0 1.358 -2.021 -1.492 0.00 0.00 H+0
CONECT 1 2 23 24 25 NONE 46
CONECT 2 1 5 3 0 NONE 47
CONECT 3 2 22 4 26 NONE 48
CONECT 4 3 22 5 27 NONE 49
CONECT 5 4 2 6 28 NONE 50
CONECT 6 5 7 29 30 NONE 51
CONECT 7 6 8 21 31 NONE 52
CONECT 8 7 9 0 0 NONE 53
CONECT 9 8 10 20 0 NONE 54
CONECT 10 9 11 12 18 NONE 55
CONECT 12 10 17 13 0 NONE 56
CONECT 13 12 14 32 0 NONE 57
CONECT 14 13 15 33 0 NONE 58
CONECT 15 14 16 34 0 NONE 59
CONECT 16 15 17 35 0 NONE 60
CONECT 17 16 12 36 0 NONE 61
CONECT 18 10 19 37 38 NONE 62
CONECT 19 18 39 0 0 NONE 63
CONECT 20 9 0 0 0 NONE 64
CONECT 21 7 22 40 41 NONE 65
CONECT 22 21 3 4 0 NONE 66
END NONE 67
</inlineContents>
</jmolApplet>
</jmol>

Above: 3d structure of (+)-scopolamine

<jmol>
<jmolApplet>
<size>400</size>
<color>black</color>
<script>zoom 80; cpk off;frame 1; move 10 -20 10 0 0 0 0 0 3; delay 1;</script>
<inlineContents>ATOM 1 C 0 3.447 2.197 -0.621 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 2 N 0 2.783 0.921 -0.328 0.00 0.00 N+0
ATOM 3 C 0 3.100 0.010 -1.442 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 4 C 0 3.959 -0.855 -0.548 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 5 C 0 3.680 0.167 0.568 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 6 C 0 2.859 -0.552 1.664 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 7 C 0 1.653 -1.195 0.963 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 8 O 0 0.800 -0.148 0.426 0.00 0.00 O+0
ATOM 9 C 0 -0.523 -0.349 0.320 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 10 C 0 -1.408 0.736 -0.237 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 11 H 0 -1.095 0.974 -1.254 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 12 C 0 -2.838 0.261 -0.249 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 13 C 0 -3.531 0.187 -1.443 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 14 C 0 -4.843 -0.248 -1.454 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 15 C 0 -5.462 -0.610 -0.272 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 16 C 0 -4.768 -0.537 0.922 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 17 C 0 -3.455 -0.106 0.932 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 18 C 0 -1.293 1.986 0.638 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 19 O 0 0.037 2.504 0.557 0.00 0.00 O+0
ATOM 20 O 0 -1.004 -1.401 0.671 0.00 0.00 O+0
ATOM 21 C 0 2.097 -2.115 -0.173 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 22 O 0 2.793 -1.370 -1.171 0.00 0.00 O+0
ATOM 23 H 0 3.071 2.594 -1.564 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 24 H 0 3.241 2.907 0.180 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 25 H 0 4.523 2.039 -0.697 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 26 H 0 3.232 0.370 -2.451 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 27 H 0 4.927 -1.309 -0.685 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 28 H 0 4.539 0.709 0.925 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 29 H 0 3.459 -1.324 2.139 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 30 H 0 2.511 0.164 2.405 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 31 H 0 1.087 -1.777 1.693 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 32 H 0 -3.048 0.470 -2.366 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 33 H 0 -5.385 -0.305 -2.386 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 34 H 0 -6.487 -0.950 -0.281 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 35 H 0 -5.251 -0.819 1.845 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 36 H 0 -2.913 -0.048 1.865 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 37 H 0 -1.998 2.740 0.288 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 38 H 0 -1.520 1.728 1.672 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 39 H 0 0.066 3.289 1.121 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 40 H 0 2.756 -2.887 0.225 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 41 H 0 1.220 -2.585 -0.620 0.00 0.00 H+0
CONECT 1 2 23 24 25 NONE 46
CONECT 2 1 5 3 0 NONE 47
CONECT 3 2 22 4 26 NONE 48
CONECT 4 3 22 5 27 NONE 49
CONECT 5 4 2 6 28 NONE 50
CONECT 6 5 7 29 30 NONE 51
CONECT 7 6 8 21 31 NONE 52
CONECT 8 7 9 0 0 NONE 53
CONECT 9 8 10 20 0 NONE 54
CONECT 10 9 11 12 18 NONE 55
CONECT 12 10 17 13 0 NONE 56
CONECT 13 12 14 32 0 NONE 57
CONECT 14 13 15 33 0 NONE 58
CONECT 15 14 16 34 0 NONE 59
CONECT 16 15 17 35 0 NONE 60
CONECT 17 16 12 36 0 NONE 61
CONECT 18 10 19 37 38 NONE 62
CONECT 19 18 39 0 0 NONE 63
CONECT 20 9 0 0 0 NONE 64
CONECT 21 7 22 40 41 NONE 65
CONECT 22 21 3 4 0 NONE 66
END NONE 67
</inlineContents>
</jmolApplet>
</jmol>

Above: 3d structure of (-)-scopolamine (the only difference in comparison to the other enantiomer, is the geometry of the CH<sub>2</sub>OH group near the phenyl ring)

This was discovered when Ladenburg was crystalising hyoscyamine from exctracts of the plant Hyoseyamus and found that an alkaloid still remained in the solution. This alkaloid had never previously been isolated and up to this day was considered to be a waste product by scientists.

[[Image:Hyoseyamus.jpg]] Hyoseyamus (Ref 3)

To completely isolate the molecule, further purification was required, by further recrystallisation. Ladenburg also found that hyoscine decomposed to a froth at 196 to 198<sup>o</sup>C

=Recent history=
In August 2006 a chemical company from Queensland, Australia was being investigated by the Australian Federal Police over fears that a 100-kilogram shipment of hyoscine was diverted to Iraq. Documents from 2002 showed that the federal police questioned the company, Alkaloids of Australia, about a shipment of hyoscine, that was sent to the Syrian pharmaceutical company Ibn Hayan in 2001. US and British military reports show that hyoscine can also be used an "incapacitating agent", causing severe symptoms such as impaired vision, temporary delirium and an abnormally rapid heartbeat. Reports by the US Army show that an injection of as little as 1.5 milligrams of scopolamine hydrobromide can cause a soldier to become delirious for two to four hours. (Ref 4)

==References==

1. http://www.prevent-motion-sickness-scopolamine.com/

2. Savary, B. J. and D. K. Dougall. "Scopolamine Radioimmunoassay for Tissue- cultures of Datura." Phytochemistry 29.5 (1990): 1567-69.

3. http://ag.msu.montana.edu/cipm/cipmpics.asp?type=thumb&flag=1&id=144

4. http://www.theage.com.au/news/investigations/probe-over-nerve-gas-suspicion/2006/08/20/1156012411533.html

5. E. Leete et. al. "Use of Carbon- 13 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance to establish that the biosynthesis of tropic acid involves an intramolecular rearrangement of phenylalanine." Journal of the American Chemical Society, 1975

*[http://www.plantcell.org/cgi/reprint/7/7/1059.pdf/ Alkaloid Synthesis]- Tropane and Nicotine Alkaloids

6. http://www.drugdelivery.ca/s3557-s-HYOSCINE.aspx

7. http://www.hopepharm.com/motion/index.html

8. http://www.linnea-worldwide.com/products/hyoscine.asp

It:Hycocine

2006-12-05T14:54:52Z

Tfm05: grammer corrections etc

== '''HYOSCINE''' ==

{| class="toccolours" border="1" style="float: right; clear: right; margin: 0 0 1em 1em; border-collapse: collapse;"
! {{chembox header}} colspan="3" |Structure of Hyoscine
|-
| align="center" colspan="3" bgcolor="#ffffff" | [[Image:hyoscine.gif|200px{{PAGENAME}}]]
|-
! {{chembox header}} colspan="3" |3D structure
|-
| align="center" colspan="3" bgcolor="#ffffff" | <jmol>
<jmolApplet>
<size>300</size>
<color>black</color>
<script>zoom 80; cpk on;frame 1; move 10 -20 10 0 0 0 0 0 3; delay 1;</script>
<inlineContents>hyoscine.pdb
title1
title2
ATOM 1 O 0 1.207 -1.433 0.214 0.00 0.00 O+0
ATOM 2 C 0 0.876 -0.299 0.465 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 3 C 0 1.906 0.801 0.481 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 4 H 0 1.934 1.258 1.470 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 5 C 0 1.538 1.860 -0.560 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 6 O 0 0.310 2.488 -0.187 0.00 0.00 O+0
ATOM 7 C 0 3.260 0.226 0.155 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 8 C 0 4.294 0.333 1.066 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 9 C 0 5.537 -0.195 0.767 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 10 C 0 5.745 -0.830 -0.443 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 11 C 0 4.710 -0.938 -1.354 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 12 C 0 3.467 -0.414 -1.053 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 13 O 0 -0.411 -0.017 0.723 0.00 0.00 O+0
ATOM 14 C 0 -1.401 -1.072 0.702 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 15 C 0 -2.545 -0.794 1.661 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 16 C 0 -3.763 -0.158 0.995 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 17 C 0 -3.374 1.193 0.361 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 18 O 0 -2.043 1.394 -0.100 0.00 0.00 O+0
ATOM 19 C 0 -2.916 0.830 -1.072 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 20 C 0 -3.097 -0.697 -1.157 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 21 C 0 -1.825 -1.419 -0.715 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 22 N 0 -4.153 -1.012 -0.158 0.00 0.00 N+0
ATOM 23 C 0 -5.413 -0.472 -0.683 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 24 H 0 2.328 2.610 -0.611 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 25 H 0 1.423 1.387 -1.535 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 26 H 0 0.114 3.146 -0.868 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 27 H 0 4.132 0.829 2.012 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 28 H 0 6.345 -0.111 1.479 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 29 H 0 6.715 -1.242 -0.677 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 30 H 0 4.873 -1.434 -2.299 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 31 H 0 2.659 -0.498 -1.764 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 32 H 0 -0.877 -1.978 1.099 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 33 H 0 -2.851 -1.736 2.139 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 34 H 0 -2.190 -0.131 2.463 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 35 H 0 -4.596 -0.043 1.701 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 36 H 0 -4.015 2.055 0.564 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 37 H 0 -3.213 1.426 -1.941 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 38 H 0 -3.406 -1.008 -2.165 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 39 H 0 -1.011 -1.164 -1.408 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 40 H 0 -1.985 -2.503 -0.790 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 41 H 0 -5.637 -0.940 -1.642 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 42 H 0 -6.219 -0.681 0.020 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 43 H 0 -5.319 0.606 -0.818 0.00 0.00 H+0
CONECT 1 2 0 0 0 NONE 48
CONECT 2 1 3 13 0 NONE 49
CONECT 3 2 4 5 7 NONE 50
CONECT 5 3 6 24 25 NONE 51
CONECT 6 5 26 0 0 NONE 52
CONECT 7 3 12 8 0 NONE 53
CONECT 8 7 9 27 0 NONE 54
CONECT 9 8 10 28 0 NONE 55
CONECT 10 9 11 29 0 NONE 56
CONECT 11 10 12 30 0 NONE 57
CONECT 12 11 7 31 0 NONE 58
CONECT 13 2 14 0 0 NONE 59
CONECT 14 13 21 15 32 NONE 60
CONECT 15 14 16 33 34 NONE 61
CONECT 16 15 22 17 35 NONE 62
CONECT 17 16 18 19 36 NONE 63
CONECT 18 17 19 0 0 NONE 64
CONECT 19 17 18 20 37 NONE 65
CONECT 20 19 21 22 38 NONE 66
CONECT 21 20 14 39 40 NONE 67
CONECT 22 20 16 23 0 NONE 68
CONECT 23 22 41 42 43 NONE 69
M END</inlineContents>
</jmolApplet>
</jmol>
|}

Hyoscine is a drug that is more commonly known as Scopolamine. It is a '''tropane alkaloid drug''' which means that it contains a '''tropane''' group; containing the chemical formula C<sub>8</sub>H<sub>15</sub>N (as drawn below).

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<script>zoom 150; cpk off;frame 1; move 10 -20 10 0 0 0 0 0 3; delay 1;</script>
<inlineContents>water.mol
title1
title2
27 28 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0999 V2000
2.1160 0.8000 -0.9900 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1
0.7240 0.3840 -0.7690 N 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2
0.2550 1.0950 0.4350 C 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 3
0.3930 0.1090 1.5790 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4
1.3010 -1.0180 0.9950 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5
0.7540 -1.0820 -0.4900 C 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 6
-0.6900 -1.5800 -0.1550 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 7
-1.7130 -0.7250 -0.8310 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 8
-2.0800 0.3870 0.1310 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 9
-1.1790 1.5800 0.0800 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 10
2.7170 0.5320 -0.1220 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 11
2.5090 0.2980 -1.8740 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 12
2.1530 1.8790 -1.1380 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 13
0.8920 1.9610 0.6190 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 14
0.8730 0.5820 2.4360 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 15
-0.5820 -0.2910 1.8590 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 16
2.3520 -0.7300 1.0170 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 17
1.1420 -1.9630 1.5150 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 18
1.3230 -1.6860 -1.1970 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 19
-0.8020 -2.6100 -0.4940 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 20
-0.8430 -1.5380 0.9230 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 21
-1.2970 -0.3020 -1.7450 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 22
-2.5960 -1.3190 -1.0650 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 23
-3.0970 0.7120 -0.0900 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 24
-2.0640 -0.0150 1.1450 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 25
-1.5080 2.3240 0.8050 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 26
-1.1880 2.0080 -0.9220 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 27
2 1 1 0 0 0
2 6 1 0 0 0
2 3 1 0 0 0
1 11 1 0 0 0
1 13 1 0 0 0
1 12 1 0 0 0
3 4 1 0 0 0
3 10 1 0 0 0
3 14 1 0 0 0
4 5 1 0 0 0
4 15 1 0 0 0
4 16 1 0 0 0
5 17 1 0 0 0
5 18 1 0 0 0
5 6 1 0 0 0
6 19 1 0 0 0
6 7 1 0 0 0
7 8 1 0 0 0
7 20 1 0 0 0
7 21 1 0 0 0
8 22 1 0 0 0
8 23 1 0 0 0
8 9 1 0 0 0
9 10 1 0 0 0
9 25 1 0 0 0
9 24 1 0 0 0
10 26 1 0 0 0
10 27 1 0 0 0
M END</inlineContents>
</jmolApplet>
</jmol>

'''Alkaloid''' means that it is an amine that naturally occurs in a plant. In the case of hyoscine comes from plants in the nightshade family or jimson weed. Jimson weed comes from the Datura family which was investigated by Savary in 1989 to find out about the yields of scopolamine in tissue cultures of Datura. They studied the accumulation of scopolamine in cell and tissue cultures of Datura as a way of seeing on a biochemical level how the natural products scopolamine and hyoscyamine accumulate in plants of the Datura family. (Ref 2)

[[Image:Datura.jpg|thumb|''Datura wrightii'' ]] ''Datura wrightii''

Scopolamine can be isolated from plants by extraction:

[[Image:Biosynthesis_of_alkaloids2.GIF]] [http://www.plantcell.org/cgi/reprint/7/7/1059.pdf]

==Physical properties of Hycocine==

{| border="1"

|-
! Formula
| C1<sub>7</sub>H<sub>21</sub>NO<sub>4</sub>
|-
! Molecular weight
| 303.35
|-
! Melting point
| 59<sup>o</sup>C
|-
! Appearance
| white, amophous, semi-solid
|}

==Chemical Properties of Hycocine==

It is a drug that acts on the autonomic nervous system and prevents muscle spasms.
It is an alkaloid, obtained from various plants of the nightshade family (such as belladonna). [http://www.tiscali.co.uk/reference/encyclopaedia/hutchinson/m0014386.html]

The depressive action hycocine on the central nervous system makes it suitable for use in very tiny amounts in the treatment of
anxiety-related problems and travel-sickness (in the form of hyoscine hydrobromide, which is a type of anticholinergic drug).

In larger doses, it breaks down a person’s ability to discriminate and make reasoned judgement, making it a potential 'truth drug'.

==Effects of Hycocine==

It is frequently included in premedication to dry up lung secretions and as a postoperative sedative. It is also used to
treat ulcers, to relax the womb in labour, for travel sickness, and to dilate the pupils before an eye examination.

Hycocine produces sedation. With higher doses it produces agitation and disorientation similar to that of atropine. Hycocine also has a significant anti-emetic effect, and that is why it is used for the treatment of motion sickness (Rang et al., 1995)

Hycocine induced a moderate bradycardia and a marked decrease in salivation when administered via injection. These
effects were maximal at 1 to 2 hours after administration of hycocine but were no longer present at 4 hours.

Consistent behavioral effects of hycocine in various experiments were a decrease in spontaneous speech and movement and a significant
decrease in energy.

When administered medically, hycocine may cause the muscles in the eye to become relaxed, widening the pupil. Pupils may remain wide and not respond to light. They'll also be more sensitive.

Fatal doses of hycocine causes the heart to cease functioning, which results in death.

There are side effects that are known to have affected patients (ref 6). The drug Hycocine affects the autonomic nervous system so this could be the cause of those side effects:

* Dizziness
* Blurred vision
* Dry mouth
* Vomiting
* Irritation of the skin
* Problems in urinating

{| class="toccolours" border="1" style="float: right; clear: right; margin: 0 0 1em 1em; border-collapse: collapse;"
! {{chembox header}}| '''(+)-scopolamine'''
|-
! CAS Registry Number
| 51-34-3, 138-12-5, 64069-63-2, 124917-17-5
|-
! Chemical Name
|3-hydroxy-2-phenyl-propionic acid 9-methyl-3-oxa-9-aza-tricyclo[3.3.1.02,4]non-7-yl ester
|-
! Molecular Formula
| C17H21NO4
|-
! Molecular Weight
| 303.36
|-
|}

==Synthesis==

In 1957 Fodor synthesised scopolamine via 2 steps. He found that the first work up step to produce 3α-acetoxytrop-6-ene, could be done in three different ways.

[[Image:Route1-2.gif]]

[[Image:route3.gif]]

This shows how the enantiomer of hyoscine is made:

[[image:Synthesis_Scopolamine.gif]] [http://www.ucalgary.ca/~bali/chem353/project/00final/00final.htm#chemistry]

==NMR Spectrum==

'''C-NMR'''

[[Image:Hyoscine_NMR.GIF]]

{| border="1"
|+ '''Chemical Shifts of Scopolamine'''
|-
! '''Carbon atom'''
| '''Scopolamine δ<sub>c</sub> from Me<sub>4</sub>Si'''
|-
! 1
| 171.3
|-
! 2
| 54.1
|-
! 3
| 63.5
|-
! 4
| 135.5
|-
! 5,9
| 128.5
|-
! 6,8
| 127.7
|-
! 7
| 127.5
|-
! 1',5'
| 57.3, 57.4
|-
! 2',4'
| 30.3, 30.4
|-
! 3'
| 66.4
|-
! 6', 7'
| 55.6, 56.0
|-
! 9'
| 41.6
|-
|}

'''H-NMR'''

[[image:H-NMR_Scopolamine.gif]] [http://www.ucalgary.ca/~bali/chem353/project/00final/00final.htm#chemistry]

==Uses of Hycocine==

Scopolamine is the main ingredient in skin patches marketed as "Tranderm Scop" [[1]], which are skin patches that can prevent nausea and vomitting caused by motion sickness.

The drug scopolamine is sold under the brand name of Scopace®. It is marketed to help prevent nausea and vomiting often caused by motion sickness. For this purpose it is sold over the counter but some doctors may use it to help ease the symptoms of irritable bowel, intestinal problems, parkinsonism, spastic muscle states, divertisulitis, to name a few.
[[Image:Scopace.GIF|thumb|Description]]

==Hyoscine derivative: '''Hyoscine-N-Butylbromide'''==

There is a derivative of Hyoscine called: '''Hyoscine-N-Butylbromide'''. This compound derivative can be obtained from the leaves of the Duboisia tree in Australia (ref 8).

[[Image:vlrawleaves.gif]]
Raw Duboisia leaves

[[Image:vlduboisiatree.jpg]]
Duboisia tree shrubs

The structure of this derivative:
[[Image:vlhyoscinederivative.gif]]

<jmol>
<jmolApplet>
<size>400</size>
<color>black</color>
<script>zoom 80; cpk on;frame 1; move 10 -20 10 0 0 0 0 0 3; delay 1;</script>
<inlineContents>ATOM 1 H 0 -4.700 -0.815 0.156 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 2 C 0 -4.102 -0.014 -0.277 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 3 O 0 -2.875 -0.567 -0.821 0.00 0.00 O+0
ATOM 4 C 0 -2.330 -1.663 -0.270 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 5 C 0 -1.057 -2.238 -0.834 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 6 C 0 -0.660 -3.456 -0.041 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 7 C 0 0.556 -3.488 0.614 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 8 C 0 0.920 -4.606 1.342 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 9 C 0 0.067 -5.691 1.414 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 10 C 0 -1.150 -5.659 0.760 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 11 C 0 -1.511 -4.544 0.026 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 12 C 0 -1.279 -2.631 -2.296 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 13 O 0 -1.541 -1.459 -3.070 0.00 0.00 O+0
ATOM 14 H 0 -0.264 -1.492 -0.775 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 15 O 0 -2.862 -2.189 0.680 0.00 0.00 O+0
ATOM 16 C 0 -4.895 0.666 -1.397 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 17 C 0 -6.113 1.375 -0.784 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 18 C 0 -6.805 0.381 0.177 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 19 O 0 -5.999 -0.624 0.795 0.00 0.00 O+0
ATOM 20 C 0 -6.106 0.593 1.536 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 21 C 0 -5.055 1.696 1.272 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 22 C 0 -3.761 1.011 0.809 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 23 N 0 -5.597 2.447 0.108 0.00 0.00 N+1
ATOM 24 C 0 -4.531 3.206 -0.559 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 25 C 0 -3.972 4.255 0.405 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 26 C 0 -2.862 5.046 -0.290 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 27 C 0 -2.303 6.095 0.674 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 28 C 0 -6.685 3.339 0.529 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 29 Br 0 14.489 1.142 0.058 0.00 0.00 Br-1
ATOM 30 H 0 1.223 -2.641 0.558 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 31 H 0 1.871 -4.631 1.853 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 32 H 0 0.351 -6.565 1.982 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 33 H 0 -1.816 -6.507 0.816 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 34 H 0 -2.462 -4.519 -0.485 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 35 H 0 -0.387 -3.127 -2.679 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 36 H 0 -2.130 -3.309 -2.365 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 37 H 0 -1.675 -1.750 -3.983 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 38 H 0 -4.262 1.397 -1.900 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 39 H 0 -5.231 -0.084 -2.113 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 40 H 0 -6.794 1.753 -1.546 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 41 H 0 -7.879 0.227 0.067 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 42 H 0 -6.649 0.610 2.481 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 43 H 0 -4.895 2.330 2.145 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 44 H 0 -3.293 0.505 1.653 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 45 H 0 -3.077 1.757 0.404 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 46 H 0 -3.733 2.527 -0.859 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 47 H 0 -4.936 3.703 -1.441 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 48 H 0 -4.770 4.935 0.705 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 49 H 0 -3.567 3.759 1.287 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 50 H 0 -2.065 4.367 -0.590 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 51 H 0 -3.267 5.543 -1.172 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 52 H 0 -3.101 6.775 0.974 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 53 H 0 -1.898 5.598 1.556 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 54 H 0 -1.513 6.659 0.179 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 55 H 0 -6.308 4.051 1.263 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 56 H 0 -7.068 3.879 -0.337 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 57 H 0 -7.487 2.749 0.973 0.00 0.00 H+0
CONECT 2 1 22 3 16 NONE 62
CONECT 3 2 4 0 0 NONE 63
CONECT 4 3 5 15 0 NONE 64
CONECT 5 4 6 12 14 NONE 65
CONECT 6 5 11 7 0 NONE 66
CONECT 7 6 8 30 0 NONE 67
CONECT 8 7 9 31 0 NONE 68
CONECT 9 8 10 32 0 NONE 69
CONECT 10 9 11 33 0 NONE 70
CONECT 11 10 6 34 0 NONE 71
CONECT 12 5 13 35 36 NONE 72
CONECT 13 12 37 0 0 NONE 73
CONECT 15 4 0 0 0 NONE 74
CONECT 16 2 17 38 39 NONE 75
CONECT 17 16 23 18 40 NONE 76
CONECT 18 17 20 19 41 NONE 77
CONECT 19 18 20 0 0 NONE 78
CONECT 20 19 18 21 42 NONE 79
CONECT 21 20 22 23 43 NONE 80
CONECT 22 21 2 44 45 NONE 81
CONECT 23 21 17 24 28 NONE 82
CONECT 24 23 25 46 47 NONE 83
CONECT 25 24 26 48 49 NONE 84
CONECT 26 25 27 50 51 NONE 85
CONECT 27 26 52 53 54 NONE 86
CONECT 28 23 55 56 57 NONE 87
END NONE 88</inlineContents>
</jmolApplet>
</jmol>

Above: 3D structure of Hyoscine-N-Butylbromide

This derivative is used to treat bowel diseases. Like Hycocine, this drug can relax the muscle lining of the gastrointestinal and urinary tracts, to reduce spasms and involuntary movements.

==History of Hycocine==

Before the discovery of the various anesthetic agents people underwent severe pain and agony. Patients were strapped down or were given alcohol and other sedative drugs to ameliorate the pain of surgery.

Despite hycocine's high toxicity, at suitable doses this substance has beneficial medicinal effects, which were recognized in folk medicine throughout the world, and later on in scientific medicine.

Hycocine is a popular poison used in classic literature, due to it's presence in a number of plants. Its toxic properties, regardless of whether it is administered internally or externally, makes it a highly useful drug for
physicians and poisoners alike!

Hyoscine in the form of nightshade was also used by practitioners of witchcraft in the concocting of flying potions – large amounts
of it caused hallucination and a sensation of floating.

Scopolamine was first isolated by Albert Ladenburg, in the late 1800's. He isolated it as a racemic mixture with Hyoscine.

[[Image:Racemic_mixture.GIF]]

<jmol>
<jmolApplet>
<size>400</size>
<color>black</color>
<script>zoom 80; cpk off;frame 1; move 10 -20 10 0 0 0 0 0 3; delay 1;</script>
<inlineContents>ATOM 1 C 0 3.453 2.304 0.685 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 2 N 0 2.834 1.011 0.364 0.00 0.00 N+0
ATOM 3 C 0 3.140 0.731 -1.050 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 4 C 0 4.049 -0.415 -0.670 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 5 C 0 3.779 -0.036 0.796 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 6 C 0 3.013 -1.211 1.448 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 7 C 0 1.803 -1.504 0.547 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 8 O 0 0.905 -0.362 0.569 0.00 0.00 O+0
ATOM 9 C 0 -0.415 -0.542 0.402 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 10 C 0 -1.346 0.642 0.425 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 11 H 0 -1.269 1.147 1.388 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 12 C 0 -2.762 0.172 0.217 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 13 C 0 -3.720 0.412 1.184 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 14 C 0 -5.019 -0.020 0.993 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 15 C 0 -5.361 -0.691 -0.166 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 16 C 0 -4.404 -0.930 -1.134 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 17 C 0 -3.105 -0.495 -0.945 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 18 C 0 -0.962 1.615 -0.693 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 19 O 0 -1.769 2.790 -0.599 0.00 0.00 O+0
ATOM 20 O 0 -0.856 -1.654 0.234 0.00 0.00 O+0
ATOM 21 C 0 2.236 -1.777 -0.892 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 22 O 0 2.879 -0.629 -1.443 0.00 0.00 O+0
ATOM 23 H 0 3.037 3.076 0.039 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 24 H 0 3.253 2.554 1.727 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 25 H 0 4.530 2.240 0.527 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 26 H 0 3.229 1.522 -1.779 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 27 H 0 5.025 -0.717 -1.017 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 28 H 0 4.633 0.313 1.349 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 29 H 0 3.649 -2.091 1.502 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 30 H 0 2.669 -0.932 2.441 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 31 H 0 1.277 -2.379 0.934 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 32 H 0 -3.453 0.936 2.090 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 33 H 0 -5.767 0.167 1.750 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 34 H 0 -6.376 -1.029 -0.315 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 35 H 0 -4.671 -1.455 -2.039 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 36 H 0 -2.357 -0.682 -1.701 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 37 H 0 0.089 1.886 -0.593 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 38 H 0 -1.124 1.139 -1.660 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 39 H 0 -1.495 3.375 -1.319 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 40 H 0 2.928 -2.620 -0.907 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 41 H 0 1.358 -2.021 -1.492 0.00 0.00 H+0
CONECT 1 2 23 24 25 NONE 46
CONECT 2 1 5 3 0 NONE 47
CONECT 3 2 22 4 26 NONE 48
CONECT 4 3 22 5 27 NONE 49
CONECT 5 4 2 6 28 NONE 50
CONECT 6 5 7 29 30 NONE 51
CONECT 7 6 8 21 31 NONE 52
CONECT 8 7 9 0 0 NONE 53
CONECT 9 8 10 20 0 NONE 54
CONECT 10 9 11 12 18 NONE 55
CONECT 12 10 17 13 0 NONE 56
CONECT 13 12 14 32 0 NONE 57
CONECT 14 13 15 33 0 NONE 58
CONECT 15 14 16 34 0 NONE 59
CONECT 16 15 17 35 0 NONE 60
CONECT 17 16 12 36 0 NONE 61
CONECT 18 10 19 37 38 NONE 62
CONECT 19 18 39 0 0 NONE 63
CONECT 20 9 0 0 0 NONE 64
CONECT 21 7 22 40 41 NONE 65
CONECT 22 21 3 4 0 NONE 66
END NONE 67
</inlineContents>
</jmolApplet>
</jmol>

Above: 3d structure of (+)-scopolamine

<jmol>
<jmolApplet>
<size>400</size>
<color>black</color>
<script>zoom 80; cpk off;frame 1; move 10 -20 10 0 0 0 0 0 3; delay 1;</script>
<inlineContents>ATOM 1 C 0 3.447 2.197 -0.621 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 2 N 0 2.783 0.921 -0.328 0.00 0.00 N+0
ATOM 3 C 0 3.100 0.010 -1.442 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 4 C 0 3.959 -0.855 -0.548 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 5 C 0 3.680 0.167 0.568 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 6 C 0 2.859 -0.552 1.664 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 7 C 0 1.653 -1.195 0.963 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 8 O 0 0.800 -0.148 0.426 0.00 0.00 O+0
ATOM 9 C 0 -0.523 -0.349 0.320 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 10 C 0 -1.408 0.736 -0.237 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 11 H 0 -1.095 0.974 -1.254 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 12 C 0 -2.838 0.261 -0.249 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 13 C 0 -3.531 0.187 -1.443 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 14 C 0 -4.843 -0.248 -1.454 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 15 C 0 -5.462 -0.610 -0.272 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 16 C 0 -4.768 -0.537 0.922 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 17 C 0 -3.455 -0.106 0.932 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 18 C 0 -1.293 1.986 0.638 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 19 O 0 0.037 2.504 0.557 0.00 0.00 O+0
ATOM 20 O 0 -1.004 -1.401 0.671 0.00 0.00 O+0
ATOM 21 C 0 2.097 -2.115 -0.173 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 22 O 0 2.793 -1.370 -1.171 0.00 0.00 O+0
ATOM 23 H 0 3.071 2.594 -1.564 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 24 H 0 3.241 2.907 0.180 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 25 H 0 4.523 2.039 -0.697 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 26 H 0 3.232 0.370 -2.451 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 27 H 0 4.927 -1.309 -0.685 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 28 H 0 4.539 0.709 0.925 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 29 H 0 3.459 -1.324 2.139 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 30 H 0 2.511 0.164 2.405 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 31 H 0 1.087 -1.777 1.693 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 32 H 0 -3.048 0.470 -2.366 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 33 H 0 -5.385 -0.305 -2.386 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 34 H 0 -6.487 -0.950 -0.281 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 35 H 0 -5.251 -0.819 1.845 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 36 H 0 -2.913 -0.048 1.865 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 37 H 0 -1.998 2.740 0.288 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 38 H 0 -1.520 1.728 1.672 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 39 H 0 0.066 3.289 1.121 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 40 H 0 2.756 -2.887 0.225 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 41 H 0 1.220 -2.585 -0.620 0.00 0.00 H+0
CONECT 1 2 23 24 25 NONE 46
CONECT 2 1 5 3 0 NONE 47
CONECT 3 2 22 4 26 NONE 48
CONECT 4 3 22 5 27 NONE 49
CONECT 5 4 2 6 28 NONE 50
CONECT 6 5 7 29 30 NONE 51
CONECT 7 6 8 21 31 NONE 52
CONECT 8 7 9 0 0 NONE 53
CONECT 9 8 10 20 0 NONE 54
CONECT 10 9 11 12 18 NONE 55
CONECT 12 10 17 13 0 NONE 56
CONECT 13 12 14 32 0 NONE 57
CONECT 14 13 15 33 0 NONE 58
CONECT 15 14 16 34 0 NONE 59
CONECT 16 15 17 35 0 NONE 60
CONECT 17 16 12 36 0 NONE 61
CONECT 18 10 19 37 38 NONE 62
CONECT 19 18 39 0 0 NONE 63
CONECT 20 9 0 0 0 NONE 64
CONECT 21 7 22 40 41 NONE 65
CONECT 22 21 3 4 0 NONE 66
END NONE 67
</inlineContents>
</jmolApplet>
</jmol>

Above: 3d structure of (-)-scopolamine (the only difference in comparison to the other enantiomer, is the geometry of the CH<sub>2</sub>OH group near the phenyl ring)

This was discovered when Ladenburg was crystalising hyoscyamine from exctracts of the plant Hyoseyamus and found that an alkaloid still remained in the solution. This alkaloid had never previously been isolated and up to this day was considered to be a waste product by scientists.

[[Image:Hyoseyamus.jpg]] Hyoseyamus (Ref 3)

To completely isolate the molecule, further purification was required, by further recrystallisation. Ladenburg also found that hyoscine decomposed to a froth at 196 to 198<sup>o</sup>C

=Recent history=
In August 2006 a chemical company from Queensland, Australia was being investigated by the Australian Federal Police over fears that a 100-kilogram shipment of hyoscine was diverted to Iraq. Documents from 2002 showed that the federal police questioned the company, Alkaloids of Australia, about a shipment of hyoscine, that was sent to the Syrian pharmaceutical company Ibn Hayan in 2001. US and British military reports show that hyoscine can also be used an "incapacitating agent", causing severe symptoms such as impaired vision, temporary delirium and an abnormally rapid heartbeat. Reports by the US Army show that an injection of as little as 1.5 milligrams of scopolamine hydrobromide can cause a soldier to become delirious for two to four hours. (Ref 4)

==References==

1. http://www.prevent-motion-sickness-scopolamine.com/

2. Savary, B. J. and D. K. Dougall. "Scopolamine Radioimmunoassay for Tissue- cultures of Datura." Phytochemistry 29.5 (1990): 1567-69.

3. http://ag.msu.montana.edu/cipm/cipmpics.asp?type=thumb&flag=1&id=144

4. http://www.theage.com.au/news/investigations/probe-over-nerve-gas-suspicion/2006/08/20/1156012411533.html

5. E. Leete et. al. "Use of Carbon- 13 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance to establish that the biosynthesis of tropic acid involves an intramolecular rearrangement of phenylalanine." Journal of the American Chemical Society, 1975

*[http://www.plantcell.org/cgi/reprint/7/7/1059.pdf/ Alkaloid Synthesis]- Tropane and Nicotine Alkaloids

6. http://www.drugdelivery.ca/s3557-s-HYOSCINE.aspx

7. http://www.hopepharm.com/motion/index.html

8. http://www.linnea-worldwide.com/products/hyoscine.asp

It:Hycocine

2006-12-05T14:54:03Z

Tfm05: /* Effects of Hycocine */

== '''HYOSCINE''' ==

{| class="toccolours" border="1" style="float: right; clear: right; margin: 0 0 1em 1em; border-collapse: collapse;"
! {{chembox header}} colspan="3" |Structure of Hyoscine
|-
| align="center" colspan="3" bgcolor="#ffffff" | [[Image:hyoscine.gif|200px{{PAGENAME}}]]
|-
! {{chembox header}} colspan="3" |3D structure
|-
| align="center" colspan="3" bgcolor="#ffffff" | <jmol>
<jmolApplet>
<size>300</size>
<color>black</color>
<script>zoom 80; cpk on;frame 1; move 10 -20 10 0 0 0 0 0 3; delay 1;</script>
<inlineContents>hyoscine.pdb
title1
title2
ATOM 1 O 0 1.207 -1.433 0.214 0.00 0.00 O+0
ATOM 2 C 0 0.876 -0.299 0.465 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 3 C 0 1.906 0.801 0.481 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 4 H 0 1.934 1.258 1.470 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 5 C 0 1.538 1.860 -0.560 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 6 O 0 0.310 2.488 -0.187 0.00 0.00 O+0
ATOM 7 C 0 3.260 0.226 0.155 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 8 C 0 4.294 0.333 1.066 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 9 C 0 5.537 -0.195 0.767 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 10 C 0 5.745 -0.830 -0.443 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 11 C 0 4.710 -0.938 -1.354 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 12 C 0 3.467 -0.414 -1.053 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 13 O 0 -0.411 -0.017 0.723 0.00 0.00 O+0
ATOM 14 C 0 -1.401 -1.072 0.702 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 15 C 0 -2.545 -0.794 1.661 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 16 C 0 -3.763 -0.158 0.995 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 17 C 0 -3.374 1.193 0.361 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 18 O 0 -2.043 1.394 -0.100 0.00 0.00 O+0
ATOM 19 C 0 -2.916 0.830 -1.072 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 20 C 0 -3.097 -0.697 -1.157 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 21 C 0 -1.825 -1.419 -0.715 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 22 N 0 -4.153 -1.012 -0.158 0.00 0.00 N+0
ATOM 23 C 0 -5.413 -0.472 -0.683 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 24 H 0 2.328 2.610 -0.611 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 25 H 0 1.423 1.387 -1.535 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 26 H 0 0.114 3.146 -0.868 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 27 H 0 4.132 0.829 2.012 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 28 H 0 6.345 -0.111 1.479 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 29 H 0 6.715 -1.242 -0.677 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 30 H 0 4.873 -1.434 -2.299 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 31 H 0 2.659 -0.498 -1.764 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 32 H 0 -0.877 -1.978 1.099 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 33 H 0 -2.851 -1.736 2.139 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 34 H 0 -2.190 -0.131 2.463 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 35 H 0 -4.596 -0.043 1.701 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 36 H 0 -4.015 2.055 0.564 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 37 H 0 -3.213 1.426 -1.941 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 38 H 0 -3.406 -1.008 -2.165 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 39 H 0 -1.011 -1.164 -1.408 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 40 H 0 -1.985 -2.503 -0.790 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 41 H 0 -5.637 -0.940 -1.642 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 42 H 0 -6.219 -0.681 0.020 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 43 H 0 -5.319 0.606 -0.818 0.00 0.00 H+0
CONECT 1 2 0 0 0 NONE 48
CONECT 2 1 3 13 0 NONE 49
CONECT 3 2 4 5 7 NONE 50
CONECT 5 3 6 24 25 NONE 51
CONECT 6 5 26 0 0 NONE 52
CONECT 7 3 12 8 0 NONE 53
CONECT 8 7 9 27 0 NONE 54
CONECT 9 8 10 28 0 NONE 55
CONECT 10 9 11 29 0 NONE 56
CONECT 11 10 12 30 0 NONE 57
CONECT 12 11 7 31 0 NONE 58
CONECT 13 2 14 0 0 NONE 59
CONECT 14 13 21 15 32 NONE 60
CONECT 15 14 16 33 34 NONE 61
CONECT 16 15 22 17 35 NONE 62
CONECT 17 16 18 19 36 NONE 63
CONECT 18 17 19 0 0 NONE 64
CONECT 19 17 18 20 37 NONE 65
CONECT 20 19 21 22 38 NONE 66
CONECT 21 20 14 39 40 NONE 67
CONECT 22 20 16 23 0 NONE 68
CONECT 23 22 41 42 43 NONE 69
M END</inlineContents>
</jmolApplet>
</jmol>
|}

Hyoscine is a drug that is more commonly known as Scopolamine. It is a '''tropane alkaloid drug''' which means that it contains a '''tropane''' group; containing the chemical formula C<sub>8</sub>H<sub>15</sub>N (as drawn below).

<jmol>
<jmolApplet>
<size>200</size>
<color>white</color>
<script>zoom 150; cpk off;frame 1; move 10 -20 10 0 0 0 0 0 3; delay 1;</script>
<inlineContents>water.mol
title1
title2
27 28 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0999 V2000
2.1160 0.8000 -0.9900 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1
0.7240 0.3840 -0.7690 N 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2
0.2550 1.0950 0.4350 C 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 3
0.3930 0.1090 1.5790 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4
1.3010 -1.0180 0.9950 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5
0.7540 -1.0820 -0.4900 C 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 6
-0.6900 -1.5800 -0.1550 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 7
-1.7130 -0.7250 -0.8310 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 8
-2.0800 0.3870 0.1310 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 9
-1.1790 1.5800 0.0800 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 10
2.7170 0.5320 -0.1220 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 11
2.5090 0.2980 -1.8740 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 12
2.1530 1.8790 -1.1380 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 13
0.8920 1.9610 0.6190 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 14
0.8730 0.5820 2.4360 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 15
-0.5820 -0.2910 1.8590 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 16
2.3520 -0.7300 1.0170 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 17
1.1420 -1.9630 1.5150 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 18
1.3230 -1.6860 -1.1970 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 19
-0.8020 -2.6100 -0.4940 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 20
-0.8430 -1.5380 0.9230 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 21
-1.2970 -0.3020 -1.7450 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 22
-2.5960 -1.3190 -1.0650 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 23
-3.0970 0.7120 -0.0900 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 24
-2.0640 -0.0150 1.1450 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 25
-1.5080 2.3240 0.8050 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 26
-1.1880 2.0080 -0.9220 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 27
2 1 1 0 0 0
2 6 1 0 0 0
2 3 1 0 0 0
1 11 1 0 0 0
1 13 1 0 0 0
1 12 1 0 0 0
3 4 1 0 0 0
3 10 1 0 0 0
3 14 1 0 0 0
4 5 1 0 0 0
4 15 1 0 0 0
4 16 1 0 0 0
5 17 1 0 0 0
5 18 1 0 0 0
5 6 1 0 0 0
6 19 1 0 0 0
6 7 1 0 0 0
7 8 1 0 0 0
7 20 1 0 0 0
7 21 1 0 0 0
8 22 1 0 0 0
8 23 1 0 0 0
8 9 1 0 0 0
9 10 1 0 0 0
9 25 1 0 0 0
9 24 1 0 0 0
10 26 1 0 0 0
10 27 1 0 0 0
M END</inlineContents>
</jmolApplet>
</jmol>

'''Alkaloid''' means that it is an amine that naturally occurs in a plant. In the case of hyoscine comes from plants in the nightshade family or jimson weed. Jimson weed comes from the Datura family which was investigated by Savary in 1989 to find out about the yields of scopolamine in tissue cultures of Datura. They studied the accumulation of scopolamine in cell and tissue cultures of Datura as a way of seeing on a biochemical level how the natural products scopolamine and hyoscyamine accumulate in plants of the Datura family. (Ref 2)

[[Image:Datura.jpg|thumb|''Datura wrightii'' ]] ''Datura wrightii''

Scopolamine can be isolated from plants by extraction:

[[Image:Biosynthesis_of_alkaloids2.GIF]] [http://www.plantcell.org/cgi/reprint/7/7/1059.pdf]

==Physical properties of Hycocine==

{| border="1"

|-
! Formula
| C1<sub>7</sub>H<sub>21</sub>NO<sub>4</sub>
|-
! Molecular weight
| 303.35
|-
! Melting point
| 59<sup>o</sup>C
|-
! Appearance
| white, amophous, semi-solid
|}

==Chemical Properties of Hycocine==

It is a drug that acts on the autonomic nervous system and prevents muscle spasms.
It is an alkaloid, obtained from various plants of the nightshade family (such as belladonna). [http://www.tiscali.co.uk/reference/encyclopaedia/hutchinson/m0014386.html]

The depressive action hycocine on the central nervous system makes it suitable for use in very tiny amounts in the treatment of
anxiety-related problems and travel-sickness (in the form of hyoscine hydrobromide, which is a type of anticholinergic drug).

In larger doses, it breaks down a person’s ability to discriminate and make reasoned judgement, making it a potential 'truth drug'.

==Effects of Hycocine==

It is frequently included in premedication to dry up lung secretions and as a postoperative sedative. It is also used to
treat ulcers, to relax the womb in labour, for travel sickness, and to dilate the pupils before an eye examination.

Hycocine produces sedation. With higher doses it produces agitation and disorientation similar to that of atropine. Hycocine also has a significant anti-emetic effect, and that is why it is used for the treatment of motion sickness (Rang et al., 1995)

Hycocine induced a moderate bradycardia and a marked decrease in salivation when administered via injection. These
effects were maximal at 1 to 2 hours after administration of hycocine but were no longer present at 4 hours.

Consistent behavioral effects of hycocine in various experiments were a decrease in spontaneous speech and movement and a significant
decrease in energy.

When administered medically, hycocine may cause the muscles in the eye to become relaxed, widening the pupil. Pupils may remain wide and not respond to light. They'll also be more sensitive.

Fatal doses of hycocine causes the heart to cease functioning, which results in death.

There are side effects that are known to have affected patients (ref 6). The drug Hycocine affects the autonomic nervous system so this could be the cause of those side effects:

* Dizziness
* Blurred vision
* Dry mouth
* Vomiting
* Irritation of the skin
* Problems in urinating

{| class="toccolours" border="1" style="float: right; clear: right; margin: 0 0 1em 1em; border-collapse: collapse;"
! {{chembox header}}| '''(+)-scopolamine'''
|-
! CAS Registry Number
| 51-34-3, 138-12-5, 64069-63-2, 124917-17-5
|-
! Chemical Name
|3-hydroxy-2-phenyl-propionic acid 9-methyl-3-oxa-9-aza-tricyclo[3.3.1.02,4]non-7-yl ester
|-
! Molecular Formula
| C17H21NO4
|-
! Molecular Weight
| 303.36
|-
|}

==Synthesis==

In 1957 Fodor synthesised scopolamine via 2 steps. He found that the first work up step to produce 3α-acetoxytrop-6-ene, could be done in three different ways.

[[Image:Route1-2.gif]]

[[Image:route3.gif]]

This shows how the enantiomer of hyoscine is made:

[[image:Synthesis_Scopolamine.gif]] [http://www.ucalgary.ca/~bali/chem353/project/00final/00final.htm#chemistry]

==NMR Spectrum==

'''C-NMR'''

[[Image:Hyoscine_NMR.GIF]]

{| border="1"
|+ '''Chemical Shifts of Scopolamine'''
|-
! '''Carbon atom'''
| '''Scopolamine δ<sub>c</sub> from Me<sub>4</sub>Si'''
|-
! 1
| 171.3
|-
! 2
| 54.1
|-
! 3
| 63.5
|-
! 4
| 135.5
|-
! 5,9
| 128.5
|-
! 6,8
| 127.7
|-
! 7
| 127.5
|-
! 1',5'
| 57.3, 57.4
|-
! 2',4'
| 30.3, 30.4
|-
! 3'
| 66.4
|-
! 6', 7'
| 55.6, 56.0
|-
! 9'
| 41.6
|-
|}

'''H-NMR'''

[[image:H-NMR_Scopolamine.gif]] [http://www.ucalgary.ca/~bali/chem353/project/00final/00final.htm#chemistry]

==Uses of Hycocine==

Scopolamine is the main ingredient in skin patches marketed as "Tranderm Scop" [[1]], which are skin patches that can prevent nausea and vomitting caused by motion sickness.

The drug scopolamine is sold under the brand name of Scopace®. It is marketed to help prevent nausea and vomiting often caused by motion sickness. For this purpose it is sold over the counter but some doctors may use it to help ease the symptoms of irritable bowel, intestinal problems, parkinsonism, spastic muscle states, divertisulitis, to name a few.
[[Image:Scopace.GIF|thumb|Description]]

==Hyoscine derivative: '''Hyoscine-N-Butylbromide'''==

There is a derivative of Hyoscine called: '''Hyoscine-N-Butylbromide'''. This compound derivative can be obtained from the leaves of the Duboisia tree in Australia (ref 8).

[[Image:vlrawleaves.gif]]
Raw Duboisia leaves

[[Image:vlduboisiatree.jpg]]
Duboisia tree shrubs

The structure of this derivative:
[[Image:vlhyoscinederivative.gif]]

<jmol>
<jmolApplet>
<size>400</size>
<color>black</color>
<script>zoom 80; cpk on;frame 1; move 10 -20 10 0 0 0 0 0 3; delay 1;</script>
<inlineContents>ATOM 1 H 0 -4.700 -0.815 0.156 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 2 C 0 -4.102 -0.014 -0.277 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 3 O 0 -2.875 -0.567 -0.821 0.00 0.00 O+0
ATOM 4 C 0 -2.330 -1.663 -0.270 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 5 C 0 -1.057 -2.238 -0.834 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 6 C 0 -0.660 -3.456 -0.041 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 7 C 0 0.556 -3.488 0.614 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 8 C 0 0.920 -4.606 1.342 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 9 C 0 0.067 -5.691 1.414 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 10 C 0 -1.150 -5.659 0.760 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 11 C 0 -1.511 -4.544 0.026 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 12 C 0 -1.279 -2.631 -2.296 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 13 O 0 -1.541 -1.459 -3.070 0.00 0.00 O+0
ATOM 14 H 0 -0.264 -1.492 -0.775 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 15 O 0 -2.862 -2.189 0.680 0.00 0.00 O+0
ATOM 16 C 0 -4.895 0.666 -1.397 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 17 C 0 -6.113 1.375 -0.784 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 18 C 0 -6.805 0.381 0.177 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 19 O 0 -5.999 -0.624 0.795 0.00 0.00 O+0
ATOM 20 C 0 -6.106 0.593 1.536 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 21 C 0 -5.055 1.696 1.272 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 22 C 0 -3.761 1.011 0.809 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 23 N 0 -5.597 2.447 0.108 0.00 0.00 N+1
ATOM 24 C 0 -4.531 3.206 -0.559 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 25 C 0 -3.972 4.255 0.405 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 26 C 0 -2.862 5.046 -0.290 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 27 C 0 -2.303 6.095 0.674 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 28 C 0 -6.685 3.339 0.529 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 29 Br 0 14.489 1.142 0.058 0.00 0.00 Br-1
ATOM 30 H 0 1.223 -2.641 0.558 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 31 H 0 1.871 -4.631 1.853 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 32 H 0 0.351 -6.565 1.982 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 33 H 0 -1.816 -6.507 0.816 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 34 H 0 -2.462 -4.519 -0.485 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 35 H 0 -0.387 -3.127 -2.679 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 36 H 0 -2.130 -3.309 -2.365 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 37 H 0 -1.675 -1.750 -3.983 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 38 H 0 -4.262 1.397 -1.900 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 39 H 0 -5.231 -0.084 -2.113 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 40 H 0 -6.794 1.753 -1.546 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 41 H 0 -7.879 0.227 0.067 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 42 H 0 -6.649 0.610 2.481 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 43 H 0 -4.895 2.330 2.145 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 44 H 0 -3.293 0.505 1.653 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 45 H 0 -3.077 1.757 0.404 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 46 H 0 -3.733 2.527 -0.859 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 47 H 0 -4.936 3.703 -1.441 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 48 H 0 -4.770 4.935 0.705 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 49 H 0 -3.567 3.759 1.287 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 50 H 0 -2.065 4.367 -0.590 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 51 H 0 -3.267 5.543 -1.172 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 52 H 0 -3.101 6.775 0.974 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 53 H 0 -1.898 5.598 1.556 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 54 H 0 -1.513 6.659 0.179 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 55 H 0 -6.308 4.051 1.263 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 56 H 0 -7.068 3.879 -0.337 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 57 H 0 -7.487 2.749 0.973 0.00 0.00 H+0
CONECT 2 1 22 3 16 NONE 62
CONECT 3 2 4 0 0 NONE 63
CONECT 4 3 5 15 0 NONE 64
CONECT 5 4 6 12 14 NONE 65
CONECT 6 5 11 7 0 NONE 66
CONECT 7 6 8 30 0 NONE 67
CONECT 8 7 9 31 0 NONE 68
CONECT 9 8 10 32 0 NONE 69
CONECT 10 9 11 33 0 NONE 70
CONECT 11 10 6 34 0 NONE 71
CONECT 12 5 13 35 36 NONE 72
CONECT 13 12 37 0 0 NONE 73
CONECT 15 4 0 0 0 NONE 74
CONECT 16 2 17 38 39 NONE 75
CONECT 17 16 23 18 40 NONE 76
CONECT 18 17 20 19 41 NONE 77
CONECT 19 18 20 0 0 NONE 78
CONECT 20 19 18 21 42 NONE 79
CONECT 21 20 22 23 43 NONE 80
CONECT 22 21 2 44 45 NONE 81
CONECT 23 21 17 24 28 NONE 82
CONECT 24 23 25 46 47 NONE 83
CONECT 25 24 26 48 49 NONE 84
CONECT 26 25 27 50 51 NONE 85
CONECT 27 26 52 53 54 NONE 86
CONECT 28 23 55 56 57 NONE 87
END NONE 88</inlineContents>
</jmolApplet>
</jmol>

Above: 3D structure of Hyoscine-N-Butylbromide

This derivative is used to treat bowel diseases. Like Hysocine, this drug can relax the muscle lining of the gastrointestinal and urinary tracts, to reduce spasms and involuntary movements.

==History of Hycocine==

Before the discovery of the various anesthetic agents people underwent severe pain and agony. Patients were strapped down or were given alcohol and other sedative drugs to ameliorate the pain of surgery.

Despite hycocine's high toxicity, at suitable doses this substance has beneficial medicinal effects, which were recognized in folk medicine throughout the world, and later on in scientific medicine.

Hycocine is a popular poison used in classic literature, due to it's presence in a number of plants. Its toxic properties, regardless of whether it is administered internally or externally, makes it a highly useful drug for
physicians and poisoners alike!

Hyoscine in the form of nightshade was also used by practitioners of witchcraft in the concocting of flying potions – large amounts
of it caused hallucination and a sensation of floating.

Scopolamine was first isolated by Albert Ladenburg, in the late 1800's. He isolated it as a racemic mixture with Hyoscine.

[[Image:Racemic_mixture.GIF]]

<jmol>
<jmolApplet>
<size>400</size>
<color>black</color>
<script>zoom 80; cpk off;frame 1; move 10 -20 10 0 0 0 0 0 3; delay 1;</script>
<inlineContents>ATOM 1 C 0 3.453 2.304 0.685 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 2 N 0 2.834 1.011 0.364 0.00 0.00 N+0
ATOM 3 C 0 3.140 0.731 -1.050 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 4 C 0 4.049 -0.415 -0.670 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 5 C 0 3.779 -0.036 0.796 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 6 C 0 3.013 -1.211 1.448 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 7 C 0 1.803 -1.504 0.547 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 8 O 0 0.905 -0.362 0.569 0.00 0.00 O+0
ATOM 9 C 0 -0.415 -0.542 0.402 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 10 C 0 -1.346 0.642 0.425 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 11 H 0 -1.269 1.147 1.388 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 12 C 0 -2.762 0.172 0.217 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 13 C 0 -3.720 0.412 1.184 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 14 C 0 -5.019 -0.020 0.993 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 15 C 0 -5.361 -0.691 -0.166 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 16 C 0 -4.404 -0.930 -1.134 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 17 C 0 -3.105 -0.495 -0.945 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 18 C 0 -0.962 1.615 -0.693 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 19 O 0 -1.769 2.790 -0.599 0.00 0.00 O+0
ATOM 20 O 0 -0.856 -1.654 0.234 0.00 0.00 O+0
ATOM 21 C 0 2.236 -1.777 -0.892 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 22 O 0 2.879 -0.629 -1.443 0.00 0.00 O+0
ATOM 23 H 0 3.037 3.076 0.039 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 24 H 0 3.253 2.554 1.727 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 25 H 0 4.530 2.240 0.527 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 26 H 0 3.229 1.522 -1.779 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 27 H 0 5.025 -0.717 -1.017 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 28 H 0 4.633 0.313 1.349 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 29 H 0 3.649 -2.091 1.502 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 30 H 0 2.669 -0.932 2.441 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 31 H 0 1.277 -2.379 0.934 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 32 H 0 -3.453 0.936 2.090 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 33 H 0 -5.767 0.167 1.750 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 34 H 0 -6.376 -1.029 -0.315 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 35 H 0 -4.671 -1.455 -2.039 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 36 H 0 -2.357 -0.682 -1.701 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 37 H 0 0.089 1.886 -0.593 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 38 H 0 -1.124 1.139 -1.660 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 39 H 0 -1.495 3.375 -1.319 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 40 H 0 2.928 -2.620 -0.907 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 41 H 0 1.358 -2.021 -1.492 0.00 0.00 H+0
CONECT 1 2 23 24 25 NONE 46
CONECT 2 1 5 3 0 NONE 47
CONECT 3 2 22 4 26 NONE 48
CONECT 4 3 22 5 27 NONE 49
CONECT 5 4 2 6 28 NONE 50
CONECT 6 5 7 29 30 NONE 51
CONECT 7 6 8 21 31 NONE 52
CONECT 8 7 9 0 0 NONE 53
CONECT 9 8 10 20 0 NONE 54
CONECT 10 9 11 12 18 NONE 55
CONECT 12 10 17 13 0 NONE 56
CONECT 13 12 14 32 0 NONE 57
CONECT 14 13 15 33 0 NONE 58
CONECT 15 14 16 34 0 NONE 59
CONECT 16 15 17 35 0 NONE 60
CONECT 17 16 12 36 0 NONE 61
CONECT 18 10 19 37 38 NONE 62
CONECT 19 18 39 0 0 NONE 63
CONECT 20 9 0 0 0 NONE 64
CONECT 21 7 22 40 41 NONE 65
CONECT 22 21 3 4 0 NONE 66
END NONE 67
</inlineContents>
</jmolApplet>
</jmol>

Above: 3d structure of (+)-scopolamine

<jmol>
<jmolApplet>
<size>400</size>
<color>black</color>
<script>zoom 80; cpk off;frame 1; move 10 -20 10 0 0 0 0 0 3; delay 1;</script>
<inlineContents>ATOM 1 C 0 3.447 2.197 -0.621 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 2 N 0 2.783 0.921 -0.328 0.00 0.00 N+0
ATOM 3 C 0 3.100 0.010 -1.442 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 4 C 0 3.959 -0.855 -0.548 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 5 C 0 3.680 0.167 0.568 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 6 C 0 2.859 -0.552 1.664 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 7 C 0 1.653 -1.195 0.963 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 8 O 0 0.800 -0.148 0.426 0.00 0.00 O+0
ATOM 9 C 0 -0.523 -0.349 0.320 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 10 C 0 -1.408 0.736 -0.237 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 11 H 0 -1.095 0.974 -1.254 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 12 C 0 -2.838 0.261 -0.249 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 13 C 0 -3.531 0.187 -1.443 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 14 C 0 -4.843 -0.248 -1.454 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 15 C 0 -5.462 -0.610 -0.272 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 16 C 0 -4.768 -0.537 0.922 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 17 C 0 -3.455 -0.106 0.932 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 18 C 0 -1.293 1.986 0.638 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 19 O 0 0.037 2.504 0.557 0.00 0.00 O+0
ATOM 20 O 0 -1.004 -1.401 0.671 0.00 0.00 O+0
ATOM 21 C 0 2.097 -2.115 -0.173 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 22 O 0 2.793 -1.370 -1.171 0.00 0.00 O+0
ATOM 23 H 0 3.071 2.594 -1.564 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 24 H 0 3.241 2.907 0.180 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 25 H 0 4.523 2.039 -0.697 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 26 H 0 3.232 0.370 -2.451 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 27 H 0 4.927 -1.309 -0.685 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 28 H 0 4.539 0.709 0.925 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 29 H 0 3.459 -1.324 2.139 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 30 H 0 2.511 0.164 2.405 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 31 H 0 1.087 -1.777 1.693 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 32 H 0 -3.048 0.470 -2.366 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 33 H 0 -5.385 -0.305 -2.386 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 34 H 0 -6.487 -0.950 -0.281 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 35 H 0 -5.251 -0.819 1.845 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 36 H 0 -2.913 -0.048 1.865 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 37 H 0 -1.998 2.740 0.288 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 38 H 0 -1.520 1.728 1.672 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 39 H 0 0.066 3.289 1.121 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 40 H 0 2.756 -2.887 0.225 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 41 H 0 1.220 -2.585 -0.620 0.00 0.00 H+0
CONECT 1 2 23 24 25 NONE 46
CONECT 2 1 5 3 0 NONE 47
CONECT 3 2 22 4 26 NONE 48
CONECT 4 3 22 5 27 NONE 49
CONECT 5 4 2 6 28 NONE 50
CONECT 6 5 7 29 30 NONE 51
CONECT 7 6 8 21 31 NONE 52
CONECT 8 7 9 0 0 NONE 53
CONECT 9 8 10 20 0 NONE 54
CONECT 10 9 11 12 18 NONE 55
CONECT 12 10 17 13 0 NONE 56
CONECT 13 12 14 32 0 NONE 57
CONECT 14 13 15 33 0 NONE 58
CONECT 15 14 16 34 0 NONE 59
CONECT 16 15 17 35 0 NONE 60
CONECT 17 16 12 36 0 NONE 61
CONECT 18 10 19 37 38 NONE 62
CONECT 19 18 39 0 0 NONE 63
CONECT 20 9 0 0 0 NONE 64
CONECT 21 7 22 40 41 NONE 65
CONECT 22 21 3 4 0 NONE 66
END NONE 67
</inlineContents>
</jmolApplet>
</jmol>

Above: 3d structure of (-)-scopolamine (the only difference in comparison to the other enantiomer, is the geometry of the CH<sub>2</sub>OH group near the phenyl ring)

This was discovered when Ladenburg was crystalising hyoscyamine from exctracts of the plant Hyoseyamus and found that an alkaloid still remained in the solution. This alkaloid had never previously been isolated and up to this day was considered to be a waste product by scientists.

[[Image:Hyoseyamus.jpg]] Hyoseyamus (Ref 3)

To completely isolate the molecule, further purification was required, by further recrystallisation. Ladenburg also found that hyoscine decomposed to a froth at 196 to 198<sup>o</sup>C

=Recent history=
In August 2006 a chemical company from Queensland, Australia was being investigated by the Australian Federal Police over fears that a 100-kilogram shipment of hyoscine was diverted to Iraq. Documents from 2002 showed that the federal police questioned the company, Alkaloids of Australia, about a shipment of hyoscine, that was sent to the Syrian pharmaceutical company Ibn Hayan in 2001. US and British military reports show that hyoscine can also be used an "incapacitating agent", causing severe symptoms such as impaired vision, temporary delirium and an abnormally rapid heartbeat. Reports by the US Army show that an injection of as little as 1.5 milligrams of scopolamine hydrobromide can cause a soldier to become delirious for two to four hours. (Ref 4)

==References==

1. http://www.prevent-motion-sickness-scopolamine.com/

2. Savary, B. J. and D. K. Dougall. "Scopolamine Radioimmunoassay for Tissue- cultures of Datura." Phytochemistry 29.5 (1990): 1567-69.

3. http://ag.msu.montana.edu/cipm/cipmpics.asp?type=thumb&flag=1&id=144

4. http://www.theage.com.au/news/investigations/probe-over-nerve-gas-suspicion/2006/08/20/1156012411533.html

5. E. Leete et. al. "Use of Carbon- 13 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance to establish that the biosynthesis of tropic acid involves an intramolecular rearrangement of phenylalanine." Journal of the American Chemical Society, 1975

*[http://www.plantcell.org/cgi/reprint/7/7/1059.pdf/ Alkaloid Synthesis]- Tropane and Nicotine Alkaloids

6. http://www.drugdelivery.ca/s3557-s-HYOSCINE.aspx

7. http://www.hopepharm.com/motion/index.html

8. http://www.linnea-worldwide.com/products/hyoscine.asp

It:Hycocine

2006-12-05T14:52:03Z

Tfm05: /* Chemical Properties of Hycocine */

== '''HYOSCINE''' ==

{| class="toccolours" border="1" style="float: right; clear: right; margin: 0 0 1em 1em; border-collapse: collapse;"
! {{chembox header}} colspan="3" |Structure of Hyoscine
|-
| align="center" colspan="3" bgcolor="#ffffff" | [[Image:hyoscine.gif|200px{{PAGENAME}}]]
|-
! {{chembox header}} colspan="3" |3D structure
|-
| align="center" colspan="3" bgcolor="#ffffff" | <jmol>
<jmolApplet>
<size>300</size>
<color>black</color>
<script>zoom 80; cpk on;frame 1; move 10 -20 10 0 0 0 0 0 3; delay 1;</script>
<inlineContents>hyoscine.pdb
title1
title2
ATOM 1 O 0 1.207 -1.433 0.214 0.00 0.00 O+0
ATOM 2 C 0 0.876 -0.299 0.465 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 3 C 0 1.906 0.801 0.481 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 4 H 0 1.934 1.258 1.470 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 5 C 0 1.538 1.860 -0.560 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 6 O 0 0.310 2.488 -0.187 0.00 0.00 O+0
ATOM 7 C 0 3.260 0.226 0.155 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 8 C 0 4.294 0.333 1.066 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 9 C 0 5.537 -0.195 0.767 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 10 C 0 5.745 -0.830 -0.443 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 11 C 0 4.710 -0.938 -1.354 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 12 C 0 3.467 -0.414 -1.053 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 13 O 0 -0.411 -0.017 0.723 0.00 0.00 O+0
ATOM 14 C 0 -1.401 -1.072 0.702 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 15 C 0 -2.545 -0.794 1.661 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 16 C 0 -3.763 -0.158 0.995 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 17 C 0 -3.374 1.193 0.361 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 18 O 0 -2.043 1.394 -0.100 0.00 0.00 O+0
ATOM 19 C 0 -2.916 0.830 -1.072 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 20 C 0 -3.097 -0.697 -1.157 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 21 C 0 -1.825 -1.419 -0.715 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 22 N 0 -4.153 -1.012 -0.158 0.00 0.00 N+0
ATOM 23 C 0 -5.413 -0.472 -0.683 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 24 H 0 2.328 2.610 -0.611 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 25 H 0 1.423 1.387 -1.535 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 26 H 0 0.114 3.146 -0.868 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 27 H 0 4.132 0.829 2.012 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 28 H 0 6.345 -0.111 1.479 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 29 H 0 6.715 -1.242 -0.677 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 30 H 0 4.873 -1.434 -2.299 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 31 H 0 2.659 -0.498 -1.764 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 32 H 0 -0.877 -1.978 1.099 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 33 H 0 -2.851 -1.736 2.139 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 34 H 0 -2.190 -0.131 2.463 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 35 H 0 -4.596 -0.043 1.701 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 36 H 0 -4.015 2.055 0.564 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 37 H 0 -3.213 1.426 -1.941 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 38 H 0 -3.406 -1.008 -2.165 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 39 H 0 -1.011 -1.164 -1.408 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 40 H 0 -1.985 -2.503 -0.790 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 41 H 0 -5.637 -0.940 -1.642 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 42 H 0 -6.219 -0.681 0.020 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 43 H 0 -5.319 0.606 -0.818 0.00 0.00 H+0
CONECT 1 2 0 0 0 NONE 48
CONECT 2 1 3 13 0 NONE 49
CONECT 3 2 4 5 7 NONE 50
CONECT 5 3 6 24 25 NONE 51
CONECT 6 5 26 0 0 NONE 52
CONECT 7 3 12 8 0 NONE 53
CONECT 8 7 9 27 0 NONE 54
CONECT 9 8 10 28 0 NONE 55
CONECT 10 9 11 29 0 NONE 56
CONECT 11 10 12 30 0 NONE 57
CONECT 12 11 7 31 0 NONE 58
CONECT 13 2 14 0 0 NONE 59
CONECT 14 13 21 15 32 NONE 60
CONECT 15 14 16 33 34 NONE 61
CONECT 16 15 22 17 35 NONE 62
CONECT 17 16 18 19 36 NONE 63
CONECT 18 17 19 0 0 NONE 64
CONECT 19 17 18 20 37 NONE 65
CONECT 20 19 21 22 38 NONE 66
CONECT 21 20 14 39 40 NONE 67
CONECT 22 20 16 23 0 NONE 68
CONECT 23 22 41 42 43 NONE 69
M END</inlineContents>
</jmolApplet>
</jmol>
|}

Hyoscine is a drug that is more commonly known as Scopolamine. It is a '''tropane alkaloid drug''' which means that it contains a '''tropane''' group; containing the chemical formula C<sub>8</sub>H<sub>15</sub>N (as drawn below).

<jmol>
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<inlineContents>water.mol
title1
title2
27 28 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0999 V2000
2.1160 0.8000 -0.9900 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1
0.7240 0.3840 -0.7690 N 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2
0.2550 1.0950 0.4350 C 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 3
0.3930 0.1090 1.5790 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4
1.3010 -1.0180 0.9950 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5
0.7540 -1.0820 -0.4900 C 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 6
-0.6900 -1.5800 -0.1550 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 7
-1.7130 -0.7250 -0.8310 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 8
-2.0800 0.3870 0.1310 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 9
-1.1790 1.5800 0.0800 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 10
2.7170 0.5320 -0.1220 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 11
2.5090 0.2980 -1.8740 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 12
2.1530 1.8790 -1.1380 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 13
0.8920 1.9610 0.6190 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 14
0.8730 0.5820 2.4360 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 15
-0.5820 -0.2910 1.8590 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 16
2.3520 -0.7300 1.0170 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 17
1.1420 -1.9630 1.5150 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 18
1.3230 -1.6860 -1.1970 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 19
-0.8020 -2.6100 -0.4940 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 20
-0.8430 -1.5380 0.9230 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 21
-1.2970 -0.3020 -1.7450 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 22
-2.5960 -1.3190 -1.0650 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 23
-3.0970 0.7120 -0.0900 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 24
-2.0640 -0.0150 1.1450 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 25
-1.5080 2.3240 0.8050 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 26
-1.1880 2.0080 -0.9220 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 27
2 1 1 0 0 0
2 6 1 0 0 0
2 3 1 0 0 0
1 11 1 0 0 0
1 13 1 0 0 0
1 12 1 0 0 0
3 4 1 0 0 0
3 10 1 0 0 0
3 14 1 0 0 0
4 5 1 0 0 0
4 15 1 0 0 0
4 16 1 0 0 0
5 17 1 0 0 0
5 18 1 0 0 0
5 6 1 0 0 0
6 19 1 0 0 0
6 7 1 0 0 0
7 8 1 0 0 0
7 20 1 0 0 0
7 21 1 0 0 0
8 22 1 0 0 0
8 23 1 0 0 0
8 9 1 0 0 0
9 10 1 0 0 0
9 25 1 0 0 0
9 24 1 0 0 0
10 26 1 0 0 0
10 27 1 0 0 0
M END</inlineContents>
</jmolApplet>
</jmol>

'''Alkaloid''' means that it is an amine that naturally occurs in a plant. In the case of hyoscine comes from plants in the nightshade family or jimson weed. Jimson weed comes from the Datura family which was investigated by Savary in 1989 to find out about the yields of scopolamine in tissue cultures of Datura. They studied the accumulation of scopolamine in cell and tissue cultures of Datura as a way of seeing on a biochemical level how the natural products scopolamine and hyoscyamine accumulate in plants of the Datura family. (Ref 2)

[[Image:Datura.jpg|thumb|''Datura wrightii'' ]] ''Datura wrightii''

Scopolamine can be isolated from plants by extraction:

[[Image:Biosynthesis_of_alkaloids2.GIF]] [http://www.plantcell.org/cgi/reprint/7/7/1059.pdf]

==Physical properties of Hycocine==

{| border="1"

|-
! Formula
| C1<sub>7</sub>H<sub>21</sub>NO<sub>4</sub>
|-
! Molecular weight
| 303.35
|-
! Melting point
| 59<sup>o</sup>C
|-
! Appearance
| white, amophous, semi-solid
|}

==Chemical Properties of Hycocine==

It is a drug that acts on the autonomic nervous system and prevents muscle spasms.
It is an alkaloid, obtained from various plants of the nightshade family (such as belladonna). [http://www.tiscali.co.uk/reference/encyclopaedia/hutchinson/m0014386.html]

The depressive action hycocine on the central nervous system makes it suitable for use in very tiny amounts in the treatment of
anxiety-related problems and travel-sickness (in the form of hyoscine hydrobromide, which is a type of anticholinergic drug).

In larger doses, it breaks down a person’s ability to discriminate and make reasoned judgement, making it a potential 'truth drug'.

==Effects of Hycocine==

It is frequently included in premedication to dry up lung secretions and as a postoperative sedative. It is also used to
treat ulcers, to relax the womb in labour, for travel sickness, and to dilate the pupils before an eye examination.

Hyoscine produces sedation. With higher doses it produces agitation and disorientation similar to that of atropine. Hyoscine also has a significant anti-emetic effect, and that is why it is used for the treatment of motion sickness (Rang et al., 1995)

Hyoscine induced a moderate bradycardia and a marked decrease in salivation when administered via injection. These
effects were maximal at 1 to 2 hours after administration of hyoscine but were no longer present at 4 hours.

Consistent behavioral effects of hyoscine in various experiments were a decrease in spontaneous speech and movement and a significant
decrease in energy.

When administered medically, hyoscine may cause the muscles in the eye to become relaxed, widening the pupil. Pupils may remain wide and not respond to light. They'll also be more sensitive.

Fatal doses of hyoscine causes the heart to cease functioning, which results in death.

There are side effects that are known to have affected patients (ref 6). The drug Hyoscine affects the autonomic nervous system so this could be the cause of those side effects:

* Dizziness
* Blurred vision
* Dry mouth
* Vomiting
* Irritation of the skin
* Problems in urinating

{| class="toccolours" border="1" style="float: right; clear: right; margin: 0 0 1em 1em; border-collapse: collapse;"
! {{chembox header}}| '''(+)-scopolamine'''
|-
! CAS Registry Number
| 51-34-3, 138-12-5, 64069-63-2, 124917-17-5
|-
! Chemical Name
|3-hydroxy-2-phenyl-propionic acid 9-methyl-3-oxa-9-aza-tricyclo[3.3.1.02,4]non-7-yl ester
|-
! Molecular Formula
| C17H21NO4
|-
! Molecular Weight
| 303.36
|-
|}

==Synthesis==

In 1957 Fodor synthesised scopolamine via 2 steps. He found that the first work up step to produce 3α-acetoxytrop-6-ene, could be done in three different ways.

[[Image:Route1-2.gif]]

[[Image:route3.gif]]

This shows how the enantiomer of hyoscine is made:

[[image:Synthesis_Scopolamine.gif]] [http://www.ucalgary.ca/~bali/chem353/project/00final/00final.htm#chemistry]

==NMR Spectrum==

'''C-NMR'''

[[Image:Hyoscine_NMR.GIF]]

{| border="1"
|+ '''Chemical Shifts of Scopolamine'''
|-
! '''Carbon atom'''
| '''Scopolamine δ<sub>c</sub> from Me<sub>4</sub>Si'''
|-
! 1
| 171.3
|-
! 2
| 54.1
|-
! 3
| 63.5
|-
! 4
| 135.5
|-
! 5,9
| 128.5
|-
! 6,8
| 127.7
|-
! 7
| 127.5
|-
! 1',5'
| 57.3, 57.4
|-
! 2',4'
| 30.3, 30.4
|-
! 3'
| 66.4
|-
! 6', 7'
| 55.6, 56.0
|-
! 9'
| 41.6
|-
|}

'''H-NMR'''

[[image:H-NMR_Scopolamine.gif]] [http://www.ucalgary.ca/~bali/chem353/project/00final/00final.htm#chemistry]

==Uses of Hycocine==

Scopolamine is the main ingredient in skin patches marketed as "Tranderm Scop" [[1]], which are skin patches that can prevent nausea and vomitting caused by motion sickness.

The drug scopolamine is sold under the brand name of Scopace®. It is marketed to help prevent nausea and vomiting often caused by motion sickness. For this purpose it is sold over the counter but some doctors may use it to help ease the symptoms of irritable bowel, intestinal problems, parkinsonism, spastic muscle states, divertisulitis, to name a few.
[[Image:Scopace.GIF|thumb|Description]]

==Hyoscine derivative: '''Hyoscine-N-Butylbromide'''==

There is a derivative of Hyoscine called: '''Hyoscine-N-Butylbromide'''. This compound derivative can be obtained from the leaves of the Duboisia tree in Australia (ref 8).

[[Image:vlrawleaves.gif]]
Raw Duboisia leaves

[[Image:vlduboisiatree.jpg]]
Duboisia tree shrubs

The structure of this derivative:
[[Image:vlhyoscinederivative.gif]]

<jmol>
<jmolApplet>
<size>400</size>
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<script>zoom 80; cpk on;frame 1; move 10 -20 10 0 0 0 0 0 3; delay 1;</script>
<inlineContents>ATOM 1 H 0 -4.700 -0.815 0.156 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 2 C 0 -4.102 -0.014 -0.277 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 3 O 0 -2.875 -0.567 -0.821 0.00 0.00 O+0
ATOM 4 C 0 -2.330 -1.663 -0.270 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 5 C 0 -1.057 -2.238 -0.834 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 6 C 0 -0.660 -3.456 -0.041 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 7 C 0 0.556 -3.488 0.614 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 8 C 0 0.920 -4.606 1.342 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 9 C 0 0.067 -5.691 1.414 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 10 C 0 -1.150 -5.659 0.760 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 11 C 0 -1.511 -4.544 0.026 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 12 C 0 -1.279 -2.631 -2.296 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 13 O 0 -1.541 -1.459 -3.070 0.00 0.00 O+0
ATOM 14 H 0 -0.264 -1.492 -0.775 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 15 O 0 -2.862 -2.189 0.680 0.00 0.00 O+0
ATOM 16 C 0 -4.895 0.666 -1.397 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 17 C 0 -6.113 1.375 -0.784 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 18 C 0 -6.805 0.381 0.177 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 19 O 0 -5.999 -0.624 0.795 0.00 0.00 O+0
ATOM 20 C 0 -6.106 0.593 1.536 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 21 C 0 -5.055 1.696 1.272 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 22 C 0 -3.761 1.011 0.809 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 23 N 0 -5.597 2.447 0.108 0.00 0.00 N+1
ATOM 24 C 0 -4.531 3.206 -0.559 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 25 C 0 -3.972 4.255 0.405 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 26 C 0 -2.862 5.046 -0.290 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 27 C 0 -2.303 6.095 0.674 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 28 C 0 -6.685 3.339 0.529 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 29 Br 0 14.489 1.142 0.058 0.00 0.00 Br-1
ATOM 30 H 0 1.223 -2.641 0.558 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 31 H 0 1.871 -4.631 1.853 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 32 H 0 0.351 -6.565 1.982 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 33 H 0 -1.816 -6.507 0.816 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 34 H 0 -2.462 -4.519 -0.485 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 35 H 0 -0.387 -3.127 -2.679 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 36 H 0 -2.130 -3.309 -2.365 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 37 H 0 -1.675 -1.750 -3.983 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 38 H 0 -4.262 1.397 -1.900 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 39 H 0 -5.231 -0.084 -2.113 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 40 H 0 -6.794 1.753 -1.546 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 41 H 0 -7.879 0.227 0.067 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 42 H 0 -6.649 0.610 2.481 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 43 H 0 -4.895 2.330 2.145 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 44 H 0 -3.293 0.505 1.653 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 45 H 0 -3.077 1.757 0.404 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 46 H 0 -3.733 2.527 -0.859 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 47 H 0 -4.936 3.703 -1.441 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 48 H 0 -4.770 4.935 0.705 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 49 H 0 -3.567 3.759 1.287 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 50 H 0 -2.065 4.367 -0.590 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 51 H 0 -3.267 5.543 -1.172 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 52 H 0 -3.101 6.775 0.974 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 53 H 0 -1.898 5.598 1.556 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 54 H 0 -1.513 6.659 0.179 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 55 H 0 -6.308 4.051 1.263 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 56 H 0 -7.068 3.879 -0.337 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 57 H 0 -7.487 2.749 0.973 0.00 0.00 H+0
CONECT 2 1 22 3 16 NONE 62
CONECT 3 2 4 0 0 NONE 63
CONECT 4 3 5 15 0 NONE 64
CONECT 5 4 6 12 14 NONE 65
CONECT 6 5 11 7 0 NONE 66
CONECT 7 6 8 30 0 NONE 67
CONECT 8 7 9 31 0 NONE 68
CONECT 9 8 10 32 0 NONE 69
CONECT 10 9 11 33 0 NONE 70
CONECT 11 10 6 34 0 NONE 71
CONECT 12 5 13 35 36 NONE 72
CONECT 13 12 37 0 0 NONE 73
CONECT 15 4 0 0 0 NONE 74
CONECT 16 2 17 38 39 NONE 75
CONECT 17 16 23 18 40 NONE 76
CONECT 18 17 20 19 41 NONE 77
CONECT 19 18 20 0 0 NONE 78
CONECT 20 19 18 21 42 NONE 79
CONECT 21 20 22 23 43 NONE 80
CONECT 22 21 2 44 45 NONE 81
CONECT 23 21 17 24 28 NONE 82
CONECT 24 23 25 46 47 NONE 83
CONECT 25 24 26 48 49 NONE 84
CONECT 26 25 27 50 51 NONE 85
CONECT 27 26 52 53 54 NONE 86
CONECT 28 23 55 56 57 NONE 87
END NONE 88</inlineContents>
</jmolApplet>
</jmol>

Above: 3D structure of Hyoscine-N-Butylbromide

This derivative is used to treat bowel diseases. Like Hysocine, this drug can relax the muscle lining of the gastrointestinal and urinary tracts, to reduce spasms and involuntary movements.

==History of Hycocine==

Before the discovery of the various anesthetic agents people underwent severe pain and agony. Patients were strapped down or were given alcohol and other sedative drugs to ameliorate the pain of surgery.

Despite hycocine's high toxicity, at suitable doses this substance has beneficial medicinal effects, which were recognized in folk medicine throughout the world, and later on in scientific medicine.

Hycocine is a popular poison used in classic literature, due to it's presence in a number of plants. Its toxic properties, regardless of whether it is administered internally or externally, makes it a highly useful drug for
physicians and poisoners alike!

Hyoscine in the form of nightshade was also used by practitioners of witchcraft in the concocting of flying potions – large amounts
of it caused hallucination and a sensation of floating.

Scopolamine was first isolated by Albert Ladenburg, in the late 1800's. He isolated it as a racemic mixture with Hyoscine.

[[Image:Racemic_mixture.GIF]]

<jmol>
<jmolApplet>
<size>400</size>
<color>black</color>
<script>zoom 80; cpk off;frame 1; move 10 -20 10 0 0 0 0 0 3; delay 1;</script>
<inlineContents>ATOM 1 C 0 3.453 2.304 0.685 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 2 N 0 2.834 1.011 0.364 0.00 0.00 N+0
ATOM 3 C 0 3.140 0.731 -1.050 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 4 C 0 4.049 -0.415 -0.670 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 5 C 0 3.779 -0.036 0.796 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 6 C 0 3.013 -1.211 1.448 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 7 C 0 1.803 -1.504 0.547 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 8 O 0 0.905 -0.362 0.569 0.00 0.00 O+0
ATOM 9 C 0 -0.415 -0.542 0.402 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 10 C 0 -1.346 0.642 0.425 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 11 H 0 -1.269 1.147 1.388 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 12 C 0 -2.762 0.172 0.217 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 13 C 0 -3.720 0.412 1.184 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 14 C 0 -5.019 -0.020 0.993 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 15 C 0 -5.361 -0.691 -0.166 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 16 C 0 -4.404 -0.930 -1.134 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 17 C 0 -3.105 -0.495 -0.945 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 18 C 0 -0.962 1.615 -0.693 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 19 O 0 -1.769 2.790 -0.599 0.00 0.00 O+0
ATOM 20 O 0 -0.856 -1.654 0.234 0.00 0.00 O+0
ATOM 21 C 0 2.236 -1.777 -0.892 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 22 O 0 2.879 -0.629 -1.443 0.00 0.00 O+0
ATOM 23 H 0 3.037 3.076 0.039 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 24 H 0 3.253 2.554 1.727 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 25 H 0 4.530 2.240 0.527 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 26 H 0 3.229 1.522 -1.779 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 27 H 0 5.025 -0.717 -1.017 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 28 H 0 4.633 0.313 1.349 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 29 H 0 3.649 -2.091 1.502 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 30 H 0 2.669 -0.932 2.441 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 31 H 0 1.277 -2.379 0.934 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 32 H 0 -3.453 0.936 2.090 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 33 H 0 -5.767 0.167 1.750 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 34 H 0 -6.376 -1.029 -0.315 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 35 H 0 -4.671 -1.455 -2.039 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 36 H 0 -2.357 -0.682 -1.701 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 37 H 0 0.089 1.886 -0.593 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 38 H 0 -1.124 1.139 -1.660 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 39 H 0 -1.495 3.375 -1.319 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 40 H 0 2.928 -2.620 -0.907 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 41 H 0 1.358 -2.021 -1.492 0.00 0.00 H+0
CONECT 1 2 23 24 25 NONE 46
CONECT 2 1 5 3 0 NONE 47
CONECT 3 2 22 4 26 NONE 48
CONECT 4 3 22 5 27 NONE 49
CONECT 5 4 2 6 28 NONE 50
CONECT 6 5 7 29 30 NONE 51
CONECT 7 6 8 21 31 NONE 52
CONECT 8 7 9 0 0 NONE 53
CONECT 9 8 10 20 0 NONE 54
CONECT 10 9 11 12 18 NONE 55
CONECT 12 10 17 13 0 NONE 56
CONECT 13 12 14 32 0 NONE 57
CONECT 14 13 15 33 0 NONE 58
CONECT 15 14 16 34 0 NONE 59
CONECT 16 15 17 35 0 NONE 60
CONECT 17 16 12 36 0 NONE 61
CONECT 18 10 19 37 38 NONE 62
CONECT 19 18 39 0 0 NONE 63
CONECT 20 9 0 0 0 NONE 64
CONECT 21 7 22 40 41 NONE 65
CONECT 22 21 3 4 0 NONE 66
END NONE 67
</inlineContents>
</jmolApplet>
</jmol>

Above: 3d structure of (+)-scopolamine

<jmol>
<jmolApplet>
<size>400</size>
<color>black</color>
<script>zoom 80; cpk off;frame 1; move 10 -20 10 0 0 0 0 0 3; delay 1;</script>
<inlineContents>ATOM 1 C 0 3.447 2.197 -0.621 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 2 N 0 2.783 0.921 -0.328 0.00 0.00 N+0
ATOM 3 C 0 3.100 0.010 -1.442 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 4 C 0 3.959 -0.855 -0.548 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 5 C 0 3.680 0.167 0.568 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 6 C 0 2.859 -0.552 1.664 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 7 C 0 1.653 -1.195 0.963 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 8 O 0 0.800 -0.148 0.426 0.00 0.00 O+0
ATOM 9 C 0 -0.523 -0.349 0.320 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 10 C 0 -1.408 0.736 -0.237 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 11 H 0 -1.095 0.974 -1.254 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 12 C 0 -2.838 0.261 -0.249 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 13 C 0 -3.531 0.187 -1.443 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 14 C 0 -4.843 -0.248 -1.454 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 15 C 0 -5.462 -0.610 -0.272 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 16 C 0 -4.768 -0.537 0.922 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 17 C 0 -3.455 -0.106 0.932 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 18 C 0 -1.293 1.986 0.638 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 19 O 0 0.037 2.504 0.557 0.00 0.00 O+0
ATOM 20 O 0 -1.004 -1.401 0.671 0.00 0.00 O+0
ATOM 21 C 0 2.097 -2.115 -0.173 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 22 O 0 2.793 -1.370 -1.171 0.00 0.00 O+0
ATOM 23 H 0 3.071 2.594 -1.564 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 24 H 0 3.241 2.907 0.180 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 25 H 0 4.523 2.039 -0.697 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 26 H 0 3.232 0.370 -2.451 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 27 H 0 4.927 -1.309 -0.685 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 28 H 0 4.539 0.709 0.925 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 29 H 0 3.459 -1.324 2.139 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 30 H 0 2.511 0.164 2.405 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 31 H 0 1.087 -1.777 1.693 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 32 H 0 -3.048 0.470 -2.366 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 33 H 0 -5.385 -0.305 -2.386 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 34 H 0 -6.487 -0.950 -0.281 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 35 H 0 -5.251 -0.819 1.845 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 36 H 0 -2.913 -0.048 1.865 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 37 H 0 -1.998 2.740 0.288 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 38 H 0 -1.520 1.728 1.672 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 39 H 0 0.066 3.289 1.121 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 40 H 0 2.756 -2.887 0.225 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 41 H 0 1.220 -2.585 -0.620 0.00 0.00 H+0
CONECT 1 2 23 24 25 NONE 46
CONECT 2 1 5 3 0 NONE 47
CONECT 3 2 22 4 26 NONE 48
CONECT 4 3 22 5 27 NONE 49
CONECT 5 4 2 6 28 NONE 50
CONECT 6 5 7 29 30 NONE 51
CONECT 7 6 8 21 31 NONE 52
CONECT 8 7 9 0 0 NONE 53
CONECT 9 8 10 20 0 NONE 54
CONECT 10 9 11 12 18 NONE 55
CONECT 12 10 17 13 0 NONE 56
CONECT 13 12 14 32 0 NONE 57
CONECT 14 13 15 33 0 NONE 58
CONECT 15 14 16 34 0 NONE 59
CONECT 16 15 17 35 0 NONE 60
CONECT 17 16 12 36 0 NONE 61
CONECT 18 10 19 37 38 NONE 62
CONECT 19 18 39 0 0 NONE 63
CONECT 20 9 0 0 0 NONE 64
CONECT 21 7 22 40 41 NONE 65
CONECT 22 21 3 4 0 NONE 66
END NONE 67
</inlineContents>
</jmolApplet>
</jmol>

Above: 3d structure of (-)-scopolamine (the only difference in comparison to the other enantiomer, is the geometry of the CH<sub>2</sub>OH group near the phenyl ring)

This was discovered when Ladenburg was crystalising hyoscyamine from exctracts of the plant Hyoseyamus and found that an alkaloid still remained in the solution. This alkaloid had never previously been isolated and up to this day was considered to be a waste product by scientists.

[[Image:Hyoseyamus.jpg]] Hyoseyamus (Ref 3)

To completely isolate the molecule, further purification was required, by further recrystallisation. Ladenburg also found that hyoscine decomposed to a froth at 196 to 198<sup>o</sup>C

=Recent history=
In August 2006 a chemical company from Queensland, Australia was being investigated by the Australian Federal Police over fears that a 100-kilogram shipment of hyoscine was diverted to Iraq. Documents from 2002 showed that the federal police questioned the company, Alkaloids of Australia, about a shipment of hyoscine, that was sent to the Syrian pharmaceutical company Ibn Hayan in 2001. US and British military reports show that hyoscine can also be used an "incapacitating agent", causing severe symptoms such as impaired vision, temporary delirium and an abnormally rapid heartbeat. Reports by the US Army show that an injection of as little as 1.5 milligrams of scopolamine hydrobromide can cause a soldier to become delirious for two to four hours. (Ref 4)

==References==

1. http://www.prevent-motion-sickness-scopolamine.com/

2. Savary, B. J. and D. K. Dougall. "Scopolamine Radioimmunoassay for Tissue- cultures of Datura." Phytochemistry 29.5 (1990): 1567-69.

3. http://ag.msu.montana.edu/cipm/cipmpics.asp?type=thumb&flag=1&id=144

4. http://www.theage.com.au/news/investigations/probe-over-nerve-gas-suspicion/2006/08/20/1156012411533.html

5. E. Leete et. al. "Use of Carbon- 13 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance to establish that the biosynthesis of tropic acid involves an intramolecular rearrangement of phenylalanine." Journal of the American Chemical Society, 1975

*[http://www.plantcell.org/cgi/reprint/7/7/1059.pdf/ Alkaloid Synthesis]- Tropane and Nicotine Alkaloids

6. http://www.drugdelivery.ca/s3557-s-HYOSCINE.aspx

7. http://www.hopepharm.com/motion/index.html

8. http://www.linnea-worldwide.com/products/hyoscine.asp

It:Serotonin

2006-12-05T14:49:14Z

Tfm05: /* Images of Serotonin */

{| class="toccolours" border="1" style="float: right; clear: right; margin: 0 0 1em 1em; border-collapse: collapse;"
! {{chembox header}} colspan="3" |2D Structure
|-
| align="center" colspan="3" bgcolour="#ffffff" | [[image:Serotonin.gif]]
|-
! {{chembox header}} colspan="3" |3D structure <jmol>
<jmolApplet>
<size>310</size>
<color>white</color>
<script>zoom 80; cpk on;frame 1; move 10 -20 10 0 0 0 0 0 3; delay 1;</script>
<inlineContents>HEADER NONAME 24-Oct-06 NONE 1
TITLE NONE 2
AUTHOR WWW daemon apache NONE 3
REVDAT 1 24-Oct-06 0 NONE 4
ATOM 1 N 0 4.143 1.513 0.282 0.00 0.00 N+0
ATOM 2 C 0 2.960 0.702 0.600 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 3 C 0 2.369 0.133 -0.691 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 4 C 0 1.156 -0.699 -0.365 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 5 C 0 1.124 -2.029 -0.185 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 6 N 0 -0.152 -2.432 0.097 0.00 0.00 N+0
ATOM 7 C 0 -0.996 -1.341 0.105 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 8 C 0 -0.212 -0.209 -0.178 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 9 C 0 -0.805 1.055 -0.237 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 10 C 0 -2.162 1.182 -0.015 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 11 O 0 -2.745 2.409 -0.071 0.00 0.00 O+0
ATOM 12 C 0 -2.936 0.058 0.265 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 13 C 0 -2.361 -1.191 0.330 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 14 H 0 3.815 2.311 -0.241 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 15 H 0 4.497 1.865 1.159 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 16 H 0 3.247 -0.117 1.260 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 17 H 0 2.215 1.324 1.097 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 18 H 0 2.082 0.952 -1.351 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 19 H 0 3.113 -0.490 -1.188 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 20 H 0 1.980 -2.684 -0.252 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 21 H 0 -0.424 -3.347 0.266 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 22 H 0 -0.206 1.926 -0.454 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 23 H 0 -3.024 2.545 -0.987 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 24 H 0 -3.996 0.169 0.437 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 25 H 0 -2.971 -2.055 0.547 0.00 0.00 H+0
CONECT 1 2 14 15 0 NONE 30
CONECT 2 1 3 16 17 NONE 31
CONECT 3 2 4 18 19 NONE 32
CONECT 4 3 8 5 0 NONE 33
CONECT 5 4 6 20 0 NONE 34
CONECT 6 5 7 21 0 NONE 35
CONECT 7 6 13 8 0 NONE 36
CONECT 8 7 4 9 0 NONE 37
CONECT 9 8 10 22 0 NONE 38
CONECT 10 9 11 12 0 NONE 39
CONECT 11 10 23 0 0 NONE 40
CONECT 12 10 13 24 0 NONE 41
CONECT 13 12 7 25 0 NONE 42
END NONE 43
</inlineContents>
</jmolApplet>
</jmol>
|-
!{{chembox header}} colspan="3" | Properties
|-
|colspan="1"|IUPAC Systematic Name
|colspan="2"|5-Hydroxytryptamine/
3-(2-aminoethyl)-1H-indol-5-ol
|-
|colspan="1"|Chemical Name
|colspan="2"|3-(2-Amino-aethyl)-indol-5-ol
|-
|colspan="1"|Molecular formula
|colspan="2"|C<sub>10</sub>H<sub>12</sub>N<sub>2</sub>O
|-
|colspan="1"|Molecular Mass
|colspan="2"|176.2182 gmol<sup>-1</sup>
|-
|colspan="1"|Type of Substance
|colspan="2"|heterocyclic
|-
|colspan="1"|CAS Registry Number
|colspan="2"|50-67-9, 61-47-2
|-
|colspan="1"|SMILES String
|colspan="2"|NCCC1=CNC2=C1C=C(O)C=C2
|-
|}

==What is Serotonin==

*Serotonin is a hormone manufactured by the brain that is associated with opiate-specific receptors - so helps maintain a happy feeling.
*It is a neurotransmitter which means that it is a chemical messenger in the brain, which allows the brain to communicate with nerve cells.
*An effective way of increasing serotonin levels is vigorous exercise, as in the case of mild depression. This exercise increases the levels for many days after the exercise takes place.
*Your diet will also effect the levels of serotonin. Low levels of omega 3 and vitamin C in the diet will cause a reduction in the amount of serotonin in the body.

==What Does Serotonin Do==

Serotonin affects many basic psychological functions such as
anxiety mechanisms and the regulation of mood, thoughts, aggression,
appetite, sex drive and the sleep/wake cycle. Multiple observations suggest that serotonin, which is one of
the more abundant neurotransmitters, plays an important role in the regulation of mood and a key role
in the treatment of depression.

Due to this, lack of serotonin is often associated with depression. Restoring the normal or enhanced level of this neurotransmitter acts as mood enhancer. Prozac is a mood enhancing drug, which acts in the central nervous system by inhibiting the re-uptake mechanism of serotonin into the synapse. The synapse is a junction where a signal is transmitted from one nerve cell to another. Since serotonin is not degraded in the synaptic cleft, Prozac promotes a prolonged presence of serotonin keeping the post-synaptic membrane active.

In the central nervous system, serotonin is involved in fear and "flight" responses, an activity which is opposed by the aggression or "fight" stimulating hormone adrenaline (epinephrine) and neurotransmitter dopamine.

Light modulates the production of certain hormones and brain chemicals including serotonin. The amount of serotonin in your brain reflects the amount of light in your environment. More light = more serotonin = more energy, a better mood, and fewer carbohydrate cravings.

==Serotonin in our bodies==

Serotonin originates in neurons deep in the midline of the brainstem. Because these neurons profile diffusely throughout the brain, serotonin can affect various brain functions, such as depression. It also interacts with many other neurotransmitters, either directly through neurons that use both serotonin and another neurotransmitter, or by serotonin neurons influencing neurons that primarily use these other transmitters.

Serotonin can be found in three main areas of the body: the intestinal wall, blood vessels, and the central nervous system.

==Sources of Serotonin==

*It is manufactured in the human brain using the essential amino acid tryptophan which is found in pineapples, plums, turkey and milk.
*Bananas also contain tryptophan, which the body converts into serotonin, known to make you relax, improve your mood and generally make you feel happier.
*Tryptophan is also found in chocolate, again causing the release of serotonin; which is often why it is eaten as a comfort food.

==Synthesis of Serotonin==

Serotonin is synthesized from the amino acid precursor tryptophan, packaged into vesicles, and
released into the synapse following an action potential. Once in the synapse, serotonin can interact
with both the pre- and postsynaptic receptors.

[[Image:synthesisSerotonin.gif|thumb|synthesis of serotonin]]
[http://www.chm.bris.ac.uk/motm/serotonin/synthesis.htm 1]

'''Detail of Synthesis:'''
[[image:detail_of_serotonin_synthesis.GIF]] [http://www.neurosci.pharm.utoledo.edu/MBC3320/serotonin.htm]

==Images of Serotonin==
{| class="toccolours" border="3" style="fix: right; clear: left; margin: 0 0 1em 1em; border-collapse: collapse;"
|- align="center"
| bgcolor="lt blue"|'''Electron Density of Serotonin'''
| bgcolor="lt blue"|'''Electrostatic Potential of Serotonin'''
|-
|[[image:Electron_density_of_serotonin.GIF]]
|[[image:electrostatic_potential_of_serotonin.GIF]]
|-
| Electron density is the measure of the probability of an
electron being present at a specific location.
| Electrostatic potential is used to describe the potential energy
associated with a charge distribution.

It provides a visual method to understand the relative polarity of a molecule.
|-
|}[http://www.cmste.uncc.edu/new/Document%20Hold/Sawsun-%20Serotonin%20FINAL%20PAPER.doc]

==Serotonin: Interesting Thoughts==

*Studies show that there is a chemical hierarchy in humans associated with social "rank" that is linked with serotonin levels. Those in high office, higher positions on sports teams and those of higher rank in academic clubs have been found to have higher levels of serotonin than their lower ranking peers. [http://www.globalhypnosis.com/hypnosis_stories.html]

*Serotonergic activity gradually decreases as one becomes drowsy and enters slow-wave sleep. An overall slowing of serotonergic activity is observed during slow-wave sleep known as non-REM sleep. During REM sleep (Rapid Eye Movement-the original dream sleep), serotonergic activity falls completely silent. Serotonergic activity returns to its basic level several seconds prior to the end of REM sleep. [http://www.antidepressantsfacts.com/pinealstory.htm]

*The stimulant in the drug Ecstasy forces the brain to release serotonin, in abnormally large amounts. The neurons (brain cells) that store serotonin are deformed or destroyed. Scientists have found that these injured neurons can regrow, but they may grow back abnormally or in the wrong locations. When Ecstasy wears off, the overflow of serotonin reverses to a lack of serotonin. Without enough serotonin it is difficult to sleep, learn, remember, or feel happy. [http://www.intheknowzone.com/ecstasy/chemistry.htm]

*When UV light interacts with your skin, it triggers the formation of vitamin D. Vitamin D stimulates the production of feel-good brain chemicals such as serotonin and dopamine.

*The light that enters your eyes has an immediate effect on your mood, so bright light- especially blue light (around the wavelength 460 nm) shuts down the production of melatonin, the night-time sleep hormone, and stimulates the production of serotonin, its energising, daytime counterpart.

==References==
*[http://www.healthscout.com/ency/1/409/main.html/ Healthscout]- What does Serotonin do?
*[http://www.chm.bris.ac.uk/motm/serotonin/synthesis.htm/ University of Bristol: Chemistry]- Synthesis of Serotonin
*[http://www.neurosci.pharm.utoledo.edu/MBC3320/serotonin.htm/ MBC Serotonin]- Detail of Synthesis
*[http://www.cmste.uncc.edu/ CMSTE]- Images of Serotonin
*[http://www.angelfire.com/hi/TheSeer/seratonin.html/ Serotonin]- What does Serotonin do?
*[http://www.thebodyblues.com/light.html/The Body Blues]- What does Serotonin do?
*[Belstein (2006/03]- Properties

It:Serotonin

2006-12-05T14:49:00Z

Tfm05: /* Images of Serotonin */

{| class="toccolours" border="1" style="float: right; clear: right; margin: 0 0 1em 1em; border-collapse: collapse;"
! {{chembox header}} colspan="3" |2D Structure
|-
| align="center" colspan="3" bgcolour="#ffffff" | [[image:Serotonin.gif]]
|-
! {{chembox header}} colspan="3" |3D structure <jmol>
<jmolApplet>
<size>310</size>
<color>white</color>
<script>zoom 80; cpk on;frame 1; move 10 -20 10 0 0 0 0 0 3; delay 1;</script>
<inlineContents>HEADER NONAME 24-Oct-06 NONE 1
TITLE NONE 2
AUTHOR WWW daemon apache NONE 3
REVDAT 1 24-Oct-06 0 NONE 4
ATOM 1 N 0 4.143 1.513 0.282 0.00 0.00 N+0
ATOM 2 C 0 2.960 0.702 0.600 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 3 C 0 2.369 0.133 -0.691 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 4 C 0 1.156 -0.699 -0.365 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 5 C 0 1.124 -2.029 -0.185 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 6 N 0 -0.152 -2.432 0.097 0.00 0.00 N+0
ATOM 7 C 0 -0.996 -1.341 0.105 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 8 C 0 -0.212 -0.209 -0.178 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 9 C 0 -0.805 1.055 -0.237 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 10 C 0 -2.162 1.182 -0.015 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 11 O 0 -2.745 2.409 -0.071 0.00 0.00 O+0
ATOM 12 C 0 -2.936 0.058 0.265 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 13 C 0 -2.361 -1.191 0.330 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 14 H 0 3.815 2.311 -0.241 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 15 H 0 4.497 1.865 1.159 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 16 H 0 3.247 -0.117 1.260 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 17 H 0 2.215 1.324 1.097 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 18 H 0 2.082 0.952 -1.351 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 19 H 0 3.113 -0.490 -1.188 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 20 H 0 1.980 -2.684 -0.252 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 21 H 0 -0.424 -3.347 0.266 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 22 H 0 -0.206 1.926 -0.454 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 23 H 0 -3.024 2.545 -0.987 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 24 H 0 -3.996 0.169 0.437 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 25 H 0 -2.971 -2.055 0.547 0.00 0.00 H+0
CONECT 1 2 14 15 0 NONE 30
CONECT 2 1 3 16 17 NONE 31
CONECT 3 2 4 18 19 NONE 32
CONECT 4 3 8 5 0 NONE 33
CONECT 5 4 6 20 0 NONE 34
CONECT 6 5 7 21 0 NONE 35
CONECT 7 6 13 8 0 NONE 36
CONECT 8 7 4 9 0 NONE 37
CONECT 9 8 10 22 0 NONE 38
CONECT 10 9 11 12 0 NONE 39
CONECT 11 10 23 0 0 NONE 40
CONECT 12 10 13 24 0 NONE 41
CONECT 13 12 7 25 0 NONE 42
END NONE 43
</inlineContents>
</jmolApplet>
</jmol>
|-
!{{chembox header}} colspan="3" | Properties
|-
|colspan="1"|IUPAC Systematic Name
|colspan="2"|5-Hydroxytryptamine/
3-(2-aminoethyl)-1H-indol-5-ol
|-
|colspan="1"|Chemical Name
|colspan="2"|3-(2-Amino-aethyl)-indol-5-ol
|-
|colspan="1"|Molecular formula
|colspan="2"|C<sub>10</sub>H<sub>12</sub>N<sub>2</sub>O
|-
|colspan="1"|Molecular Mass
|colspan="2"|176.2182 gmol<sup>-1</sup>
|-
|colspan="1"|Type of Substance
|colspan="2"|heterocyclic
|-
|colspan="1"|CAS Registry Number
|colspan="2"|50-67-9, 61-47-2
|-
|colspan="1"|SMILES String
|colspan="2"|NCCC1=CNC2=C1C=C(O)C=C2
|-
|}

==What is Serotonin==

*Serotonin is a hormone manufactured by the brain that is associated with opiate-specific receptors - so helps maintain a happy feeling.
*It is a neurotransmitter which means that it is a chemical messenger in the brain, which allows the brain to communicate with nerve cells.
*An effective way of increasing serotonin levels is vigorous exercise, as in the case of mild depression. This exercise increases the levels for many days after the exercise takes place.
*Your diet will also effect the levels of serotonin. Low levels of omega 3 and vitamin C in the diet will cause a reduction in the amount of serotonin in the body.

==What Does Serotonin Do==

Serotonin affects many basic psychological functions such as
anxiety mechanisms and the regulation of mood, thoughts, aggression,
appetite, sex drive and the sleep/wake cycle. Multiple observations suggest that serotonin, which is one of
the more abundant neurotransmitters, plays an important role in the regulation of mood and a key role
in the treatment of depression.

Due to this, lack of serotonin is often associated with depression. Restoring the normal or enhanced level of this neurotransmitter acts as mood enhancer. Prozac is a mood enhancing drug, which acts in the central nervous system by inhibiting the re-uptake mechanism of serotonin into the synapse. The synapse is a junction where a signal is transmitted from one nerve cell to another. Since serotonin is not degraded in the synaptic cleft, Prozac promotes a prolonged presence of serotonin keeping the post-synaptic membrane active.

In the central nervous system, serotonin is involved in fear and "flight" responses, an activity which is opposed by the aggression or "fight" stimulating hormone adrenaline (epinephrine) and neurotransmitter dopamine.

Light modulates the production of certain hormones and brain chemicals including serotonin. The amount of serotonin in your brain reflects the amount of light in your environment. More light = more serotonin = more energy, a better mood, and fewer carbohydrate cravings.

==Serotonin in our bodies==

Serotonin originates in neurons deep in the midline of the brainstem. Because these neurons profile diffusely throughout the brain, serotonin can affect various brain functions, such as depression. It also interacts with many other neurotransmitters, either directly through neurons that use both serotonin and another neurotransmitter, or by serotonin neurons influencing neurons that primarily use these other transmitters.

Serotonin can be found in three main areas of the body: the intestinal wall, blood vessels, and the central nervous system.

==Sources of Serotonin==

*It is manufactured in the human brain using the essential amino acid tryptophan which is found in pineapples, plums, turkey and milk.
*Bananas also contain tryptophan, which the body converts into serotonin, known to make you relax, improve your mood and generally make you feel happier.
*Tryptophan is also found in chocolate, again causing the release of serotonin; which is often why it is eaten as a comfort food.

==Synthesis of Serotonin==

Serotonin is synthesized from the amino acid precursor tryptophan, packaged into vesicles, and
released into the synapse following an action potential. Once in the synapse, serotonin can interact
with both the pre- and postsynaptic receptors.

[[Image:synthesisSerotonin.gif|thumb|synthesis of serotonin]]
[http://www.chm.bris.ac.uk/motm/serotonin/synthesis.htm 1]

'''Detail of Synthesis:'''
[[image:detail_of_serotonin_synthesis.GIF]] [http://www.neurosci.pharm.utoledo.edu/MBC3320/serotonin.htm]

==Images of Serotonin==
{| class="toccolours" border="2" style="fix: right; clear: left; margin: 0 0 1em 1em; border-collapse: collapse;"
|- align="center"
| bgcolor="lt blue"|'''Electron Density of Serotonin'''
| bgcolor="lt blue"|'''Electrostatic Potential of Serotonin'''
|-
|[[image:Electron_density_of_serotonin.GIF]]
|[[image:electrostatic_potential_of_serotonin.GIF]]
|-
| Electron density is the measure of the probability of an
electron being present at a specific location.
| Electrostatic potential is used to describe the potential energy
associated with a charge distribution.

It provides a visual method to understand the relative polarity of a molecule.
|-
|}[http://www.cmste.uncc.edu/new/Document%20Hold/Sawsun-%20Serotonin%20FINAL%20PAPER.doc]

==Serotonin: Interesting Thoughts==

*Studies show that there is a chemical hierarchy in humans associated with social "rank" that is linked with serotonin levels. Those in high office, higher positions on sports teams and those of higher rank in academic clubs have been found to have higher levels of serotonin than their lower ranking peers. [http://www.globalhypnosis.com/hypnosis_stories.html]

*Serotonergic activity gradually decreases as one becomes drowsy and enters slow-wave sleep. An overall slowing of serotonergic activity is observed during slow-wave sleep known as non-REM sleep. During REM sleep (Rapid Eye Movement-the original dream sleep), serotonergic activity falls completely silent. Serotonergic activity returns to its basic level several seconds prior to the end of REM sleep. [http://www.antidepressantsfacts.com/pinealstory.htm]

*The stimulant in the drug Ecstasy forces the brain to release serotonin, in abnormally large amounts. The neurons (brain cells) that store serotonin are deformed or destroyed. Scientists have found that these injured neurons can regrow, but they may grow back abnormally or in the wrong locations. When Ecstasy wears off, the overflow of serotonin reverses to a lack of serotonin. Without enough serotonin it is difficult to sleep, learn, remember, or feel happy. [http://www.intheknowzone.com/ecstasy/chemistry.htm]

*When UV light interacts with your skin, it triggers the formation of vitamin D. Vitamin D stimulates the production of feel-good brain chemicals such as serotonin and dopamine.

*The light that enters your eyes has an immediate effect on your mood, so bright light- especially blue light (around the wavelength 460 nm) shuts down the production of melatonin, the night-time sleep hormone, and stimulates the production of serotonin, its energising, daytime counterpart.

==References==
*[http://www.healthscout.com/ency/1/409/main.html/ Healthscout]- What does Serotonin do?
*[http://www.chm.bris.ac.uk/motm/serotonin/synthesis.htm/ University of Bristol: Chemistry]- Synthesis of Serotonin
*[http://www.neurosci.pharm.utoledo.edu/MBC3320/serotonin.htm/ MBC Serotonin]- Detail of Synthesis
*[http://www.cmste.uncc.edu/ CMSTE]- Images of Serotonin
*[http://www.angelfire.com/hi/TheSeer/seratonin.html/ Serotonin]- What does Serotonin do?
*[http://www.thebodyblues.com/light.html/The Body Blues]- What does Serotonin do?
*[Belstein (2006/03]- Properties

It:Serotonin

2006-12-05T14:48:18Z

Tfm05: /* Images of Serotonin */

{| class="toccolours" border="1" style="float: right; clear: right; margin: 0 0 1em 1em; border-collapse: collapse;"
! {{chembox header}} colspan="3" |2D Structure
|-
| align="center" colspan="3" bgcolour="#ffffff" | [[image:Serotonin.gif]]
|-
! {{chembox header}} colspan="3" |3D structure <jmol>
<jmolApplet>
<size>310</size>
<color>white</color>
<script>zoom 80; cpk on;frame 1; move 10 -20 10 0 0 0 0 0 3; delay 1;</script>
<inlineContents>HEADER NONAME 24-Oct-06 NONE 1
TITLE NONE 2
AUTHOR WWW daemon apache NONE 3
REVDAT 1 24-Oct-06 0 NONE 4
ATOM 1 N 0 4.143 1.513 0.282 0.00 0.00 N+0
ATOM 2 C 0 2.960 0.702 0.600 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 3 C 0 2.369 0.133 -0.691 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 4 C 0 1.156 -0.699 -0.365 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 5 C 0 1.124 -2.029 -0.185 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 6 N 0 -0.152 -2.432 0.097 0.00 0.00 N+0
ATOM 7 C 0 -0.996 -1.341 0.105 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 8 C 0 -0.212 -0.209 -0.178 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 9 C 0 -0.805 1.055 -0.237 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 10 C 0 -2.162 1.182 -0.015 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 11 O 0 -2.745 2.409 -0.071 0.00 0.00 O+0
ATOM 12 C 0 -2.936 0.058 0.265 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 13 C 0 -2.361 -1.191 0.330 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 14 H 0 3.815 2.311 -0.241 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 15 H 0 4.497 1.865 1.159 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 16 H 0 3.247 -0.117 1.260 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 17 H 0 2.215 1.324 1.097 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 18 H 0 2.082 0.952 -1.351 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 19 H 0 3.113 -0.490 -1.188 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 20 H 0 1.980 -2.684 -0.252 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 21 H 0 -0.424 -3.347 0.266 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 22 H 0 -0.206 1.926 -0.454 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 23 H 0 -3.024 2.545 -0.987 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 24 H 0 -3.996 0.169 0.437 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 25 H 0 -2.971 -2.055 0.547 0.00 0.00 H+0
CONECT 1 2 14 15 0 NONE 30
CONECT 2 1 3 16 17 NONE 31
CONECT 3 2 4 18 19 NONE 32
CONECT 4 3 8 5 0 NONE 33
CONECT 5 4 6 20 0 NONE 34
CONECT 6 5 7 21 0 NONE 35
CONECT 7 6 13 8 0 NONE 36
CONECT 8 7 4 9 0 NONE 37
CONECT 9 8 10 22 0 NONE 38
CONECT 10 9 11 12 0 NONE 39
CONECT 11 10 23 0 0 NONE 40
CONECT 12 10 13 24 0 NONE 41
CONECT 13 12 7 25 0 NONE 42
END NONE 43
</inlineContents>
</jmolApplet>
</jmol>
|-
!{{chembox header}} colspan="3" | Properties
|-
|colspan="1"|IUPAC Systematic Name
|colspan="2"|5-Hydroxytryptamine/
3-(2-aminoethyl)-1H-indol-5-ol
|-
|colspan="1"|Chemical Name
|colspan="2"|3-(2-Amino-aethyl)-indol-5-ol
|-
|colspan="1"|Molecular formula
|colspan="2"|C<sub>10</sub>H<sub>12</sub>N<sub>2</sub>O
|-
|colspan="1"|Molecular Mass
|colspan="2"|176.2182 gmol<sup>-1</sup>
|-
|colspan="1"|Type of Substance
|colspan="2"|heterocyclic
|-
|colspan="1"|CAS Registry Number
|colspan="2"|50-67-9, 61-47-2
|-
|colspan="1"|SMILES String
|colspan="2"|NCCC1=CNC2=C1C=C(O)C=C2
|-
|}

==What is Serotonin==

*Serotonin is a hormone manufactured by the brain that is associated with opiate-specific receptors - so helps maintain a happy feeling.
*It is a neurotransmitter which means that it is a chemical messenger in the brain, which allows the brain to communicate with nerve cells.
*An effective way of increasing serotonin levels is vigorous exercise, as in the case of mild depression. This exercise increases the levels for many days after the exercise takes place.
*Your diet will also effect the levels of serotonin. Low levels of omega 3 and vitamin C in the diet will cause a reduction in the amount of serotonin in the body.

==What Does Serotonin Do==

Serotonin affects many basic psychological functions such as
anxiety mechanisms and the regulation of mood, thoughts, aggression,
appetite, sex drive and the sleep/wake cycle. Multiple observations suggest that serotonin, which is one of
the more abundant neurotransmitters, plays an important role in the regulation of mood and a key role
in the treatment of depression.

Due to this, lack of serotonin is often associated with depression. Restoring the normal or enhanced level of this neurotransmitter acts as mood enhancer. Prozac is a mood enhancing drug, which acts in the central nervous system by inhibiting the re-uptake mechanism of serotonin into the synapse. The synapse is a junction where a signal is transmitted from one nerve cell to another. Since serotonin is not degraded in the synaptic cleft, Prozac promotes a prolonged presence of serotonin keeping the post-synaptic membrane active.

In the central nervous system, serotonin is involved in fear and "flight" responses, an activity which is opposed by the aggression or "fight" stimulating hormone adrenaline (epinephrine) and neurotransmitter dopamine.

Light modulates the production of certain hormones and brain chemicals including serotonin. The amount of serotonin in your brain reflects the amount of light in your environment. More light = more serotonin = more energy, a better mood, and fewer carbohydrate cravings.

==Serotonin in our bodies==

Serotonin originates in neurons deep in the midline of the brainstem. Because these neurons profile diffusely throughout the brain, serotonin can affect various brain functions, such as depression. It also interacts with many other neurotransmitters, either directly through neurons that use both serotonin and another neurotransmitter, or by serotonin neurons influencing neurons that primarily use these other transmitters.

Serotonin can be found in three main areas of the body: the intestinal wall, blood vessels, and the central nervous system.

==Sources of Serotonin==

*It is manufactured in the human brain using the essential amino acid tryptophan which is found in pineapples, plums, turkey and milk.
*Bananas also contain tryptophan, which the body converts into serotonin, known to make you relax, improve your mood and generally make you feel happier.
*Tryptophan is also found in chocolate, again causing the release of serotonin; which is often why it is eaten as a comfort food.

==Synthesis of Serotonin==

Serotonin is synthesized from the amino acid precursor tryptophan, packaged into vesicles, and
released into the synapse following an action potential. Once in the synapse, serotonin can interact
with both the pre- and postsynaptic receptors.

[[Image:synthesisSerotonin.gif|thumb|synthesis of serotonin]]
[http://www.chm.bris.ac.uk/motm/serotonin/synthesis.htm 1]

'''Detail of Synthesis:'''
[[image:detail_of_serotonin_synthesis.GIF]] [http://www.neurosci.pharm.utoledo.edu/MBC3320/serotonin.htm]

==Images of Serotonin==
{| class="toccolours" border="1" style="fix: right; clear: left; margin: 0 0 1em 1em; border-collapse: collapse;"
|- align="center"
| bgcolor="lt blue"|'''Electron Density of Serotonin'''
| bgcolor="lt blue"|'''Electrostatic Potential of Serotonin'''
|-
|[[image:Electron_density_of_serotonin.GIF]]
|[[image:electrostatic_potential_of_serotonin.GIF]]
|-
| Electron density is the measure of the probability of an
electron being present at a specific location.
| Electrostatic potential is used to describe the potential energy
associated with a charge distribution.

It provides a visual method to understand the relative polarity of a molecule.
|-
|}[http://www.cmste.uncc.edu/new/Document%20Hold/Sawsun-%20Serotonin%20FINAL%20PAPER.doc]

==Serotonin: Interesting Thoughts==

*Studies show that there is a chemical hierarchy in humans associated with social "rank" that is linked with serotonin levels. Those in high office, higher positions on sports teams and those of higher rank in academic clubs have been found to have higher levels of serotonin than their lower ranking peers. [http://www.globalhypnosis.com/hypnosis_stories.html]

*Serotonergic activity gradually decreases as one becomes drowsy and enters slow-wave sleep. An overall slowing of serotonergic activity is observed during slow-wave sleep known as non-REM sleep. During REM sleep (Rapid Eye Movement-the original dream sleep), serotonergic activity falls completely silent. Serotonergic activity returns to its basic level several seconds prior to the end of REM sleep. [http://www.antidepressantsfacts.com/pinealstory.htm]

*The stimulant in the drug Ecstasy forces the brain to release serotonin, in abnormally large amounts. The neurons (brain cells) that store serotonin are deformed or destroyed. Scientists have found that these injured neurons can regrow, but they may grow back abnormally or in the wrong locations. When Ecstasy wears off, the overflow of serotonin reverses to a lack of serotonin. Without enough serotonin it is difficult to sleep, learn, remember, or feel happy. [http://www.intheknowzone.com/ecstasy/chemistry.htm]

*When UV light interacts with your skin, it triggers the formation of vitamin D. Vitamin D stimulates the production of feel-good brain chemicals such as serotonin and dopamine.

*The light that enters your eyes has an immediate effect on your mood, so bright light- especially blue light (around the wavelength 460 nm) shuts down the production of melatonin, the night-time sleep hormone, and stimulates the production of serotonin, its energising, daytime counterpart.

==References==
*[http://www.healthscout.com/ency/1/409/main.html/ Healthscout]- What does Serotonin do?
*[http://www.chm.bris.ac.uk/motm/serotonin/synthesis.htm/ University of Bristol: Chemistry]- Synthesis of Serotonin
*[http://www.neurosci.pharm.utoledo.edu/MBC3320/serotonin.htm/ MBC Serotonin]- Detail of Synthesis
*[http://www.cmste.uncc.edu/ CMSTE]- Images of Serotonin
*[http://www.angelfire.com/hi/TheSeer/seratonin.html/ Serotonin]- What does Serotonin do?
*[http://www.thebodyblues.com/light.html/The Body Blues]- What does Serotonin do?
*[Belstein (2006/03]- Properties

It:Serotonin

2006-12-05T14:47:55Z

Tfm05: /* Images of Serotonin */

{| class="toccolours" border="1" style="float: right; clear: right; margin: 0 0 1em 1em; border-collapse: collapse;"
! {{chembox header}} colspan="3" |2D Structure
|-
| align="center" colspan="3" bgcolour="#ffffff" | [[image:Serotonin.gif]]
|-
! {{chembox header}} colspan="3" |3D structure <jmol>
<jmolApplet>
<size>310</size>
<color>white</color>
<script>zoom 80; cpk on;frame 1; move 10 -20 10 0 0 0 0 0 3; delay 1;</script>
<inlineContents>HEADER NONAME 24-Oct-06 NONE 1
TITLE NONE 2
AUTHOR WWW daemon apache NONE 3
REVDAT 1 24-Oct-06 0 NONE 4
ATOM 1 N 0 4.143 1.513 0.282 0.00 0.00 N+0
ATOM 2 C 0 2.960 0.702 0.600 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 3 C 0 2.369 0.133 -0.691 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 4 C 0 1.156 -0.699 -0.365 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 5 C 0 1.124 -2.029 -0.185 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 6 N 0 -0.152 -2.432 0.097 0.00 0.00 N+0
ATOM 7 C 0 -0.996 -1.341 0.105 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 8 C 0 -0.212 -0.209 -0.178 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 9 C 0 -0.805 1.055 -0.237 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 10 C 0 -2.162 1.182 -0.015 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 11 O 0 -2.745 2.409 -0.071 0.00 0.00 O+0
ATOM 12 C 0 -2.936 0.058 0.265 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 13 C 0 -2.361 -1.191 0.330 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 14 H 0 3.815 2.311 -0.241 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 15 H 0 4.497 1.865 1.159 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 16 H 0 3.247 -0.117 1.260 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 17 H 0 2.215 1.324 1.097 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 18 H 0 2.082 0.952 -1.351 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 19 H 0 3.113 -0.490 -1.188 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 20 H 0 1.980 -2.684 -0.252 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 21 H 0 -0.424 -3.347 0.266 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 22 H 0 -0.206 1.926 -0.454 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 23 H 0 -3.024 2.545 -0.987 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 24 H 0 -3.996 0.169 0.437 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 25 H 0 -2.971 -2.055 0.547 0.00 0.00 H+0
CONECT 1 2 14 15 0 NONE 30
CONECT 2 1 3 16 17 NONE 31
CONECT 3 2 4 18 19 NONE 32
CONECT 4 3 8 5 0 NONE 33
CONECT 5 4 6 20 0 NONE 34
CONECT 6 5 7 21 0 NONE 35
CONECT 7 6 13 8 0 NONE 36
CONECT 8 7 4 9 0 NONE 37
CONECT 9 8 10 22 0 NONE 38
CONECT 10 9 11 12 0 NONE 39
CONECT 11 10 23 0 0 NONE 40
CONECT 12 10 13 24 0 NONE 41
CONECT 13 12 7 25 0 NONE 42
END NONE 43
</inlineContents>
</jmolApplet>
</jmol>
|-
!{{chembox header}} colspan="3" | Properties
|-
|colspan="1"|IUPAC Systematic Name
|colspan="2"|5-Hydroxytryptamine/
3-(2-aminoethyl)-1H-indol-5-ol
|-
|colspan="1"|Chemical Name
|colspan="2"|3-(2-Amino-aethyl)-indol-5-ol
|-
|colspan="1"|Molecular formula
|colspan="2"|C<sub>10</sub>H<sub>12</sub>N<sub>2</sub>O
|-
|colspan="1"|Molecular Mass
|colspan="2"|176.2182 gmol<sup>-1</sup>
|-
|colspan="1"|Type of Substance
|colspan="2"|heterocyclic
|-
|colspan="1"|CAS Registry Number
|colspan="2"|50-67-9, 61-47-2
|-
|colspan="1"|SMILES String
|colspan="2"|NCCC1=CNC2=C1C=C(O)C=C2
|-
|}

==What is Serotonin==

*Serotonin is a hormone manufactured by the brain that is associated with opiate-specific receptors - so helps maintain a happy feeling.
*It is a neurotransmitter which means that it is a chemical messenger in the brain, which allows the brain to communicate with nerve cells.
*An effective way of increasing serotonin levels is vigorous exercise, as in the case of mild depression. This exercise increases the levels for many days after the exercise takes place.
*Your diet will also effect the levels of serotonin. Low levels of omega 3 and vitamin C in the diet will cause a reduction in the amount of serotonin in the body.

==What Does Serotonin Do==

Serotonin affects many basic psychological functions such as
anxiety mechanisms and the regulation of mood, thoughts, aggression,
appetite, sex drive and the sleep/wake cycle. Multiple observations suggest that serotonin, which is one of
the more abundant neurotransmitters, plays an important role in the regulation of mood and a key role
in the treatment of depression.

Due to this, lack of serotonin is often associated with depression. Restoring the normal or enhanced level of this neurotransmitter acts as mood enhancer. Prozac is a mood enhancing drug, which acts in the central nervous system by inhibiting the re-uptake mechanism of serotonin into the synapse. The synapse is a junction where a signal is transmitted from one nerve cell to another. Since serotonin is not degraded in the synaptic cleft, Prozac promotes a prolonged presence of serotonin keeping the post-synaptic membrane active.

In the central nervous system, serotonin is involved in fear and "flight" responses, an activity which is opposed by the aggression or "fight" stimulating hormone adrenaline (epinephrine) and neurotransmitter dopamine.

Light modulates the production of certain hormones and brain chemicals including serotonin. The amount of serotonin in your brain reflects the amount of light in your environment. More light = more serotonin = more energy, a better mood, and fewer carbohydrate cravings.

==Serotonin in our bodies==

Serotonin originates in neurons deep in the midline of the brainstem. Because these neurons profile diffusely throughout the brain, serotonin can affect various brain functions, such as depression. It also interacts with many other neurotransmitters, either directly through neurons that use both serotonin and another neurotransmitter, or by serotonin neurons influencing neurons that primarily use these other transmitters.

Serotonin can be found in three main areas of the body: the intestinal wall, blood vessels, and the central nervous system.

==Sources of Serotonin==

*It is manufactured in the human brain using the essential amino acid tryptophan which is found in pineapples, plums, turkey and milk.
*Bananas also contain tryptophan, which the body converts into serotonin, known to make you relax, improve your mood and generally make you feel happier.
*Tryptophan is also found in chocolate, again causing the release of serotonin; which is often why it is eaten as a comfort food.

==Synthesis of Serotonin==

Serotonin is synthesized from the amino acid precursor tryptophan, packaged into vesicles, and
released into the synapse following an action potential. Once in the synapse, serotonin can interact
with both the pre- and postsynaptic receptors.

[[Image:synthesisSerotonin.gif|thumb|synthesis of serotonin]]
[http://www.chm.bris.ac.uk/motm/serotonin/synthesis.htm 1]

'''Detail of Synthesis:'''
[[image:detail_of_serotonin_synthesis.GIF]] [http://www.neurosci.pharm.utoledo.edu/MBC3320/serotonin.htm]

==Images of Serotonin==
{| class="toccolours" border="1" style="fix: right; clear: left; margin: 0 0 1em 1em; border-collapse: collapse;"
|- align="center"
| bgcolor="lt blue"|'''Electron Density of Serotonin'''
| bgcolor="lt blue"|'''Electrostatic Potential of Serotonin'''
|-
|[[image:Electron_density_of_serotonin.GIF]]
|[[image:electrostatic_potential_of_serotonin.GIF]]
|-
| Electron density is the measure of the probability of an
electron being present at a specific location.
| Electrostatic potential is used to describe the potential energy
associated with a charge distribution.
It provides a visual method to understand the relative polarity of a molecule.
|-
|}[http://www.cmste.uncc.edu/new/Document%20Hold/Sawsun-%20Serotonin%20FINAL%20PAPER.doc]

==Serotonin: Interesting Thoughts==

*Studies show that there is a chemical hierarchy in humans associated with social "rank" that is linked with serotonin levels. Those in high office, higher positions on sports teams and those of higher rank in academic clubs have been found to have higher levels of serotonin than their lower ranking peers. [http://www.globalhypnosis.com/hypnosis_stories.html]

*Serotonergic activity gradually decreases as one becomes drowsy and enters slow-wave sleep. An overall slowing of serotonergic activity is observed during slow-wave sleep known as non-REM sleep. During REM sleep (Rapid Eye Movement-the original dream sleep), serotonergic activity falls completely silent. Serotonergic activity returns to its basic level several seconds prior to the end of REM sleep. [http://www.antidepressantsfacts.com/pinealstory.htm]

*The stimulant in the drug Ecstasy forces the brain to release serotonin, in abnormally large amounts. The neurons (brain cells) that store serotonin are deformed or destroyed. Scientists have found that these injured neurons can regrow, but they may grow back abnormally or in the wrong locations. When Ecstasy wears off, the overflow of serotonin reverses to a lack of serotonin. Without enough serotonin it is difficult to sleep, learn, remember, or feel happy. [http://www.intheknowzone.com/ecstasy/chemistry.htm]

*When UV light interacts with your skin, it triggers the formation of vitamin D. Vitamin D stimulates the production of feel-good brain chemicals such as serotonin and dopamine.

*The light that enters your eyes has an immediate effect on your mood, so bright light- especially blue light (around the wavelength 460 nm) shuts down the production of melatonin, the night-time sleep hormone, and stimulates the production of serotonin, its energising, daytime counterpart.

==References==
*[http://www.healthscout.com/ency/1/409/main.html/ Healthscout]- What does Serotonin do?
*[http://www.chm.bris.ac.uk/motm/serotonin/synthesis.htm/ University of Bristol: Chemistry]- Synthesis of Serotonin
*[http://www.neurosci.pharm.utoledo.edu/MBC3320/serotonin.htm/ MBC Serotonin]- Detail of Synthesis
*[http://www.cmste.uncc.edu/ CMSTE]- Images of Serotonin
*[http://www.angelfire.com/hi/TheSeer/seratonin.html/ Serotonin]- What does Serotonin do?
*[http://www.thebodyblues.com/light.html/The Body Blues]- What does Serotonin do?
*[Belstein (2006/03]- Properties

It:Serotonin

2006-12-05T14:47:29Z

Tfm05: /* Images of Serotonin */

{| class="toccolours" border="1" style="float: right; clear: right; margin: 0 0 1em 1em; border-collapse: collapse;"
! {{chembox header}} colspan="3" |2D Structure
|-
| align="center" colspan="3" bgcolour="#ffffff" | [[image:Serotonin.gif]]
|-
! {{chembox header}} colspan="3" |3D structure <jmol>
<jmolApplet>
<size>310</size>
<color>white</color>
<script>zoom 80; cpk on;frame 1; move 10 -20 10 0 0 0 0 0 3; delay 1;</script>
<inlineContents>HEADER NONAME 24-Oct-06 NONE 1
TITLE NONE 2
AUTHOR WWW daemon apache NONE 3
REVDAT 1 24-Oct-06 0 NONE 4
ATOM 1 N 0 4.143 1.513 0.282 0.00 0.00 N+0
ATOM 2 C 0 2.960 0.702 0.600 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 3 C 0 2.369 0.133 -0.691 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 4 C 0 1.156 -0.699 -0.365 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 5 C 0 1.124 -2.029 -0.185 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 6 N 0 -0.152 -2.432 0.097 0.00 0.00 N+0
ATOM 7 C 0 -0.996 -1.341 0.105 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 8 C 0 -0.212 -0.209 -0.178 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 9 C 0 -0.805 1.055 -0.237 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 10 C 0 -2.162 1.182 -0.015 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 11 O 0 -2.745 2.409 -0.071 0.00 0.00 O+0
ATOM 12 C 0 -2.936 0.058 0.265 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 13 C 0 -2.361 -1.191 0.330 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 14 H 0 3.815 2.311 -0.241 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 15 H 0 4.497 1.865 1.159 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 16 H 0 3.247 -0.117 1.260 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 17 H 0 2.215 1.324 1.097 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 18 H 0 2.082 0.952 -1.351 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 19 H 0 3.113 -0.490 -1.188 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 20 H 0 1.980 -2.684 -0.252 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 21 H 0 -0.424 -3.347 0.266 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 22 H 0 -0.206 1.926 -0.454 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 23 H 0 -3.024 2.545 -0.987 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 24 H 0 -3.996 0.169 0.437 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 25 H 0 -2.971 -2.055 0.547 0.00 0.00 H+0
CONECT 1 2 14 15 0 NONE 30
CONECT 2 1 3 16 17 NONE 31
CONECT 3 2 4 18 19 NONE 32
CONECT 4 3 8 5 0 NONE 33
CONECT 5 4 6 20 0 NONE 34
CONECT 6 5 7 21 0 NONE 35
CONECT 7 6 13 8 0 NONE 36
CONECT 8 7 4 9 0 NONE 37
CONECT 9 8 10 22 0 NONE 38
CONECT 10 9 11 12 0 NONE 39
CONECT 11 10 23 0 0 NONE 40
CONECT 12 10 13 24 0 NONE 41
CONECT 13 12 7 25 0 NONE 42
END NONE 43
</inlineContents>
</jmolApplet>
</jmol>
|-
!{{chembox header}} colspan="3" | Properties
|-
|colspan="1"|IUPAC Systematic Name
|colspan="2"|5-Hydroxytryptamine/
3-(2-aminoethyl)-1H-indol-5-ol
|-
|colspan="1"|Chemical Name
|colspan="2"|3-(2-Amino-aethyl)-indol-5-ol
|-
|colspan="1"|Molecular formula
|colspan="2"|C<sub>10</sub>H<sub>12</sub>N<sub>2</sub>O
|-
|colspan="1"|Molecular Mass
|colspan="2"|176.2182 gmol<sup>-1</sup>
|-
|colspan="1"|Type of Substance
|colspan="2"|heterocyclic
|-
|colspan="1"|CAS Registry Number
|colspan="2"|50-67-9, 61-47-2
|-
|colspan="1"|SMILES String
|colspan="2"|NCCC1=CNC2=C1C=C(O)C=C2
|-
|}

==What is Serotonin==

*Serotonin is a hormone manufactured by the brain that is associated with opiate-specific receptors - so helps maintain a happy feeling.
*It is a neurotransmitter which means that it is a chemical messenger in the brain, which allows the brain to communicate with nerve cells.
*An effective way of increasing serotonin levels is vigorous exercise, as in the case of mild depression. This exercise increases the levels for many days after the exercise takes place.
*Your diet will also effect the levels of serotonin. Low levels of omega 3 and vitamin C in the diet will cause a reduction in the amount of serotonin in the body.

==What Does Serotonin Do==

Serotonin affects many basic psychological functions such as
anxiety mechanisms and the regulation of mood, thoughts, aggression,
appetite, sex drive and the sleep/wake cycle. Multiple observations suggest that serotonin, which is one of
the more abundant neurotransmitters, plays an important role in the regulation of mood and a key role
in the treatment of depression.

Due to this, lack of serotonin is often associated with depression. Restoring the normal or enhanced level of this neurotransmitter acts as mood enhancer. Prozac is a mood enhancing drug, which acts in the central nervous system by inhibiting the re-uptake mechanism of serotonin into the synapse. The synapse is a junction where a signal is transmitted from one nerve cell to another. Since serotonin is not degraded in the synaptic cleft, Prozac promotes a prolonged presence of serotonin keeping the post-synaptic membrane active.

In the central nervous system, serotonin is involved in fear and "flight" responses, an activity which is opposed by the aggression or "fight" stimulating hormone adrenaline (epinephrine) and neurotransmitter dopamine.

Light modulates the production of certain hormones and brain chemicals including serotonin. The amount of serotonin in your brain reflects the amount of light in your environment. More light = more serotonin = more energy, a better mood, and fewer carbohydrate cravings.

==Serotonin in our bodies==

Serotonin originates in neurons deep in the midline of the brainstem. Because these neurons profile diffusely throughout the brain, serotonin can affect various brain functions, such as depression. It also interacts with many other neurotransmitters, either directly through neurons that use both serotonin and another neurotransmitter, or by serotonin neurons influencing neurons that primarily use these other transmitters.

Serotonin can be found in three main areas of the body: the intestinal wall, blood vessels, and the central nervous system.

==Sources of Serotonin==

*It is manufactured in the human brain using the essential amino acid tryptophan which is found in pineapples, plums, turkey and milk.
*Bananas also contain tryptophan, which the body converts into serotonin, known to make you relax, improve your mood and generally make you feel happier.
*Tryptophan is also found in chocolate, again causing the release of serotonin; which is often why it is eaten as a comfort food.

==Synthesis of Serotonin==

Serotonin is synthesized from the amino acid precursor tryptophan, packaged into vesicles, and
released into the synapse following an action potential. Once in the synapse, serotonin can interact
with both the pre- and postsynaptic receptors.

[[Image:synthesisSerotonin.gif|thumb|synthesis of serotonin]]
[http://www.chm.bris.ac.uk/motm/serotonin/synthesis.htm 1]

'''Detail of Synthesis:'''
[[image:detail_of_serotonin_synthesis.GIF]] [http://www.neurosci.pharm.utoledo.edu/MBC3320/serotonin.htm]

==Images of Serotonin==
{| class="toccolours" border="0" style="fix: right; clear: left; margin: 0 0 1em 1em; border-collapse: collapse;"
|- align="center"
| bgcolor="lt blue"|'''Electron Density of Serotonin'''
| bgcolor="lt blue"|'''Electrostatic Potential of Serotonin'''
|-
|[[image:Electron_density_of_serotonin.GIF]]
|[[image:electrostatic_potential_of_serotonin.GIF]]
|-
|Electron density is the measure of the probability of an
electron being present at a specific location.
|Electrostatic potential is used to describe the potential energy
associated with a charge distribution.
It provides a visual method to understand the relative polarity of a molecule.
|-
|}[http://www.cmste.uncc.edu/new/Document%20Hold/Sawsun-%20Serotonin%20FINAL%20PAPER.doc]

==Serotonin: Interesting Thoughts==

*Studies show that there is a chemical hierarchy in humans associated with social "rank" that is linked with serotonin levels. Those in high office, higher positions on sports teams and those of higher rank in academic clubs have been found to have higher levels of serotonin than their lower ranking peers. [http://www.globalhypnosis.com/hypnosis_stories.html]

*Serotonergic activity gradually decreases as one becomes drowsy and enters slow-wave sleep. An overall slowing of serotonergic activity is observed during slow-wave sleep known as non-REM sleep. During REM sleep (Rapid Eye Movement-the original dream sleep), serotonergic activity falls completely silent. Serotonergic activity returns to its basic level several seconds prior to the end of REM sleep. [http://www.antidepressantsfacts.com/pinealstory.htm]

*The stimulant in the drug Ecstasy forces the brain to release serotonin, in abnormally large amounts. The neurons (brain cells) that store serotonin are deformed or destroyed. Scientists have found that these injured neurons can regrow, but they may grow back abnormally or in the wrong locations. When Ecstasy wears off, the overflow of serotonin reverses to a lack of serotonin. Without enough serotonin it is difficult to sleep, learn, remember, or feel happy. [http://www.intheknowzone.com/ecstasy/chemistry.htm]

*When UV light interacts with your skin, it triggers the formation of vitamin D. Vitamin D stimulates the production of feel-good brain chemicals such as serotonin and dopamine.

*The light that enters your eyes has an immediate effect on your mood, so bright light- especially blue light (around the wavelength 460 nm) shuts down the production of melatonin, the night-time sleep hormone, and stimulates the production of serotonin, its energising, daytime counterpart.

==References==
*[http://www.healthscout.com/ency/1/409/main.html/ Healthscout]- What does Serotonin do?
*[http://www.chm.bris.ac.uk/motm/serotonin/synthesis.htm/ University of Bristol: Chemistry]- Synthesis of Serotonin
*[http://www.neurosci.pharm.utoledo.edu/MBC3320/serotonin.htm/ MBC Serotonin]- Detail of Synthesis
*[http://www.cmste.uncc.edu/ CMSTE]- Images of Serotonin
*[http://www.angelfire.com/hi/TheSeer/seratonin.html/ Serotonin]- What does Serotonin do?
*[http://www.thebodyblues.com/light.html/The Body Blues]- What does Serotonin do?
*[Belstein (2006/03]- Properties

It:Serotonin

2006-12-05T14:47:05Z

Tfm05: /* Images of Serotonin */

{| class="toccolours" border="1" style="float: right; clear: right; margin: 0 0 1em 1em; border-collapse: collapse;"
! {{chembox header}} colspan="3" |2D Structure
|-
| align="center" colspan="3" bgcolour="#ffffff" | [[image:Serotonin.gif]]
|-
! {{chembox header}} colspan="3" |3D structure <jmol>
<jmolApplet>
<size>310</size>
<color>white</color>
<script>zoom 80; cpk on;frame 1; move 10 -20 10 0 0 0 0 0 3; delay 1;</script>
<inlineContents>HEADER NONAME 24-Oct-06 NONE 1
TITLE NONE 2
AUTHOR WWW daemon apache NONE 3
REVDAT 1 24-Oct-06 0 NONE 4
ATOM 1 N 0 4.143 1.513 0.282 0.00 0.00 N+0
ATOM 2 C 0 2.960 0.702 0.600 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 3 C 0 2.369 0.133 -0.691 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 4 C 0 1.156 -0.699 -0.365 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 5 C 0 1.124 -2.029 -0.185 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 6 N 0 -0.152 -2.432 0.097 0.00 0.00 N+0
ATOM 7 C 0 -0.996 -1.341 0.105 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 8 C 0 -0.212 -0.209 -0.178 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 9 C 0 -0.805 1.055 -0.237 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 10 C 0 -2.162 1.182 -0.015 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 11 O 0 -2.745 2.409 -0.071 0.00 0.00 O+0
ATOM 12 C 0 -2.936 0.058 0.265 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 13 C 0 -2.361 -1.191 0.330 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 14 H 0 3.815 2.311 -0.241 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 15 H 0 4.497 1.865 1.159 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 16 H 0 3.247 -0.117 1.260 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 17 H 0 2.215 1.324 1.097 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 18 H 0 2.082 0.952 -1.351 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 19 H 0 3.113 -0.490 -1.188 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 20 H 0 1.980 -2.684 -0.252 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 21 H 0 -0.424 -3.347 0.266 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 22 H 0 -0.206 1.926 -0.454 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 23 H 0 -3.024 2.545 -0.987 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 24 H 0 -3.996 0.169 0.437 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 25 H 0 -2.971 -2.055 0.547 0.00 0.00 H+0
CONECT 1 2 14 15 0 NONE 30
CONECT 2 1 3 16 17 NONE 31
CONECT 3 2 4 18 19 NONE 32
CONECT 4 3 8 5 0 NONE 33
CONECT 5 4 6 20 0 NONE 34
CONECT 6 5 7 21 0 NONE 35
CONECT 7 6 13 8 0 NONE 36
CONECT 8 7 4 9 0 NONE 37
CONECT 9 8 10 22 0 NONE 38
CONECT 10 9 11 12 0 NONE 39
CONECT 11 10 23 0 0 NONE 40
CONECT 12 10 13 24 0 NONE 41
CONECT 13 12 7 25 0 NONE 42
END NONE 43
</inlineContents>
</jmolApplet>
</jmol>
|-
!{{chembox header}} colspan="3" | Properties
|-
|colspan="1"|IUPAC Systematic Name
|colspan="2"|5-Hydroxytryptamine/
3-(2-aminoethyl)-1H-indol-5-ol
|-
|colspan="1"|Chemical Name
|colspan="2"|3-(2-Amino-aethyl)-indol-5-ol
|-
|colspan="1"|Molecular formula
|colspan="2"|C<sub>10</sub>H<sub>12</sub>N<sub>2</sub>O
|-
|colspan="1"|Molecular Mass
|colspan="2"|176.2182 gmol<sup>-1</sup>
|-
|colspan="1"|Type of Substance
|colspan="2"|heterocyclic
|-
|colspan="1"|CAS Registry Number
|colspan="2"|50-67-9, 61-47-2
|-
|colspan="1"|SMILES String
|colspan="2"|NCCC1=CNC2=C1C=C(O)C=C2
|-
|}

==What is Serotonin==

*Serotonin is a hormone manufactured by the brain that is associated with opiate-specific receptors - so helps maintain a happy feeling.
*It is a neurotransmitter which means that it is a chemical messenger in the brain, which allows the brain to communicate with nerve cells.
*An effective way of increasing serotonin levels is vigorous exercise, as in the case of mild depression. This exercise increases the levels for many days after the exercise takes place.
*Your diet will also effect the levels of serotonin. Low levels of omega 3 and vitamin C in the diet will cause a reduction in the amount of serotonin in the body.

==What Does Serotonin Do==

Serotonin affects many basic psychological functions such as
anxiety mechanisms and the regulation of mood, thoughts, aggression,
appetite, sex drive and the sleep/wake cycle. Multiple observations suggest that serotonin, which is one of
the more abundant neurotransmitters, plays an important role in the regulation of mood and a key role
in the treatment of depression.

Due to this, lack of serotonin is often associated with depression. Restoring the normal or enhanced level of this neurotransmitter acts as mood enhancer. Prozac is a mood enhancing drug, which acts in the central nervous system by inhibiting the re-uptake mechanism of serotonin into the synapse. The synapse is a junction where a signal is transmitted from one nerve cell to another. Since serotonin is not degraded in the synaptic cleft, Prozac promotes a prolonged presence of serotonin keeping the post-synaptic membrane active.

In the central nervous system, serotonin is involved in fear and "flight" responses, an activity which is opposed by the aggression or "fight" stimulating hormone adrenaline (epinephrine) and neurotransmitter dopamine.

Light modulates the production of certain hormones and brain chemicals including serotonin. The amount of serotonin in your brain reflects the amount of light in your environment. More light = more serotonin = more energy, a better mood, and fewer carbohydrate cravings.

==Serotonin in our bodies==

Serotonin originates in neurons deep in the midline of the brainstem. Because these neurons profile diffusely throughout the brain, serotonin can affect various brain functions, such as depression. It also interacts with many other neurotransmitters, either directly through neurons that use both serotonin and another neurotransmitter, or by serotonin neurons influencing neurons that primarily use these other transmitters.

Serotonin can be found in three main areas of the body: the intestinal wall, blood vessels, and the central nervous system.

==Sources of Serotonin==

*It is manufactured in the human brain using the essential amino acid tryptophan which is found in pineapples, plums, turkey and milk.
*Bananas also contain tryptophan, which the body converts into serotonin, known to make you relax, improve your mood and generally make you feel happier.
*Tryptophan is also found in chocolate, again causing the release of serotonin; which is often why it is eaten as a comfort food.

==Synthesis of Serotonin==

Serotonin is synthesized from the amino acid precursor tryptophan, packaged into vesicles, and
released into the synapse following an action potential. Once in the synapse, serotonin can interact
with both the pre- and postsynaptic receptors.

[[Image:synthesisSerotonin.gif|thumb|synthesis of serotonin]]
[http://www.chm.bris.ac.uk/motm/serotonin/synthesis.htm 1]

'''Detail of Synthesis:'''
[[image:detail_of_serotonin_synthesis.GIF]] [http://www.neurosci.pharm.utoledo.edu/MBC3320/serotonin.htm]

==Images of Serotonin==
{| class="toccolours" border="0" style="fix: right; clear: left; margin: 0 0 1em 1em; border-collapse: collapse;"
|- align="center"
| bgcolor="lt blue"|'''Electron Density of Serotonin'''
| bgcolor="lt blue"|'''Electrostatic Potential of Serotonin'''
|-
|[[image:Electron_density_of_serotonin.GIF]]
|[[image:electrostatic_potential_of_serotonin.GIF]]
|-
|Electron density is the measure of the probability of an
electron being present at a specific location.
|Electrostatic potential is used to describe the potential energy associated
with a charge distribution.
It provides a visual method to understand the relative polarity of a molecule.
|-
|}[http://www.cmste.uncc.edu/new/Document%20Hold/Sawsun-%20Serotonin%20FINAL%20PAPER.doc]

==Serotonin: Interesting Thoughts==

*Studies show that there is a chemical hierarchy in humans associated with social "rank" that is linked with serotonin levels. Those in high office, higher positions on sports teams and those of higher rank in academic clubs have been found to have higher levels of serotonin than their lower ranking peers. [http://www.globalhypnosis.com/hypnosis_stories.html]

*Serotonergic activity gradually decreases as one becomes drowsy and enters slow-wave sleep. An overall slowing of serotonergic activity is observed during slow-wave sleep known as non-REM sleep. During REM sleep (Rapid Eye Movement-the original dream sleep), serotonergic activity falls completely silent. Serotonergic activity returns to its basic level several seconds prior to the end of REM sleep. [http://www.antidepressantsfacts.com/pinealstory.htm]

*The stimulant in the drug Ecstasy forces the brain to release serotonin, in abnormally large amounts. The neurons (brain cells) that store serotonin are deformed or destroyed. Scientists have found that these injured neurons can regrow, but they may grow back abnormally or in the wrong locations. When Ecstasy wears off, the overflow of serotonin reverses to a lack of serotonin. Without enough serotonin it is difficult to sleep, learn, remember, or feel happy. [http://www.intheknowzone.com/ecstasy/chemistry.htm]

*When UV light interacts with your skin, it triggers the formation of vitamin D. Vitamin D stimulates the production of feel-good brain chemicals such as serotonin and dopamine.

*The light that enters your eyes has an immediate effect on your mood, so bright light- especially blue light (around the wavelength 460 nm) shuts down the production of melatonin, the night-time sleep hormone, and stimulates the production of serotonin, its energising, daytime counterpart.

==References==
*[http://www.healthscout.com/ency/1/409/main.html/ Healthscout]- What does Serotonin do?
*[http://www.chm.bris.ac.uk/motm/serotonin/synthesis.htm/ University of Bristol: Chemistry]- Synthesis of Serotonin
*[http://www.neurosci.pharm.utoledo.edu/MBC3320/serotonin.htm/ MBC Serotonin]- Detail of Synthesis
*[http://www.cmste.uncc.edu/ CMSTE]- Images of Serotonin
*[http://www.angelfire.com/hi/TheSeer/seratonin.html/ Serotonin]- What does Serotonin do?
*[http://www.thebodyblues.com/light.html/The Body Blues]- What does Serotonin do?
*[Belstein (2006/03]- Properties

It:Serotonin

2006-12-05T14:45:49Z

Tfm05: /* Images of Serotonin */

{| class="toccolours" border="1" style="float: right; clear: right; margin: 0 0 1em 1em; border-collapse: collapse;"
! {{chembox header}} colspan="3" |2D Structure
|-
| align="center" colspan="3" bgcolour="#ffffff" | [[image:Serotonin.gif]]
|-
! {{chembox header}} colspan="3" |3D structure <jmol>
<jmolApplet>
<size>310</size>
<color>white</color>
<script>zoom 80; cpk on;frame 1; move 10 -20 10 0 0 0 0 0 3; delay 1;</script>
<inlineContents>HEADER NONAME 24-Oct-06 NONE 1
TITLE NONE 2
AUTHOR WWW daemon apache NONE 3
REVDAT 1 24-Oct-06 0 NONE 4
ATOM 1 N 0 4.143 1.513 0.282 0.00 0.00 N+0
ATOM 2 C 0 2.960 0.702 0.600 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 3 C 0 2.369 0.133 -0.691 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 4 C 0 1.156 -0.699 -0.365 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 5 C 0 1.124 -2.029 -0.185 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 6 N 0 -0.152 -2.432 0.097 0.00 0.00 N+0
ATOM 7 C 0 -0.996 -1.341 0.105 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 8 C 0 -0.212 -0.209 -0.178 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 9 C 0 -0.805 1.055 -0.237 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 10 C 0 -2.162 1.182 -0.015 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 11 O 0 -2.745 2.409 -0.071 0.00 0.00 O+0
ATOM 12 C 0 -2.936 0.058 0.265 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 13 C 0 -2.361 -1.191 0.330 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 14 H 0 3.815 2.311 -0.241 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 15 H 0 4.497 1.865 1.159 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 16 H 0 3.247 -0.117 1.260 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 17 H 0 2.215 1.324 1.097 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 18 H 0 2.082 0.952 -1.351 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 19 H 0 3.113 -0.490 -1.188 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 20 H 0 1.980 -2.684 -0.252 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 21 H 0 -0.424 -3.347 0.266 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 22 H 0 -0.206 1.926 -0.454 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 23 H 0 -3.024 2.545 -0.987 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 24 H 0 -3.996 0.169 0.437 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 25 H 0 -2.971 -2.055 0.547 0.00 0.00 H+0
CONECT 1 2 14 15 0 NONE 30
CONECT 2 1 3 16 17 NONE 31
CONECT 3 2 4 18 19 NONE 32
CONECT 4 3 8 5 0 NONE 33
CONECT 5 4 6 20 0 NONE 34
CONECT 6 5 7 21 0 NONE 35
CONECT 7 6 13 8 0 NONE 36
CONECT 8 7 4 9 0 NONE 37
CONECT 9 8 10 22 0 NONE 38
CONECT 10 9 11 12 0 NONE 39
CONECT 11 10 23 0 0 NONE 40
CONECT 12 10 13 24 0 NONE 41
CONECT 13 12 7 25 0 NONE 42
END NONE 43
</inlineContents>
</jmolApplet>
</jmol>
|-
!{{chembox header}} colspan="3" | Properties
|-
|colspan="1"|IUPAC Systematic Name
|colspan="2"|5-Hydroxytryptamine/
3-(2-aminoethyl)-1H-indol-5-ol
|-
|colspan="1"|Chemical Name
|colspan="2"|3-(2-Amino-aethyl)-indol-5-ol
|-
|colspan="1"|Molecular formula
|colspan="2"|C<sub>10</sub>H<sub>12</sub>N<sub>2</sub>O
|-
|colspan="1"|Molecular Mass
|colspan="2"|176.2182 gmol<sup>-1</sup>
|-
|colspan="1"|Type of Substance
|colspan="2"|heterocyclic
|-
|colspan="1"|CAS Registry Number
|colspan="2"|50-67-9, 61-47-2
|-
|colspan="1"|SMILES String
|colspan="2"|NCCC1=CNC2=C1C=C(O)C=C2
|-
|}

==What is Serotonin==

*Serotonin is a hormone manufactured by the brain that is associated with opiate-specific receptors - so helps maintain a happy feeling.
*It is a neurotransmitter which means that it is a chemical messenger in the brain, which allows the brain to communicate with nerve cells.
*An effective way of increasing serotonin levels is vigorous exercise, as in the case of mild depression. This exercise increases the levels for many days after the exercise takes place.
*Your diet will also effect the levels of serotonin. Low levels of omega 3 and vitamin C in the diet will cause a reduction in the amount of serotonin in the body.

==What Does Serotonin Do==

Serotonin affects many basic psychological functions such as
anxiety mechanisms and the regulation of mood, thoughts, aggression,
appetite, sex drive and the sleep/wake cycle. Multiple observations suggest that serotonin, which is one of
the more abundant neurotransmitters, plays an important role in the regulation of mood and a key role
in the treatment of depression.

Due to this, lack of serotonin is often associated with depression. Restoring the normal or enhanced level of this neurotransmitter acts as mood enhancer. Prozac is a mood enhancing drug, which acts in the central nervous system by inhibiting the re-uptake mechanism of serotonin into the synapse. The synapse is a junction where a signal is transmitted from one nerve cell to another. Since serotonin is not degraded in the synaptic cleft, Prozac promotes a prolonged presence of serotonin keeping the post-synaptic membrane active.

In the central nervous system, serotonin is involved in fear and "flight" responses, an activity which is opposed by the aggression or "fight" stimulating hormone adrenaline (epinephrine) and neurotransmitter dopamine.

Light modulates the production of certain hormones and brain chemicals including serotonin. The amount of serotonin in your brain reflects the amount of light in your environment. More light = more serotonin = more energy, a better mood, and fewer carbohydrate cravings.

==Serotonin in our bodies==

Serotonin originates in neurons deep in the midline of the brainstem. Because these neurons profile diffusely throughout the brain, serotonin can affect various brain functions, such as depression. It also interacts with many other neurotransmitters, either directly through neurons that use both serotonin and another neurotransmitter, or by serotonin neurons influencing neurons that primarily use these other transmitters.

Serotonin can be found in three main areas of the body: the intestinal wall, blood vessels, and the central nervous system.

==Sources of Serotonin==

*It is manufactured in the human brain using the essential amino acid tryptophan which is found in pineapples, plums, turkey and milk.
*Bananas also contain tryptophan, which the body converts into serotonin, known to make you relax, improve your mood and generally make you feel happier.
*Tryptophan is also found in chocolate, again causing the release of serotonin; which is often why it is eaten as a comfort food.

==Synthesis of Serotonin==

Serotonin is synthesized from the amino acid precursor tryptophan, packaged into vesicles, and
released into the synapse following an action potential. Once in the synapse, serotonin can interact
with both the pre- and postsynaptic receptors.

[[Image:synthesisSerotonin.gif|thumb|synthesis of serotonin]]
[http://www.chm.bris.ac.uk/motm/serotonin/synthesis.htm 1]

'''Detail of Synthesis:'''
[[image:detail_of_serotonin_synthesis.GIF]] [http://www.neurosci.pharm.utoledo.edu/MBC3320/serotonin.htm]

==Images of Serotonin==
{| class="toccolours" border="0" style="fix: right; clear: left; margin: 0 0 1em 1em; border-collapse: collapse;"
|- align="center"
| bgcolor="lt blue"|'''Electron Density of Serotonin'''
| bgcolor="lt blue"|'''Electrostatic Potential of Serotonin'''
|-
|[[image:Electron_density_of_serotonin.GIF]]
|[[image:electrostatic_potential_of_serotonin.GIF]]
|-
|Electron density is the measure of the probability of an electron being present at a specific location.
|Electrostatic potential is used to describe the potential energy associated with a charge distribution.
It provides a visual method to understand the relative polarity of a molecule.
|-
|}[http://www.cmste.uncc.edu/new/Document%20Hold/Sawsun-%20Serotonin%20FINAL%20PAPER.doc]

==Serotonin: Interesting Thoughts==

*Studies show that there is a chemical hierarchy in humans associated with social "rank" that is linked with serotonin levels. Those in high office, higher positions on sports teams and those of higher rank in academic clubs have been found to have higher levels of serotonin than their lower ranking peers. [http://www.globalhypnosis.com/hypnosis_stories.html]

*Serotonergic activity gradually decreases as one becomes drowsy and enters slow-wave sleep. An overall slowing of serotonergic activity is observed during slow-wave sleep known as non-REM sleep. During REM sleep (Rapid Eye Movement-the original dream sleep), serotonergic activity falls completely silent. Serotonergic activity returns to its basic level several seconds prior to the end of REM sleep. [http://www.antidepressantsfacts.com/pinealstory.htm]

*The stimulant in the drug Ecstasy forces the brain to release serotonin, in abnormally large amounts. The neurons (brain cells) that store serotonin are deformed or destroyed. Scientists have found that these injured neurons can regrow, but they may grow back abnormally or in the wrong locations. When Ecstasy wears off, the overflow of serotonin reverses to a lack of serotonin. Without enough serotonin it is difficult to sleep, learn, remember, or feel happy. [http://www.intheknowzone.com/ecstasy/chemistry.htm]

*When UV light interacts with your skin, it triggers the formation of vitamin D. Vitamin D stimulates the production of feel-good brain chemicals such as serotonin and dopamine.

*The light that enters your eyes has an immediate effect on your mood, so bright light- especially blue light (around the wavelength 460 nm) shuts down the production of melatonin, the night-time sleep hormone, and stimulates the production of serotonin, its energising, daytime counterpart.

==References==
*[http://www.healthscout.com/ency/1/409/main.html/ Healthscout]- What does Serotonin do?
*[http://www.chm.bris.ac.uk/motm/serotonin/synthesis.htm/ University of Bristol: Chemistry]- Synthesis of Serotonin
*[http://www.neurosci.pharm.utoledo.edu/MBC3320/serotonin.htm/ MBC Serotonin]- Detail of Synthesis
*[http://www.cmste.uncc.edu/ CMSTE]- Images of Serotonin
*[http://www.angelfire.com/hi/TheSeer/seratonin.html/ Serotonin]- What does Serotonin do?
*[http://www.thebodyblues.com/light.html/The Body Blues]- What does Serotonin do?
*[Belstein (2006/03]- Properties

It:Serotonin

2006-12-05T14:44:12Z

Tfm05: grammer corrections etc

{| class="toccolours" border="1" style="float: right; clear: right; margin: 0 0 1em 1em; border-collapse: collapse;"
! {{chembox header}} colspan="3" |2D Structure
|-
| align="center" colspan="3" bgcolour="#ffffff" | [[image:Serotonin.gif]]
|-
! {{chembox header}} colspan="3" |3D structure <jmol>
<jmolApplet>
<size>310</size>
<color>white</color>
<script>zoom 80; cpk on;frame 1; move 10 -20 10 0 0 0 0 0 3; delay 1;</script>
<inlineContents>HEADER NONAME 24-Oct-06 NONE 1
TITLE NONE 2
AUTHOR WWW daemon apache NONE 3
REVDAT 1 24-Oct-06 0 NONE 4
ATOM 1 N 0 4.143 1.513 0.282 0.00 0.00 N+0
ATOM 2 C 0 2.960 0.702 0.600 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 3 C 0 2.369 0.133 -0.691 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 4 C 0 1.156 -0.699 -0.365 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 5 C 0 1.124 -2.029 -0.185 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 6 N 0 -0.152 -2.432 0.097 0.00 0.00 N+0
ATOM 7 C 0 -0.996 -1.341 0.105 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 8 C 0 -0.212 -0.209 -0.178 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 9 C 0 -0.805 1.055 -0.237 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 10 C 0 -2.162 1.182 -0.015 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 11 O 0 -2.745 2.409 -0.071 0.00 0.00 O+0
ATOM 12 C 0 -2.936 0.058 0.265 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 13 C 0 -2.361 -1.191 0.330 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 14 H 0 3.815 2.311 -0.241 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 15 H 0 4.497 1.865 1.159 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 16 H 0 3.247 -0.117 1.260 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 17 H 0 2.215 1.324 1.097 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 18 H 0 2.082 0.952 -1.351 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 19 H 0 3.113 -0.490 -1.188 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 20 H 0 1.980 -2.684 -0.252 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 21 H 0 -0.424 -3.347 0.266 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 22 H 0 -0.206 1.926 -0.454 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 23 H 0 -3.024 2.545 -0.987 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 24 H 0 -3.996 0.169 0.437 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 25 H 0 -2.971 -2.055 0.547 0.00 0.00 H+0
CONECT 1 2 14 15 0 NONE 30
CONECT 2 1 3 16 17 NONE 31
CONECT 3 2 4 18 19 NONE 32
CONECT 4 3 8 5 0 NONE 33
CONECT 5 4 6 20 0 NONE 34
CONECT 6 5 7 21 0 NONE 35
CONECT 7 6 13 8 0 NONE 36
CONECT 8 7 4 9 0 NONE 37
CONECT 9 8 10 22 0 NONE 38
CONECT 10 9 11 12 0 NONE 39
CONECT 11 10 23 0 0 NONE 40
CONECT 12 10 13 24 0 NONE 41
CONECT 13 12 7 25 0 NONE 42
END NONE 43
</inlineContents>
</jmolApplet>
</jmol>
|-
!{{chembox header}} colspan="3" | Properties
|-
|colspan="1"|IUPAC Systematic Name
|colspan="2"|5-Hydroxytryptamine/
3-(2-aminoethyl)-1H-indol-5-ol
|-
|colspan="1"|Chemical Name
|colspan="2"|3-(2-Amino-aethyl)-indol-5-ol
|-
|colspan="1"|Molecular formula
|colspan="2"|C<sub>10</sub>H<sub>12</sub>N<sub>2</sub>O
|-
|colspan="1"|Molecular Mass
|colspan="2"|176.2182 gmol<sup>-1</sup>
|-
|colspan="1"|Type of Substance
|colspan="2"|heterocyclic
|-
|colspan="1"|CAS Registry Number
|colspan="2"|50-67-9, 61-47-2
|-
|colspan="1"|SMILES String
|colspan="2"|NCCC1=CNC2=C1C=C(O)C=C2
|-
|}

==What is Serotonin==

*Serotonin is a hormone manufactured by the brain that is associated with opiate-specific receptors - so helps maintain a happy feeling.
*It is a neurotransmitter which means that it is a chemical messenger in the brain, which allows the brain to communicate with nerve cells.
*An effective way of increasing serotonin levels is vigorous exercise, as in the case of mild depression. This exercise increases the levels for many days after the exercise takes place.
*Your diet will also effect the levels of serotonin. Low levels of omega 3 and vitamin C in the diet will cause a reduction in the amount of serotonin in the body.

==What Does Serotonin Do==

Serotonin affects many basic psychological functions such as
anxiety mechanisms and the regulation of mood, thoughts, aggression,
appetite, sex drive and the sleep/wake cycle. Multiple observations suggest that serotonin, which is one of
the more abundant neurotransmitters, plays an important role in the regulation of mood and a key role
in the treatment of depression.

Due to this, lack of serotonin is often associated with depression. Restoring the normal or enhanced level of this neurotransmitter acts as mood enhancer. Prozac is a mood enhancing drug, which acts in the central nervous system by inhibiting the re-uptake mechanism of serotonin into the synapse. The synapse is a junction where a signal is transmitted from one nerve cell to another. Since serotonin is not degraded in the synaptic cleft, Prozac promotes a prolonged presence of serotonin keeping the post-synaptic membrane active.

In the central nervous system, serotonin is involved in fear and "flight" responses, an activity which is opposed by the aggression or "fight" stimulating hormone adrenaline (epinephrine) and neurotransmitter dopamine.

Light modulates the production of certain hormones and brain chemicals including serotonin. The amount of serotonin in your brain reflects the amount of light in your environment. More light = more serotonin = more energy, a better mood, and fewer carbohydrate cravings.

==Serotonin in our bodies==

Serotonin originates in neurons deep in the midline of the brainstem. Because these neurons profile diffusely throughout the brain, serotonin can affect various brain functions, such as depression. It also interacts with many other neurotransmitters, either directly through neurons that use both serotonin and another neurotransmitter, or by serotonin neurons influencing neurons that primarily use these other transmitters.

Serotonin can be found in three main areas of the body: the intestinal wall, blood vessels, and the central nervous system.

==Sources of Serotonin==

*It is manufactured in the human brain using the essential amino acid tryptophan which is found in pineapples, plums, turkey and milk.
*Bananas also contain tryptophan, which the body converts into serotonin, known to make you relax, improve your mood and generally make you feel happier.
*Tryptophan is also found in chocolate, again causing the release of serotonin; which is often why it is eaten as a comfort food.

==Synthesis of Serotonin==

Serotonin is synthesized from the amino acid precursor tryptophan, packaged into vesicles, and
released into the synapse following an action potential. Once in the synapse, serotonin can interact
with both the pre- and postsynaptic receptors.

[[Image:synthesisSerotonin.gif|thumb|synthesis of serotonin]]
[http://www.chm.bris.ac.uk/motm/serotonin/synthesis.htm 1]

'''Detail of Synthesis:'''
[[image:detail_of_serotonin_synthesis.GIF]] [http://www.neurosci.pharm.utoledo.edu/MBC3320/serotonin.htm]

==Images of Serotonin==
{| class="toccolours" border="0" style="fix: right; clear: left; margin: 0 0 1em 1em; border-collapse: collapse;"
|- align="center"
| bgcolor="lt blue"|'''Electron Density of Serotonin'''
| bgcolor="lt blue"|'''Electrostatic Potential of Serotonin'''
|-
|[[image:Electron_density_of_serotonin.GIF]]
|[[image:electrostatic_potential_of_serotonin.GIF]]
|-
|Electron density is the measure of the probability of an electron being present at a specific location.
|Electrostatic potential is used to describe the potential energy associated with a charge distribution. It provides a visual method to understand the relative polarity of a molecule.
|-
|}[http://www.cmste.uncc.edu/new/Document%20Hold/Sawsun-%20Serotonin%20FINAL%20PAPER.doc]

==Serotonin: Interesting Thoughts==

*Studies show that there is a chemical hierarchy in humans associated with social "rank" that is linked with serotonin levels. Those in high office, higher positions on sports teams and those of higher rank in academic clubs have been found to have higher levels of serotonin than their lower ranking peers. [http://www.globalhypnosis.com/hypnosis_stories.html]

*Serotonergic activity gradually decreases as one becomes drowsy and enters slow-wave sleep. An overall slowing of serotonergic activity is observed during slow-wave sleep known as non-REM sleep. During REM sleep (Rapid Eye Movement-the original dream sleep), serotonergic activity falls completely silent. Serotonergic activity returns to its basic level several seconds prior to the end of REM sleep. [http://www.antidepressantsfacts.com/pinealstory.htm]

*The stimulant in the drug Ecstasy forces the brain to release serotonin, in abnormally large amounts. The neurons (brain cells) that store serotonin are deformed or destroyed. Scientists have found that these injured neurons can regrow, but they may grow back abnormally or in the wrong locations. When Ecstasy wears off, the overflow of serotonin reverses to a lack of serotonin. Without enough serotonin it is difficult to sleep, learn, remember, or feel happy. [http://www.intheknowzone.com/ecstasy/chemistry.htm]

*When UV light interacts with your skin, it triggers the formation of vitamin D. Vitamin D stimulates the production of feel-good brain chemicals such as serotonin and dopamine.

*The light that enters your eyes has an immediate effect on your mood, so bright light- especially blue light (around the wavelength 460 nm) shuts down the production of melatonin, the night-time sleep hormone, and stimulates the production of serotonin, its energising, daytime counterpart.

==References==
*[http://www.healthscout.com/ency/1/409/main.html/ Healthscout]- What does Serotonin do?
*[http://www.chm.bris.ac.uk/motm/serotonin/synthesis.htm/ University of Bristol: Chemistry]- Synthesis of Serotonin
*[http://www.neurosci.pharm.utoledo.edu/MBC3320/serotonin.htm/ MBC Serotonin]- Detail of Synthesis
*[http://www.cmste.uncc.edu/ CMSTE]- Images of Serotonin
*[http://www.angelfire.com/hi/TheSeer/seratonin.html/ Serotonin]- What does Serotonin do?
*[http://www.thebodyblues.com/light.html/The Body Blues]- What does Serotonin do?
*[Belstein (2006/03]- Properties

It:Serotonin

2006-10-26T14:11:07Z

Tfm05:

{| class="toccolours" border="1" style="float: right; clear: right; margin: 0 0 1em 1em; border-collapse: collapse;"
! {{chembox header}} colspan="3" |2D Structure
|-
| align="center" colspan="3" bgcolour="#ffffff" | [[image:Serotonin.gif]]
|-
! {{chembox header}} colspan="3" |3D structure <jmol>
<jmolApplet>
<size>310</size>
<color>white</color>
<script>zoom 80; cpk on;frame 1; move 10 -20 10 0 0 0 0 0 3; delay 1;</script>
<inlineContents>HEADER NONAME 24-Oct-06 NONE 1
TITLE NONE 2
AUTHOR WWW daemon apache NONE 3
REVDAT 1 24-Oct-06 0 NONE 4
ATOM 1 N 0 4.143 1.513 0.282 0.00 0.00 N+0
ATOM 2 C 0 2.960 0.702 0.600 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 3 C 0 2.369 0.133 -0.691 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 4 C 0 1.156 -0.699 -0.365 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 5 C 0 1.124 -2.029 -0.185 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 6 N 0 -0.152 -2.432 0.097 0.00 0.00 N+0
ATOM 7 C 0 -0.996 -1.341 0.105 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 8 C 0 -0.212 -0.209 -0.178 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 9 C 0 -0.805 1.055 -0.237 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 10 C 0 -2.162 1.182 -0.015 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 11 O 0 -2.745 2.409 -0.071 0.00 0.00 O+0
ATOM 12 C 0 -2.936 0.058 0.265 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 13 C 0 -2.361 -1.191 0.330 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 14 H 0 3.815 2.311 -0.241 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 15 H 0 4.497 1.865 1.159 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 16 H 0 3.247 -0.117 1.260 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 17 H 0 2.215 1.324 1.097 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 18 H 0 2.082 0.952 -1.351 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 19 H 0 3.113 -0.490 -1.188 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 20 H 0 1.980 -2.684 -0.252 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 21 H 0 -0.424 -3.347 0.266 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 22 H 0 -0.206 1.926 -0.454 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 23 H 0 -3.024 2.545 -0.987 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 24 H 0 -3.996 0.169 0.437 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 25 H 0 -2.971 -2.055 0.547 0.00 0.00 H+0
CONECT 1 2 14 15 0 NONE 30
CONECT 2 1 3 16 17 NONE 31
CONECT 3 2 4 18 19 NONE 32
CONECT 4 3 8 5 0 NONE 33
CONECT 5 4 6 20 0 NONE 34
CONECT 6 5 7 21 0 NONE 35
CONECT 7 6 13 8 0 NONE 36
CONECT 8 7 4 9 0 NONE 37
CONECT 9 8 10 22 0 NONE 38
CONECT 10 9 11 12 0 NONE 39
CONECT 11 10 23 0 0 NONE 40
CONECT 12 10 13 24 0 NONE 41
CONECT 13 12 7 25 0 NONE 42
END NONE 43
</inlineContents>
</jmolApplet>
</jmol>
|-
!{{chembox header}} colspan="3" | Properties
|-
|colspan="1"|IUPAC Systematic Name
|colspan="2"|5-Hydroxytryptamine/
3-(2-aminoethyl)-1H-indol-5-ol
|-
|colspan="1"|Chemical Name
|colspan="2"|3-(2-Amino-aethyl)-indol-5-ol
|-
|colspan="1"|Molecular formula
|colspan="2"|C<sub>10</sub>H<sub>12</sub>N<sub>2</sub>O
|-
|colspan="1"|Molecular Mass
|colspan="2"|176.2182 gmol<sup>-1</sup>
|-
|colspan="1"|Type of Substance
|colspan="2"|heterocyclic
|-
|colspan="1"|CAS Registry Number
|colspan="2"|50-67-9, 61-47-2
|-
|colspan="1"|SMILES String
|colspan="2"|NCCC1=CNC2=C1C=C(O)C=C2
|-
|}

==What is Serotonin==

*Serotonin is a hormone manufactured by the brain that is associated with opiate-specific receptors - so helps maintain a happy feeling.
*It is a neurotransmitter meaning that is a chemical messenger in the brain which allows the brain to communicate with nerve cells.
*The most effective way of increasing serotonin levels is vigorous exercise if the person only has very mild depression. This exercise increases the levels for many days after the exercise takes place.
*Your diet will also effect the levels of serotonin. Low levels of omega 3 and vitamin C in the diet will cause a reduction in the amount of serotonin in the body.

==What Does Serotonin Do==

Serotonin affects many basic psychological functions such as
anxiety mechanisms and the regulation of mood, thoughts, aggression,
appetite, sex drive and the sleep/wake cycle. Multiple observations suggest that serotonin, one of
the most abundant neurotransmitters, plays an important role in the regulation of mood and a key role
in the treatment of depression.

Due to this, lack of serotonin is often associated with depression. Restoring the normal or enhanced level of this neurotransmitter acts as mood enhancer. Prozac is a mood enhancing drug, which acts in the central nervous system by inhibiting the reuptake mechanism of serotonin into the synapse. Since serotonin is not degraded in the synaptic cleft, Prozac promotes a prolonged presence of serotonin keeping the post-synaptic membrane active.

In the central nervous system, serotonin is involved in fear and flight responses, an activity which is opposed by the aggression stimulating hormone adrenaline (epinephrine) and neurotransmitter dopamine.

Light modulates the production of certain hormones and brain chemicals, such as serotonin. The amount of serotonin in your brain reflects the amount of light in your environment. More light = more serotonin = more energy, a better mood, and fewer carbohydrate cravings!

==Serotonin in our bodies==

Serotonin originates in neurons deep in the midline of the brainstem. Because these neurons profile diffusely throughout the brain, serotonin can affect various brain functions, such as depression. It also interacts with many other neurotransmitters, either directly through neurons that use both serotonin and another neurotransmitter, or by serotonin neurons influencing neurons that primarily use these other transmitters.

Serotonin can be found in three main areas of the body: the intestinal wall, blood vessels, and the central nervous system.

==Sources of Serotonin==

*It is manufactured in the human brain using the essential amino acid tryptophan which is found in pineapples, plums, turkey and milk.
*Bananas contain tryptophan, which the body converts into serotonin, known to make you relax, improve your mood and generally make you feel happier.
*Tryptophan is also found in chocolate, again causing the release of serotonin; which is often why it is eaten as a comfort food.

==Synthesis of Serotonin==

Serotonin is synthesized from the amino acid precursor tryptophan, packaged into vesicles, and
released into the synapse following an action potential. Once in the synapse, serotonin can interact
with both the pre- and postsynaptic receptors.

[[Image:synthesisSerotonin.gif|thumb|synthesis of serotonin]]
[http://www.chm.bris.ac.uk/motm/serotonin/synthesis.htm 1]

'''Detail of Synthesis:'''
[[image:detail_of_serotonin_synthesis.GIF]] [http://www.neurosci.pharm.utoledo.edu/MBC3320/serotonin.htm]

==Images of Serotonin==
{| class="toccolours" border="0" style="fix: right; clear: left; margin: 0 0 1em 1em; border-collapse: collapse;"
|- align="center"
| bgcolor="lt blue"|'''Electron Density of Serotonin'''
| bgcolor="lt blue"|'''Electrostatic Potential of Serotonin'''
|-
|[[image:Electron_density_of_serotonin.GIF]]
|[[image:electrostatic_potential_of_serotonin.GIF]]

|-
|}[http://www.cmste.uncc.edu/new/Document%20Hold/Sawsun-%20Serotonin%20FINAL%20PAPER.doc]

==Serotonin: Interesting Thoughts==

*Studies show that there is a chemical hierarchy in humans associated with social "rank" that is linked with serotonin levels. Those in high office, higher positions on sports teams and those of higher rank in academic clubs have been found to have higher levels of serotonin than their lower ranking peers. [http://www.globalhypnosis.com/hypnosis_stories.html]

*Serotonergic activity gradually decreases as one becomes drowsy and enter slow-wave sleep. An overall slowing of serotonergic activity is observed during slow-wave sleep known as non-REM sleep. During REM sleep (Rapid Eye Movement-the original dream sleep), serotonergic activity falls completely silent. Serotonergic activity returns to it's basic level several seconds prior to the end of REM sleep. [http://www.antidepressantsfacts.com/pinealstory.htm]

*The stimulant in the drug Ecstasy forces the brain to release serotonin, in abnormally large amounts. The neurons (brain cells) that store serotonin are deformed or destroyed. Scientists have found that these injured neurons can regrow, but they may grow back abnormally or in the wrong locations. When Ecstasy wears off, the overflow of serotonin reverses to a lack of serotonin. Without enough serotonin it is difficult to sleep, learn, remember, or feel happy. [http://www.intheknowzone.com/ecstasy/chemistry.htm]

*When UV light interacts with your skin, it triggers the formation of vitamin D. Vitamin D stimulates the production of feel-good brain chemicals such as serotonin and dopamine.

*The light that enters your eyes has an immediate effect on your mood, so bright light, especially blue light (around the wavelength 460 nm) shuts down the production of melatonin, the night-time sleep hormone, and stimulates the production of serotonin, its energising, daytime counterpart.

==References==
*[http://www.healthscout.com/ency/1/409/main.html/ Healthscout]- What does Serotonin do?
*[http://www.chm.bris.ac.uk/motm/serotonin/synthesis.htm/ University of Bristol: Chemistry]- Synthesis of Serotonin
*[http://www.neurosci.pharm.utoledo.edu/MBC3320/serotonin.htm/ MBC Serotonin]- Detail of Synthesis
*[http://www.cmste.uncc.edu/ CMSTE]- Images of Serotonin
*[http://www.angelfire.com/hi/TheSeer/seratonin.html/ Serotonin]- What does Serotonin do?
*[http://www.thebodyblues.com/light.html/The Body Blues]- What does Serotonin do?
*[Belstein (2006/03]- Properties

It:Serotonin

2006-10-26T14:06:21Z

Tfm05:

{| class="toccolours" border="1" style="float: right; clear: right; margin: 0 0 1em 1em; border-collapse: collapse;"
! {{chembox header}} colspan="3" |2D Structure
|-
| align="center" colspan="3" bgcolour="#ffffff" | [[image:Serotonin.gif]]
|-
! {{chembox header}} colspan="3" |3D structure <jmol>
<jmolApplet>
<size>310</size>
<color>white</color>
<script>zoom 80; cpk on;frame 1; move 10 -20 10 0 0 0 0 0 3; delay 1;</script>
<inlineContents>HEADER NONAME 24-Oct-06 NONE 1
TITLE NONE 2
AUTHOR WWW daemon apache NONE 3
REVDAT 1 24-Oct-06 0 NONE 4
ATOM 1 N 0 4.143 1.513 0.282 0.00 0.00 N+0
ATOM 2 C 0 2.960 0.702 0.600 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 3 C 0 2.369 0.133 -0.691 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 4 C 0 1.156 -0.699 -0.365 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 5 C 0 1.124 -2.029 -0.185 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 6 N 0 -0.152 -2.432 0.097 0.00 0.00 N+0
ATOM 7 C 0 -0.996 -1.341 0.105 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 8 C 0 -0.212 -0.209 -0.178 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 9 C 0 -0.805 1.055 -0.237 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 10 C 0 -2.162 1.182 -0.015 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 11 O 0 -2.745 2.409 -0.071 0.00 0.00 O+0
ATOM 12 C 0 -2.936 0.058 0.265 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 13 C 0 -2.361 -1.191 0.330 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 14 H 0 3.815 2.311 -0.241 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 15 H 0 4.497 1.865 1.159 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 16 H 0 3.247 -0.117 1.260 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 17 H 0 2.215 1.324 1.097 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 18 H 0 2.082 0.952 -1.351 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 19 H 0 3.113 -0.490 -1.188 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 20 H 0 1.980 -2.684 -0.252 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 21 H 0 -0.424 -3.347 0.266 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 22 H 0 -0.206 1.926 -0.454 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 23 H 0 -3.024 2.545 -0.987 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 24 H 0 -3.996 0.169 0.437 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 25 H 0 -2.971 -2.055 0.547 0.00 0.00 H+0
CONECT 1 2 14 15 0 NONE 30
CONECT 2 1 3 16 17 NONE 31
CONECT 3 2 4 18 19 NONE 32
CONECT 4 3 8 5 0 NONE 33
CONECT 5 4 6 20 0 NONE 34
CONECT 6 5 7 21 0 NONE 35
CONECT 7 6 13 8 0 NONE 36
CONECT 8 7 4 9 0 NONE 37
CONECT 9 8 10 22 0 NONE 38
CONECT 10 9 11 12 0 NONE 39
CONECT 11 10 23 0 0 NONE 40
CONECT 12 10 13 24 0 NONE 41
CONECT 13 12 7 25 0 NONE 42
END NONE 43
</inlineContents>
</jmolApplet>
</jmol>
|-
!{{chembox header}} colspan="3" | Properties
|-
|colspan="1"|IUPAC Systematic Name
|colspan="2"|5-Hydroxytryptamine/
3-(2-aminoethyl)-1H-indol-5-ol
|-
|colspan="1"|Chemical Name
|colspan="2"|3-(2-Amino-aethyl)-indol-5-ol
|-
|colspan="1"|Molecular formula
|colspan="2"|C<sub>10</sub>H<sub>12</sub>N<sub>2</sub>O
|-
|colspan="1"|Molecular Mass
|colspan="2"|176.2182 gmol<sup>-1</sup>
|-
|colspan="1"|Type of Substance
|colspan="2"|heterocyclic
|-
|colspan="1"|SMILES String
|colspan="2"|NCCC1=CNC2=C1C=C(O)C=C2
|-
|}

==What is Serotonin==

*Serotonin is a hormone manufactured by the brain that is associated with opiate-specific receptors - so helps maintain a happy feeling.
*It is a neurotransmitter meaning that is a chemical messenger in the brain which allows the brain to communicate with nerve cells.
*The most effective way of increasing serotonin levels is vigorous exercise if the person only has very mild depression. This exercise increases the levels for many days after the exercise takes place.
*Your diet will also effect the levels of serotonin. Low levels of omega 3 and vitamin C in the diet will cause a reduction in the amount of serotonin in the body.

==What Does Serotonin Do==

Serotonin affects many basic psychological functions such as
anxiety mechanisms and the regulation of mood, thoughts, aggression,
appetite, sex drive and the sleep/wake cycle. Multiple observations suggest that serotonin, one of
the most abundant neurotransmitters, plays an important role in the regulation of mood and a key role
in the treatment of depression.

Due to this, lack of serotonin is often associated with depression. Restoring the normal or enhanced level of this neurotransmitter acts as mood enhancer. Prozac is a mood enhancing drug, which acts in the central nervous system by inhibiting the reuptake mechanism of serotonin into the synapse. Since serotonin is not degraded in the synaptic cleft, Prozac promotes a prolonged presence of serotonin keeping the post-synaptic membrane active.

In the central nervous system, serotonin is involved in fear and flight responses, an activity which is opposed by the aggression stimulating hormone adrenaline (epinephrine) and neurotransmitter dopamine.

Light modulates the production of certain hormones and brain chemicals, such as serotonin. The amount of serotonin in your brain reflects the amount of light in your environment. More light = more serotonin = more energy, a better mood, and fewer carbohydrate cravings!

==Serotonin in our bodies==

Serotonin originates in neurons deep in the midline of the brainstem. Because these neurons profile diffusely throughout the brain, serotonin can affect various brain functions, such as depression. It also interacts with many other neurotransmitters, either directly through neurons that use both serotonin and another neurotransmitter, or by serotonin neurons influencing neurons that primarily use these other transmitters.

Serotonin can be found in three main areas of the body: the intestinal wall, blood vessels, and the central nervous system.

==Sources of Serotonin==

*It is manufactured in the human brain using the essential amino acid tryptophan which is found in pineapples, plums, turkey and milk.
*Bananas contain tryptophan, which the body converts into serotonin, known to make you relax, improve your mood and generally make you feel happier.
*Tryptophan is also found in chocolate, again causing the release of serotonin; which is often why it is eaten as a comfort food.

==Synthesis of Serotonin==

Serotonin is synthesized from the amino acid precursor tryptophan, packaged into vesicles, and
released into the synapse following an action potential. Once in the synapse, serotonin can interact
with both the pre- and postsynaptic receptors.

[[Image:synthesisSerotonin.gif|thumb|synthesis of serotonin]]
[http://www.chm.bris.ac.uk/motm/serotonin/synthesis.htm 1]

'''Detail of Synthesis:'''
[[image:detail_of_serotonin_synthesis.GIF]] [http://www.neurosci.pharm.utoledo.edu/MBC3320/serotonin.htm]

==Images of Serotonin==
{| class="toccolours" border="0" style="fix: right; clear: left; margin: 0 0 1em 1em; border-collapse: collapse;"
|- align="center"
| bgcolor="lt blue"|'''Electron Density of Serotonin'''
| bgcolor="lt blue"|'''Electrostatic Potential of Serotonin'''
|-
|[[image:Electron_density_of_serotonin.GIF]]
|[[image:electrostatic_potential_of_serotonin.GIF]]

|-
|}[http://www.cmste.uncc.edu/new/Document%20Hold/Sawsun-%20Serotonin%20FINAL%20PAPER.doc]

==Serotonin: Interesting Thoughts==

*Studies show that there is a chemical hierarchy in humans associated with social "rank" that is linked with serotonin levels. Those in high office, higher positions on sports teams and those of higher rank in academic clubs have been found to have higher levels of serotonin than their lower ranking peers. [http://www.globalhypnosis.com/hypnosis_stories.html]

*Serotonergic activity gradually decreases as one becomes drowsy and enter slow-wave sleep. An overall slowing of serotonergic activity is observed during slow-wave sleep known as non-REM sleep. During REM sleep (Rapid Eye Movement-the original dream sleep), serotonergic activity falls completely silent. Serotonergic activity returns to it's basic level several seconds prior to the end of REM sleep. [http://www.antidepressantsfacts.com/pinealstory.htm]

*The stimulant in the drug Ecstasy forces the brain to release serotonin, in abnormally large amounts. The neurons (brain cells) that store serotonin are deformed or destroyed. Scientists have found that these injured neurons can regrow, but they may grow back abnormally or in the wrong locations. When Ecstasy wears off, the overflow of serotonin reverses to a lack of serotonin. Without enough serotonin it is difficult to sleep, learn, remember, or feel happy. [http://www.intheknowzone.com/ecstasy/chemistry.htm]

*When UV light interacts with your skin, it triggers the formation of vitamin D. Vitamin D stimulates the production of feel-good brain chemicals such as serotonin and dopamine.

*The light that enters your eyes has an immediate effect on your mood, so bright light, especially blue light (around the wavelength 460 nm) shuts down the production of melatonin, the night-time sleep hormone, and stimulates the production of serotonin, its energising, daytime counterpart.

==References==
*[http://www.healthscout.com/ency/1/409/main.html/ Healthscout]- What does Serotonin do?
*[http://www.chm.bris.ac.uk/motm/serotonin/synthesis.htm/ University of Bristol: Chemistry]- Synthesis of Serotonin
*[http://www.neurosci.pharm.utoledo.edu/MBC3320/serotonin.htm/ MBC Serotonin]- Detail of Synthesis
*[http://www.cmste.uncc.edu/ CMSTE]- Images of Serotonin
*[http://www.angelfire.com/hi/TheSeer/seratonin.html/ Serotonin]- What does Serotonin do?
*[http://www.thebodyblues.com/light.html/The Body Blues]- What does Serotonin do?
*[Belstein (2006/03]- Properties

It:Serotonin

2006-10-26T14:06:10Z

Tfm05:

{| class="toccolours" border="1" style="float: right; clear: right; margin: 0 0 1em 1em; border-collapse: collapse;"
! {{chembox header}} colspan="3" |2D Structure
|-
| align="center" colspan="3" bgcolour="#ffffff" | [[image:Serotonin.gif]]
|-
! {{chembox header}} colspan="3" |3D structure <jmol>
<jmolApplet>
<size>320</size>
<color>white</color>
<script>zoom 80; cpk on;frame 1; move 10 -20 10 0 0 0 0 0 3; delay 1;</script>
<inlineContents>HEADER NONAME 24-Oct-06 NONE 1
TITLE NONE 2
AUTHOR WWW daemon apache NONE 3
REVDAT 1 24-Oct-06 0 NONE 4
ATOM 1 N 0 4.143 1.513 0.282 0.00 0.00 N+0
ATOM 2 C 0 2.960 0.702 0.600 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 3 C 0 2.369 0.133 -0.691 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 4 C 0 1.156 -0.699 -0.365 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 5 C 0 1.124 -2.029 -0.185 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 6 N 0 -0.152 -2.432 0.097 0.00 0.00 N+0
ATOM 7 C 0 -0.996 -1.341 0.105 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 8 C 0 -0.212 -0.209 -0.178 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 9 C 0 -0.805 1.055 -0.237 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 10 C 0 -2.162 1.182 -0.015 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 11 O 0 -2.745 2.409 -0.071 0.00 0.00 O+0
ATOM 12 C 0 -2.936 0.058 0.265 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 13 C 0 -2.361 -1.191 0.330 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 14 H 0 3.815 2.311 -0.241 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 15 H 0 4.497 1.865 1.159 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 16 H 0 3.247 -0.117 1.260 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 17 H 0 2.215 1.324 1.097 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 18 H 0 2.082 0.952 -1.351 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 19 H 0 3.113 -0.490 -1.188 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 20 H 0 1.980 -2.684 -0.252 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 21 H 0 -0.424 -3.347 0.266 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 22 H 0 -0.206 1.926 -0.454 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 23 H 0 -3.024 2.545 -0.987 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 24 H 0 -3.996 0.169 0.437 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 25 H 0 -2.971 -2.055 0.547 0.00 0.00 H+0
CONECT 1 2 14 15 0 NONE 30
CONECT 2 1 3 16 17 NONE 31
CONECT 3 2 4 18 19 NONE 32
CONECT 4 3 8 5 0 NONE 33
CONECT 5 4 6 20 0 NONE 34
CONECT 6 5 7 21 0 NONE 35
CONECT 7 6 13 8 0 NONE 36
CONECT 8 7 4 9 0 NONE 37
CONECT 9 8 10 22 0 NONE 38
CONECT 10 9 11 12 0 NONE 39
CONECT 11 10 23 0 0 NONE 40
CONECT 12 10 13 24 0 NONE 41
CONECT 13 12 7 25 0 NONE 42
END NONE 43
</inlineContents>
</jmolApplet>
</jmol>
|-
!{{chembox header}} colspan="3" | Properties
|-
|colspan="1"|IUPAC Systematic Name
|colspan="2"|5-Hydroxytryptamine/
3-(2-aminoethyl)-1H-indol-5-ol
|-
|colspan="1"|Chemical Name
|colspan="2"|3-(2-Amino-aethyl)-indol-5-ol
|-
|colspan="1"|Molecular formula
|colspan="2"|C<sub>10</sub>H<sub>12</sub>N<sub>2</sub>O
|-
|colspan="1"|Molecular Mass
|colspan="2"|176.2182 gmol<sup>-1</sup>
|-
|colspan="1"|Type of Substance
|colspan="2"|heterocyclic
|-
|colspan="1"|SMILES String
|colspan="2"|NCCC1=CNC2=C1C=C(O)C=C2
|-
|}

==What is Serotonin==

*Serotonin is a hormone manufactured by the brain that is associated with opiate-specific receptors - so helps maintain a happy feeling.
*It is a neurotransmitter meaning that is a chemical messenger in the brain which allows the brain to communicate with nerve cells.
*The most effective way of increasing serotonin levels is vigorous exercise if the person only has very mild depression. This exercise increases the levels for many days after the exercise takes place.
*Your diet will also effect the levels of serotonin. Low levels of omega 3 and vitamin C in the diet will cause a reduction in the amount of serotonin in the body.

==What Does Serotonin Do==

Serotonin affects many basic psychological functions such as
anxiety mechanisms and the regulation of mood, thoughts, aggression,
appetite, sex drive and the sleep/wake cycle. Multiple observations suggest that serotonin, one of
the most abundant neurotransmitters, plays an important role in the regulation of mood and a key role
in the treatment of depression.

Due to this, lack of serotonin is often associated with depression. Restoring the normal or enhanced level of this neurotransmitter acts as mood enhancer. Prozac is a mood enhancing drug, which acts in the central nervous system by inhibiting the reuptake mechanism of serotonin into the synapse. Since serotonin is not degraded in the synaptic cleft, Prozac promotes a prolonged presence of serotonin keeping the post-synaptic membrane active.

In the central nervous system, serotonin is involved in fear and flight responses, an activity which is opposed by the aggression stimulating hormone adrenaline (epinephrine) and neurotransmitter dopamine.

Light modulates the production of certain hormones and brain chemicals, such as serotonin. The amount of serotonin in your brain reflects the amount of light in your environment. More light = more serotonin = more energy, a better mood, and fewer carbohydrate cravings!

==Serotonin in our bodies==

Serotonin originates in neurons deep in the midline of the brainstem. Because these neurons profile diffusely throughout the brain, serotonin can affect various brain functions, such as depression. It also interacts with many other neurotransmitters, either directly through neurons that use both serotonin and another neurotransmitter, or by serotonin neurons influencing neurons that primarily use these other transmitters.

Serotonin can be found in three main areas of the body: the intestinal wall, blood vessels, and the central nervous system.

==Sources of Serotonin==

*It is manufactured in the human brain using the essential amino acid tryptophan which is found in pineapples, plums, turkey and milk.
*Bananas contain tryptophan, which the body converts into serotonin, known to make you relax, improve your mood and generally make you feel happier.
*Tryptophan is also found in chocolate, again causing the release of serotonin; which is often why it is eaten as a comfort food.

==Synthesis of Serotonin==

Serotonin is synthesized from the amino acid precursor tryptophan, packaged into vesicles, and
released into the synapse following an action potential. Once in the synapse, serotonin can interact
with both the pre- and postsynaptic receptors.

[[Image:synthesisSerotonin.gif|thumb|synthesis of serotonin]]
[http://www.chm.bris.ac.uk/motm/serotonin/synthesis.htm 1]

'''Detail of Synthesis:'''
[[image:detail_of_serotonin_synthesis.GIF]] [http://www.neurosci.pharm.utoledo.edu/MBC3320/serotonin.htm]

==Images of Serotonin==
{| class="toccolours" border="0" style="fix: right; clear: left; margin: 0 0 1em 1em; border-collapse: collapse;"
|- align="center"
| bgcolor="lt blue"|'''Electron Density of Serotonin'''
| bgcolor="lt blue"|'''Electrostatic Potential of Serotonin'''
|-
|[[image:Electron_density_of_serotonin.GIF]]
|[[image:electrostatic_potential_of_serotonin.GIF]]

|-
|}[http://www.cmste.uncc.edu/new/Document%20Hold/Sawsun-%20Serotonin%20FINAL%20PAPER.doc]

==Serotonin: Interesting Thoughts==

*Studies show that there is a chemical hierarchy in humans associated with social "rank" that is linked with serotonin levels. Those in high office, higher positions on sports teams and those of higher rank in academic clubs have been found to have higher levels of serotonin than their lower ranking peers. [http://www.globalhypnosis.com/hypnosis_stories.html]

*Serotonergic activity gradually decreases as one becomes drowsy and enter slow-wave sleep. An overall slowing of serotonergic activity is observed during slow-wave sleep known as non-REM sleep. During REM sleep (Rapid Eye Movement-the original dream sleep), serotonergic activity falls completely silent. Serotonergic activity returns to it's basic level several seconds prior to the end of REM sleep. [http://www.antidepressantsfacts.com/pinealstory.htm]

*The stimulant in the drug Ecstasy forces the brain to release serotonin, in abnormally large amounts. The neurons (brain cells) that store serotonin are deformed or destroyed. Scientists have found that these injured neurons can regrow, but they may grow back abnormally or in the wrong locations. When Ecstasy wears off, the overflow of serotonin reverses to a lack of serotonin. Without enough serotonin it is difficult to sleep, learn, remember, or feel happy. [http://www.intheknowzone.com/ecstasy/chemistry.htm]

*When UV light interacts with your skin, it triggers the formation of vitamin D. Vitamin D stimulates the production of feel-good brain chemicals such as serotonin and dopamine.

*The light that enters your eyes has an immediate effect on your mood, so bright light, especially blue light (around the wavelength 460 nm) shuts down the production of melatonin, the night-time sleep hormone, and stimulates the production of serotonin, its energising, daytime counterpart.

==References==
*[http://www.healthscout.com/ency/1/409/main.html/ Healthscout]- What does Serotonin do?
*[http://www.chm.bris.ac.uk/motm/serotonin/synthesis.htm/ University of Bristol: Chemistry]- Synthesis of Serotonin
*[http://www.neurosci.pharm.utoledo.edu/MBC3320/serotonin.htm/ MBC Serotonin]- Detail of Synthesis
*[http://www.cmste.uncc.edu/ CMSTE]- Images of Serotonin
*[http://www.angelfire.com/hi/TheSeer/seratonin.html/ Serotonin]- What does Serotonin do?
*[http://www.thebodyblues.com/light.html/The Body Blues]- What does Serotonin do?
*[Belstein (2006/03]- Properties

It:Serotonin

2006-10-26T14:06:01Z

Tfm05:

{| class="toccolours" border="1" style="float: right; clear: right; margin: 0 0 1em 1em; border-collapse: collapse;"
! {{chembox header}} colspan="3" |2D Structure
|-
| align="center" colspan="3" bgcolour="#ffffff" | [[image:Serotonin.gif]]
|-
! {{chembox header}} colspan="3" |3D structure <jmol>
<jmolApplet>
<size>350</size>
<color>white</color>
<script>zoom 80; cpk on;frame 1; move 10 -20 10 0 0 0 0 0 3; delay 1;</script>
<inlineContents>HEADER NONAME 24-Oct-06 NONE 1
TITLE NONE 2
AUTHOR WWW daemon apache NONE 3
REVDAT 1 24-Oct-06 0 NONE 4
ATOM 1 N 0 4.143 1.513 0.282 0.00 0.00 N+0
ATOM 2 C 0 2.960 0.702 0.600 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 3 C 0 2.369 0.133 -0.691 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 4 C 0 1.156 -0.699 -0.365 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 5 C 0 1.124 -2.029 -0.185 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 6 N 0 -0.152 -2.432 0.097 0.00 0.00 N+0
ATOM 7 C 0 -0.996 -1.341 0.105 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 8 C 0 -0.212 -0.209 -0.178 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 9 C 0 -0.805 1.055 -0.237 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 10 C 0 -2.162 1.182 -0.015 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 11 O 0 -2.745 2.409 -0.071 0.00 0.00 O+0
ATOM 12 C 0 -2.936 0.058 0.265 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 13 C 0 -2.361 -1.191 0.330 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 14 H 0 3.815 2.311 -0.241 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 15 H 0 4.497 1.865 1.159 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 16 H 0 3.247 -0.117 1.260 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 17 H 0 2.215 1.324 1.097 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 18 H 0 2.082 0.952 -1.351 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 19 H 0 3.113 -0.490 -1.188 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 20 H 0 1.980 -2.684 -0.252 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 21 H 0 -0.424 -3.347 0.266 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 22 H 0 -0.206 1.926 -0.454 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 23 H 0 -3.024 2.545 -0.987 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 24 H 0 -3.996 0.169 0.437 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 25 H 0 -2.971 -2.055 0.547 0.00 0.00 H+0
CONECT 1 2 14 15 0 NONE 30
CONECT 2 1 3 16 17 NONE 31
CONECT 3 2 4 18 19 NONE 32
CONECT 4 3 8 5 0 NONE 33
CONECT 5 4 6 20 0 NONE 34
CONECT 6 5 7 21 0 NONE 35
CONECT 7 6 13 8 0 NONE 36
CONECT 8 7 4 9 0 NONE 37
CONECT 9 8 10 22 0 NONE 38
CONECT 10 9 11 12 0 NONE 39
CONECT 11 10 23 0 0 NONE 40
CONECT 12 10 13 24 0 NONE 41
CONECT 13 12 7 25 0 NONE 42
END NONE 43
</inlineContents>
</jmolApplet>
</jmol>
|-
!{{chembox header}} colspan="3" | Properties
|-
|colspan="1"|IUPAC Systematic Name
|colspan="2"|5-Hydroxytryptamine/
3-(2-aminoethyl)-1H-indol-5-ol
|-
|colspan="1"|Chemical Name
|colspan="2"|3-(2-Amino-aethyl)-indol-5-ol
|-
|colspan="1"|Molecular formula
|colspan="2"|C<sub>10</sub>H<sub>12</sub>N<sub>2</sub>O
|-
|colspan="1"|Molecular Mass
|colspan="2"|176.2182 gmol<sup>-1</sup>
|-
|colspan="1"|Type of Substance
|colspan="2"|heterocyclic
|-
|colspan="1"|SMILES String
|colspan="2"|NCCC1=CNC2=C1C=C(O)C=C2
|-
|}

==What is Serotonin==

*Serotonin is a hormone manufactured by the brain that is associated with opiate-specific receptors - so helps maintain a happy feeling.
*It is a neurotransmitter meaning that is a chemical messenger in the brain which allows the brain to communicate with nerve cells.
*The most effective way of increasing serotonin levels is vigorous exercise if the person only has very mild depression. This exercise increases the levels for many days after the exercise takes place.
*Your diet will also effect the levels of serotonin. Low levels of omega 3 and vitamin C in the diet will cause a reduction in the amount of serotonin in the body.

==What Does Serotonin Do==

Serotonin affects many basic psychological functions such as
anxiety mechanisms and the regulation of mood, thoughts, aggression,
appetite, sex drive and the sleep/wake cycle. Multiple observations suggest that serotonin, one of
the most abundant neurotransmitters, plays an important role in the regulation of mood and a key role
in the treatment of depression.

Due to this, lack of serotonin is often associated with depression. Restoring the normal or enhanced level of this neurotransmitter acts as mood enhancer. Prozac is a mood enhancing drug, which acts in the central nervous system by inhibiting the reuptake mechanism of serotonin into the synapse. Since serotonin is not degraded in the synaptic cleft, Prozac promotes a prolonged presence of serotonin keeping the post-synaptic membrane active.

In the central nervous system, serotonin is involved in fear and flight responses, an activity which is opposed by the aggression stimulating hormone adrenaline (epinephrine) and neurotransmitter dopamine.

Light modulates the production of certain hormones and brain chemicals, such as serotonin. The amount of serotonin in your brain reflects the amount of light in your environment. More light = more serotonin = more energy, a better mood, and fewer carbohydrate cravings!

==Serotonin in our bodies==

Serotonin originates in neurons deep in the midline of the brainstem. Because these neurons profile diffusely throughout the brain, serotonin can affect various brain functions, such as depression. It also interacts with many other neurotransmitters, either directly through neurons that use both serotonin and another neurotransmitter, or by serotonin neurons influencing neurons that primarily use these other transmitters.

Serotonin can be found in three main areas of the body: the intestinal wall, blood vessels, and the central nervous system.

==Sources of Serotonin==

*It is manufactured in the human brain using the essential amino acid tryptophan which is found in pineapples, plums, turkey and milk.
*Bananas contain tryptophan, which the body converts into serotonin, known to make you relax, improve your mood and generally make you feel happier.
*Tryptophan is also found in chocolate, again causing the release of serotonin; which is often why it is eaten as a comfort food.

==Synthesis of Serotonin==

Serotonin is synthesized from the amino acid precursor tryptophan, packaged into vesicles, and
released into the synapse following an action potential. Once in the synapse, serotonin can interact
with both the pre- and postsynaptic receptors.

[[Image:synthesisSerotonin.gif|thumb|synthesis of serotonin]]
[http://www.chm.bris.ac.uk/motm/serotonin/synthesis.htm 1]

'''Detail of Synthesis:'''
[[image:detail_of_serotonin_synthesis.GIF]] [http://www.neurosci.pharm.utoledo.edu/MBC3320/serotonin.htm]

==Images of Serotonin==
{| class="toccolours" border="0" style="fix: right; clear: left; margin: 0 0 1em 1em; border-collapse: collapse;"
|- align="center"
| bgcolor="lt blue"|'''Electron Density of Serotonin'''
| bgcolor="lt blue"|'''Electrostatic Potential of Serotonin'''
|-
|[[image:Electron_density_of_serotonin.GIF]]
|[[image:electrostatic_potential_of_serotonin.GIF]]

|-
|}[http://www.cmste.uncc.edu/new/Document%20Hold/Sawsun-%20Serotonin%20FINAL%20PAPER.doc]

==Serotonin: Interesting Thoughts==

*Studies show that there is a chemical hierarchy in humans associated with social "rank" that is linked with serotonin levels. Those in high office, higher positions on sports teams and those of higher rank in academic clubs have been found to have higher levels of serotonin than their lower ranking peers. [http://www.globalhypnosis.com/hypnosis_stories.html]

*Serotonergic activity gradually decreases as one becomes drowsy and enter slow-wave sleep. An overall slowing of serotonergic activity is observed during slow-wave sleep known as non-REM sleep. During REM sleep (Rapid Eye Movement-the original dream sleep), serotonergic activity falls completely silent. Serotonergic activity returns to it's basic level several seconds prior to the end of REM sleep. [http://www.antidepressantsfacts.com/pinealstory.htm]

*The stimulant in the drug Ecstasy forces the brain to release serotonin, in abnormally large amounts. The neurons (brain cells) that store serotonin are deformed or destroyed. Scientists have found that these injured neurons can regrow, but they may grow back abnormally or in the wrong locations. When Ecstasy wears off, the overflow of serotonin reverses to a lack of serotonin. Without enough serotonin it is difficult to sleep, learn, remember, or feel happy. [http://www.intheknowzone.com/ecstasy/chemistry.htm]

*When UV light interacts with your skin, it triggers the formation of vitamin D. Vitamin D stimulates the production of feel-good brain chemicals such as serotonin and dopamine.

*The light that enters your eyes has an immediate effect on your mood, so bright light, especially blue light (around the wavelength 460 nm) shuts down the production of melatonin, the night-time sleep hormone, and stimulates the production of serotonin, its energising, daytime counterpart.

==References==
*[http://www.healthscout.com/ency/1/409/main.html/ Healthscout]- What does Serotonin do?
*[http://www.chm.bris.ac.uk/motm/serotonin/synthesis.htm/ University of Bristol: Chemistry]- Synthesis of Serotonin
*[http://www.neurosci.pharm.utoledo.edu/MBC3320/serotonin.htm/ MBC Serotonin]- Detail of Synthesis
*[http://www.cmste.uncc.edu/ CMSTE]- Images of Serotonin
*[http://www.angelfire.com/hi/TheSeer/seratonin.html/ Serotonin]- What does Serotonin do?
*[http://www.thebodyblues.com/light.html/The Body Blues]- What does Serotonin do?
*[Belstein (2006/03]- Properties

It:Serotonin

2006-10-26T14:05:24Z

Tfm05:

{| class="toccolours" border="1" style="float: right; clear: right; margin: 0 0 1em 1em; border-collapse: collapse;"
! {{chembox header}} colspan="3" |2D Structure
|-
| align="center" colspan="3" bgcolour="#ffffff" | [[image:Serotonin.gif]]
|-
! {{chembox header}} colspan="3" |3D structure <jmol>
<jmolApplet>
<size>300</size>
<color>white</color>
<script>zoom 80; cpk on;frame 1; move 10 -20 10 0 0 0 0 0 3; delay 1;</script>
<inlineContents>HEADER NONAME 24-Oct-06 NONE 1
TITLE NONE 2
AUTHOR WWW daemon apache NONE 3
REVDAT 1 24-Oct-06 0 NONE 4
ATOM 1 N 0 4.143 1.513 0.282 0.00 0.00 N+0
ATOM 2 C 0 2.960 0.702 0.600 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 3 C 0 2.369 0.133 -0.691 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 4 C 0 1.156 -0.699 -0.365 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 5 C 0 1.124 -2.029 -0.185 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 6 N 0 -0.152 -2.432 0.097 0.00 0.00 N+0
ATOM 7 C 0 -0.996 -1.341 0.105 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 8 C 0 -0.212 -0.209 -0.178 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 9 C 0 -0.805 1.055 -0.237 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 10 C 0 -2.162 1.182 -0.015 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 11 O 0 -2.745 2.409 -0.071 0.00 0.00 O+0
ATOM 12 C 0 -2.936 0.058 0.265 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 13 C 0 -2.361 -1.191 0.330 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 14 H 0 3.815 2.311 -0.241 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 15 H 0 4.497 1.865 1.159 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 16 H 0 3.247 -0.117 1.260 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 17 H 0 2.215 1.324 1.097 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 18 H 0 2.082 0.952 -1.351 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 19 H 0 3.113 -0.490 -1.188 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 20 H 0 1.980 -2.684 -0.252 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 21 H 0 -0.424 -3.347 0.266 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 22 H 0 -0.206 1.926 -0.454 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 23 H 0 -3.024 2.545 -0.987 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 24 H 0 -3.996 0.169 0.437 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 25 H 0 -2.971 -2.055 0.547 0.00 0.00 H+0
CONECT 1 2 14 15 0 NONE 30
CONECT 2 1 3 16 17 NONE 31
CONECT 3 2 4 18 19 NONE 32
CONECT 4 3 8 5 0 NONE 33
CONECT 5 4 6 20 0 NONE 34
CONECT 6 5 7 21 0 NONE 35
CONECT 7 6 13 8 0 NONE 36
CONECT 8 7 4 9 0 NONE 37
CONECT 9 8 10 22 0 NONE 38
CONECT 10 9 11 12 0 NONE 39
CONECT 11 10 23 0 0 NONE 40
CONECT 12 10 13 24 0 NONE 41
CONECT 13 12 7 25 0 NONE 42
END NONE 43
</inlineContents>
</jmolApplet>
</jmol>
|-
!{{chembox header}} colspan="3" | Properties
|-
|colspan="1"|IUPAC Systematic Name
|colspan="2"|5-Hydroxytryptamine/
3-(2-aminoethyl)-1H-indol-5-ol
|-
|colspan="1"|Chemical Name
|colspan="2"|3-(2-Amino-aethyl)-indol-5-ol
|-
|colspan="1"|Molecular formula
|colspan="2"|C<sub>10</sub>H<sub>12</sub>N<sub>2</sub>O
|-
|colspan="1"|Molecular Mass
|colspan="2"|176.2182 gmol<sup>-1</sup>
|-
|colspan="1"|Type of Substance
|colspan="2"|heterocyclic
|-
|colspan="1"|SMILES String
|colspan="2"|NCCC1=CNC2=C1C=C(O)C=C2
|-
|}

==What is Serotonin==

*Serotonin is a hormone manufactured by the brain that is associated with opiate-specific receptors - so helps maintain a happy feeling.
*It is a neurotransmitter meaning that is a chemical messenger in the brain which allows the brain to communicate with nerve cells.
*The most effective way of increasing serotonin levels is vigorous exercise if the person only has very mild depression. This exercise increases the levels for many days after the exercise takes place.
*Your diet will also effect the levels of serotonin. Low levels of omega 3 and vitamin C in the diet will cause a reduction in the amount of serotonin in the body.

==What Does Serotonin Do==

Serotonin affects many basic psychological functions such as
anxiety mechanisms and the regulation of mood, thoughts, aggression,
appetite, sex drive and the sleep/wake cycle. Multiple observations suggest that serotonin, one of
the most abundant neurotransmitters, plays an important role in the regulation of mood and a key role
in the treatment of depression.

Due to this, lack of serotonin is often associated with depression. Restoring the normal or enhanced level of this neurotransmitter acts as mood enhancer. Prozac is a mood enhancing drug, which acts in the central nervous system by inhibiting the reuptake mechanism of serotonin into the synapse. Since serotonin is not degraded in the synaptic cleft, Prozac promotes a prolonged presence of serotonin keeping the post-synaptic membrane active.

In the central nervous system, serotonin is involved in fear and flight responses, an activity which is opposed by the aggression stimulating hormone adrenaline (epinephrine) and neurotransmitter dopamine.

Light modulates the production of certain hormones and brain chemicals, such as serotonin. The amount of serotonin in your brain reflects the amount of light in your environment. More light = more serotonin = more energy, a better mood, and fewer carbohydrate cravings!

==Serotonin in our bodies==

Serotonin originates in neurons deep in the midline of the brainstem. Because these neurons profile diffusely throughout the brain, serotonin can affect various brain functions, such as depression. It also interacts with many other neurotransmitters, either directly through neurons that use both serotonin and another neurotransmitter, or by serotonin neurons influencing neurons that primarily use these other transmitters.

Serotonin can be found in three main areas of the body: the intestinal wall, blood vessels, and the central nervous system.

==Sources of Serotonin==

*It is manufactured in the human brain using the essential amino acid tryptophan which is found in pineapples, plums, turkey and milk.
*Bananas contain tryptophan, which the body converts into serotonin, known to make you relax, improve your mood and generally make you feel happier.
*Tryptophan is also found in chocolate, again causing the release of serotonin; which is often why it is eaten as a comfort food.

==Synthesis of Serotonin==

Serotonin is synthesized from the amino acid precursor tryptophan, packaged into vesicles, and
released into the synapse following an action potential. Once in the synapse, serotonin can interact
with both the pre- and postsynaptic receptors.

[[Image:synthesisSerotonin.gif|thumb|synthesis of serotonin]]
[http://www.chm.bris.ac.uk/motm/serotonin/synthesis.htm 1]

'''Detail of Synthesis:'''
[[image:detail_of_serotonin_synthesis.GIF]] [http://www.neurosci.pharm.utoledo.edu/MBC3320/serotonin.htm]

==Images of Serotonin==
{| class="toccolours" border="0" style="fix: right; clear: left; margin: 0 0 1em 1em; border-collapse: collapse;"
|- align="center"
| bgcolor="lt blue"|'''Electron Density of Serotonin'''
| bgcolor="lt blue"|'''Electrostatic Potential of Serotonin'''
|-
|[[image:Electron_density_of_serotonin.GIF]]
|[[image:electrostatic_potential_of_serotonin.GIF]]

|-
|}[http://www.cmste.uncc.edu/new/Document%20Hold/Sawsun-%20Serotonin%20FINAL%20PAPER.doc]

==Serotonin: Interesting Thoughts==

*Studies show that there is a chemical hierarchy in humans associated with social "rank" that is linked with serotonin levels. Those in high office, higher positions on sports teams and those of higher rank in academic clubs have been found to have higher levels of serotonin than their lower ranking peers. [http://www.globalhypnosis.com/hypnosis_stories.html]

*Serotonergic activity gradually decreases as one becomes drowsy and enter slow-wave sleep. An overall slowing of serotonergic activity is observed during slow-wave sleep known as non-REM sleep. During REM sleep (Rapid Eye Movement-the original dream sleep), serotonergic activity falls completely silent. Serotonergic activity returns to it's basic level several seconds prior to the end of REM sleep. [http://www.antidepressantsfacts.com/pinealstory.htm]

*The stimulant in the drug Ecstasy forces the brain to release serotonin, in abnormally large amounts. The neurons (brain cells) that store serotonin are deformed or destroyed. Scientists have found that these injured neurons can regrow, but they may grow back abnormally or in the wrong locations. When Ecstasy wears off, the overflow of serotonin reverses to a lack of serotonin. Without enough serotonin it is difficult to sleep, learn, remember, or feel happy. [http://www.intheknowzone.com/ecstasy/chemistry.htm]

*When UV light interacts with your skin, it triggers the formation of vitamin D. Vitamin D stimulates the production of feel-good brain chemicals such as serotonin and dopamine.

*The light that enters your eyes has an immediate effect on your mood, so bright light, especially blue light (around the wavelength 460 nm) shuts down the production of melatonin, the night-time sleep hormone, and stimulates the production of serotonin, its energising, daytime counterpart.

==References==
*[http://www.healthscout.com/ency/1/409/main.html/ Healthscout]- What does Serotonin do?
*[http://www.chm.bris.ac.uk/motm/serotonin/synthesis.htm/ University of Bristol: Chemistry]- Synthesis of Serotonin
*[http://www.neurosci.pharm.utoledo.edu/MBC3320/serotonin.htm/ MBC Serotonin]- Detail of Synthesis
*[http://www.cmste.uncc.edu/ CMSTE]- Images of Serotonin
*[http://www.angelfire.com/hi/TheSeer/seratonin.html/ Serotonin]- What does Serotonin do?
*[http://www.thebodyblues.com/light.html/The Body Blues]- What does Serotonin do?
*[Belstein (2006/03]- Properties

It:Serotonin

2006-10-26T13:54:01Z

Tfm05:

{| class="toccolours" border="1" style="float: right; clear: right; margin: 0 0 1em 1em; border-collapse: collapse;"
! {{chembox header}} colspan="3" |2D Structure
|-
| align="center" colspan="3" bgcolour="#ffffff" | [[image:Serotonin.gif]]
|-
! {{chembox header}} colspan="3" |3D structure <jmol>
<jmolApplet>
<size>400</size>
<color>white</color>
<script>zoom 80; cpk on;frame 1; move 10 -20 10 0 0 0 0 0 3; delay 1;</script>
<inlineContents>HEADER NONAME 24-Oct-06 NONE 1
TITLE NONE 2
AUTHOR WWW daemon apache NONE 3
REVDAT 1 24-Oct-06 0 NONE 4
ATOM 1 N 0 4.143 1.513 0.282 0.00 0.00 N+0
ATOM 2 C 0 2.960 0.702 0.600 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 3 C 0 2.369 0.133 -0.691 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 4 C 0 1.156 -0.699 -0.365 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 5 C 0 1.124 -2.029 -0.185 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 6 N 0 -0.152 -2.432 0.097 0.00 0.00 N+0
ATOM 7 C 0 -0.996 -1.341 0.105 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 8 C 0 -0.212 -0.209 -0.178 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 9 C 0 -0.805 1.055 -0.237 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 10 C 0 -2.162 1.182 -0.015 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 11 O 0 -2.745 2.409 -0.071 0.00 0.00 O+0
ATOM 12 C 0 -2.936 0.058 0.265 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 13 C 0 -2.361 -1.191 0.330 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 14 H 0 3.815 2.311 -0.241 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 15 H 0 4.497 1.865 1.159 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 16 H 0 3.247 -0.117 1.260 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 17 H 0 2.215 1.324 1.097 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 18 H 0 2.082 0.952 -1.351 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 19 H 0 3.113 -0.490 -1.188 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 20 H 0 1.980 -2.684 -0.252 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 21 H 0 -0.424 -3.347 0.266 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 22 H 0 -0.206 1.926 -0.454 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 23 H 0 -3.024 2.545 -0.987 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 24 H 0 -3.996 0.169 0.437 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 25 H 0 -2.971 -2.055 0.547 0.00 0.00 H+0
CONECT 1 2 14 15 0 NONE 30
CONECT 2 1 3 16 17 NONE 31
CONECT 3 2 4 18 19 NONE 32
CONECT 4 3 8 5 0 NONE 33
CONECT 5 4 6 20 0 NONE 34
CONECT 6 5 7 21 0 NONE 35
CONECT 7 6 13 8 0 NONE 36
CONECT 8 7 4 9 0 NONE 37
CONECT 9 8 10 22 0 NONE 38
CONECT 10 9 11 12 0 NONE 39
CONECT 11 10 23 0 0 NONE 40
CONECT 12 10 13 24 0 NONE 41
CONECT 13 12 7 25 0 NONE 42
END NONE 43
</inlineContents>
</jmolApplet>
</jmol>
|-
!{{chembox header}} colspan="3" | Properties
|-
|colspan="1"|IUPAC Systematic Name
|colspan="2"|5-Hydroxytryptamine/
3-(2-aminoethyl)-1H-indol-5-ol
|-
|colspan="1"|Chemical Name
|colspan="2"|3-(2-Amino-aethyl)-indol-5-ol
|-
|colspan="1"|Molecular formula
|colspan="2"|C<sub>10</sub>H<sub>12</sub>N<sub>2</sub>O
|-
|colspan="1"|Molecular Mass
|colspan="2"|176.2182 gmol<sup>-1</sup>
|-
|colspan="1"|Type of Substance
|colspan="2"|heterocyclic
|-
|colspan="1"|SMILES String
|colspan="2"|NCCC1=CNC2=C1C=C(O)C=C2
|-
|}

==What is Serotonin==

*Serotonin is a hormone manufactured by the brain that is associated with opiate-specific receptors - so helps maintain a happy feeling.
*It is a neurotransmitter meaning that is a chemical messenger in the brain which allows the brain to communicate with nerve cells.
*The most effective way of increasing serotonin levels is vigorous exercise if the person only has very mild depression. This exercise increases the levels for many days after the exercise takes place.
*Your diet will also effect the levels of serotonin. Low levels of omega 3 and vitamin C in the diet will cause a reduction in the amount of serotonin in the body.

==What Does Serotonin Do==

Serotonin affects many basic psychological functions such as
anxiety mechanisms and the regulation of mood, thoughts, aggression,
appetite, sex drive and the sleep/wake cycle. Multiple observations suggest that serotonin, one of
the most abundant neurotransmitters, plays an important role in the regulation of mood and a key role
in the treatment of depression.

Due to this, lack of serotonin is often associated with depression. Restoring the normal or enhanced level of this neurotransmitter acts as mood enhancer. Prozac is a mood enhancing drug, which acts in the central nervous system by inhibiting the reuptake mechanism of serotonin into the synapse. Since serotonin is not degraded in the synaptic cleft, Prozac promotes a prolonged presence of serotonin keeping the post-synaptic membrane active.

In the central nervous system, serotonin is involved in fear and flight responses, an activity which is opposed by the aggression stimulating hormone adrenaline (epinephrine) and neurotransmitter dopamine.

Light modulates the production of certain hormones and brain chemicals, such as serotonin. The amount of serotonin in your brain reflects the amount of light in your environment. More light = more serotonin = more energy, a better mood, and fewer carbohydrate cravings!

==Serotonin in our bodies==

Serotonin originates in neurons deep in the midline of the brainstem. Because these neurons profile diffusely throughout the brain, serotonin can affect various brain functions, such as depression. It also interacts with many other neurotransmitters, either directly through neurons that use both serotonin and another neurotransmitter, or by serotonin neurons influencing neurons that primarily use these other transmitters.

Serotonin can be found in three main areas of the body: the intestinal wall, blood vessels, and the central nervous system.

==Sources of Serotonin==

*It is manufactured in the human brain using the essential amino acid tryptophan which is found in pineapples, plums, turkey and milk.
*Bananas contain tryptophan, which the body converts into serotonin, known to make you relax, improve your mood and generally make you feel happier.
*Tryptophan is also found in chocolate, again causing the release of serotonin; which is often why it is eaten as a comfort food.

==Synthesis of Serotonin==

Serotonin is synthesized from the amino acid precursor tryptophan, packaged into vesicles, and
released into the synapse following an action potential. Once in the synapse, serotonin can interact
with both the pre- and postsynaptic receptors.

[[Image:synthesisSerotonin.gif|thumb|synthesis of serotonin]]
[http://www.chm.bris.ac.uk/motm/serotonin/synthesis.htm 1]

'''Detail of Synthesis:'''
[[image:detail_of_serotonin_synthesis.GIF]] [http://www.neurosci.pharm.utoledo.edu/MBC3320/serotonin.htm]

==Images of Serotonin==
{| class="toccolours" border="0" style="fix: right; clear: left; margin: 0 0 1em 1em; border-collapse: collapse;"
|- align="center"
| bgcolor="lt blue"|'''Electron Density of Serotonin'''
| bgcolor="lt blue"|'''Electrostatic Potential of Serotonin'''
|-
|[[image:Electron_density_of_serotonin.GIF]]
|[[image:electrostatic_potential_of_serotonin.GIF]]

|-
|}[http://www.cmste.uncc.edu/new/Document%20Hold/Sawsun-%20Serotonin%20FINAL%20PAPER.doc]

==Serotonin: Interesting Thoughts==

*Studies show that there is a chemical hierarchy in humans associated with social "rank" that is linked with serotonin levels. Those in high office, higher positions on sports teams and those of higher rank in academic clubs have been found to have higher levels of serotonin than their lower ranking peers. [http://www.globalhypnosis.com/hypnosis_stories.html]

*Serotonergic activity gradually decreases as one becomes drowsy and enter slow-wave sleep. An overall slowing of serotonergic activity is observed during slow-wave sleep known as non-REM sleep. During REM sleep (Rapid Eye Movement-the original dream sleep), serotonergic activity falls completely silent. Serotonergic activity returns to it's basic level several seconds prior to the end of REM sleep. [http://www.antidepressantsfacts.com/pinealstory.htm]

*The stimulant in the drug Ecstasy forces the brain to release serotonin, in abnormally large amounts. The neurons (brain cells) that store serotonin are deformed or destroyed. Scientists have found that these injured neurons can regrow, but they may grow back abnormally or in the wrong locations. When Ecstasy wears off, the overflow of serotonin reverses to a lack of serotonin. Without enough serotonin it is difficult to sleep, learn, remember, or feel happy. [http://www.intheknowzone.com/ecstasy/chemistry.htm]

*When UV light interacts with your skin, it triggers the formation of vitamin D. Vitamin D stimulates the production of feel-good brain chemicals such as serotonin and dopamine.

*The light that enters your eyes has an immediate effect on your mood, so bright light, especially blue light (around the wavelength 460 nm) shuts down the production of melatonin, the night-time sleep hormone, and stimulates the production of serotonin, its energising, daytime counterpart.

==References==
*[http://www.healthscout.com/ency/1/409/main.html/ Healthscout]- What does Serotonin do?
*[http://www.chm.bris.ac.uk/motm/serotonin/synthesis.htm/ University of Bristol: Chemistry]- Synthesis of Serotonin
*[http://www.neurosci.pharm.utoledo.edu/MBC3320/serotonin.htm/ MBC Serotonin]- Detail of Synthesis
*[http://www.cmste.uncc.edu/ CMSTE]- Images of Serotonin
*[http://www.angelfire.com/hi/TheSeer/seratonin.html/ Serotonin]- What does Serotonin do?
*[http://www.thebodyblues.com/light.html/The Body Blues]- What does Serotonin do?
*[Belstein (2006/03]- Properties

It:Serotonin

2006-10-26T13:51:41Z

Tfm05:

{| class="toccolours" border="1" style="float: right; clear: right; margin: 0 0 1em 1em; border-collapse: collapse;"
! {{chembox header}} colspan="3" |2D Structure
|-
| align="center" colspan="3" bgcolour="#ffffff" | [[image:Serotonin.gif]]
|-
! {{chembox header}} colspan="3" |3D structure <jmol>
<jmolApplet>
<size>400</size>
<color>white</color>
<script>zoom 80; cpk on;frame 1; move 10 -20 10 0 0 0 0 0 3; delay 1;</script>
<inlineContents>HEADER NONAME 24-Oct-06 NONE 1
TITLE NONE 2
AUTHOR WWW daemon apache NONE 3
REVDAT 1 24-Oct-06 0 NONE 4
ATOM 1 N 0 4.143 1.513 0.282 0.00 0.00 N+0
ATOM 2 C 0 2.960 0.702 0.600 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 3 C 0 2.369 0.133 -0.691 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 4 C 0 1.156 -0.699 -0.365 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 5 C 0 1.124 -2.029 -0.185 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 6 N 0 -0.152 -2.432 0.097 0.00 0.00 N+0
ATOM 7 C 0 -0.996 -1.341 0.105 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 8 C 0 -0.212 -0.209 -0.178 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 9 C 0 -0.805 1.055 -0.237 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 10 C 0 -2.162 1.182 -0.015 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 11 O 0 -2.745 2.409 -0.071 0.00 0.00 O+0
ATOM 12 C 0 -2.936 0.058 0.265 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 13 C 0 -2.361 -1.191 0.330 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 14 H 0 3.815 2.311 -0.241 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 15 H 0 4.497 1.865 1.159 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 16 H 0 3.247 -0.117 1.260 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 17 H 0 2.215 1.324 1.097 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 18 H 0 2.082 0.952 -1.351 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 19 H 0 3.113 -0.490 -1.188 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 20 H 0 1.980 -2.684 -0.252 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 21 H 0 -0.424 -3.347 0.266 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 22 H 0 -0.206 1.926 -0.454 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 23 H 0 -3.024 2.545 -0.987 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 24 H 0 -3.996 0.169 0.437 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 25 H 0 -2.971 -2.055 0.547 0.00 0.00 H+0
CONECT 1 2 14 15 0 NONE 30
CONECT 2 1 3 16 17 NONE 31
CONECT 3 2 4 18 19 NONE 32
CONECT 4 3 8 5 0 NONE 33
CONECT 5 4 6 20 0 NONE 34
CONECT 6 5 7 21 0 NONE 35
CONECT 7 6 13 8 0 NONE 36
CONECT 8 7 4 9 0 NONE 37
CONECT 9 8 10 22 0 NONE 38
CONECT 10 9 11 12 0 NONE 39
CONECT 11 10 23 0 0 NONE 40
CONECT 12 10 13 24 0 NONE 41
CONECT 13 12 7 25 0 NONE 42
END NONE 43
</inlineContents>
</jmolApplet>
</jmol>
|-
!{{chembox header}} colspan="3" | Properties
|-
|colspan="1"|IUPAC Systematic Name
|colspan="2"|5-Hydroxytryptamine/
3-(2-aminoethyl)-1H-indol-5-ol
|-
|colspan="1"|Chemical Name
|colspan="2"|3-(2-Amino-aethyl)-indol-5-ol
|-
|colspan="1"|Molecular formula
|colspan="2"|C<sub>10</sub>H<sub>12</sub>N<sub>2</sub>O
|-
|colspan="1"|Molecular Mass
|colspan="2"|176.2182 gmol<sup>-1</sup>
|-
|colspan="1"|Type of Substance
|colspan="2"|heterocyclic
|-
|colspan="1"|SMILES String
|colspan="2"|NCCC1=CNC2=C1C=C(O)C=C2
|-
|}

==What is Serotonin==

*Serotonin is a hormone manufactured by the brain that is associated with opiate-specific receptors - so helps maintain a happy feeling.
*It is a neurotransmitter meaning that is a chemical messenger in the brain which allows the brain to communicate with nerve cells.
*The most effective way of increasing serotonin levels is vigorous exercise if the person only has very mild depression. This exercise increases the levels for many days after the exercise takes place.
*Your diet will also effect the levels of serotonin. Low levels of omega 3 and vitamin C in the diet will cause a reduction in the amount of serotonin in the body.

==What Does Serotonin Do==

Serotonin affects many basic psychological functions such as
anxiety mechanisms and the regulation of mood, thoughts, aggression,
appetite, sex drive and the sleep/wake cycle. Multiple observations suggest that serotonin, one of
the most abundant neurotransmitters, plays an important role in the regulation of mood and a key role
in the treatment of depression.

Due to this, lack of serotonin is often associated with depression. Restoring the normal or enhanced level of this neurotransmitter acts as mood enhancer. Prozac is a mood enhancing drug, which acts in the central nervous system by inhibiting the reuptake mechanism of serotonin into the synapse. Since serotonin is not degraded in the synaptic cleft, Prozac promotes a prolonged presence of serotonin keeping the post-synaptic membrane active.

In the central nervous system, serotonin is involved in fear and flight responses, an activity which is opposed by the aggression stimulating hormone adrenaline (epinephrine) and neurotransmitter dopamine.

Light modulates the production of certain hormones and brain chemicals, such as serotonin. The amount of serotonin in your brain reflects the amount of light in your environment. More light = more serotonin = more energy, a better mood, and fewer carbohydrate cravings!

==Serotonin in our bodies==

Serotonin originates in neurons deep in the midline of the brainstem. Because these neurons profile diffusely throughout the brain, serotonin can affect various brain functions, such as depression. It also interacts with many other neurotransmitters, either directly through neurons that use both serotonin and another neurotransmitter, or by serotonin neurons influencing neurons that primarily use these other transmitters.

Serotonin can be found in three main areas of the body: the intestinal wall, blood vessels, and the central nervous system.

==Sources of Serotonin==

*It is manufactured in the human brain using the essential amino acid tryptophan which is found in pineapples, plums, turkey and milk.
*Bananas contain tryptophan, which the body converts into serotonin, known to make you relax, improve your mood and generally make you feel happier.
*Tryptophan is also found in chocolate, again causing the release of serotonin; which is often why it is eaten as a comfort food.

==Synthesis of Serotonin==

Serotonin is synthesized from the amino acid precursor tryptophan, packaged into vesicles, and
released into the synapse following an action potential. Once in the synapse, serotonin can interact
with both the pre- and postsynaptic receptors.

[[Image:synthesisSerotonin.gif|thumb|synthesis of serotonin]]
[http://www.chm.bris.ac.uk/motm/serotonin/synthesis.htm 1]

'''Detail of Synthesis:'''
[[image:detail_of_serotonin_synthesis.GIF]] [http://www.neurosci.pharm.utoledo.edu/MBC3320/serotonin.htm]

==Images of Serotonin==
{| class="toccolours" border="0" style="fix: right; clear: left; margin: 0 0 1em 1em; border-collapse: collapse;"
|- align="center"
| bgcolor="lt blue"|'''Electron Density of Serotonin'''
| bgcolor="lt blue"|'''Electrostatic Potential of Serotonin'''
|-
|[[image:Electron_density_of_serotonin.GIF]]
|[[image:electrostatic_potential_of_serotonin.GIF]]

|-
|}[http://www.cmste.uncc.edu/new/Document%20Hold/Sawsun-%20Serotonin%20FINAL%20PAPER.doc]

==Serotonin: Interesting Thoughts==

*Studies show that there is a chemical hierarchy in humans associated with social "rank" that is linked with serotonin levels. Those in high office, higher positions on sports teams and those of higher rank in academic clubs have been found to have higher levels of serotonin than their lower ranking peers. [http://www.globalhypnosis.com/hypnosis_stories.html]

*Serotonergic activity gradually decreases as one becomes drowsy and enter slow-wave sleep. An overall slowing of serotonergic activity is observed during slow-wave sleep known as non-REM sleep. During REM sleep (Rapid Eye Movement-the original dream sleep), serotonergic activity falls completely silent. Serotonergic activity returns to it's basic level several seconds prior to the end of REM sleep. [http://www.antidepressantsfacts.com/pinealstory.htm]

*The stimulant in the drug Ecstasy forces the brain to release serotonin, in abnormally large amounts. The neurons (brain cells) that store serotonin are deformed or destroyed. Scientists have found that these injured neurons can regrow, but they may grow back abnormally or in the wrong locations. When Ecstasy wears off, the overflow of serotonin reverses to a lack of serotonin. Without enough serotonin it is difficult to sleep, learn, remember, or feel happy. [http://www.intheknowzone.com/ecstasy/chemistry.htm]

*When UV light interacts with your skin, it triggers the formation of vitamin D. Vitamin D stimulates the production of feel-good brain chemicals such as serotonin and dopamine.

*The light that enters your eyes has an immediate effect on your mood, so bright light, especially blue light (around the wavelength 460 nm) shuts down the production of melatonin, the night-time sleep hormone, and stimulates the production of serotonin, its energising, daytime counterpart.

==References==
*[http://www.healthscout.com/ency/1/409/main.html/ Healthscout]- What does Serotonin do?
*[http://www.chm.bris.ac.uk/motm/serotonin/synthesis.htm/ University of Bristol: Chemistry]- Synthesis of Serotonin
*[http://www.neurosci.pharm.utoledo.edu/MBC3320/serotonin.htm/ MBC Serotonin]- Detail of Synthesis
*[http://www.cmste.uncc.edu/ CMSTE]- Images of Serotonin
*[http://www.angelfire.com/hi/TheSeer/seratonin.html/ Serotonin]- What does Serotonin do?
*[http://www.thebodyblues.com/light.html/The Body Blues]- What does Serotonin do?
*[Belstein (2006/03]- Properties

It:Serotonin

2006-10-26T13:44:04Z

Tfm05: /* References */

{| class="toccolours" border="1" style="float: right; clear: right; margin: 0 0 1em 1em; border-collapse: collapse;"
! {{chembox header}} colspan="3" |2D Structure
|-
| align="center" colspan="3" bgcolour="#ffffff" | [[image:Serotonin.gif]]
|-
! {{chembox header}} colspan="3" |3D structure <jmol>
<jmolApplet>
<size>400</size>
<color>white</color>
<script>zoom 80; cpk on;frame 1; move 10 -20 10 0 0 0 0 0 3; delay 1;</script>
<inlineContents>HEADER NONAME 24-Oct-06 NONE 1
TITLE NONE 2
AUTHOR WWW daemon apache NONE 3
REVDAT 1 24-Oct-06 0 NONE 4
ATOM 1 N 0 4.143 1.513 0.282 0.00 0.00 N+0
ATOM 2 C 0 2.960 0.702 0.600 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 3 C 0 2.369 0.133 -0.691 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 4 C 0 1.156 -0.699 -0.365 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 5 C 0 1.124 -2.029 -0.185 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 6 N 0 -0.152 -2.432 0.097 0.00 0.00 N+0
ATOM 7 C 0 -0.996 -1.341 0.105 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 8 C 0 -0.212 -0.209 -0.178 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 9 C 0 -0.805 1.055 -0.237 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 10 C 0 -2.162 1.182 -0.015 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 11 O 0 -2.745 2.409 -0.071 0.00 0.00 O+0
ATOM 12 C 0 -2.936 0.058 0.265 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 13 C 0 -2.361 -1.191 0.330 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 14 H 0 3.815 2.311 -0.241 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 15 H 0 4.497 1.865 1.159 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 16 H 0 3.247 -0.117 1.260 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 17 H 0 2.215 1.324 1.097 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 18 H 0 2.082 0.952 -1.351 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 19 H 0 3.113 -0.490 -1.188 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 20 H 0 1.980 -2.684 -0.252 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 21 H 0 -0.424 -3.347 0.266 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 22 H 0 -0.206 1.926 -0.454 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 23 H 0 -3.024 2.545 -0.987 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 24 H 0 -3.996 0.169 0.437 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 25 H 0 -2.971 -2.055 0.547 0.00 0.00 H+0
CONECT 1 2 14 15 0 NONE 30
CONECT 2 1 3 16 17 NONE 31
CONECT 3 2 4 18 19 NONE 32
CONECT 4 3 8 5 0 NONE 33
CONECT 5 4 6 20 0 NONE 34
CONECT 6 5 7 21 0 NONE 35
CONECT 7 6 13 8 0 NONE 36
CONECT 8 7 4 9 0 NONE 37
CONECT 9 8 10 22 0 NONE 38
CONECT 10 9 11 12 0 NONE 39
CONECT 11 10 23 0 0 NONE 40
CONECT 12 10 13 24 0 NONE 41
CONECT 13 12 7 25 0 NONE 42
END NONE 43
</inlineContents>
</jmolApplet>
</jmol>
|-
!{{chembox header}} colspan="3" | Properties
|-
|colspan="1"|IUPAC Systematic Name
|colspan="2"|5-Hydroxytryptamine/3-(2-aminoethyl)-1H-indol-5-ol
|-
|colspan="1"|Chemical Name
|colspan="2"|3-(2-Amino-aethyl)-indol-5-ol
|-
|colspan="1"|Molecular formula
|colspan="2"|C<sub>10</sub>H<sub>12</sub>N<sub>2</sub>O
|-
|colspan="1"|Molecular Mass
|colspan="2"|176.2182 gmol<sup>-1</sup>
|-
|colspan="1"|Type of Substance
|colspan="2"|heterocyclic
|-
|colspan="1"|SMILES String
|colspan="2"|NCCC1=CNC2=C1C=C(O)C=C2
|-
|}

==What is Serotonin==

*Serotonin is a hormone manufactured by the brain that is associated with opiate-specific receptors - so helps maintain a happy feeling.
*It is a neurotransmitter meaning that is a chemical messenger in the brain which allows the brain to communicate with nerve cells.
*The most effective way of increasing serotonin levels is vigorous exercise if the person only has very mild depression. This exercise increases the levels for many days after the exercise takes place.
*Your diet will also effect the levels of serotonin. Low levels of omega 3 and vitamin C in the diet will cause a reduction in the amount of serotonin in the body.

==What Does Serotonin Do==

Serotonin affects many basic psychological functions such as
anxiety mechanisms and the regulation of mood, thoughts, aggression,
appetite, sex drive and the sleep/wake cycle. Multiple observations suggest that serotonin, one of
the most abundant neurotransmitters, plays an important role in the regulation of mood and a key role
in the treatment of depression.

Due to this, lack of serotonin is often associated with depression. Restoring the normal or enhanced level of this neurotransmitter acts as mood enhancer. Prozac is a mood enhancing drug, which acts in the central nervous system by inhibiting the reuptake mechanism of serotonin into the synapse. Since serotonin is not degraded in the synaptic cleft, Prozac promotes a prolonged presence of serotonin keeping the post-synaptic membrane active.

In the central nervous system, serotonin is involved in fear and flight responses, an activity which is opposed by the aggression stimulating hormone adrenaline (epinephrine) and neurotransmitter dopamine.

Light modulates the production of certain hormones and brain chemicals, such as serotonin. The amount of serotonin in your brain reflects the amount of light in your environment. More light = more serotonin = more energy, a better mood, and fewer carbohydrate cravings!

==Serotonin in our bodies==

Serotonin originates in neurons deep in the midline of the brainstem. Because these neurons profile diffusely throughout the brain, serotonin can affect various brain functions, such as depression. It also interacts with many other neurotransmitters, either directly through neurons that use both serotonin and another neurotransmitter, or by serotonin neurons influencing neurons that primarily use these other transmitters.

Serotonin can be found in three main areas of the body: the intestinal wall, blood vessels, and the central nervous system.

==Sources of Serotonin==

*It is manufactured in the human brain using the essential amino acid tryptophan which is found in pineapples, plums, turkey and milk.
*Bananas contain tryptophan, which the body converts into serotonin, known to make you relax, improve your mood and generally make you feel happier.
*Tryptophan is also found in chocolate, again causing the release of serotonin; which is often why it is eaten as a comfort food.

==Synthesis of Serotonin==

Serotonin is synthesized from the amino acid precursor tryptophan, packaged into vesicles, and
released into the synapse following an action potential. Once in the synapse, serotonin can interact
with both the pre- and postsynaptic receptors.

[[Image:synthesisSerotonin.gif|thumb|synthesis of serotonin]]
[http://www.chm.bris.ac.uk/motm/serotonin/synthesis.htm 1]

'''Detail of Synthesis:'''
[[image:detail_of_serotonin_synthesis.GIF]] [http://www.neurosci.pharm.utoledo.edu/MBC3320/serotonin.htm]

==Images of Serotonin==
{| class="toccolours" border="0" style="fix: right; clear: left; margin: 0 0 1em 1em; border-collapse: collapse;"
|- align="center"
| bgcolor="lt blue"|'''Electron Density of Serotonin'''
| bgcolor="lt blue"|'''Electrostatic Potential of Serotonin'''
|-
|[[image:Electron_density_of_serotonin.GIF]]
|[[image:electrostatic_potential_of_serotonin.GIF]]

|-
|}[http://www.cmste.uncc.edu/new/Document%20Hold/Sawsun-%20Serotonin%20FINAL%20PAPER.doc]

==Serotonin: Interesting Thoughts==

*Studies show that there is a chemical hierarchy in humans associated with social "rank" that is linked with serotonin levels. Those in high office, higher positions on sports teams and those of higher rank in academic clubs have been found to have higher levels of serotonin than their lower ranking peers. [http://www.globalhypnosis.com/hypnosis_stories.html]

*Serotonergic activity gradually decreases as one becomes drowsy and enter slow-wave sleep. An overall slowing of serotonergic activity is observed during slow-wave sleep known as non-REM sleep. During REM sleep (Rapid Eye Movement-the original dream sleep), serotonergic activity falls completely silent. Serotonergic activity returns to it's basic level several seconds prior to the end of REM sleep. [http://www.antidepressantsfacts.com/pinealstory.htm]

*The stimulant in the drug Ecstasy forces the brain to release serotonin, in abnormally large amounts. The neurons (brain cells) that store serotonin are deformed or destroyed. Scientists have found that these injured neurons can regrow, but they may grow back abnormally or in the wrong locations. When Ecstasy wears off, the overflow of serotonin reverses to a lack of serotonin. Without enough serotonin it is difficult to sleep, learn, remember, or feel happy. [http://www.intheknowzone.com/ecstasy/chemistry.htm]

*When UV light interacts with your skin, it triggers the formation of vitamin D. Vitamin D stimulates the production of feel-good brain chemicals such as serotonin and dopamine.

*The light that enters your eyes has an immediate effect on your mood, so bright light, especially blue light (around the wavelength 460 nm) shuts down the production of melatonin, the night-time sleep hormone, and stimulates the production of serotonin, its energising, daytime counterpart.

==References==
*[http://www.healthscout.com/ency/1/409/main.html/ Healthscout]- What does Serotonin do?
*[http://www.chm.bris.ac.uk/motm/serotonin/synthesis.htm/ University of Bristol: Chemistry]- Synthesis of Serotonin
*[http://www.neurosci.pharm.utoledo.edu/MBC3320/serotonin.htm/ MBC Serotonin]- Detail of Synthesis
*[http://www.cmste.uncc.edu/ CMSTE]- Images of Serotonin
*[http://www.angelfire.com/hi/TheSeer/seratonin.html/ Serotonin]- What does Serotonin do?
*[http://www.thebodyblues.com/light.html/The Body Blues]- What does Serotonin do?
*[Belstein (2006/03]- Properties

It:Serotonin

2006-10-26T13:43:52Z

Tfm05: /* References */

{| class="toccolours" border="1" style="float: right; clear: right; margin: 0 0 1em 1em; border-collapse: collapse;"
! {{chembox header}} colspan="3" |2D Structure
|-
| align="center" colspan="3" bgcolour="#ffffff" | [[image:Serotonin.gif]]
|-
! {{chembox header}} colspan="3" |3D structure <jmol>
<jmolApplet>
<size>400</size>
<color>white</color>
<script>zoom 80; cpk on;frame 1; move 10 -20 10 0 0 0 0 0 3; delay 1;</script>
<inlineContents>HEADER NONAME 24-Oct-06 NONE 1
TITLE NONE 2
AUTHOR WWW daemon apache NONE 3
REVDAT 1 24-Oct-06 0 NONE 4
ATOM 1 N 0 4.143 1.513 0.282 0.00 0.00 N+0
ATOM 2 C 0 2.960 0.702 0.600 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 3 C 0 2.369 0.133 -0.691 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 4 C 0 1.156 -0.699 -0.365 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 5 C 0 1.124 -2.029 -0.185 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 6 N 0 -0.152 -2.432 0.097 0.00 0.00 N+0
ATOM 7 C 0 -0.996 -1.341 0.105 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 8 C 0 -0.212 -0.209 -0.178 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 9 C 0 -0.805 1.055 -0.237 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 10 C 0 -2.162 1.182 -0.015 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 11 O 0 -2.745 2.409 -0.071 0.00 0.00 O+0
ATOM 12 C 0 -2.936 0.058 0.265 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 13 C 0 -2.361 -1.191 0.330 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 14 H 0 3.815 2.311 -0.241 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 15 H 0 4.497 1.865 1.159 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 16 H 0 3.247 -0.117 1.260 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 17 H 0 2.215 1.324 1.097 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 18 H 0 2.082 0.952 -1.351 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 19 H 0 3.113 -0.490 -1.188 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 20 H 0 1.980 -2.684 -0.252 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 21 H 0 -0.424 -3.347 0.266 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 22 H 0 -0.206 1.926 -0.454 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 23 H 0 -3.024 2.545 -0.987 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 24 H 0 -3.996 0.169 0.437 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 25 H 0 -2.971 -2.055 0.547 0.00 0.00 H+0
CONECT 1 2 14 15 0 NONE 30
CONECT 2 1 3 16 17 NONE 31
CONECT 3 2 4 18 19 NONE 32
CONECT 4 3 8 5 0 NONE 33
CONECT 5 4 6 20 0 NONE 34
CONECT 6 5 7 21 0 NONE 35
CONECT 7 6 13 8 0 NONE 36
CONECT 8 7 4 9 0 NONE 37
CONECT 9 8 10 22 0 NONE 38
CONECT 10 9 11 12 0 NONE 39
CONECT 11 10 23 0 0 NONE 40
CONECT 12 10 13 24 0 NONE 41
CONECT 13 12 7 25 0 NONE 42
END NONE 43
</inlineContents>
</jmolApplet>
</jmol>
|-
!{{chembox header}} colspan="3" | Properties
|-
|colspan="1"|IUPAC Systematic Name
|colspan="2"|5-Hydroxytryptamine/3-(2-aminoethyl)-1H-indol-5-ol
|-
|colspan="1"|Chemical Name
|colspan="2"|3-(2-Amino-aethyl)-indol-5-ol
|-
|colspan="1"|Molecular formula
|colspan="2"|C<sub>10</sub>H<sub>12</sub>N<sub>2</sub>O
|-
|colspan="1"|Molecular Mass
|colspan="2"|176.2182 gmol<sup>-1</sup>
|-
|colspan="1"|Type of Substance
|colspan="2"|heterocyclic
|-
|colspan="1"|SMILES String
|colspan="2"|NCCC1=CNC2=C1C=C(O)C=C2
|-
|}

==What is Serotonin==

*Serotonin is a hormone manufactured by the brain that is associated with opiate-specific receptors - so helps maintain a happy feeling.
*It is a neurotransmitter meaning that is a chemical messenger in the brain which allows the brain to communicate with nerve cells.
*The most effective way of increasing serotonin levels is vigorous exercise if the person only has very mild depression. This exercise increases the levels for many days after the exercise takes place.
*Your diet will also effect the levels of serotonin. Low levels of omega 3 and vitamin C in the diet will cause a reduction in the amount of serotonin in the body.

==What Does Serotonin Do==

Serotonin affects many basic psychological functions such as
anxiety mechanisms and the regulation of mood, thoughts, aggression,
appetite, sex drive and the sleep/wake cycle. Multiple observations suggest that serotonin, one of
the most abundant neurotransmitters, plays an important role in the regulation of mood and a key role
in the treatment of depression.

Due to this, lack of serotonin is often associated with depression. Restoring the normal or enhanced level of this neurotransmitter acts as mood enhancer. Prozac is a mood enhancing drug, which acts in the central nervous system by inhibiting the reuptake mechanism of serotonin into the synapse. Since serotonin is not degraded in the synaptic cleft, Prozac promotes a prolonged presence of serotonin keeping the post-synaptic membrane active.

In the central nervous system, serotonin is involved in fear and flight responses, an activity which is opposed by the aggression stimulating hormone adrenaline (epinephrine) and neurotransmitter dopamine.

Light modulates the production of certain hormones and brain chemicals, such as serotonin. The amount of serotonin in your brain reflects the amount of light in your environment. More light = more serotonin = more energy, a better mood, and fewer carbohydrate cravings!

==Serotonin in our bodies==

Serotonin originates in neurons deep in the midline of the brainstem. Because these neurons profile diffusely throughout the brain, serotonin can affect various brain functions, such as depression. It also interacts with many other neurotransmitters, either directly through neurons that use both serotonin and another neurotransmitter, or by serotonin neurons influencing neurons that primarily use these other transmitters.

Serotonin can be found in three main areas of the body: the intestinal wall, blood vessels, and the central nervous system.

==Sources of Serotonin==

*It is manufactured in the human brain using the essential amino acid tryptophan which is found in pineapples, plums, turkey and milk.
*Bananas contain tryptophan, which the body converts into serotonin, known to make you relax, improve your mood and generally make you feel happier.
*Tryptophan is also found in chocolate, again causing the release of serotonin; which is often why it is eaten as a comfort food.

==Synthesis of Serotonin==

Serotonin is synthesized from the amino acid precursor tryptophan, packaged into vesicles, and
released into the synapse following an action potential. Once in the synapse, serotonin can interact
with both the pre- and postsynaptic receptors.

[[Image:synthesisSerotonin.gif|thumb|synthesis of serotonin]]
[http://www.chm.bris.ac.uk/motm/serotonin/synthesis.htm 1]

'''Detail of Synthesis:'''
[[image:detail_of_serotonin_synthesis.GIF]] [http://www.neurosci.pharm.utoledo.edu/MBC3320/serotonin.htm]

==Images of Serotonin==
{| class="toccolours" border="0" style="fix: right; clear: left; margin: 0 0 1em 1em; border-collapse: collapse;"
|- align="center"
| bgcolor="lt blue"|'''Electron Density of Serotonin'''
| bgcolor="lt blue"|'''Electrostatic Potential of Serotonin'''
|-
|[[image:Electron_density_of_serotonin.GIF]]
|[[image:electrostatic_potential_of_serotonin.GIF]]

|-
|}[http://www.cmste.uncc.edu/new/Document%20Hold/Sawsun-%20Serotonin%20FINAL%20PAPER.doc]

==Serotonin: Interesting Thoughts==

*Studies show that there is a chemical hierarchy in humans associated with social "rank" that is linked with serotonin levels. Those in high office, higher positions on sports teams and those of higher rank in academic clubs have been found to have higher levels of serotonin than their lower ranking peers. [http://www.globalhypnosis.com/hypnosis_stories.html]

*Serotonergic activity gradually decreases as one becomes drowsy and enter slow-wave sleep. An overall slowing of serotonergic activity is observed during slow-wave sleep known as non-REM sleep. During REM sleep (Rapid Eye Movement-the original dream sleep), serotonergic activity falls completely silent. Serotonergic activity returns to it's basic level several seconds prior to the end of REM sleep. [http://www.antidepressantsfacts.com/pinealstory.htm]

*The stimulant in the drug Ecstasy forces the brain to release serotonin, in abnormally large amounts. The neurons (brain cells) that store serotonin are deformed or destroyed. Scientists have found that these injured neurons can regrow, but they may grow back abnormally or in the wrong locations. When Ecstasy wears off, the overflow of serotonin reverses to a lack of serotonin. Without enough serotonin it is difficult to sleep, learn, remember, or feel happy. [http://www.intheknowzone.com/ecstasy/chemistry.htm]

*When UV light interacts with your skin, it triggers the formation of vitamin D. Vitamin D stimulates the production of feel-good brain chemicals such as serotonin and dopamine.

*The light that enters your eyes has an immediate effect on your mood, so bright light, especially blue light (around the wavelength 460 nm) shuts down the production of melatonin, the night-time sleep hormone, and stimulates the production of serotonin, its energising, daytime counterpart.

==References==
*[http://www.healthscout.com/ency/1/409/main.html/ Healthscout]- What does Serotonin do?
*[http://www.chm.bris.ac.uk/motm/serotonin/synthesis.htm/ University of Bristol: Chemistry]- Synthesis of Serotonin
*[http://www.neurosci.pharm.utoledo.edu/MBC3320/serotonin.htm/ MBC Serotonin]- Detail of Synthesis
*[http://www.cmste.uncc.edu/ CMSTE]- Images of Serotonin
*[http://www.angelfire.com/hi/TheSeer/seratonin.html/ Serotonin]- What does Serotonin do?
*[http://www.thebodyblues.com/light.html/The Body Blues]- What does Serotonin do?
*[Belstein (2006/03]-Properties

It:Serotonin

2006-10-26T13:37:39Z

Tfm05:

{| class="toccolours" border="1" style="float: right; clear: right; margin: 0 0 1em 1em; border-collapse: collapse;"
! {{chembox header}} colspan="3" |2D Structure
|-
| align="center" colspan="3" bgcolour="#ffffff" | [[image:Serotonin.gif]]
|-
! {{chembox header}} colspan="3" |3D structure <jmol>
<jmolApplet>
<size>400</size>
<color>white</color>
<script>zoom 80; cpk on;frame 1; move 10 -20 10 0 0 0 0 0 3; delay 1;</script>
<inlineContents>HEADER NONAME 24-Oct-06 NONE 1
TITLE NONE 2
AUTHOR WWW daemon apache NONE 3
REVDAT 1 24-Oct-06 0 NONE 4
ATOM 1 N 0 4.143 1.513 0.282 0.00 0.00 N+0
ATOM 2 C 0 2.960 0.702 0.600 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 3 C 0 2.369 0.133 -0.691 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 4 C 0 1.156 -0.699 -0.365 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 5 C 0 1.124 -2.029 -0.185 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 6 N 0 -0.152 -2.432 0.097 0.00 0.00 N+0
ATOM 7 C 0 -0.996 -1.341 0.105 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 8 C 0 -0.212 -0.209 -0.178 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 9 C 0 -0.805 1.055 -0.237 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 10 C 0 -2.162 1.182 -0.015 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 11 O 0 -2.745 2.409 -0.071 0.00 0.00 O+0
ATOM 12 C 0 -2.936 0.058 0.265 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 13 C 0 -2.361 -1.191 0.330 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 14 H 0 3.815 2.311 -0.241 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 15 H 0 4.497 1.865 1.159 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 16 H 0 3.247 -0.117 1.260 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 17 H 0 2.215 1.324 1.097 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 18 H 0 2.082 0.952 -1.351 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 19 H 0 3.113 -0.490 -1.188 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 20 H 0 1.980 -2.684 -0.252 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 21 H 0 -0.424 -3.347 0.266 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 22 H 0 -0.206 1.926 -0.454 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 23 H 0 -3.024 2.545 -0.987 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 24 H 0 -3.996 0.169 0.437 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 25 H 0 -2.971 -2.055 0.547 0.00 0.00 H+0
CONECT 1 2 14 15 0 NONE 30
CONECT 2 1 3 16 17 NONE 31
CONECT 3 2 4 18 19 NONE 32
CONECT 4 3 8 5 0 NONE 33
CONECT 5 4 6 20 0 NONE 34
CONECT 6 5 7 21 0 NONE 35
CONECT 7 6 13 8 0 NONE 36
CONECT 8 7 4 9 0 NONE 37
CONECT 9 8 10 22 0 NONE 38
CONECT 10 9 11 12 0 NONE 39
CONECT 11 10 23 0 0 NONE 40
CONECT 12 10 13 24 0 NONE 41
CONECT 13 12 7 25 0 NONE 42
END NONE 43
</inlineContents>
</jmolApplet>
</jmol>
|-
!{{chembox header}} colspan="3" | Properties
|-
|colspan="1"|IUPAC Systematic Name
|colspan="2"|5-Hydroxytryptamine/3-(2-aminoethyl)-1H-indol-5-ol
|-
|colspan="1"|Chemical Name
|colspan="2"|3-(2-Amino-aethyl)-indol-5-ol
|-
|colspan="1"|Molecular formula
|colspan="2"|C<sub>10</sub>H<sub>12</sub>N<sub>2</sub>O
|-
|colspan="1"|Molecular Mass
|colspan="2"|176.2182 gmol<sup>-1</sup>
|-
|colspan="1"|Type of Substance
|colspan="2"|heterocyclic
|-
|colspan="1"|SMILES String
|colspan="2"|NCCC1=CNC2=C1C=C(O)C=C2
|-
|}

==What is Serotonin==

*Serotonin is a hormone manufactured by the brain that is associated with opiate-specific receptors - so helps maintain a happy feeling.
*It is a neurotransmitter meaning that is a chemical messenger in the brain which allows the brain to communicate with nerve cells.
*The most effective way of increasing serotonin levels is vigorous exercise if the person only has very mild depression. This exercise increases the levels for many days after the exercise takes place.
*Your diet will also effect the levels of serotonin. Low levels of omega 3 and vitamin C in the diet will cause a reduction in the amount of serotonin in the body.

==What Does Serotonin Do==

Serotonin affects many basic psychological functions such as
anxiety mechanisms and the regulation of mood, thoughts, aggression,
appetite, sex drive and the sleep/wake cycle. Multiple observations suggest that serotonin, one of
the most abundant neurotransmitters, plays an important role in the regulation of mood and a key role
in the treatment of depression.

Due to this, lack of serotonin is often associated with depression. Restoring the normal or enhanced level of this neurotransmitter acts as mood enhancer. Prozac is a mood enhancing drug, which acts in the central nervous system by inhibiting the reuptake mechanism of serotonin into the synapse. Since serotonin is not degraded in the synaptic cleft, Prozac promotes a prolonged presence of serotonin keeping the post-synaptic membrane active.

In the central nervous system, serotonin is involved in fear and flight responses, an activity which is opposed by the aggression stimulating hormone adrenaline (epinephrine) and neurotransmitter dopamine.

Light modulates the production of certain hormones and brain chemicals, such as serotonin. The amount of serotonin in your brain reflects the amount of light in your environment. More light = more serotonin = more energy, a better mood, and fewer carbohydrate cravings!

==Serotonin in our bodies==

Serotonin originates in neurons deep in the midline of the brainstem. Because these neurons profile diffusely throughout the brain, serotonin can affect various brain functions, such as depression. It also interacts with many other neurotransmitters, either directly through neurons that use both serotonin and another neurotransmitter, or by serotonin neurons influencing neurons that primarily use these other transmitters.

Serotonin can be found in three main areas of the body: the intestinal wall, blood vessels, and the central nervous system.

==Sources of Serotonin==

*It is manufactured in the human brain using the essential amino acid tryptophan which is found in pineapples, plums, turkey and milk.
*Bananas contain tryptophan, which the body converts into serotonin, known to make you relax, improve your mood and generally make you feel happier.
*Tryptophan is also found in chocolate, again causing the release of serotonin; which is often why it is eaten as a comfort food.

==Synthesis of Serotonin==

Serotonin is synthesized from the amino acid precursor tryptophan, packaged into vesicles, and
released into the synapse following an action potential. Once in the synapse, serotonin can interact
with both the pre- and postsynaptic receptors.

[[Image:synthesisSerotonin.gif|thumb|synthesis of serotonin]]
[http://www.chm.bris.ac.uk/motm/serotonin/synthesis.htm 1]

'''Detail of Synthesis:'''
[[image:detail_of_serotonin_synthesis.GIF]] [http://www.neurosci.pharm.utoledo.edu/MBC3320/serotonin.htm]

==Images of Serotonin==
{| class="toccolours" border="0" style="fix: right; clear: left; margin: 0 0 1em 1em; border-collapse: collapse;"
|- align="center"
| bgcolor="lt blue"|'''Electron Density of Serotonin'''
| bgcolor="lt blue"|'''Electrostatic Potential of Serotonin'''
|-
|[[image:Electron_density_of_serotonin.GIF]]
|[[image:electrostatic_potential_of_serotonin.GIF]]

|-
|}[http://www.cmste.uncc.edu/new/Document%20Hold/Sawsun-%20Serotonin%20FINAL%20PAPER.doc]

==Serotonin: Interesting Thoughts==

*Studies show that there is a chemical hierarchy in humans associated with social "rank" that is linked with serotonin levels. Those in high office, higher positions on sports teams and those of higher rank in academic clubs have been found to have higher levels of serotonin than their lower ranking peers. [http://www.globalhypnosis.com/hypnosis_stories.html]

*Serotonergic activity gradually decreases as one becomes drowsy and enter slow-wave sleep. An overall slowing of serotonergic activity is observed during slow-wave sleep known as non-REM sleep. During REM sleep (Rapid Eye Movement-the original dream sleep), serotonergic activity falls completely silent. Serotonergic activity returns to it's basic level several seconds prior to the end of REM sleep. [http://www.antidepressantsfacts.com/pinealstory.htm]

*The stimulant in the drug Ecstasy forces the brain to release serotonin, in abnormally large amounts. The neurons (brain cells) that store serotonin are deformed or destroyed. Scientists have found that these injured neurons can regrow, but they may grow back abnormally or in the wrong locations. When Ecstasy wears off, the overflow of serotonin reverses to a lack of serotonin. Without enough serotonin it is difficult to sleep, learn, remember, or feel happy. [http://www.intheknowzone.com/ecstasy/chemistry.htm]

*When UV light interacts with your skin, it triggers the formation of vitamin D. Vitamin D stimulates the production of feel-good brain chemicals such as serotonin and dopamine.

*The light that enters your eyes has an immediate effect on your mood, so bright light, especially blue light (around the wavelength 460 nm) shuts down the production of melatonin, the night-time sleep hormone, and stimulates the production of serotonin, its energising, daytime counterpart.

==References==
*[http://www.healthscout.com/ency/1/409/main.html/ Healthscout]- What does Serotonin do?
*[http://www.chm.bris.ac.uk/motm/serotonin/synthesis.htm/ University of Bristol: Chemistry]- Synthesis of Serotonin
*[http://www.neurosci.pharm.utoledo.edu/MBC3320/serotonin.htm/ MBC Serotonin]- Detail of Synthesis
*[http://www.cmste.uncc.edu/ CMSTE]- Images of Serotonin
*[http://www.angelfire.com/hi/TheSeer/seratonin.html/ Serotonin]- What does Serotonin do?
*[http://www.thebodyblues.com/light.html/The Body Blues]- What does Serotonin do?
*[]-Properties

It:Serotonin

2006-10-26T13:17:51Z

Tfm05: /* References */

{| class="toccolours" border="1" style="float: right; clear: right; margin: 0 0 1em 1em; border-collapse: collapse;"
! {{chembox header}} colspan="3" |2D Structure
|-
| align="center" colspan="3" bgcolour="#ffffff" | [[image:Serotonin.gif]]
|-
! {{chembox header}} colspan="3" |3D structure <jmol>
<jmolApplet>
<size>400</size>
<color>white</color>
<script>zoom 80; cpk on;frame 1; move 10 -20 10 0 0 0 0 0 3; delay 1;</script>
<inlineContents>HEADER NONAME 24-Oct-06 NONE 1
TITLE NONE 2
AUTHOR WWW daemon apache NONE 3
REVDAT 1 24-Oct-06 0 NONE 4
ATOM 1 N 0 4.143 1.513 0.282 0.00 0.00 N+0
ATOM 2 C 0 2.960 0.702 0.600 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 3 C 0 2.369 0.133 -0.691 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 4 C 0 1.156 -0.699 -0.365 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 5 C 0 1.124 -2.029 -0.185 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 6 N 0 -0.152 -2.432 0.097 0.00 0.00 N+0
ATOM 7 C 0 -0.996 -1.341 0.105 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 8 C 0 -0.212 -0.209 -0.178 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 9 C 0 -0.805 1.055 -0.237 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 10 C 0 -2.162 1.182 -0.015 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 11 O 0 -2.745 2.409 -0.071 0.00 0.00 O+0
ATOM 12 C 0 -2.936 0.058 0.265 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 13 C 0 -2.361 -1.191 0.330 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 14 H 0 3.815 2.311 -0.241 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 15 H 0 4.497 1.865 1.159 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 16 H 0 3.247 -0.117 1.260 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 17 H 0 2.215 1.324 1.097 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 18 H 0 2.082 0.952 -1.351 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 19 H 0 3.113 -0.490 -1.188 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 20 H 0 1.980 -2.684 -0.252 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 21 H 0 -0.424 -3.347 0.266 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 22 H 0 -0.206 1.926 -0.454 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 23 H 0 -3.024 2.545 -0.987 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 24 H 0 -3.996 0.169 0.437 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 25 H 0 -2.971 -2.055 0.547 0.00 0.00 H+0
CONECT 1 2 14 15 0 NONE 30
CONECT 2 1 3 16 17 NONE 31
CONECT 3 2 4 18 19 NONE 32
CONECT 4 3 8 5 0 NONE 33
CONECT 5 4 6 20 0 NONE 34
CONECT 6 5 7 21 0 NONE 35
CONECT 7 6 13 8 0 NONE 36
CONECT 8 7 4 9 0 NONE 37
CONECT 9 8 10 22 0 NONE 38
CONECT 10 9 11 12 0 NONE 39
CONECT 11 10 23 0 0 NONE 40
CONECT 12 10 13 24 0 NONE 41
CONECT 13 12 7 25 0 NONE 42
END NONE 43
</inlineContents>
</jmolApplet>
</jmol>
|-
!{{chembox header}} colspan="3" | Properties
|-
|colspan="1"|IUPAC Systematic Name
|colspan="2"|5-Hydroxytryptamine/3-(2-aminoethyl)-1H-indol-5-ol
|-
|colspan="1"|Chemical Name
|colspan="2"|3-(2-Amino-aethyl)-indol-5-ol
|-
|colspan="1"|Molecular formula
|colspan="2"|C<sub>10</sub>H<sub>12</sub>N<sub>2</sub>O
|-
|colspan="1"|Molecular Mass
|colspan="2"|176.2182 gmol<sup>-1</sup>
|-
|colspan="1"|SMILES String
|colspan="2"|NCCC1=CNC2=C1C=C(O)C=C2
|-
|}

==What is Serotonin==

*Serotonin is a hormone manufactured by the brain that is associated with opiate-specific receptors - so helps maintain a happy feeling.
*It is a neurotransmitter meaning that is a chemical messenger in the brain which allows the brain to communicate with nerve cells.
*The most effective way of increasing serotonin levels is vigorous exercise if the person only has very mild depression. This exercise increases the levels for many days after the exercise takes place.
*Your diet will also effect the levels of serotonin. Low levels of omega 3 and vitamin C in the diet will cause a reduction in the amount of serotonin in the body.

==What Does Serotonin Do==

Serotonin affects many basic psychological functions such as
anxiety mechanisms and the regulation of mood, thoughts, aggression,
appetite, sex drive and the sleep/wake cycle. Multiple observations suggest that serotonin, one of
the most abundant neurotransmitters, plays an important role in the regulation of mood and a key role
in the treatment of depression.

Due to this, lack of serotonin is often associated with depression. Restoring the normal or enhanced level of this neurotransmitter acts as mood enhancer. Prozac is a mood enhancing drug, which acts in the central nervous system by inhibiting the reuptake mechanism of serotonin into the synapse. Since serotonin is not degraded in the synaptic cleft, Prozac promotes a prolonged presence of serotonin keeping the post-synaptic membrane active.

In the central nervous system, serotonin is involved in fear and flight responses, an activity which is opposed by the aggression stimulating hormone adrenaline (epinephrine) and neurotransmitter dopamine.

Light modulates the production of certain hormones and brain chemicals, such as serotonin. The amount of serotonin in your brain reflects the amount of light in your environment. More light = more serotonin = more energy, a better mood, and fewer carbohydrate cravings!

==Serotonin in our bodies==

Serotonin originates in neurons deep in the midline of the brainstem. Because these neurons profile diffusely throughout the brain, serotonin can affect various brain functions, such as depression. It also interacts with many other neurotransmitters, either directly through neurons that use both serotonin and another neurotransmitter, or by serotonin neurons influencing neurons that primarily use these other transmitters.

Serotonin can be found in three main areas of the body: the intestinal wall, blood vessels, and the central nervous system.

==Sources of Serotonin==

*It is manufactured in the human brain using the essential amino acid tryptophan which is found in pineapples, plums, turkey and milk.
*Bananas contain tryptophan, which the body converts into serotonin, known to make you relax, improve your mood and generally make you feel happier.
*Tryptophan is also found in chocolate, again causing the release of serotonin; which is often why it is eaten as a comfort food.

==Synthesis of Serotonin==

Serotonin is synthesized from the amino acid precursor tryptophan, packaged into vesicles, and
released into the synapse following an action potential. Once in the synapse, serotonin can interact
with both the pre- and postsynaptic receptors.

[[Image:synthesisSerotonin.gif|thumb|synthesis of serotonin]]
[http://www.chm.bris.ac.uk/motm/serotonin/synthesis.htm 1]

'''Detail of Synthesis:'''
[[image:detail_of_serotonin_synthesis.GIF]] [http://www.neurosci.pharm.utoledo.edu/MBC3320/serotonin.htm]

==Images of Serotonin==
{| class="toccolours" border="0" style="fix: right; clear: left; margin: 0 0 1em 1em; border-collapse: collapse;"
|- align="center"
| bgcolor="lt blue"|'''Electron Density of Serotonin'''
| bgcolor="lt blue"|'''Electrostatic Potential of Serotonin'''
|-
|[[image:Electron_density_of_serotonin.GIF]]
|[[image:electrostatic_potential_of_serotonin.GIF]]

|-
|}[http://www.cmste.uncc.edu/new/Document%20Hold/Sawsun-%20Serotonin%20FINAL%20PAPER.doc]

==Serotonin: Interesting Thoughts==

*Studies show that there is a chemical hierarchy in humans associated with social "rank" that is linked with serotonin levels. Those in high office, higher positions on sports teams and those of higher rank in academic clubs have been found to have higher levels of serotonin than their lower ranking peers. [http://www.globalhypnosis.com/hypnosis_stories.html]

*Serotonergic activity gradually decreases as one becomes drowsy and enter slow-wave sleep. An overall slowing of serotonergic activity is observed during slow-wave sleep known as non-REM sleep. During REM sleep (Rapid Eye Movement-the original dream sleep), serotonergic activity falls completely silent. Serotonergic activity returns to it's basic level several seconds prior to the end of REM sleep. [http://www.antidepressantsfacts.com/pinealstory.htm]

*The stimulant in the drug Ecstasy forces the brain to release serotonin, in abnormally large amounts. The neurons (brain cells) that store serotonin are deformed or destroyed. Scientists have found that these injured neurons can regrow, but they may grow back abnormally or in the wrong locations. When Ecstasy wears off, the overflow of serotonin reverses to a lack of serotonin. Without enough serotonin it is difficult to sleep, learn, remember, or feel happy. [http://www.intheknowzone.com/ecstasy/chemistry.htm]

*When UV light interacts with your skin, it triggers the formation of vitamin D. Vitamin D stimulates the production of feel-good brain chemicals such as serotonin and dopamine.

*The light that enters your eyes has an immediate effect on your mood, so bright light, especially blue light (around the wavelength 460 nm) shuts down the production of melatonin, the night-time sleep hormone, and stimulates the production of serotonin, its energising, daytime counterpart.

==References==
*[http://www.healthscout.com/ency/1/409/main.html/ Healthscout]- What does Serotonin do?
*[http://www.chm.bris.ac.uk/motm/serotonin/synthesis.htm/ University of Bristol: Chemistry]- Synthesis of Serotonin
*[http://www.neurosci.pharm.utoledo.edu/MBC3320/serotonin.htm/ MBC Serotonin]- Detail of Synthesis
*[http://www.cmste.uncc.edu/ CMSTE]- Images of Serotonin
*[http://www.angelfire.com/hi/TheSeer/seratonin.html/ Serotonin]- What does Serotonin do?
*[http://www.thebodyblues.com/light.html/The Body Blues]- What does Serotonin do?
*[]-Properties

It:Serotonin

2006-10-26T13:10:56Z

Tfm05: /* What does Serotonin do in our bodies */

{| class="toccolours" border="1" style="float: right; clear: right; margin: 0 0 1em 1em; border-collapse: collapse;"
! {{chembox header}} colspan="3" |2D Structure
|-
| align="center" colspan="3" bgcolour="#ffffff" | [[image:Serotonin.gif]]
|-
! {{chembox header}} colspan="3" |3D structure <jmol>
<jmolApplet>
<size>400</size>
<color>white</color>
<script>zoom 80; cpk on;frame 1; move 10 -20 10 0 0 0 0 0 3; delay 1;</script>
<inlineContents>HEADER NONAME 24-Oct-06 NONE 1
TITLE NONE 2
AUTHOR WWW daemon apache NONE 3
REVDAT 1 24-Oct-06 0 NONE 4
ATOM 1 N 0 4.143 1.513 0.282 0.00 0.00 N+0
ATOM 2 C 0 2.960 0.702 0.600 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 3 C 0 2.369 0.133 -0.691 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 4 C 0 1.156 -0.699 -0.365 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 5 C 0 1.124 -2.029 -0.185 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 6 N 0 -0.152 -2.432 0.097 0.00 0.00 N+0
ATOM 7 C 0 -0.996 -1.341 0.105 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 8 C 0 -0.212 -0.209 -0.178 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 9 C 0 -0.805 1.055 -0.237 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 10 C 0 -2.162 1.182 -0.015 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 11 O 0 -2.745 2.409 -0.071 0.00 0.00 O+0
ATOM 12 C 0 -2.936 0.058 0.265 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 13 C 0 -2.361 -1.191 0.330 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 14 H 0 3.815 2.311 -0.241 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 15 H 0 4.497 1.865 1.159 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 16 H 0 3.247 -0.117 1.260 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 17 H 0 2.215 1.324 1.097 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 18 H 0 2.082 0.952 -1.351 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 19 H 0 3.113 -0.490 -1.188 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 20 H 0 1.980 -2.684 -0.252 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 21 H 0 -0.424 -3.347 0.266 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 22 H 0 -0.206 1.926 -0.454 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 23 H 0 -3.024 2.545 -0.987 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 24 H 0 -3.996 0.169 0.437 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 25 H 0 -2.971 -2.055 0.547 0.00 0.00 H+0
CONECT 1 2 14 15 0 NONE 30
CONECT 2 1 3 16 17 NONE 31
CONECT 3 2 4 18 19 NONE 32
CONECT 4 3 8 5 0 NONE 33
CONECT 5 4 6 20 0 NONE 34
CONECT 6 5 7 21 0 NONE 35
CONECT 7 6 13 8 0 NONE 36
CONECT 8 7 4 9 0 NONE 37
CONECT 9 8 10 22 0 NONE 38
CONECT 10 9 11 12 0 NONE 39
CONECT 11 10 23 0 0 NONE 40
CONECT 12 10 13 24 0 NONE 41
CONECT 13 12 7 25 0 NONE 42
END NONE 43
</inlineContents>
</jmolApplet>
</jmol>
|-
!{{chembox header}} colspan="3" | Properties
|-
|colspan="1"|IUPAC Systematic Name
|colspan="2"|5-Hydroxytryptamine/3-(2-aminoethyl)-1H-indol-5-ol
|-
|colspan="1"|Chemical Name
|colspan="2"|3-(2-Amino-aethyl)-indol-5-ol
|-
|colspan="1"|Molecular formula
|colspan="2"|C<sub>10</sub>H<sub>12</sub>N<sub>2</sub>O
|-
|colspan="1"|Molecular Mass
|colspan="2"|176.2182 gmol<sup>-1</sup>
|-
|colspan="1"|SMILES String
|colspan="2"|NCCC1=CNC2=C1C=C(O)C=C2
|-
|}

==What is Serotonin==

*Serotonin is a hormone manufactured by the brain that is associated with opiate-specific receptors - so helps maintain a happy feeling.
*It is a neurotransmitter meaning that is a chemical messenger in the brain which allows the brain to communicate with nerve cells.
*The most effective way of increasing serotonin levels is vigorous exercise if the person only has very mild depression. This exercise increases the levels for many days after the exercise takes place.
*Your diet will also effect the levels of serotonin. Low levels of omega 3 and vitamin C in the diet will cause a reduction in the amount of serotonin in the body.

==What Does Serotonin Do==

Serotonin affects many basic psychological functions such as
anxiety mechanisms and the regulation of mood, thoughts, aggression,
appetite, sex drive and the sleep/wake cycle. Multiple observations suggest that serotonin, one of
the most abundant neurotransmitters, plays an important role in the regulation of mood and a key role
in the treatment of depression.

Due to this, lack of serotonin is often associated with depression. Restoring the normal or enhanced level of this neurotransmitter acts as mood enhancer. Prozac is a mood enhancing drug, which acts in the central nervous system by inhibiting the reuptake mechanism of serotonin into the synapse. Since serotonin is not degraded in the synaptic cleft, Prozac promotes a prolonged presence of serotonin keeping the post-synaptic membrane active.

In the central nervous system, serotonin is involved in fear and flight responses, an activity which is opposed by the aggression stimulating hormone adrenaline (epinephrine) and neurotransmitter dopamine.

Light modulates the production of certain hormones and brain chemicals, such as serotonin. The amount of serotonin in your brain reflects the amount of light in your environment. More light = more serotonin = more energy, a better mood, and fewer carbohydrate cravings!

==Serotonin in our bodies==

Serotonin originates in neurons deep in the midline of the brainstem. Because these neurons profile diffusely throughout the brain, serotonin can affect various brain functions, such as depression. It also interacts with many other neurotransmitters, either directly through neurons that use both serotonin and another neurotransmitter, or by serotonin neurons influencing neurons that primarily use these other transmitters.

Serotonin can be found in three main areas of the body: the intestinal wall, blood vessels, and the central nervous system.

==Sources of Serotonin==

*It is manufactured in the human brain using the essential amino acid tryptophan which is found in pineapples, plums, turkey and milk.
*Bananas contain tryptophan, which the body converts into serotonin, known to make you relax, improve your mood and generally make you feel happier.
*Tryptophan is also found in chocolate, again causing the release of serotonin; which is often why it is eaten as a comfort food.

==Synthesis of Serotonin==

Serotonin is synthesized from the amino acid precursor tryptophan, packaged into vesicles, and
released into the synapse following an action potential. Once in the synapse, serotonin can interact
with both the pre- and postsynaptic receptors.

[[Image:synthesisSerotonin.gif|thumb|synthesis of serotonin]]
[http://www.chm.bris.ac.uk/motm/serotonin/synthesis.htm 1]

'''Detail of Synthesis:'''
[[image:detail_of_serotonin_synthesis.GIF]] [http://www.neurosci.pharm.utoledo.edu/MBC3320/serotonin.htm]

==Images of Serotonin==
{| class="toccolours" border="0" style="fix: right; clear: left; margin: 0 0 1em 1em; border-collapse: collapse;"
|- align="center"
| bgcolor="lt blue"|'''Electron Density of Serotonin'''
| bgcolor="lt blue"|'''Electrostatic Potential of Serotonin'''
|-
|[[image:Electron_density_of_serotonin.GIF]]
|[[image:electrostatic_potential_of_serotonin.GIF]]

|-
|}[http://www.cmste.uncc.edu/new/Document%20Hold/Sawsun-%20Serotonin%20FINAL%20PAPER.doc]

==Serotonin: Interesting Thoughts==

*Studies show that there is a chemical hierarchy in humans associated with social "rank" that is linked with serotonin levels. Those in high office, higher positions on sports teams and those of higher rank in academic clubs have been found to have higher levels of serotonin than their lower ranking peers. [http://www.globalhypnosis.com/hypnosis_stories.html]

*Serotonergic activity gradually decreases as one becomes drowsy and enter slow-wave sleep. An overall slowing of serotonergic activity is observed during slow-wave sleep known as non-REM sleep. During REM sleep (Rapid Eye Movement-the original dream sleep), serotonergic activity falls completely silent. Serotonergic activity returns to it's basic level several seconds prior to the end of REM sleep. [http://www.antidepressantsfacts.com/pinealstory.htm]

*The stimulant in the drug Ecstasy forces the brain to release serotonin, in abnormally large amounts. The neurons (brain cells) that store serotonin are deformed or destroyed. Scientists have found that these injured neurons can regrow, but they may grow back abnormally or in the wrong locations. When Ecstasy wears off, the overflow of serotonin reverses to a lack of serotonin. Without enough serotonin it is difficult to sleep, learn, remember, or feel happy. [http://www.intheknowzone.com/ecstasy/chemistry.htm]

*When UV light interacts with your skin, it triggers the formation of vitamin D. Vitamin D stimulates the production of feel-good brain chemicals such as serotonin and dopamine.

*The light that enters your eyes has an immediate effect on your mood, so bright light, especially blue light (around the wavelength 460 nm) shuts down the production of melatonin, the night-time sleep hormone, and stimulates the production of serotonin, its energising, daytime counterpart.

==References==
*[http://www.healthscout.com/ency/1/409/main.html/ Healthscout]- What does Serotonin do?
*[http://www.chm.bris.ac.uk/motm/serotonin/synthesis.htm/ University of Bristol: Chemistry]- Synthesis of Serotonin
*[http://www.neurosci.pharm.utoledo.edu/MBC3320/serotonin.htm/ MBC Serotonin]- Detail of Synthesis
*[http://www.cmste.uncc.edu/ CMSTE]- Images of Serotonin
*[http://www.angelfire.com/hi/TheSeer/seratonin.html/ Serotonin]- What does Serotonin do?
*[http://www.thebodyblues.com/light.html/The Body Blues]- What does Serotonin do?

It:Serotonin

2006-10-26T13:10:33Z

Tfm05:

{| class="toccolours" border="1" style="float: right; clear: right; margin: 0 0 1em 1em; border-collapse: collapse;"
! {{chembox header}} colspan="3" |2D Structure
|-
| align="center" colspan="3" bgcolour="#ffffff" | [[image:Serotonin.gif]]
|-
! {{chembox header}} colspan="3" |3D structure <jmol>
<jmolApplet>
<size>400</size>
<color>white</color>
<script>zoom 80; cpk on;frame 1; move 10 -20 10 0 0 0 0 0 3; delay 1;</script>
<inlineContents>HEADER NONAME 24-Oct-06 NONE 1
TITLE NONE 2
AUTHOR WWW daemon apache NONE 3
REVDAT 1 24-Oct-06 0 NONE 4
ATOM 1 N 0 4.143 1.513 0.282 0.00 0.00 N+0
ATOM 2 C 0 2.960 0.702 0.600 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 3 C 0 2.369 0.133 -0.691 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 4 C 0 1.156 -0.699 -0.365 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 5 C 0 1.124 -2.029 -0.185 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 6 N 0 -0.152 -2.432 0.097 0.00 0.00 N+0
ATOM 7 C 0 -0.996 -1.341 0.105 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 8 C 0 -0.212 -0.209 -0.178 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 9 C 0 -0.805 1.055 -0.237 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 10 C 0 -2.162 1.182 -0.015 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 11 O 0 -2.745 2.409 -0.071 0.00 0.00 O+0
ATOM 12 C 0 -2.936 0.058 0.265 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 13 C 0 -2.361 -1.191 0.330 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 14 H 0 3.815 2.311 -0.241 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 15 H 0 4.497 1.865 1.159 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 16 H 0 3.247 -0.117 1.260 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 17 H 0 2.215 1.324 1.097 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 18 H 0 2.082 0.952 -1.351 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 19 H 0 3.113 -0.490 -1.188 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 20 H 0 1.980 -2.684 -0.252 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 21 H 0 -0.424 -3.347 0.266 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 22 H 0 -0.206 1.926 -0.454 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 23 H 0 -3.024 2.545 -0.987 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 24 H 0 -3.996 0.169 0.437 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 25 H 0 -2.971 -2.055 0.547 0.00 0.00 H+0
CONECT 1 2 14 15 0 NONE 30
CONECT 2 1 3 16 17 NONE 31
CONECT 3 2 4 18 19 NONE 32
CONECT 4 3 8 5 0 NONE 33
CONECT 5 4 6 20 0 NONE 34
CONECT 6 5 7 21 0 NONE 35
CONECT 7 6 13 8 0 NONE 36
CONECT 8 7 4 9 0 NONE 37
CONECT 9 8 10 22 0 NONE 38
CONECT 10 9 11 12 0 NONE 39
CONECT 11 10 23 0 0 NONE 40
CONECT 12 10 13 24 0 NONE 41
CONECT 13 12 7 25 0 NONE 42
END NONE 43
</inlineContents>
</jmolApplet>
</jmol>
|-
!{{chembox header}} colspan="3" | Properties
|-
|colspan="1"|IUPAC Systematic Name
|colspan="2"|5-Hydroxytryptamine/3-(2-aminoethyl)-1H-indol-5-ol
|-
|colspan="1"|Chemical Name
|colspan="2"|3-(2-Amino-aethyl)-indol-5-ol
|-
|colspan="1"|Molecular formula
|colspan="2"|C<sub>10</sub>H<sub>12</sub>N<sub>2</sub>O
|-
|colspan="1"|Molecular Mass
|colspan="2"|176.2182 gmol<sup>-1</sup>
|-
|colspan="1"|SMILES String
|colspan="2"|NCCC1=CNC2=C1C=C(O)C=C2
|-
|}

==What is Serotonin==

*Serotonin is a hormone manufactured by the brain that is associated with opiate-specific receptors - so helps maintain a happy feeling.
*It is a neurotransmitter meaning that is a chemical messenger in the brain which allows the brain to communicate with nerve cells.
*The most effective way of increasing serotonin levels is vigorous exercise if the person only has very mild depression. This exercise increases the levels for many days after the exercise takes place.
*Your diet will also effect the levels of serotonin. Low levels of omega 3 and vitamin C in the diet will cause a reduction in the amount of serotonin in the body.

==What Does Serotonin Do==

Serotonin affects many basic psychological functions such as
anxiety mechanisms and the regulation of mood, thoughts, aggression,
appetite, sex drive and the sleep/wake cycle. Multiple observations suggest that serotonin, one of
the most abundant neurotransmitters, plays an important role in the regulation of mood and a key role
in the treatment of depression.

Due to this, lack of serotonin is often associated with depression. Restoring the normal or enhanced level of this neurotransmitter acts as mood enhancer. Prozac is a mood enhancing drug, which acts in the central nervous system by inhibiting the reuptake mechanism of serotonin into the synapse. Since serotonin is not degraded in the synaptic cleft, Prozac promotes a prolonged presence of serotonin keeping the post-synaptic membrane active.

In the central nervous system, serotonin is involved in fear and flight responses, an activity which is opposed by the aggression stimulating hormone adrenaline (epinephrine) and neurotransmitter dopamine.

Light modulates the production of certain hormones and brain chemicals, such as serotonin. The amount of serotonin in your brain reflects the amount of light in your environment. More light = more serotonin = more energy, a better mood, and fewer carbohydrate cravings!

==What does Serotonin do in our bodies==

Serotonin originates in neurons deep in the midline of the brainstem. Because these neurons profile diffusely throughout the brain, serotonin can affect various brain functions, such as depression. It also interacts with many other neurotransmitters, either directly through neurons that use both serotonin and another neurotransmitter, or by serotonin neurons influencing neurons that primarily use these other transmitters.

Serotonin can be found in three main areas of the body: the intestinal wall, blood vessels, and the central nervous system.

==Sources of Serotonin==

*It is manufactured in the human brain using the essential amino acid tryptophan which is found in pineapples, plums, turkey and milk.
*Bananas contain tryptophan, which the body converts into serotonin, known to make you relax, improve your mood and generally make you feel happier.
*Tryptophan is also found in chocolate, again causing the release of serotonin; which is often why it is eaten as a comfort food.

==Synthesis of Serotonin==

Serotonin is synthesized from the amino acid precursor tryptophan, packaged into vesicles, and
released into the synapse following an action potential. Once in the synapse, serotonin can interact
with both the pre- and postsynaptic receptors.

[[Image:synthesisSerotonin.gif|thumb|synthesis of serotonin]]
[http://www.chm.bris.ac.uk/motm/serotonin/synthesis.htm 1]

'''Detail of Synthesis:'''
[[image:detail_of_serotonin_synthesis.GIF]] [http://www.neurosci.pharm.utoledo.edu/MBC3320/serotonin.htm]

==Images of Serotonin==
{| class="toccolours" border="0" style="fix: right; clear: left; margin: 0 0 1em 1em; border-collapse: collapse;"
|- align="center"
| bgcolor="lt blue"|'''Electron Density of Serotonin'''
| bgcolor="lt blue"|'''Electrostatic Potential of Serotonin'''
|-
|[[image:Electron_density_of_serotonin.GIF]]
|[[image:electrostatic_potential_of_serotonin.GIF]]

|-
|}[http://www.cmste.uncc.edu/new/Document%20Hold/Sawsun-%20Serotonin%20FINAL%20PAPER.doc]

==Serotonin: Interesting Thoughts==

*Studies show that there is a chemical hierarchy in humans associated with social "rank" that is linked with serotonin levels. Those in high office, higher positions on sports teams and those of higher rank in academic clubs have been found to have higher levels of serotonin than their lower ranking peers. [http://www.globalhypnosis.com/hypnosis_stories.html]

*Serotonergic activity gradually decreases as one becomes drowsy and enter slow-wave sleep. An overall slowing of serotonergic activity is observed during slow-wave sleep known as non-REM sleep. During REM sleep (Rapid Eye Movement-the original dream sleep), serotonergic activity falls completely silent. Serotonergic activity returns to it's basic level several seconds prior to the end of REM sleep. [http://www.antidepressantsfacts.com/pinealstory.htm]

*The stimulant in the drug Ecstasy forces the brain to release serotonin, in abnormally large amounts. The neurons (brain cells) that store serotonin are deformed or destroyed. Scientists have found that these injured neurons can regrow, but they may grow back abnormally or in the wrong locations. When Ecstasy wears off, the overflow of serotonin reverses to a lack of serotonin. Without enough serotonin it is difficult to sleep, learn, remember, or feel happy. [http://www.intheknowzone.com/ecstasy/chemistry.htm]

*When UV light interacts with your skin, it triggers the formation of vitamin D. Vitamin D stimulates the production of feel-good brain chemicals such as serotonin and dopamine.

*The light that enters your eyes has an immediate effect on your mood, so bright light, especially blue light (around the wavelength 460 nm) shuts down the production of melatonin, the night-time sleep hormone, and stimulates the production of serotonin, its energising, daytime counterpart.

==References==
*[http://www.healthscout.com/ency/1/409/main.html/ Healthscout]- What does Serotonin do?
*[http://www.chm.bris.ac.uk/motm/serotonin/synthesis.htm/ University of Bristol: Chemistry]- Synthesis of Serotonin
*[http://www.neurosci.pharm.utoledo.edu/MBC3320/serotonin.htm/ MBC Serotonin]- Detail of Synthesis
*[http://www.cmste.uncc.edu/ CMSTE]- Images of Serotonin
*[http://www.angelfire.com/hi/TheSeer/seratonin.html/ Serotonin]- What does Serotonin do?
*[http://www.thebodyblues.com/light.html/The Body Blues]- What does Serotonin do?

It:Serotonin

2006-10-26T12:55:33Z

Tfm05:

{| class="toccolours" border="1" style="float: right; clear: right; margin: 0 0 1em 1em; border-collapse: collapse;"
! {{chembox header}} colspan="3" |2D Structure
|-
| align="center" colspan="3" bgcolour="#ffffff" | [[image:Serotonin.gif]]
|-
! {{chembox header}} colspan="3" |3D structure <jmol>
<jmolApplet>
<size>400</size>
<color>white</color>
<script>zoom 80; cpk on;frame 1; move 10 -20 10 0 0 0 0 0 3; delay 1;</script>
<inlineContents>HEADER NONAME 24-Oct-06 NONE 1
TITLE NONE 2
AUTHOR WWW daemon apache NONE 3
REVDAT 1 24-Oct-06 0 NONE 4
ATOM 1 N 0 4.143 1.513 0.282 0.00 0.00 N+0
ATOM 2 C 0 2.960 0.702 0.600 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 3 C 0 2.369 0.133 -0.691 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 4 C 0 1.156 -0.699 -0.365 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 5 C 0 1.124 -2.029 -0.185 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 6 N 0 -0.152 -2.432 0.097 0.00 0.00 N+0
ATOM 7 C 0 -0.996 -1.341 0.105 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 8 C 0 -0.212 -0.209 -0.178 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 9 C 0 -0.805 1.055 -0.237 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 10 C 0 -2.162 1.182 -0.015 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 11 O 0 -2.745 2.409 -0.071 0.00 0.00 O+0
ATOM 12 C 0 -2.936 0.058 0.265 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 13 C 0 -2.361 -1.191 0.330 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 14 H 0 3.815 2.311 -0.241 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 15 H 0 4.497 1.865 1.159 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 16 H 0 3.247 -0.117 1.260 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 17 H 0 2.215 1.324 1.097 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 18 H 0 2.082 0.952 -1.351 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 19 H 0 3.113 -0.490 -1.188 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 20 H 0 1.980 -2.684 -0.252 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 21 H 0 -0.424 -3.347 0.266 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 22 H 0 -0.206 1.926 -0.454 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 23 H 0 -3.024 2.545 -0.987 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 24 H 0 -3.996 0.169 0.437 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 25 H 0 -2.971 -2.055 0.547 0.00 0.00 H+0
CONECT 1 2 14 15 0 NONE 30
CONECT 2 1 3 16 17 NONE 31
CONECT 3 2 4 18 19 NONE 32
CONECT 4 3 8 5 0 NONE 33
CONECT 5 4 6 20 0 NONE 34
CONECT 6 5 7 21 0 NONE 35
CONECT 7 6 13 8 0 NONE 36
CONECT 8 7 4 9 0 NONE 37
CONECT 9 8 10 22 0 NONE 38
CONECT 10 9 11 12 0 NONE 39
CONECT 11 10 23 0 0 NONE 40
CONECT 12 10 13 24 0 NONE 41
CONECT 13 12 7 25 0 NONE 42
END NONE 43
</inlineContents>
</jmolApplet>
</jmol>
|-
!{{chembox header}} colspan="3" | Properties
|-
|colspan="1"|IUPAC Systematic Name
|colspan="2"|5-Hydroxytryptamine/3-(2-aminoethyl)-1H-indol-5-ol
|-
|colspan="1"|Chemical Name
|colspan="2"|3-(2-Amino-aethyl)-indol-5-ol
|-
|colspan="1"|Molecular formula
|colspan="2"|C<sub>10</sub>H<sub>12</sub>N<sub>2</sub>O
|-
|colspan="1"|Molecular Mass
|colspan="2"|176.2182 gmol<sup>-1</sup>
|-
|colspan="1"|SMILES String
|colspan="2"|NCCC1=CNC2=C1C=C(O)C=C2
|-
|}

==What is Serotonin==

*Serotonin is a hormone manufactured by the brain that is associated with opiate-specific receptors - so helps maintain a happy feeling.
*It is a neurotransmitter meaning that is a chemical messenger in the brain which allows the brain to communicate with nerve cells.
*The most effective way of increasing serotonin levels is vigorous exercise if the person only has very mild depression. This exercise increases the levels for many days after the exercise takes place.
*Your diet will also effect the levels of serotonin. Low levels of omega 3 and vitamin C in the diet will cause a reduction in the amount of serotonin in the body.

==What Does Serotonin Do==

Serotonin affects many basic psychological functions such as
anxiety mechanisms and the regulation of mood, thoughts, aggression,
appetite, sex drive and the sleep/wake cycle. Multiple observations suggest that serotonin, one of
the most abundant neurotransmitters, plays an important role in the regulation of mood and a key role
in the treatment of depression.

Due to this, lack of serotonin is often associated with depression. Restoring the normal or enhanced level of this neurotransmitter acts as mood enhancer. Prozac is a mood enhancing drug, which acts in the central nervous system by inhibiting the reuptake mechanism of serotonin into the synapse. Since serotonin is not degraded in the synaptic cleft, Prozac promotes a prolonged presence of serotonin keeping the post-synaptic membrane active.

In the central nervous system, serotonin is involved in fear and flight responses, an activity which is opposed by the aggression stimulating hormone adrenaline (epinephrine) and neurotransmitter dopamine.

Light modulates the production of certain hormones and brain chemicals, such as serotonin. The amount of serotonin in your brain reflects the amount of light in your environment. More light = more serotonin = more energy, a better mood, and fewer carbohydrate cravings!

==Where can it be found==

Serotonin originates in neurons deep in the midline of the brainstem. Because these neurons profile diffusely
throughout the brain, serotonin can affect various brain functions, such as depression. It also interacts with many other neurotransmitters,
either directly through neurons that use both serotonin and another neurotransmitter, or by serotonin neurons influencing
neurons that primarily use these other transmitters.

*It is manufactured in the human brain using the essential amino acid tryptophan which is found in pineapples, plums, turkey and milk.
*Bananas contain tryptophan, which the body converts into serotonin, known to make you relax, improve your mood and generally make you feel happier.
*Serotonin can be found in three main areas of the body: the intestinal wall, blood vessels, and the central nervous system.

==Synthesis of Serotonin==

Serotonin is synthesized from the amino acid precursor tryptophan, packaged into vesicles, and
released into the synapse following an action potential. Once in the synapse, serotonin can interact
with both the pre- and postsynaptic receptors.

[[Image:synthesisSerotonin.gif|thumb|synthesis of serotonin]]
[http://www.chm.bris.ac.uk/motm/serotonin/synthesis.htm 1]

'''Detail of Synthesis:'''
[[image:detail_of_serotonin_synthesis.GIF]] [http://www.neurosci.pharm.utoledo.edu/MBC3320/serotonin.htm]

==Images of Serotonin==
{| class="toccolours" border="0" style="fix: right; clear: left; margin: 0 0 1em 1em; border-collapse: collapse;"
|- align="center"
| bgcolor="lt blue"|'''Electron Density of Serotonin'''
| bgcolor="lt blue"|'''Electrostatic Potential of Serotonin'''
|-
|[[image:Electron_density_of_serotonin.GIF]]
|[[image:electrostatic_potential_of_serotonin.GIF]]

|-
|}[http://www.cmste.uncc.edu/new/Document%20Hold/Sawsun-%20Serotonin%20FINAL%20PAPER.doc]

==Serotonin: Interesting Thoughts==

*Studies show that there is a chemical hierarchy in humans associated with social "rank" that is linked with serotonin levels. Those in high office, higher positions on sports teams and those of higher rank in academic clubs have been found to have higher levels of serotonin than their lower ranking peers. [http://www.globalhypnosis.com/hypnosis_stories.html]

*Serotonergic activity gradually decreases as one becomes drowsy and enter slow-wave sleep. An overall slowing of serotonergic activity is observed during slow-wave sleep known as non-REM sleep. During REM sleep (Rapid Eye Movement-the original dream sleep), serotonergic activity falls completely silent. Serotonergic activity returns to it's basic level several seconds prior to the end of REM sleep. [http://www.antidepressantsfacts.com/pinealstory.htm]

*The stimulant in the drug Ecstasy forces the brain to release serotonin, in abnormally large amounts. The neurons (brain cells) that store serotonin are deformed or destroyed. Scientists have found that these injured neurons can regrow, but they may grow back abnormally or in the wrong locations. When Ecstasy wears off, the overflow of serotonin reverses to a lack of serotonin. Without enough serotonin it is difficult to sleep, learn, remember, or feel happy. [http://www.intheknowzone.com/ecstasy/chemistry.htm]

*When UV light interacts with your skin, it triggers the formation of vitamin D. Vitamin D stimulates the production of feel-good brain chemicals such as serotonin and dopamine.

*The light that enters your eyes has an immediate effect on your mood, so bright light, especially blue light (around the wavelength 460 nm) shuts down the production of melatonin, the night-time sleep hormone, and stimulates the production of serotonin, its energising, daytime counterpart.

==References==
*[http://www.healthscout.com/ency/1/409/main.html/ Healthscout]- What does Serotonin do?
*[http://www.chm.bris.ac.uk/motm/serotonin/synthesis.htm/ University of Bristol: Chemistry]- Synthesis of Serotonin
*[http://www.neurosci.pharm.utoledo.edu/MBC3320/serotonin.htm/ MBC Serotonin]- Detail of Synthesis
*[http://www.cmste.uncc.edu/ CMSTE]- Images of Serotonin
*[http://www.angelfire.com/hi/TheSeer/seratonin.html/ Serotonin]- What does Serotonin do?
*[http://www.thebodyblues.com/light.html/The Body Blues]- What does Serotonin do?

It:Serotonin

2006-10-26T12:50:17Z

Tfm05: /* Synthesis of Serotonin */

{| class="toccolours" border="1" style="float: right; clear: right; margin: 0 0 1em 1em; border-collapse: collapse;"
! {{chembox header}} colspan="3" |2D Structure
|-
| align="center" colspan="3" bgcolour="#ffffff" | [[image:Serotonin.gif]]
|-
! {{chembox header}} colspan="3" |3D structure <jmol>
<jmolApplet>
<size>400</size>
<color>white</color>
<script>zoom 80; cpk on;frame 1; move 10 -20 10 0 0 0 0 0 3; delay 1;</script>
<inlineContents>HEADER NONAME 24-Oct-06 NONE 1
TITLE NONE 2
AUTHOR WWW daemon apache NONE 3
REVDAT 1 24-Oct-06 0 NONE 4
ATOM 1 N 0 4.143 1.513 0.282 0.00 0.00 N+0
ATOM 2 C 0 2.960 0.702 0.600 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 3 C 0 2.369 0.133 -0.691 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 4 C 0 1.156 -0.699 -0.365 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 5 C 0 1.124 -2.029 -0.185 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 6 N 0 -0.152 -2.432 0.097 0.00 0.00 N+0
ATOM 7 C 0 -0.996 -1.341 0.105 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 8 C 0 -0.212 -0.209 -0.178 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 9 C 0 -0.805 1.055 -0.237 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 10 C 0 -2.162 1.182 -0.015 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 11 O 0 -2.745 2.409 -0.071 0.00 0.00 O+0
ATOM 12 C 0 -2.936 0.058 0.265 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 13 C 0 -2.361 -1.191 0.330 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 14 H 0 3.815 2.311 -0.241 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 15 H 0 4.497 1.865 1.159 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 16 H 0 3.247 -0.117 1.260 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 17 H 0 2.215 1.324 1.097 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 18 H 0 2.082 0.952 -1.351 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 19 H 0 3.113 -0.490 -1.188 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 20 H 0 1.980 -2.684 -0.252 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 21 H 0 -0.424 -3.347 0.266 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 22 H 0 -0.206 1.926 -0.454 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 23 H 0 -3.024 2.545 -0.987 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 24 H 0 -3.996 0.169 0.437 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 25 H 0 -2.971 -2.055 0.547 0.00 0.00 H+0
CONECT 1 2 14 15 0 NONE 30
CONECT 2 1 3 16 17 NONE 31
CONECT 3 2 4 18 19 NONE 32
CONECT 4 3 8 5 0 NONE 33
CONECT 5 4 6 20 0 NONE 34
CONECT 6 5 7 21 0 NONE 35
CONECT 7 6 13 8 0 NONE 36
CONECT 8 7 4 9 0 NONE 37
CONECT 9 8 10 22 0 NONE 38
CONECT 10 9 11 12 0 NONE 39
CONECT 11 10 23 0 0 NONE 40
CONECT 12 10 13 24 0 NONE 41
CONECT 13 12 7 25 0 NONE 42
END NONE 43
</inlineContents>
</jmolApplet>
</jmol>
|-
! {{chembox header}} colspan="3" | Properties
|-
| colspan="1" |IUPAC Systematic Name
| colspan="2" |5-Hydroxytryptamine/3-(2-aminoethyl)-1H-indol-5-ol
|-
| colspan="1" |Chemical Name
| colspan="2" |3-(2-Amino-aethyl)-indol-5-ol
|-
| colspan="1" |Molecular formula
| colspan="2" |C<sub>10</sub>H<sub>12</sub>N<sub>2</sub>O
|-
| colspan="1" |Molecular Mass
| colspan="2" |176.2182 gmol<sup>-1</sup>
|-
| colspan="1" |SMILES String
| colspan="2" |NCCC1=CNC2=C1C=C(O)C=C2
|-
|}

==What is Serotonin==

*Serotonin is a hormone manufactured by the brain that is associated with opiate-specific receptors - so helps maintain a happy feeling.
*It is a neurotransmitter meaning that is a chemical messenger in the brain which allows the brain to communicate with nerve cells.
*The most effective way of increasing serotonin levels is vigorous exercise if the person only has very mild depression. This exercise increases the levels for many days after the exercise takes place.
*Your diet will also effect the levels of serotonin. Low levels of omega 3 and vitamin C in the diet will cause a reduction in the amount of serotonin in the body.

==What Does Serotonin Do==

Serotonin affects many basic psychological functions such as
anxiety mechanisms and the regulation of mood, thoughts, aggression,
appetite, sex drive and the sleep/wake cycle. Multiple observations suggest that serotonin, one of
the most abundant neurotransmitters, plays an important role in the regulation of mood and a key role
in the treatment of depression.

Due to this, lack of serotonin is often associated with depression. Restoring the normal or enhanced level of this neurotransmitter acts as mood enhancer. Prozac is a mood enhancing drug, which acts in the central nervous system by inhibiting the reuptake mechanism of serotonin into the synapse. Since serotonin is not degraded in the synaptic cleft, Prozac promotes a prolonged presence of serotonin keeping the post-synaptic membrane active.

In the central nervous system, serotonin is involved in fear and flight responses, an activity which is opposed by the aggression stimulating hormone adrenaline (epinephrine) and neurotransmitter dopamine.

Light modulates the production of certain hormones and brain chemicals, such as serotonin. The amount of serotonin in your brain reflects the amount of light in your environment. More light = more serotonin = more energy, a better mood, and fewer carbohydrate cravings!

==Where can it be found==

Serotonin originates in neurons deep in the midline of the brainstem. Because these neurons profile diffusely
throughout the brain, serotonin can affect various brain functions, such as depression. It also interacts with many other neurotransmitters,
either directly through neurons that use both serotonin and another neurotransmitter, or by serotonin neurons influencing
neurons that primarily use these other transmitters.

*It is manufactured in the human brain using the essential amino acid tryptophan which is found in pineapples, plums, turkey and milk.
*Bananas contain tryptophan, which the body converts into serotonin, known to make you relax, improve your mood and generally make you feel happier.
*Serotonin can be found in three main areas of the body: the intestinal wall, blood vessels, and the central nervous system.

==Synthesis of Serotonin==

Serotonin is synthesized from the amino acid precursor tryptophan, packaged into vesicles, and
released into the synapse following an action potential. Once in the synapse, serotonin can interact
with both the pre- and postsynaptic receptors.

[[Image:synthesisSerotonin.gif|thumb|synthesis of serotonin]]
[http://www.chm.bris.ac.uk/motm/serotonin/synthesis.htm 1]

'''Detail of Synthesis:'''
[[image:detail_of_serotonin_synthesis.GIF]] [http://www.neurosci.pharm.utoledo.edu/MBC3320/serotonin.htm]

==Images of Serotonin==
{| class="toccolours" border="0" style="fix: right; clear: left; margin: 0 0 1em 1em; border-collapse: collapse;"
|- align="center"
| bgcolor="lt blue"|'''Electron Density of Serotonin'''
| bgcolor="lt blue"|'''Electrostatic Potential of Serotonin'''
|-
|[[image:Electron_density_of_serotonin.GIF]]
|[[image:electrostatic_potential_of_serotonin.GIF]]

|-
|}[http://www.cmste.uncc.edu/new/Document%20Hold/Sawsun-%20Serotonin%20FINAL%20PAPER.doc]

==Serotonin: Interesting Thoughts==

*Studies show that there is a chemical hierarchy in humans associated with social "rank" that is linked with serotonin levels. Those in high office, higher positions on sports teams and those of higher rank in academic clubs have been found to have higher levels of serotonin than their lower ranking peers. [http://www.globalhypnosis.com/hypnosis_stories.html]

*Serotonergic activity gradually decreases as one becomes drowsy and enter slow-wave sleep. An overall slowing of serotonergic activity is observed during slow-wave sleep known as non-REM sleep. During REM sleep (Rapid Eye Movement-the original dream sleep), serotonergic activity falls completely silent. Serotonergic activity returns to it's basic level several seconds prior to the end of REM sleep. [http://www.antidepressantsfacts.com/pinealstory.htm]

*The stimulant in the drug Ecstasy forces the brain to release serotonin, in abnormally large amounts. The neurons (brain cells) that store serotonin are deformed or destroyed. Scientists have found that these injured neurons can regrow, but they may grow back abnormally or in the wrong locations. When Ecstasy wears off, the overflow of serotonin reverses to a lack of serotonin. Without enough serotonin it is difficult to sleep, learn, remember, or feel happy. [http://www.intheknowzone.com/ecstasy/chemistry.htm]

*When UV light interacts with your skin, it triggers the formation of vitamin D. Vitamin D stimulates the production of feel-good brain chemicals such as serotonin and dopamine.

*The light that enters your eyes has an immediate effect on your mood, so bright light, especially blue light (around the wavelength 460 nm) shuts down the production of melatonin, the night-time sleep hormone, and stimulates the production of serotonin, its energising, daytime counterpart.

==References==
*[http://www.healthscout.com/ency/1/409/main.html/ Healthscout]- What does Serotonin do?
*[http://www.chm.bris.ac.uk/motm/serotonin/synthesis.htm/ University of Bristol: Chemistry]- Synthesis of Serotonin
*[http://www.neurosci.pharm.utoledo.edu/MBC3320/serotonin.htm/ MBC Serotonin]- Detail of Synthesis
*[http://www.cmste.uncc.edu/ CMSTE]- Images of Serotonin
*[http://www.angelfire.com/hi/TheSeer/seratonin.html/ Serotonin]- What does Serotonin do?
*[http://www.thebodyblues.com/light.html/The Body Blues]- What does Serotonin do?

It:Serotonin

2006-10-26T12:49:53Z

Tfm05: /* Synthesis of Serotonin */

{| class="toccolours" border="1" style="float: right; clear: right; margin: 0 0 1em 1em; border-collapse: collapse;"
! {{chembox header}} colspan="3" |2D Structure
|-
| align="center" colspan="3" bgcolour="#ffffff" | [[image:Serotonin.gif]]
|-
! {{chembox header}} colspan="3" |3D structure <jmol>
<jmolApplet>
<size>400</size>
<color>white</color>
<script>zoom 80; cpk on;frame 1; move 10 -20 10 0 0 0 0 0 3; delay 1;</script>
<inlineContents>HEADER NONAME 24-Oct-06 NONE 1
TITLE NONE 2
AUTHOR WWW daemon apache NONE 3
REVDAT 1 24-Oct-06 0 NONE 4
ATOM 1 N 0 4.143 1.513 0.282 0.00 0.00 N+0
ATOM 2 C 0 2.960 0.702 0.600 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 3 C 0 2.369 0.133 -0.691 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 4 C 0 1.156 -0.699 -0.365 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 5 C 0 1.124 -2.029 -0.185 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 6 N 0 -0.152 -2.432 0.097 0.00 0.00 N+0
ATOM 7 C 0 -0.996 -1.341 0.105 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 8 C 0 -0.212 -0.209 -0.178 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 9 C 0 -0.805 1.055 -0.237 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 10 C 0 -2.162 1.182 -0.015 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 11 O 0 -2.745 2.409 -0.071 0.00 0.00 O+0
ATOM 12 C 0 -2.936 0.058 0.265 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 13 C 0 -2.361 -1.191 0.330 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 14 H 0 3.815 2.311 -0.241 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 15 H 0 4.497 1.865 1.159 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 16 H 0 3.247 -0.117 1.260 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 17 H 0 2.215 1.324 1.097 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 18 H 0 2.082 0.952 -1.351 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 19 H 0 3.113 -0.490 -1.188 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 20 H 0 1.980 -2.684 -0.252 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 21 H 0 -0.424 -3.347 0.266 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 22 H 0 -0.206 1.926 -0.454 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 23 H 0 -3.024 2.545 -0.987 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 24 H 0 -3.996 0.169 0.437 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 25 H 0 -2.971 -2.055 0.547 0.00 0.00 H+0
CONECT 1 2 14 15 0 NONE 30
CONECT 2 1 3 16 17 NONE 31
CONECT 3 2 4 18 19 NONE 32
CONECT 4 3 8 5 0 NONE 33
CONECT 5 4 6 20 0 NONE 34
CONECT 6 5 7 21 0 NONE 35
CONECT 7 6 13 8 0 NONE 36
CONECT 8 7 4 9 0 NONE 37
CONECT 9 8 10 22 0 NONE 38
CONECT 10 9 11 12 0 NONE 39
CONECT 11 10 23 0 0 NONE 40
CONECT 12 10 13 24 0 NONE 41
CONECT 13 12 7 25 0 NONE 42
END NONE 43
</inlineContents>
</jmolApplet>
</jmol>
|-
! {{chembox header}} colspan="3" | Properties
|-
| colspan="1" |IUPAC Systematic Name
| colspan="2" |5-Hydroxytryptamine/3-(2-aminoethyl)-1H-indol-5-ol
|-
| colspan="1" |Chemical Name
| colspan="2" |3-(2-Amino-aethyl)-indol-5-ol
|-
| colspan="1" |Molecular formula
| colspan="2" |C<sub>10</sub>H<sub>12</sub>N<sub>2</sub>O
|-
| colspan="1" |Molecular Mass
| colspan="2" |176.2182 gmol<sup>-1</sup>
|-
| colspan="1" |SMILES String
| colspan="2" |NCCC1=CNC2=C1C=C(O)C=C2
|-
|}

==What is Serotonin==

*Serotonin is a hormone manufactured by the brain that is associated with opiate-specific receptors - so helps maintain a happy feeling.
*It is a neurotransmitter meaning that is a chemical messenger in the brain which allows the brain to communicate with nerve cells.
*The most effective way of increasing serotonin levels is vigorous exercise if the person only has very mild depression. This exercise increases the levels for many days after the exercise takes place.
*Your diet will also effect the levels of serotonin. Low levels of omega 3 and vitamin C in the diet will cause a reduction in the amount of serotonin in the body.

==What Does Serotonin Do==

Serotonin affects many basic psychological functions such as
anxiety mechanisms and the regulation of mood, thoughts, aggression,
appetite, sex drive and the sleep/wake cycle. Multiple observations suggest that serotonin, one of
the most abundant neurotransmitters, plays an important role in the regulation of mood and a key role
in the treatment of depression.

Due to this, lack of serotonin is often associated with depression. Restoring the normal or enhanced level of this neurotransmitter acts as mood enhancer. Prozac is a mood enhancing drug, which acts in the central nervous system by inhibiting the reuptake mechanism of serotonin into the synapse. Since serotonin is not degraded in the synaptic cleft, Prozac promotes a prolonged presence of serotonin keeping the post-synaptic membrane active.

In the central nervous system, serotonin is involved in fear and flight responses, an activity which is opposed by the aggression stimulating hormone adrenaline (epinephrine) and neurotransmitter dopamine.

Light modulates the production of certain hormones and brain chemicals, such as serotonin. The amount of serotonin in your brain reflects the amount of light in your environment. More light = more serotonin = more energy, a better mood, and fewer carbohydrate cravings!

==Where can it be found==

Serotonin originates in neurons deep in the midline of the brainstem. Because these neurons profile diffusely
throughout the brain, serotonin can affect various brain functions, such as depression. It also interacts with many other neurotransmitters,
either directly through neurons that use both serotonin and another neurotransmitter, or by serotonin neurons influencing
neurons that primarily use these other transmitters.

*It is manufactured in the human brain using the essential amino acid tryptophan which is found in pineapples, plums, turkey and milk.
*Bananas contain tryptophan, which the body converts into serotonin, known to make you relax, improve your mood and generally make you feel happier.
*Serotonin can be found in three main areas of the body: the intestinal wall, blood vessels, and the central nervous system.

==Synthesis of Serotonin==

Serotonin is synthesized from the amino acid precursor tryptophan, packaged into vesicles, and
released into the synapse following an action potential. Once in the synapse, serotonin can interact
with both the pre- and postsynaptic receptors.

[[Image:synthesisSerotonin.gif|thumb|synthesis of serotonin]]
[http://www.chm.bris.ac.uk/motm/serotonin/synthesis.htm 1]

'''Detail of Synthesis'''
[[image:detail_of_serotonin_synthesis.GIF]] [http://www.neurosci.pharm.utoledo.edu/MBC3320/serotonin.htm]

==Images of Serotonin==
{| class="toccolours" border="0" style="fix: right; clear: left; margin: 0 0 1em 1em; border-collapse: collapse;"
|- align="center"
| bgcolor="lt blue"|'''Electron Density of Serotonin'''
| bgcolor="lt blue"|'''Electrostatic Potential of Serotonin'''
|-
|[[image:Electron_density_of_serotonin.GIF]]
|[[image:electrostatic_potential_of_serotonin.GIF]]

|-
|}[http://www.cmste.uncc.edu/new/Document%20Hold/Sawsun-%20Serotonin%20FINAL%20PAPER.doc]

==Serotonin: Interesting Thoughts==

*Studies show that there is a chemical hierarchy in humans associated with social "rank" that is linked with serotonin levels. Those in high office, higher positions on sports teams and those of higher rank in academic clubs have been found to have higher levels of serotonin than their lower ranking peers. [http://www.globalhypnosis.com/hypnosis_stories.html]

*Serotonergic activity gradually decreases as one becomes drowsy and enter slow-wave sleep. An overall slowing of serotonergic activity is observed during slow-wave sleep known as non-REM sleep. During REM sleep (Rapid Eye Movement-the original dream sleep), serotonergic activity falls completely silent. Serotonergic activity returns to it's basic level several seconds prior to the end of REM sleep. [http://www.antidepressantsfacts.com/pinealstory.htm]

*The stimulant in the drug Ecstasy forces the brain to release serotonin, in abnormally large amounts. The neurons (brain cells) that store serotonin are deformed or destroyed. Scientists have found that these injured neurons can regrow, but they may grow back abnormally or in the wrong locations. When Ecstasy wears off, the overflow of serotonin reverses to a lack of serotonin. Without enough serotonin it is difficult to sleep, learn, remember, or feel happy. [http://www.intheknowzone.com/ecstasy/chemistry.htm]

*When UV light interacts with your skin, it triggers the formation of vitamin D. Vitamin D stimulates the production of feel-good brain chemicals such as serotonin and dopamine.

*The light that enters your eyes has an immediate effect on your mood, so bright light, especially blue light (around the wavelength 460 nm) shuts down the production of melatonin, the night-time sleep hormone, and stimulates the production of serotonin, its energising, daytime counterpart.

==References==
*[http://www.healthscout.com/ency/1/409/main.html/ Healthscout]- What does Serotonin do?
*[http://www.chm.bris.ac.uk/motm/serotonin/synthesis.htm/ University of Bristol: Chemistry]- Synthesis of Serotonin
*[http://www.neurosci.pharm.utoledo.edu/MBC3320/serotonin.htm/ MBC Serotonin]- Detail of Synthesis
*[http://www.cmste.uncc.edu/ CMSTE]- Images of Serotonin
*[http://www.angelfire.com/hi/TheSeer/seratonin.html/ Serotonin]- What does Serotonin do?
*[http://www.thebodyblues.com/light.html/The Body Blues]- What does Serotonin do?

It:Serotonin

2006-10-26T12:47:58Z

Tfm05: /* Serotonin: Interesting Thoughts */

{| class="toccolours" border="1" style="float: right; clear: right; margin: 0 0 1em 1em; border-collapse: collapse;"
! {{chembox header}} colspan="3" |2D Structure
|-
| align="center" colspan="3" bgcolour="#ffffff" | [[image:Serotonin.gif]]
|-
! {{chembox header}} colspan="3" |3D structure <jmol>
<jmolApplet>
<size>400</size>
<color>white</color>
<script>zoom 80; cpk on;frame 1; move 10 -20 10 0 0 0 0 0 3; delay 1;</script>
<inlineContents>HEADER NONAME 24-Oct-06 NONE 1
TITLE NONE 2
AUTHOR WWW daemon apache NONE 3
REVDAT 1 24-Oct-06 0 NONE 4
ATOM 1 N 0 4.143 1.513 0.282 0.00 0.00 N+0
ATOM 2 C 0 2.960 0.702 0.600 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 3 C 0 2.369 0.133 -0.691 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 4 C 0 1.156 -0.699 -0.365 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 5 C 0 1.124 -2.029 -0.185 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 6 N 0 -0.152 -2.432 0.097 0.00 0.00 N+0
ATOM 7 C 0 -0.996 -1.341 0.105 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 8 C 0 -0.212 -0.209 -0.178 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 9 C 0 -0.805 1.055 -0.237 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 10 C 0 -2.162 1.182 -0.015 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 11 O 0 -2.745 2.409 -0.071 0.00 0.00 O+0
ATOM 12 C 0 -2.936 0.058 0.265 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 13 C 0 -2.361 -1.191 0.330 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 14 H 0 3.815 2.311 -0.241 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 15 H 0 4.497 1.865 1.159 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 16 H 0 3.247 -0.117 1.260 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 17 H 0 2.215 1.324 1.097 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 18 H 0 2.082 0.952 -1.351 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 19 H 0 3.113 -0.490 -1.188 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 20 H 0 1.980 -2.684 -0.252 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 21 H 0 -0.424 -3.347 0.266 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 22 H 0 -0.206 1.926 -0.454 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 23 H 0 -3.024 2.545 -0.987 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 24 H 0 -3.996 0.169 0.437 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 25 H 0 -2.971 -2.055 0.547 0.00 0.00 H+0
CONECT 1 2 14 15 0 NONE 30
CONECT 2 1 3 16 17 NONE 31
CONECT 3 2 4 18 19 NONE 32
CONECT 4 3 8 5 0 NONE 33
CONECT 5 4 6 20 0 NONE 34
CONECT 6 5 7 21 0 NONE 35
CONECT 7 6 13 8 0 NONE 36
CONECT 8 7 4 9 0 NONE 37
CONECT 9 8 10 22 0 NONE 38
CONECT 10 9 11 12 0 NONE 39
CONECT 11 10 23 0 0 NONE 40
CONECT 12 10 13 24 0 NONE 41
CONECT 13 12 7 25 0 NONE 42
END NONE 43
</inlineContents>
</jmolApplet>
</jmol>
|-
! {{chembox header}} colspan="3" | Properties
|-
| colspan="1" |IUPAC Systematic Name
| colspan="2" |5-Hydroxytryptamine/3-(2-aminoethyl)-1H-indol-5-ol
|-
| colspan="1" |Chemical Name
| colspan="2" |3-(2-Amino-aethyl)-indol-5-ol
|-
| colspan="1" |Molecular formula
| colspan="2" |C<sub>10</sub>H<sub>12</sub>N<sub>2</sub>O
|-
| colspan="1" |Molecular Mass
| colspan="2" |176.2182 gmol<sup>-1</sup>
|-
| colspan="1" |SMILES String
| colspan="2" |NCCC1=CNC2=C1C=C(O)C=C2
|-
|}

==What is Serotonin==

*Serotonin is a hormone manufactured by the brain that is associated with opiate-specific receptors - so helps maintain a happy feeling.
*It is a neurotransmitter meaning that is a chemical messenger in the brain which allows the brain to communicate with nerve cells.
*The most effective way of increasing serotonin levels is vigorous exercise if the person only has very mild depression. This exercise increases the levels for many days after the exercise takes place.
*Your diet will also effect the levels of serotonin. Low levels of omega 3 and vitamin C in the diet will cause a reduction in the amount of serotonin in the body.

==What Does Serotonin Do==

Serotonin affects many basic psychological functions such as
anxiety mechanisms and the regulation of mood, thoughts, aggression,
appetite, sex drive and the sleep/wake cycle. Multiple observations suggest that serotonin, one of
the most abundant neurotransmitters, plays an important role in the regulation of mood and a key role
in the treatment of depression.

Due to this, lack of serotonin is often associated with depression. Restoring the normal or enhanced level of this neurotransmitter acts as mood enhancer. Prozac is a mood enhancing drug, which acts in the central nervous system by inhibiting the reuptake mechanism of serotonin into the synapse. Since serotonin is not degraded in the synaptic cleft, Prozac promotes a prolonged presence of serotonin keeping the post-synaptic membrane active.

In the central nervous system, serotonin is involved in fear and flight responses, an activity which is opposed by the aggression stimulating hormone adrenaline (epinephrine) and neurotransmitter dopamine.

Light modulates the production of certain hormones and brain chemicals, such as serotonin. The amount of serotonin in your brain reflects the amount of light in your environment. More light = more serotonin = more energy, a better mood, and fewer carbohydrate cravings!

==Where can it be found==

Serotonin originates in neurons deep in the midline of the brainstem. Because these neurons profile diffusely
throughout the brain, serotonin can affect various brain functions, such as depression. It also interacts with many other neurotransmitters,
either directly through neurons that use both serotonin and another neurotransmitter, or by serotonin neurons influencing
neurons that primarily use these other transmitters.

*It is manufactured in the human brain using the essential amino acid tryptophan which is found in pineapples, plums, turkey and milk.
*Bananas contain tryptophan, which the body converts into serotonin, known to make you relax, improve your mood and generally make you feel happier.
*Serotonin can be found in three main areas of the body: the intestinal wall, blood vessels, and the central nervous system.

==Synthesis of Serotonin==

Serotonin is synthesized from the amino acid precursor tryptophan, packaged into vesicles, and
released into the synapse following an action potential. Once in the synapse, serotonin can interact
with both the pre- and postsynaptic receptors.

[[Image:synthesisSerotonin.gif|thumb|synthesis of serotonin]]
[http://www.chm.bris.ac.uk/motm/serotonin/synthesis.htm 1]

[[image:detail_of_serotonin_synthesis.GIF]]
'''Detail of Synthesis''' [http://www.neurosci.pharm.utoledo.edu/MBC3320/serotonin.htm]

==Images of Serotonin==
{| class="toccolours" border="0" style="fix: right; clear: left; margin: 0 0 1em 1em; border-collapse: collapse;"
|- align="center"
| bgcolor="lt blue"|'''Electron Density of Serotonin'''
| bgcolor="lt blue"|'''Electrostatic Potential of Serotonin'''
|-
|[[image:Electron_density_of_serotonin.GIF]]
|[[image:electrostatic_potential_of_serotonin.GIF]]

|-
|}[http://www.cmste.uncc.edu/new/Document%20Hold/Sawsun-%20Serotonin%20FINAL%20PAPER.doc]

==Serotonin: Interesting Thoughts==

*Studies show that there is a chemical hierarchy in humans associated with social "rank" that is linked with serotonin levels. Those in high office, higher positions on sports teams and those of higher rank in academic clubs have been found to have higher levels of serotonin than their lower ranking peers. [http://www.globalhypnosis.com/hypnosis_stories.html]

*Serotonergic activity gradually decreases as one becomes drowsy and enter slow-wave sleep. An overall slowing of serotonergic activity is observed during slow-wave sleep known as non-REM sleep. During REM sleep (Rapid Eye Movement-the original dream sleep), serotonergic activity falls completely silent. Serotonergic activity returns to it's basic level several seconds prior to the end of REM sleep. [http://www.antidepressantsfacts.com/pinealstory.htm]

*The stimulant in the drug Ecstasy forces the brain to release serotonin, in abnormally large amounts. The neurons (brain cells) that store serotonin are deformed or destroyed. Scientists have found that these injured neurons can regrow, but they may grow back abnormally or in the wrong locations. When Ecstasy wears off, the overflow of serotonin reverses to a lack of serotonin. Without enough serotonin it is difficult to sleep, learn, remember, or feel happy. [http://www.intheknowzone.com/ecstasy/chemistry.htm]

*When UV light interacts with your skin, it triggers the formation of vitamin D. Vitamin D stimulates the production of feel-good brain chemicals such as serotonin and dopamine.

*The light that enters your eyes has an immediate effect on your mood, so bright light, especially blue light (around the wavelength 460 nm) shuts down the production of melatonin, the night-time sleep hormone, and stimulates the production of serotonin, its energising, daytime counterpart.

==References==
*[http://www.healthscout.com/ency/1/409/main.html/ Healthscout]- What does Serotonin do?
*[http://www.chm.bris.ac.uk/motm/serotonin/synthesis.htm/ University of Bristol: Chemistry]- Synthesis of Serotonin
*[http://www.neurosci.pharm.utoledo.edu/MBC3320/serotonin.htm/ MBC Serotonin]- Detail of Synthesis
*[http://www.cmste.uncc.edu/ CMSTE]- Images of Serotonin
*[http://www.angelfire.com/hi/TheSeer/seratonin.html/ Serotonin]- What does Serotonin do?
*[http://www.thebodyblues.com/light.html/The Body Blues]- What does Serotonin do?

It:Serotonin

2006-10-26T12:47:24Z

Tfm05: /* References */

{| class="toccolours" border="1" style="float: right; clear: right; margin: 0 0 1em 1em; border-collapse: collapse;"
! {{chembox header}} colspan="3" |2D Structure
|-
| align="center" colspan="3" bgcolour="#ffffff" | [[image:Serotonin.gif]]
|-
! {{chembox header}} colspan="3" |3D structure <jmol>
<jmolApplet>
<size>400</size>
<color>white</color>
<script>zoom 80; cpk on;frame 1; move 10 -20 10 0 0 0 0 0 3; delay 1;</script>
<inlineContents>HEADER NONAME 24-Oct-06 NONE 1
TITLE NONE 2
AUTHOR WWW daemon apache NONE 3
REVDAT 1 24-Oct-06 0 NONE 4
ATOM 1 N 0 4.143 1.513 0.282 0.00 0.00 N+0
ATOM 2 C 0 2.960 0.702 0.600 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 3 C 0 2.369 0.133 -0.691 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 4 C 0 1.156 -0.699 -0.365 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 5 C 0 1.124 -2.029 -0.185 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 6 N 0 -0.152 -2.432 0.097 0.00 0.00 N+0
ATOM 7 C 0 -0.996 -1.341 0.105 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 8 C 0 -0.212 -0.209 -0.178 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 9 C 0 -0.805 1.055 -0.237 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 10 C 0 -2.162 1.182 -0.015 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 11 O 0 -2.745 2.409 -0.071 0.00 0.00 O+0
ATOM 12 C 0 -2.936 0.058 0.265 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 13 C 0 -2.361 -1.191 0.330 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 14 H 0 3.815 2.311 -0.241 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 15 H 0 4.497 1.865 1.159 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 16 H 0 3.247 -0.117 1.260 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 17 H 0 2.215 1.324 1.097 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 18 H 0 2.082 0.952 -1.351 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 19 H 0 3.113 -0.490 -1.188 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 20 H 0 1.980 -2.684 -0.252 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 21 H 0 -0.424 -3.347 0.266 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 22 H 0 -0.206 1.926 -0.454 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 23 H 0 -3.024 2.545 -0.987 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 24 H 0 -3.996 0.169 0.437 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 25 H 0 -2.971 -2.055 0.547 0.00 0.00 H+0
CONECT 1 2 14 15 0 NONE 30
CONECT 2 1 3 16 17 NONE 31
CONECT 3 2 4 18 19 NONE 32
CONECT 4 3 8 5 0 NONE 33
CONECT 5 4 6 20 0 NONE 34
CONECT 6 5 7 21 0 NONE 35
CONECT 7 6 13 8 0 NONE 36
CONECT 8 7 4 9 0 NONE 37
CONECT 9 8 10 22 0 NONE 38
CONECT 10 9 11 12 0 NONE 39
CONECT 11 10 23 0 0 NONE 40
CONECT 12 10 13 24 0 NONE 41
CONECT 13 12 7 25 0 NONE 42
END NONE 43
</inlineContents>
</jmolApplet>
</jmol>
|-
! {{chembox header}} colspan="3" | Properties
|-
| colspan="1" |IUPAC Systematic Name
| colspan="2" |5-Hydroxytryptamine/3-(2-aminoethyl)-1H-indol-5-ol
|-
| colspan="1" |Chemical Name
| colspan="2" |3-(2-Amino-aethyl)-indol-5-ol
|-
| colspan="1" |Molecular formula
| colspan="2" |C<sub>10</sub>H<sub>12</sub>N<sub>2</sub>O
|-
| colspan="1" |Molecular Mass
| colspan="2" |176.2182 gmol<sup>-1</sup>
|-
| colspan="1" |SMILES String
| colspan="2" |NCCC1=CNC2=C1C=C(O)C=C2
|-
|}

==What is Serotonin==

*Serotonin is a hormone manufactured by the brain that is associated with opiate-specific receptors - so helps maintain a happy feeling.
*It is a neurotransmitter meaning that is a chemical messenger in the brain which allows the brain to communicate with nerve cells.
*The most effective way of increasing serotonin levels is vigorous exercise if the person only has very mild depression. This exercise increases the levels for many days after the exercise takes place.
*Your diet will also effect the levels of serotonin. Low levels of omega 3 and vitamin C in the diet will cause a reduction in the amount of serotonin in the body.

==What Does Serotonin Do==

Serotonin affects many basic psychological functions such as
anxiety mechanisms and the regulation of mood, thoughts, aggression,
appetite, sex drive and the sleep/wake cycle. Multiple observations suggest that serotonin, one of
the most abundant neurotransmitters, plays an important role in the regulation of mood and a key role
in the treatment of depression.

Due to this, lack of serotonin is often associated with depression. Restoring the normal or enhanced level of this neurotransmitter acts as mood enhancer. Prozac is a mood enhancing drug, which acts in the central nervous system by inhibiting the reuptake mechanism of serotonin into the synapse. Since serotonin is not degraded in the synaptic cleft, Prozac promotes a prolonged presence of serotonin keeping the post-synaptic membrane active.

In the central nervous system, serotonin is involved in fear and flight responses, an activity which is opposed by the aggression stimulating hormone adrenaline (epinephrine) and neurotransmitter dopamine.

Light modulates the production of certain hormones and brain chemicals, such as serotonin. The amount of serotonin in your brain reflects the amount of light in your environment. More light = more serotonin = more energy, a better mood, and fewer carbohydrate cravings!

==Where can it be found==

Serotonin originates in neurons deep in the midline of the brainstem. Because these neurons profile diffusely
throughout the brain, serotonin can affect various brain functions, such as depression. It also interacts with many other neurotransmitters,
either directly through neurons that use both serotonin and another neurotransmitter, or by serotonin neurons influencing
neurons that primarily use these other transmitters.

*It is manufactured in the human brain using the essential amino acid tryptophan which is found in pineapples, plums, turkey and milk.
*Bananas contain tryptophan, which the body converts into serotonin, known to make you relax, improve your mood and generally make you feel happier.
*Serotonin can be found in three main areas of the body: the intestinal wall, blood vessels, and the central nervous system.

==Synthesis of Serotonin==

Serotonin is synthesized from the amino acid precursor tryptophan, packaged into vesicles, and
released into the synapse following an action potential. Once in the synapse, serotonin can interact
with both the pre- and postsynaptic receptors.

[[Image:synthesisSerotonin.gif|thumb|synthesis of serotonin]]
[http://www.chm.bris.ac.uk/motm/serotonin/synthesis.htm 1]

[[image:detail_of_serotonin_synthesis.GIF]]
'''Detail of Synthesis''' [http://www.neurosci.pharm.utoledo.edu/MBC3320/serotonin.htm]

==Images of Serotonin==
{| class="toccolours" border="0" style="fix: right; clear: left; margin: 0 0 1em 1em; border-collapse: collapse;"
|- align="center"
| bgcolor="lt blue"|'''Electron Density of Serotonin'''
| bgcolor="lt blue"|'''Electrostatic Potential of Serotonin'''
|-
|[[image:Electron_density_of_serotonin.GIF]]
|[[image:electrostatic_potential_of_serotonin.GIF]]

|-
|}[http://www.cmste.uncc.edu/new/Document%20Hold/Sawsun-%20Serotonin%20FINAL%20PAPER.doc]

==Serotonin: Interesting Thoughts==

*Studies show that there is a chemical hierarchy in humans associated with social "rank" that is linked with serotonin levels. Those in high office, higher positions on sports teams and those of higher rank in academic clubs have been found to have higher levels of serotonin than their lower ranking peers. [http://www.globalhypnosis.com/hypnosis_stories.html]

*Serotonergic activity gradually decreases as one becomes drowsy and enter slow-wave sleep. An overall slowing of serotonergic activity is observed during slow-wave sleep known as non-REM sleep. During REM sleep (Rapid Eye Movement-the original dream sleep), serotonergic activity falls completely silent. Serotonergic activity returns to it's basic level several seconds prior to the end of REM sleep. [http://www.antidepressantsfacts.com/pinealstory.htm]

*The stimulant in the drug Ecstasy forces the brain to release serotonin, in abnormally large amounts. The neurons (brain cells) that store serotonin are deformed or destroyed. Scientists have found that these injured neurons can regrow, but they may grow back abnormally or in the wrong locations. When Ecstasy wears off, the overflow of serotonin reverses to a lack of serotonin. Without enough serotonin it is difficult to sleep, learn, remember, or feel happy. [http://www.intheknowzone.com/ecstasy/chemistry.htm]

*When UV light interacts with your skin, it triggers the formation of vitamin D. Vitamin D stimulates the production of feel-good brain chemicals such as serotonin and dopamine.

*The light that enters your eyes has an immediate effect on your mood, so bright light, especially blue light (around the wavelength 460 nm) shuts down the production of melatonin, the night-time sleep hormone, and stimulates the production of serotonin, its energizing, daytime counterpart.

==References==
*[http://www.healthscout.com/ency/1/409/main.html/ Healthscout]- What does Serotonin do?
*[http://www.chm.bris.ac.uk/motm/serotonin/synthesis.htm/ University of Bristol: Chemistry]- Synthesis of Serotonin
*[http://www.neurosci.pharm.utoledo.edu/MBC3320/serotonin.htm/ MBC Serotonin]- Detail of Synthesis
*[http://www.cmste.uncc.edu/ CMSTE]- Images of Serotonin
*[http://www.angelfire.com/hi/TheSeer/seratonin.html/ Serotonin]- What does Serotonin do?
*[http://www.thebodyblues.com/light.html/The Body Blues]- What does Serotonin do?

It:Serotonin

2006-10-26T12:46:34Z

Tfm05: /* Serotonin: Interesting Thoughts */

{| class="toccolours" border="1" style="float: right; clear: right; margin: 0 0 1em 1em; border-collapse: collapse;"
! {{chembox header}} colspan="3" |2D Structure
|-
| align="center" colspan="3" bgcolour="#ffffff" | [[image:Serotonin.gif]]
|-
! {{chembox header}} colspan="3" |3D structure <jmol>
<jmolApplet>
<size>400</size>
<color>white</color>
<script>zoom 80; cpk on;frame 1; move 10 -20 10 0 0 0 0 0 3; delay 1;</script>
<inlineContents>HEADER NONAME 24-Oct-06 NONE 1
TITLE NONE 2
AUTHOR WWW daemon apache NONE 3
REVDAT 1 24-Oct-06 0 NONE 4
ATOM 1 N 0 4.143 1.513 0.282 0.00 0.00 N+0
ATOM 2 C 0 2.960 0.702 0.600 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 3 C 0 2.369 0.133 -0.691 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 4 C 0 1.156 -0.699 -0.365 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 5 C 0 1.124 -2.029 -0.185 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 6 N 0 -0.152 -2.432 0.097 0.00 0.00 N+0
ATOM 7 C 0 -0.996 -1.341 0.105 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 8 C 0 -0.212 -0.209 -0.178 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 9 C 0 -0.805 1.055 -0.237 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 10 C 0 -2.162 1.182 -0.015 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 11 O 0 -2.745 2.409 -0.071 0.00 0.00 O+0
ATOM 12 C 0 -2.936 0.058 0.265 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 13 C 0 -2.361 -1.191 0.330 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 14 H 0 3.815 2.311 -0.241 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 15 H 0 4.497 1.865 1.159 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 16 H 0 3.247 -0.117 1.260 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 17 H 0 2.215 1.324 1.097 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 18 H 0 2.082 0.952 -1.351 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 19 H 0 3.113 -0.490 -1.188 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 20 H 0 1.980 -2.684 -0.252 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 21 H 0 -0.424 -3.347 0.266 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 22 H 0 -0.206 1.926 -0.454 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 23 H 0 -3.024 2.545 -0.987 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 24 H 0 -3.996 0.169 0.437 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 25 H 0 -2.971 -2.055 0.547 0.00 0.00 H+0
CONECT 1 2 14 15 0 NONE 30
CONECT 2 1 3 16 17 NONE 31
CONECT 3 2 4 18 19 NONE 32
CONECT 4 3 8 5 0 NONE 33
CONECT 5 4 6 20 0 NONE 34
CONECT 6 5 7 21 0 NONE 35
CONECT 7 6 13 8 0 NONE 36
CONECT 8 7 4 9 0 NONE 37
CONECT 9 8 10 22 0 NONE 38
CONECT 10 9 11 12 0 NONE 39
CONECT 11 10 23 0 0 NONE 40
CONECT 12 10 13 24 0 NONE 41
CONECT 13 12 7 25 0 NONE 42
END NONE 43
</inlineContents>
</jmolApplet>
</jmol>
|-
! {{chembox header}} colspan="3" | Properties
|-
| colspan="1" |IUPAC Systematic Name
| colspan="2" |5-Hydroxytryptamine/3-(2-aminoethyl)-1H-indol-5-ol
|-
| colspan="1" |Chemical Name
| colspan="2" |3-(2-Amino-aethyl)-indol-5-ol
|-
| colspan="1" |Molecular formula
| colspan="2" |C<sub>10</sub>H<sub>12</sub>N<sub>2</sub>O
|-
| colspan="1" |Molecular Mass
| colspan="2" |176.2182 gmol<sup>-1</sup>
|-
| colspan="1" |SMILES String
| colspan="2" |NCCC1=CNC2=C1C=C(O)C=C2
|-
|}

==What is Serotonin==

*Serotonin is a hormone manufactured by the brain that is associated with opiate-specific receptors - so helps maintain a happy feeling.
*It is a neurotransmitter meaning that is a chemical messenger in the brain which allows the brain to communicate with nerve cells.
*The most effective way of increasing serotonin levels is vigorous exercise if the person only has very mild depression. This exercise increases the levels for many days after the exercise takes place.
*Your diet will also effect the levels of serotonin. Low levels of omega 3 and vitamin C in the diet will cause a reduction in the amount of serotonin in the body.

==What Does Serotonin Do==

Serotonin affects many basic psychological functions such as
anxiety mechanisms and the regulation of mood, thoughts, aggression,
appetite, sex drive and the sleep/wake cycle. Multiple observations suggest that serotonin, one of
the most abundant neurotransmitters, plays an important role in the regulation of mood and a key role
in the treatment of depression.

Due to this, lack of serotonin is often associated with depression. Restoring the normal or enhanced level of this neurotransmitter acts as mood enhancer. Prozac is a mood enhancing drug, which acts in the central nervous system by inhibiting the reuptake mechanism of serotonin into the synapse. Since serotonin is not degraded in the synaptic cleft, Prozac promotes a prolonged presence of serotonin keeping the post-synaptic membrane active.

In the central nervous system, serotonin is involved in fear and flight responses, an activity which is opposed by the aggression stimulating hormone adrenaline (epinephrine) and neurotransmitter dopamine.

Light modulates the production of certain hormones and brain chemicals, such as serotonin. The amount of serotonin in your brain reflects the amount of light in your environment. More light = more serotonin = more energy, a better mood, and fewer carbohydrate cravings!

==Where can it be found==

Serotonin originates in neurons deep in the midline of the brainstem. Because these neurons profile diffusely
throughout the brain, serotonin can affect various brain functions, such as depression. It also interacts with many other neurotransmitters,
either directly through neurons that use both serotonin and another neurotransmitter, or by serotonin neurons influencing
neurons that primarily use these other transmitters.

*It is manufactured in the human brain using the essential amino acid tryptophan which is found in pineapples, plums, turkey and milk.
*Bananas contain tryptophan, which the body converts into serotonin, known to make you relax, improve your mood and generally make you feel happier.
*Serotonin can be found in three main areas of the body: the intestinal wall, blood vessels, and the central nervous system.

==Synthesis of Serotonin==

Serotonin is synthesized from the amino acid precursor tryptophan, packaged into vesicles, and
released into the synapse following an action potential. Once in the synapse, serotonin can interact
with both the pre- and postsynaptic receptors.

[[Image:synthesisSerotonin.gif|thumb|synthesis of serotonin]]
[http://www.chm.bris.ac.uk/motm/serotonin/synthesis.htm 1]

[[image:detail_of_serotonin_synthesis.GIF]]
'''Detail of Synthesis''' [http://www.neurosci.pharm.utoledo.edu/MBC3320/serotonin.htm]

==Images of Serotonin==
{| class="toccolours" border="0" style="fix: right; clear: left; margin: 0 0 1em 1em; border-collapse: collapse;"
|- align="center"
| bgcolor="lt blue"|'''Electron Density of Serotonin'''
| bgcolor="lt blue"|'''Electrostatic Potential of Serotonin'''
|-
|[[image:Electron_density_of_serotonin.GIF]]
|[[image:electrostatic_potential_of_serotonin.GIF]]

|-
|}[http://www.cmste.uncc.edu/new/Document%20Hold/Sawsun-%20Serotonin%20FINAL%20PAPER.doc]

==Serotonin: Interesting Thoughts==

*Studies show that there is a chemical hierarchy in humans associated with social "rank" that is linked with serotonin levels. Those in high office, higher positions on sports teams and those of higher rank in academic clubs have been found to have higher levels of serotonin than their lower ranking peers. [http://www.globalhypnosis.com/hypnosis_stories.html]

*Serotonergic activity gradually decreases as one becomes drowsy and enter slow-wave sleep. An overall slowing of serotonergic activity is observed during slow-wave sleep known as non-REM sleep. During REM sleep (Rapid Eye Movement-the original dream sleep), serotonergic activity falls completely silent. Serotonergic activity returns to it's basic level several seconds prior to the end of REM sleep. [http://www.antidepressantsfacts.com/pinealstory.htm]

*The stimulant in the drug Ecstasy forces the brain to release serotonin, in abnormally large amounts. The neurons (brain cells) that store serotonin are deformed or destroyed. Scientists have found that these injured neurons can regrow, but they may grow back abnormally or in the wrong locations. When Ecstasy wears off, the overflow of serotonin reverses to a lack of serotonin. Without enough serotonin it is difficult to sleep, learn, remember, or feel happy. [http://www.intheknowzone.com/ecstasy/chemistry.htm]

*When UV light interacts with your skin, it triggers the formation of vitamin D. Vitamin D stimulates the production of feel-good brain chemicals such as serotonin and dopamine.

*The light that enters your eyes has an immediate effect on your mood, so bright light, especially blue light (around the wavelength 460 nm) shuts down the production of melatonin, the night-time sleep hormone, and stimulates the production of serotonin, its energizing, daytime counterpart.

==References==
*[http://www.healthscout.com/ency/1/409/main.html/ Healthscout]- What does Serotonin do?
*[http://www.chm.bris.ac.uk/motm/serotonin/synthesis.htm/ University of Bristol: Chemistry]- Synthesis of Serotonin
*[http://www.neurosci.pharm.utoledo.edu/MBC3320/serotonin.htm/ MBC Serotonin]- Detail of Synthesis
*[http://www.cmste.uncc.edu/ CMSTE]- Images of Serotonin
*[http://www.angelfire.com/hi/TheSeer/seratonin.html/ Serotonin]- What does Serotonin do?

It:Serotonin

2006-10-26T12:46:13Z

Tfm05: /* Serotonin: Interesting Thoughts */

{| class="toccolours" border="1" style="float: right; clear: right; margin: 0 0 1em 1em; border-collapse: collapse;"
! {{chembox header}} colspan="3" |2D Structure
|-
| align="center" colspan="3" bgcolour="#ffffff" | [[image:Serotonin.gif]]
|-
! {{chembox header}} colspan="3" |3D structure <jmol>
<jmolApplet>
<size>400</size>
<color>white</color>
<script>zoom 80; cpk on;frame 1; move 10 -20 10 0 0 0 0 0 3; delay 1;</script>
<inlineContents>HEADER NONAME 24-Oct-06 NONE 1
TITLE NONE 2
AUTHOR WWW daemon apache NONE 3
REVDAT 1 24-Oct-06 0 NONE 4
ATOM 1 N 0 4.143 1.513 0.282 0.00 0.00 N+0
ATOM 2 C 0 2.960 0.702 0.600 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 3 C 0 2.369 0.133 -0.691 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 4 C 0 1.156 -0.699 -0.365 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 5 C 0 1.124 -2.029 -0.185 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 6 N 0 -0.152 -2.432 0.097 0.00 0.00 N+0
ATOM 7 C 0 -0.996 -1.341 0.105 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 8 C 0 -0.212 -0.209 -0.178 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 9 C 0 -0.805 1.055 -0.237 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 10 C 0 -2.162 1.182 -0.015 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 11 O 0 -2.745 2.409 -0.071 0.00 0.00 O+0
ATOM 12 C 0 -2.936 0.058 0.265 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 13 C 0 -2.361 -1.191 0.330 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 14 H 0 3.815 2.311 -0.241 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 15 H 0 4.497 1.865 1.159 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 16 H 0 3.247 -0.117 1.260 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 17 H 0 2.215 1.324 1.097 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 18 H 0 2.082 0.952 -1.351 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 19 H 0 3.113 -0.490 -1.188 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 20 H 0 1.980 -2.684 -0.252 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 21 H 0 -0.424 -3.347 0.266 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 22 H 0 -0.206 1.926 -0.454 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 23 H 0 -3.024 2.545 -0.987 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 24 H 0 -3.996 0.169 0.437 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 25 H 0 -2.971 -2.055 0.547 0.00 0.00 H+0
CONECT 1 2 14 15 0 NONE 30
CONECT 2 1 3 16 17 NONE 31
CONECT 3 2 4 18 19 NONE 32
CONECT 4 3 8 5 0 NONE 33
CONECT 5 4 6 20 0 NONE 34
CONECT 6 5 7 21 0 NONE 35
CONECT 7 6 13 8 0 NONE 36
CONECT 8 7 4 9 0 NONE 37
CONECT 9 8 10 22 0 NONE 38
CONECT 10 9 11 12 0 NONE 39
CONECT 11 10 23 0 0 NONE 40
CONECT 12 10 13 24 0 NONE 41
CONECT 13 12 7 25 0 NONE 42
END NONE 43
</inlineContents>
</jmolApplet>
</jmol>
|-
! {{chembox header}} colspan="3" | Properties
|-
| colspan="1" |IUPAC Systematic Name
| colspan="2" |5-Hydroxytryptamine/3-(2-aminoethyl)-1H-indol-5-ol
|-
| colspan="1" |Chemical Name
| colspan="2" |3-(2-Amino-aethyl)-indol-5-ol
|-
| colspan="1" |Molecular formula
| colspan="2" |C<sub>10</sub>H<sub>12</sub>N<sub>2</sub>O
|-
| colspan="1" |Molecular Mass
| colspan="2" |176.2182 gmol<sup>-1</sup>
|-
| colspan="1" |SMILES String
| colspan="2" |NCCC1=CNC2=C1C=C(O)C=C2
|-
|}

==What is Serotonin==

*Serotonin is a hormone manufactured by the brain that is associated with opiate-specific receptors - so helps maintain a happy feeling.
*It is a neurotransmitter meaning that is a chemical messenger in the brain which allows the brain to communicate with nerve cells.
*The most effective way of increasing serotonin levels is vigorous exercise if the person only has very mild depression. This exercise increases the levels for many days after the exercise takes place.
*Your diet will also effect the levels of serotonin. Low levels of omega 3 and vitamin C in the diet will cause a reduction in the amount of serotonin in the body.

==What Does Serotonin Do==

Serotonin affects many basic psychological functions such as
anxiety mechanisms and the regulation of mood, thoughts, aggression,
appetite, sex drive and the sleep/wake cycle. Multiple observations suggest that serotonin, one of
the most abundant neurotransmitters, plays an important role in the regulation of mood and a key role
in the treatment of depression.

Due to this, lack of serotonin is often associated with depression. Restoring the normal or enhanced level of this neurotransmitter acts as mood enhancer. Prozac is a mood enhancing drug, which acts in the central nervous system by inhibiting the reuptake mechanism of serotonin into the synapse. Since serotonin is not degraded in the synaptic cleft, Prozac promotes a prolonged presence of serotonin keeping the post-synaptic membrane active.

In the central nervous system, serotonin is involved in fear and flight responses, an activity which is opposed by the aggression stimulating hormone adrenaline (epinephrine) and neurotransmitter dopamine.

Light modulates the production of certain hormones and brain chemicals, such as serotonin. The amount of serotonin in your brain reflects the amount of light in your environment. More light = more serotonin = more energy, a better mood, and fewer carbohydrate cravings!

==Where can it be found==

Serotonin originates in neurons deep in the midline of the brainstem. Because these neurons profile diffusely
throughout the brain, serotonin can affect various brain functions, such as depression. It also interacts with many other neurotransmitters,
either directly through neurons that use both serotonin and another neurotransmitter, or by serotonin neurons influencing
neurons that primarily use these other transmitters.

*It is manufactured in the human brain using the essential amino acid tryptophan which is found in pineapples, plums, turkey and milk.
*Bananas contain tryptophan, which the body converts into serotonin, known to make you relax, improve your mood and generally make you feel happier.
*Serotonin can be found in three main areas of the body: the intestinal wall, blood vessels, and the central nervous system.

==Synthesis of Serotonin==

Serotonin is synthesized from the amino acid precursor tryptophan, packaged into vesicles, and
released into the synapse following an action potential. Once in the synapse, serotonin can interact
with both the pre- and postsynaptic receptors.

[[Image:synthesisSerotonin.gif|thumb|synthesis of serotonin]]
[http://www.chm.bris.ac.uk/motm/serotonin/synthesis.htm 1]

[[image:detail_of_serotonin_synthesis.GIF]]
'''Detail of Synthesis''' [http://www.neurosci.pharm.utoledo.edu/MBC3320/serotonin.htm]

==Images of Serotonin==
{| class="toccolours" border="0" style="fix: right; clear: left; margin: 0 0 1em 1em; border-collapse: collapse;"
|- align="center"
| bgcolor="lt blue"|'''Electron Density of Serotonin'''
| bgcolor="lt blue"|'''Electrostatic Potential of Serotonin'''
|-
|[[image:Electron_density_of_serotonin.GIF]]
|[[image:electrostatic_potential_of_serotonin.GIF]]

|-
|}[http://www.cmste.uncc.edu/new/Document%20Hold/Sawsun-%20Serotonin%20FINAL%20PAPER.doc]

==Serotonin: Interesting Thoughts==

*Studies show that there is a chemical hierarchy in humans associated with social "rank" that is linked with serotonin levels. Those in high office, higher positions on sports teams and those of higher rank in academic clubs have been found to have higher levels of serotonin than their lower ranking peers. [http://www.globalhypnosis.com/hypnosis_stories.html]

*Serotonergic activity gradually decreases as one becomes drowsy and enter slow-wave sleep. An overall slowing of serotonergic activity is observed during slow-wave sleep known as non-REM sleep. During REM sleep (Rapid Eye Movement-the original dream sleep), serotonergic activity falls completely silent. Serotonergic activity returns to it's basic level several seconds prior to the end of REM sleep. [http://www.antidepressantsfacts.com/pinealstory.htm]

*The stimulant in the drug Ecstasy forces the brain to release serotonin, in abnormally large amounts. The neurons (brain cells) that store serotonin are deformed or destroyed. Scientists have found that these injured neurons can regrow, but they may grow back abnormally or in the wrong locations. When Ecstasy wears off, the overflow of serotonin reverses to a lack of serotonin. Without enough serotonin it is difficult to sleep, learn, remember, or feel happy. [http://www.intheknowzone.com/ecstasy/chemistry.htm]

*When UV light interacts with your skin, it triggers the formation of vitamin D. Vitamin D stimulates the production of feel-good brain chemicals such as serotonin and dopamine.

*The light that enters your eyes has an immediate effect on your mood, so bright light, especially blue light (around the wavelength 460 nm) shuts down the production of melatonin, the night-time sleep hormone, and stimulates the production of serotonin, its energizing, daytime counterpart. [http://www.thebodyblues.com/light.html]

==References==
*[http://www.healthscout.com/ency/1/409/main.html/ Healthscout]- What does Serotonin do?
*[http://www.chm.bris.ac.uk/motm/serotonin/synthesis.htm/ University of Bristol: Chemistry]- Synthesis of Serotonin
*[http://www.neurosci.pharm.utoledo.edu/MBC3320/serotonin.htm/ MBC Serotonin]- Detail of Synthesis
*[http://www.cmste.uncc.edu/ CMSTE]- Images of Serotonin
*[http://www.angelfire.com/hi/TheSeer/seratonin.html/ Serotonin]- What does Serotonin do?

It:Serotonin

2006-10-26T12:45:07Z

Tfm05: /* What Does Serotonin Do */

{| class="toccolours" border="1" style="float: right; clear: right; margin: 0 0 1em 1em; border-collapse: collapse;"
! {{chembox header}} colspan="3" |2D Structure
|-
| align="center" colspan="3" bgcolour="#ffffff" | [[image:Serotonin.gif]]
|-
! {{chembox header}} colspan="3" |3D structure <jmol>
<jmolApplet>
<size>400</size>
<color>white</color>
<script>zoom 80; cpk on;frame 1; move 10 -20 10 0 0 0 0 0 3; delay 1;</script>
<inlineContents>HEADER NONAME 24-Oct-06 NONE 1
TITLE NONE 2
AUTHOR WWW daemon apache NONE 3
REVDAT 1 24-Oct-06 0 NONE 4
ATOM 1 N 0 4.143 1.513 0.282 0.00 0.00 N+0
ATOM 2 C 0 2.960 0.702 0.600 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 3 C 0 2.369 0.133 -0.691 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 4 C 0 1.156 -0.699 -0.365 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 5 C 0 1.124 -2.029 -0.185 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 6 N 0 -0.152 -2.432 0.097 0.00 0.00 N+0
ATOM 7 C 0 -0.996 -1.341 0.105 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 8 C 0 -0.212 -0.209 -0.178 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 9 C 0 -0.805 1.055 -0.237 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 10 C 0 -2.162 1.182 -0.015 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 11 O 0 -2.745 2.409 -0.071 0.00 0.00 O+0
ATOM 12 C 0 -2.936 0.058 0.265 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 13 C 0 -2.361 -1.191 0.330 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 14 H 0 3.815 2.311 -0.241 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 15 H 0 4.497 1.865 1.159 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 16 H 0 3.247 -0.117 1.260 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 17 H 0 2.215 1.324 1.097 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 18 H 0 2.082 0.952 -1.351 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 19 H 0 3.113 -0.490 -1.188 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 20 H 0 1.980 -2.684 -0.252 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 21 H 0 -0.424 -3.347 0.266 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 22 H 0 -0.206 1.926 -0.454 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 23 H 0 -3.024 2.545 -0.987 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 24 H 0 -3.996 0.169 0.437 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 25 H 0 -2.971 -2.055 0.547 0.00 0.00 H+0
CONECT 1 2 14 15 0 NONE 30
CONECT 2 1 3 16 17 NONE 31
CONECT 3 2 4 18 19 NONE 32
CONECT 4 3 8 5 0 NONE 33
CONECT 5 4 6 20 0 NONE 34
CONECT 6 5 7 21 0 NONE 35
CONECT 7 6 13 8 0 NONE 36
CONECT 8 7 4 9 0 NONE 37
CONECT 9 8 10 22 0 NONE 38
CONECT 10 9 11 12 0 NONE 39
CONECT 11 10 23 0 0 NONE 40
CONECT 12 10 13 24 0 NONE 41
CONECT 13 12 7 25 0 NONE 42
END NONE 43
</inlineContents>
</jmolApplet>
</jmol>
|-
! {{chembox header}} colspan="3" | Properties
|-
| colspan="1" |IUPAC Systematic Name
| colspan="2" |5-Hydroxytryptamine/3-(2-aminoethyl)-1H-indol-5-ol
|-
| colspan="1" |Chemical Name
| colspan="2" |3-(2-Amino-aethyl)-indol-5-ol
|-
| colspan="1" |Molecular formula
| colspan="2" |C<sub>10</sub>H<sub>12</sub>N<sub>2</sub>O
|-
| colspan="1" |Molecular Mass
| colspan="2" |176.2182 gmol<sup>-1</sup>
|-
| colspan="1" |SMILES String
| colspan="2" |NCCC1=CNC2=C1C=C(O)C=C2
|-
|}

==What is Serotonin==

*Serotonin is a hormone manufactured by the brain that is associated with opiate-specific receptors - so helps maintain a happy feeling.
*It is a neurotransmitter meaning that is a chemical messenger in the brain which allows the brain to communicate with nerve cells.
*The most effective way of increasing serotonin levels is vigorous exercise if the person only has very mild depression. This exercise increases the levels for many days after the exercise takes place.
*Your diet will also effect the levels of serotonin. Low levels of omega 3 and vitamin C in the diet will cause a reduction in the amount of serotonin in the body.

==What Does Serotonin Do==

Serotonin affects many basic psychological functions such as
anxiety mechanisms and the regulation of mood, thoughts, aggression,
appetite, sex drive and the sleep/wake cycle. Multiple observations suggest that serotonin, one of
the most abundant neurotransmitters, plays an important role in the regulation of mood and a key role
in the treatment of depression.

Due to this, lack of serotonin is often associated with depression. Restoring the normal or enhanced level of this neurotransmitter acts as mood enhancer. Prozac is a mood enhancing drug, which acts in the central nervous system by inhibiting the reuptake mechanism of serotonin into the synapse. Since serotonin is not degraded in the synaptic cleft, Prozac promotes a prolonged presence of serotonin keeping the post-synaptic membrane active.

In the central nervous system, serotonin is involved in fear and flight responses, an activity which is opposed by the aggression stimulating hormone adrenaline (epinephrine) and neurotransmitter dopamine.

Light modulates the production of certain hormones and brain chemicals, such as serotonin. The amount of serotonin in your brain reflects the amount of light in your environment. More light = more serotonin = more energy, a better mood, and fewer carbohydrate cravings!

==Where can it be found==

Serotonin originates in neurons deep in the midline of the brainstem. Because these neurons profile diffusely
throughout the brain, serotonin can affect various brain functions, such as depression. It also interacts with many other neurotransmitters,
either directly through neurons that use both serotonin and another neurotransmitter, or by serotonin neurons influencing
neurons that primarily use these other transmitters.

*It is manufactured in the human brain using the essential amino acid tryptophan which is found in pineapples, plums, turkey and milk.
*Bananas contain tryptophan, which the body converts into serotonin, known to make you relax, improve your mood and generally make you feel happier.
*Serotonin can be found in three main areas of the body: the intestinal wall, blood vessels, and the central nervous system.

==Synthesis of Serotonin==

Serotonin is synthesized from the amino acid precursor tryptophan, packaged into vesicles, and
released into the synapse following an action potential. Once in the synapse, serotonin can interact
with both the pre- and postsynaptic receptors.

[[Image:synthesisSerotonin.gif|thumb|synthesis of serotonin]]
[http://www.chm.bris.ac.uk/motm/serotonin/synthesis.htm 1]

[[image:detail_of_serotonin_synthesis.GIF]]
'''Detail of Synthesis''' [http://www.neurosci.pharm.utoledo.edu/MBC3320/serotonin.htm]

==Images of Serotonin==
{| class="toccolours" border="0" style="fix: right; clear: left; margin: 0 0 1em 1em; border-collapse: collapse;"
|- align="center"
| bgcolor="lt blue"|'''Electron Density of Serotonin'''
| bgcolor="lt blue"|'''Electrostatic Potential of Serotonin'''
|-
|[[image:Electron_density_of_serotonin.GIF]]
|[[image:electrostatic_potential_of_serotonin.GIF]]

|-
|}[http://www.cmste.uncc.edu/new/Document%20Hold/Sawsun-%20Serotonin%20FINAL%20PAPER.doc]

==Serotonin: Interesting Thoughts==

*Studies show that there is a chemical hierarchy in humans associated with social "rank" that is linked with serotonin levels. Those in high office, higher positions on sports teams and those of higher rank in academic clubs have been found to have higher levels of serotonin than their lower ranking peers. [http://www.globalhypnosis.com/hypnosis_stories.html]

*Serotonergic activity gradually decreases as one becomes drowsy and enter slow-wave sleep. An overall slowing of serotonergic activity is observed during slow-wave sleep known as non-REM sleep. During REM sleep (Rapid Eye Movement-the original dream sleep), serotonergic activity falls completely silent. Serotonergic activity returns to it's basic level several seconds prior to the end of REM sleep. [http://www.antidepressantsfacts.com/pinealstory.htm]

*The stimulant in the drug Ecstasy forces the brain to release serotonin, in abnormally large amounts. The neurons (brain cells) that store serotonin are deformed or destroyed. Scientists have found that these injured neurons can regrow, but they may grow back abnormally or in the wrong locations. When Ecstasy wears off, the overflow of serotonin reverses to a lack of serotonin. Without enough serotonin it is difficult to sleep, learn, remember, or feel happy. [http://www.intheknowzone.com/ecstasy/chemistry.htm]

*When UV light interacts with your skin, it triggers the formation of vitamin D. Vitamin D stimulates the production of feel-good brain chemicals such as serotonin and dopamine.

*The light that enters your eyes has an immediate effect on your mood, so bright light, especially blue light (around the wavelength 460 nm)shuts down the production of melatonin, the night-time sleep hormone, and stimulates the production of serotonin, its energizing, daytime counterpart.

==References==
*[http://www.healthscout.com/ency/1/409/main.html/ Healthscout]- What does Serotonin do?
*[http://www.chm.bris.ac.uk/motm/serotonin/synthesis.htm/ University of Bristol: Chemistry]- Synthesis of Serotonin
*[http://www.neurosci.pharm.utoledo.edu/MBC3320/serotonin.htm/ MBC Serotonin]- Detail of Synthesis
*[http://www.cmste.uncc.edu/ CMSTE]- Images of Serotonin
*[http://www.angelfire.com/hi/TheSeer/seratonin.html/ Serotonin]- What does Serotonin do?

It:Serotonin

2006-10-26T12:42:43Z

Tfm05: /* What Does Serotonin Do */

{| class="toccolours" border="1" style="float: right; clear: right; margin: 0 0 1em 1em; border-collapse: collapse;"
! {{chembox header}} colspan="3" |2D Structure
|-
| align="center" colspan="3" bgcolour="#ffffff" | [[image:Serotonin.gif]]
|-
! {{chembox header}} colspan="3" |3D structure <jmol>
<jmolApplet>
<size>400</size>
<color>white</color>
<script>zoom 80; cpk on;frame 1; move 10 -20 10 0 0 0 0 0 3; delay 1;</script>
<inlineContents>HEADER NONAME 24-Oct-06 NONE 1
TITLE NONE 2
AUTHOR WWW daemon apache NONE 3
REVDAT 1 24-Oct-06 0 NONE 4
ATOM 1 N 0 4.143 1.513 0.282 0.00 0.00 N+0
ATOM 2 C 0 2.960 0.702 0.600 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 3 C 0 2.369 0.133 -0.691 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 4 C 0 1.156 -0.699 -0.365 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 5 C 0 1.124 -2.029 -0.185 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 6 N 0 -0.152 -2.432 0.097 0.00 0.00 N+0
ATOM 7 C 0 -0.996 -1.341 0.105 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 8 C 0 -0.212 -0.209 -0.178 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 9 C 0 -0.805 1.055 -0.237 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 10 C 0 -2.162 1.182 -0.015 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 11 O 0 -2.745 2.409 -0.071 0.00 0.00 O+0
ATOM 12 C 0 -2.936 0.058 0.265 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 13 C 0 -2.361 -1.191 0.330 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 14 H 0 3.815 2.311 -0.241 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 15 H 0 4.497 1.865 1.159 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 16 H 0 3.247 -0.117 1.260 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 17 H 0 2.215 1.324 1.097 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 18 H 0 2.082 0.952 -1.351 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 19 H 0 3.113 -0.490 -1.188 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 20 H 0 1.980 -2.684 -0.252 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 21 H 0 -0.424 -3.347 0.266 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 22 H 0 -0.206 1.926 -0.454 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 23 H 0 -3.024 2.545 -0.987 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 24 H 0 -3.996 0.169 0.437 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 25 H 0 -2.971 -2.055 0.547 0.00 0.00 H+0
CONECT 1 2 14 15 0 NONE 30
CONECT 2 1 3 16 17 NONE 31
CONECT 3 2 4 18 19 NONE 32
CONECT 4 3 8 5 0 NONE 33
CONECT 5 4 6 20 0 NONE 34
CONECT 6 5 7 21 0 NONE 35
CONECT 7 6 13 8 0 NONE 36
CONECT 8 7 4 9 0 NONE 37
CONECT 9 8 10 22 0 NONE 38
CONECT 10 9 11 12 0 NONE 39
CONECT 11 10 23 0 0 NONE 40
CONECT 12 10 13 24 0 NONE 41
CONECT 13 12 7 25 0 NONE 42
END NONE 43
</inlineContents>
</jmolApplet>
</jmol>
|-
! {{chembox header}} colspan="3" | Properties
|-
| colspan="1" |IUPAC Systematic Name
| colspan="2" |5-Hydroxytryptamine/3-(2-aminoethyl)-1H-indol-5-ol
|-
| colspan="1" |Chemical Name
| colspan="2" |3-(2-Amino-aethyl)-indol-5-ol
|-
| colspan="1" |Molecular formula
| colspan="2" |C<sub>10</sub>H<sub>12</sub>N<sub>2</sub>O
|-
| colspan="1" |Molecular Mass
| colspan="2" |176.2182 gmol<sup>-1</sup>
|-
| colspan="1" |SMILES String
| colspan="2" |NCCC1=CNC2=C1C=C(O)C=C2
|-
|}

==What is Serotonin==

*Serotonin is a hormone manufactured by the brain that is associated with opiate-specific receptors - so helps maintain a happy feeling.
*It is a neurotransmitter meaning that is a chemical messenger in the brain which allows the brain to communicate with nerve cells.
*The most effective way of increasing serotonin levels is vigorous exercise if the person only has very mild depression. This exercise increases the levels for many days after the exercise takes place.
*Your diet will also effect the levels of serotonin. Low levels of omega 3 and vitamin C in the diet will cause a reduction in the amount of serotonin in the body.

==What Does Serotonin Do==

Serotonin affects many basic psychological functions such as
anxiety mechanisms and the regulation of mood, thoughts, aggression,
appetite, sex drive and the sleep/wake cycle. Multiple observations suggest that serotonin, one of
the most abundant neurotransmitters, plays an important role in the regulation of mood and a key role
in the treatment of depression.

Due to this, lack of serotonin is often associated with depression. Restoring the normal or enhanced level of this neurotransmitter acts as mood enhancer. Prozac is a mood enhancing drug, which acts in the central nervous system by inhibiting the reuptake mechanism of serotonin into the synapse. Since serotonin is not degraded in the synaptic cleft, Prozac promotes a prolonged presence of serotonin keeping the post-synaptic membrane active.

In the central nervous system, serotonin is involved in fear and flight responses, an activity which is opposed by the aggression stimulating hormone adrenaline (epinephrine) and neurotransmitter dopamine.

==Where can it be found==

Serotonin originates in neurons deep in the midline of the brainstem. Because these neurons profile diffusely
throughout the brain, serotonin can affect various brain functions, such as depression. It also interacts with many other neurotransmitters,
either directly through neurons that use both serotonin and another neurotransmitter, or by serotonin neurons influencing
neurons that primarily use these other transmitters.

*It is manufactured in the human brain using the essential amino acid tryptophan which is found in pineapples, plums, turkey and milk.
*Bananas contain tryptophan, which the body converts into serotonin, known to make you relax, improve your mood and generally make you feel happier.
*Serotonin can be found in three main areas of the body: the intestinal wall, blood vessels, and the central nervous system.

==Synthesis of Serotonin==

Serotonin is synthesized from the amino acid precursor tryptophan, packaged into vesicles, and
released into the synapse following an action potential. Once in the synapse, serotonin can interact
with both the pre- and postsynaptic receptors.

[[Image:synthesisSerotonin.gif|thumb|synthesis of serotonin]]
[http://www.chm.bris.ac.uk/motm/serotonin/synthesis.htm 1]

[[image:detail_of_serotonin_synthesis.GIF]]
'''Detail of Synthesis''' [http://www.neurosci.pharm.utoledo.edu/MBC3320/serotonin.htm]

==Images of Serotonin==
{| class="toccolours" border="0" style="fix: right; clear: left; margin: 0 0 1em 1em; border-collapse: collapse;"
|- align="center"
| bgcolor="lt blue"|'''Electron Density of Serotonin'''
| bgcolor="lt blue"|'''Electrostatic Potential of Serotonin'''
|-
|[[image:Electron_density_of_serotonin.GIF]]
|[[image:electrostatic_potential_of_serotonin.GIF]]

|-
|}[http://www.cmste.uncc.edu/new/Document%20Hold/Sawsun-%20Serotonin%20FINAL%20PAPER.doc]

==Serotonin: Interesting Thoughts==

*Studies show that there is a chemical hierarchy in humans associated with social "rank" that is linked with serotonin levels. Those in high office, higher positions on sports teams and those of higher rank in academic clubs have been found to have higher levels of serotonin than their lower ranking peers. [http://www.globalhypnosis.com/hypnosis_stories.html]

*Serotonergic activity gradually decreases as one becomes drowsy and enter slow-wave sleep. An overall slowing of serotonergic activity is observed during slow-wave sleep known as non-REM sleep. During REM sleep (Rapid Eye Movement-the original dream sleep), serotonergic activity falls completely silent. Serotonergic activity returns to it's basic level several seconds prior to the end of REM sleep. [http://www.antidepressantsfacts.com/pinealstory.htm]

*The stimulant in the drug Ecstasy forces the brain to release serotonin, in abnormally large amounts. The neurons (brain cells) that store serotonin are deformed or destroyed. Scientists have found that these injured neurons can regrow, but they may grow back abnormally or in the wrong locations. When Ecstasy wears off, the overflow of serotonin reverses to a lack of serotonin. Without enough serotonin it is difficult to sleep, learn, remember, or feel happy. [http://www.intheknowzone.com/ecstasy/chemistry.htm]

*When UV light interacts with your skin, it triggers the formation of vitamin D. Vitamin D stimulates the production of feel-good brain chemicals such as serotonin and dopamine.

*The light that enters your eyes has an immediate effect on your mood, so bright light, especially blue light (around the wavelength 460 nm)shuts down the production of melatonin, the night-time sleep hormone, and stimulates the production of serotonin, its energizing, daytime counterpart.

==References==
*[http://www.healthscout.com/ency/1/409/main.html/ Healthscout]- What does Serotonin do?
*[http://www.chm.bris.ac.uk/motm/serotonin/synthesis.htm/ University of Bristol: Chemistry]- Synthesis of Serotonin
*[http://www.neurosci.pharm.utoledo.edu/MBC3320/serotonin.htm/ MBC Serotonin]- Detail of Synthesis
*[http://www.cmste.uncc.edu/ CMSTE]- Images of Serotonin
*[http://www.angelfire.com/hi/TheSeer/seratonin.html/ Serotonin]- What does Serotonin do?

It:Serotonin

2006-10-26T12:42:19Z

Tfm05: /* Serotonin: Interesting Thoughts */

{| class="toccolours" border="1" style="float: right; clear: right; margin: 0 0 1em 1em; border-collapse: collapse;"
! {{chembox header}} colspan="3" |2D Structure
|-
| align="center" colspan="3" bgcolour="#ffffff" | [[image:Serotonin.gif]]
|-
! {{chembox header}} colspan="3" |3D structure <jmol>
<jmolApplet>
<size>400</size>
<color>white</color>
<script>zoom 80; cpk on;frame 1; move 10 -20 10 0 0 0 0 0 3; delay 1;</script>
<inlineContents>HEADER NONAME 24-Oct-06 NONE 1
TITLE NONE 2
AUTHOR WWW daemon apache NONE 3
REVDAT 1 24-Oct-06 0 NONE 4
ATOM 1 N 0 4.143 1.513 0.282 0.00 0.00 N+0
ATOM 2 C 0 2.960 0.702 0.600 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 3 C 0 2.369 0.133 -0.691 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 4 C 0 1.156 -0.699 -0.365 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 5 C 0 1.124 -2.029 -0.185 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 6 N 0 -0.152 -2.432 0.097 0.00 0.00 N+0
ATOM 7 C 0 -0.996 -1.341 0.105 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 8 C 0 -0.212 -0.209 -0.178 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 9 C 0 -0.805 1.055 -0.237 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 10 C 0 -2.162 1.182 -0.015 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 11 O 0 -2.745 2.409 -0.071 0.00 0.00 O+0
ATOM 12 C 0 -2.936 0.058 0.265 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 13 C 0 -2.361 -1.191 0.330 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 14 H 0 3.815 2.311 -0.241 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 15 H 0 4.497 1.865 1.159 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 16 H 0 3.247 -0.117 1.260 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 17 H 0 2.215 1.324 1.097 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 18 H 0 2.082 0.952 -1.351 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 19 H 0 3.113 -0.490 -1.188 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 20 H 0 1.980 -2.684 -0.252 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 21 H 0 -0.424 -3.347 0.266 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 22 H 0 -0.206 1.926 -0.454 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 23 H 0 -3.024 2.545 -0.987 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 24 H 0 -3.996 0.169 0.437 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 25 H 0 -2.971 -2.055 0.547 0.00 0.00 H+0
CONECT 1 2 14 15 0 NONE 30
CONECT 2 1 3 16 17 NONE 31
CONECT 3 2 4 18 19 NONE 32
CONECT 4 3 8 5 0 NONE 33
CONECT 5 4 6 20 0 NONE 34
CONECT 6 5 7 21 0 NONE 35
CONECT 7 6 13 8 0 NONE 36
CONECT 8 7 4 9 0 NONE 37
CONECT 9 8 10 22 0 NONE 38
CONECT 10 9 11 12 0 NONE 39
CONECT 11 10 23 0 0 NONE 40
CONECT 12 10 13 24 0 NONE 41
CONECT 13 12 7 25 0 NONE 42
END NONE 43
</inlineContents>
</jmolApplet>
</jmol>
|-
! {{chembox header}} colspan="3" | Properties
|-
| colspan="1" |IUPAC Systematic Name
| colspan="2" |5-Hydroxytryptamine/3-(2-aminoethyl)-1H-indol-5-ol
|-
| colspan="1" |Chemical Name
| colspan="2" |3-(2-Amino-aethyl)-indol-5-ol
|-
| colspan="1" |Molecular formula
| colspan="2" |C<sub>10</sub>H<sub>12</sub>N<sub>2</sub>O
|-
| colspan="1" |Molecular Mass
| colspan="2" |176.2182 gmol<sup>-1</sup>
|-
| colspan="1" |SMILES String
| colspan="2" |NCCC1=CNC2=C1C=C(O)C=C2
|-
|}

==What is Serotonin==

*Serotonin is a hormone manufactured by the brain that is associated with opiate-specific receptors - so helps maintain a happy feeling.
*It is a neurotransmitter meaning that is a chemical messenger in the brain which allows the brain to communicate with nerve cells.
*The most effective way of increasing serotonin levels is vigorous exercise if the person only has very mild depression. This exercise increases the levels for many days after the exercise takes place.
*Your diet will also effect the levels of serotonin. Low levels of omega 3 and vitamin C in the diet will cause a reduction in the amount of serotonin in the body.

==What Does Serotonin Do==

Serotonin affects many basic psychological functions such as
anxiety mechanisms and the regulation of mood, thoughts, aggression,
appetite, sex drive and the sleep/wake cycle. Multiple observations suggest that serotonin, one of
the most abundant neurotransmitters, plays an important role in the regulation of mood and a key role
in the treatment of depression.
Due to this, lack of serotonin is often associated with depression. Restoring the normal or enhanced level of this neurotransmitter acts as mood enhancer. Prozac is a mood enhancing drug, which acts in the central nervous system by inhibiting the reuptake mechanism of serotonin into the synapse. Since serotonin is not degraded in the synaptic cleft, Prozac promotes a prolonged presence of serotonin keeping the post-synaptic membrane active.
In the central nervous system, serotonin is involved in fear and flight responses, an activity which is opposed by the aggression stimulating hormone adrenaline (epinephrine) and neurotransmitter dopamine.

==Where can it be found==

Serotonin originates in neurons deep in the midline of the brainstem. Because these neurons profile diffusely
throughout the brain, serotonin can affect various brain functions, such as depression. It also interacts with many other neurotransmitters,
either directly through neurons that use both serotonin and another neurotransmitter, or by serotonin neurons influencing
neurons that primarily use these other transmitters.

*It is manufactured in the human brain using the essential amino acid tryptophan which is found in pineapples, plums, turkey and milk.
*Bananas contain tryptophan, which the body converts into serotonin, known to make you relax, improve your mood and generally make you feel happier.
*Serotonin can be found in three main areas of the body: the intestinal wall, blood vessels, and the central nervous system.

==Synthesis of Serotonin==

Serotonin is synthesized from the amino acid precursor tryptophan, packaged into vesicles, and
released into the synapse following an action potential. Once in the synapse, serotonin can interact
with both the pre- and postsynaptic receptors.

[[Image:synthesisSerotonin.gif|thumb|synthesis of serotonin]]
[http://www.chm.bris.ac.uk/motm/serotonin/synthesis.htm 1]

[[image:detail_of_serotonin_synthesis.GIF]]
'''Detail of Synthesis''' [http://www.neurosci.pharm.utoledo.edu/MBC3320/serotonin.htm]

==Images of Serotonin==
{| class="toccolours" border="0" style="fix: right; clear: left; margin: 0 0 1em 1em; border-collapse: collapse;"
|- align="center"
| bgcolor="lt blue"|'''Electron Density of Serotonin'''
| bgcolor="lt blue"|'''Electrostatic Potential of Serotonin'''
|-
|[[image:Electron_density_of_serotonin.GIF]]
|[[image:electrostatic_potential_of_serotonin.GIF]]

|-
|}[http://www.cmste.uncc.edu/new/Document%20Hold/Sawsun-%20Serotonin%20FINAL%20PAPER.doc]

==Serotonin: Interesting Thoughts==

*Studies show that there is a chemical hierarchy in humans associated with social "rank" that is linked with serotonin levels. Those in high office, higher positions on sports teams and those of higher rank in academic clubs have been found to have higher levels of serotonin than their lower ranking peers. [http://www.globalhypnosis.com/hypnosis_stories.html]

*Serotonergic activity gradually decreases as one becomes drowsy and enter slow-wave sleep. An overall slowing of serotonergic activity is observed during slow-wave sleep known as non-REM sleep. During REM sleep (Rapid Eye Movement-the original dream sleep), serotonergic activity falls completely silent. Serotonergic activity returns to it's basic level several seconds prior to the end of REM sleep. [http://www.antidepressantsfacts.com/pinealstory.htm]

*The stimulant in the drug Ecstasy forces the brain to release serotonin, in abnormally large amounts. The neurons (brain cells) that store serotonin are deformed or destroyed. Scientists have found that these injured neurons can regrow, but they may grow back abnormally or in the wrong locations. When Ecstasy wears off, the overflow of serotonin reverses to a lack of serotonin. Without enough serotonin it is difficult to sleep, learn, remember, or feel happy. [http://www.intheknowzone.com/ecstasy/chemistry.htm]

*When UV light interacts with your skin, it triggers the formation of vitamin D. Vitamin D stimulates the production of feel-good brain chemicals such as serotonin and dopamine.

*The light that enters your eyes has an immediate effect on your mood, so bright light, especially blue light (around the wavelength 460 nm)shuts down the production of melatonin, the night-time sleep hormone, and stimulates the production of serotonin, its energizing, daytime counterpart.

==References==
*[http://www.healthscout.com/ency/1/409/main.html/ Healthscout]- What does Serotonin do?
*[http://www.chm.bris.ac.uk/motm/serotonin/synthesis.htm/ University of Bristol: Chemistry]- Synthesis of Serotonin
*[http://www.neurosci.pharm.utoledo.edu/MBC3320/serotonin.htm/ MBC Serotonin]- Detail of Synthesis
*[http://www.cmste.uncc.edu/ CMSTE]- Images of Serotonin
*[http://www.angelfire.com/hi/TheSeer/seratonin.html/ Serotonin]- What does Serotonin do?

It:Serotonin

2006-10-26T12:40:44Z

Tfm05: /* Serotonin: Interesting Thoughts */

{| class="toccolours" border="1" style="float: right; clear: right; margin: 0 0 1em 1em; border-collapse: collapse;"
! {{chembox header}} colspan="3" |2D Structure
|-
| align="center" colspan="3" bgcolour="#ffffff" | [[image:Serotonin.gif]]
|-
! {{chembox header}} colspan="3" |3D structure <jmol>
<jmolApplet>
<size>400</size>
<color>white</color>
<script>zoom 80; cpk on;frame 1; move 10 -20 10 0 0 0 0 0 3; delay 1;</script>
<inlineContents>HEADER NONAME 24-Oct-06 NONE 1
TITLE NONE 2
AUTHOR WWW daemon apache NONE 3
REVDAT 1 24-Oct-06 0 NONE 4
ATOM 1 N 0 4.143 1.513 0.282 0.00 0.00 N+0
ATOM 2 C 0 2.960 0.702 0.600 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 3 C 0 2.369 0.133 -0.691 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 4 C 0 1.156 -0.699 -0.365 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 5 C 0 1.124 -2.029 -0.185 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 6 N 0 -0.152 -2.432 0.097 0.00 0.00 N+0
ATOM 7 C 0 -0.996 -1.341 0.105 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 8 C 0 -0.212 -0.209 -0.178 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 9 C 0 -0.805 1.055 -0.237 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 10 C 0 -2.162 1.182 -0.015 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 11 O 0 -2.745 2.409 -0.071 0.00 0.00 O+0
ATOM 12 C 0 -2.936 0.058 0.265 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 13 C 0 -2.361 -1.191 0.330 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 14 H 0 3.815 2.311 -0.241 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 15 H 0 4.497 1.865 1.159 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 16 H 0 3.247 -0.117 1.260 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 17 H 0 2.215 1.324 1.097 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 18 H 0 2.082 0.952 -1.351 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 19 H 0 3.113 -0.490 -1.188 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 20 H 0 1.980 -2.684 -0.252 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 21 H 0 -0.424 -3.347 0.266 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 22 H 0 -0.206 1.926 -0.454 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 23 H 0 -3.024 2.545 -0.987 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 24 H 0 -3.996 0.169 0.437 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 25 H 0 -2.971 -2.055 0.547 0.00 0.00 H+0
CONECT 1 2 14 15 0 NONE 30
CONECT 2 1 3 16 17 NONE 31
CONECT 3 2 4 18 19 NONE 32
CONECT 4 3 8 5 0 NONE 33
CONECT 5 4 6 20 0 NONE 34
CONECT 6 5 7 21 0 NONE 35
CONECT 7 6 13 8 0 NONE 36
CONECT 8 7 4 9 0 NONE 37
CONECT 9 8 10 22 0 NONE 38
CONECT 10 9 11 12 0 NONE 39
CONECT 11 10 23 0 0 NONE 40
CONECT 12 10 13 24 0 NONE 41
CONECT 13 12 7 25 0 NONE 42
END NONE 43
</inlineContents>
</jmolApplet>
</jmol>
|-
! {{chembox header}} colspan="3" | Properties
|-
| colspan="1" |IUPAC Systematic Name
| colspan="2" |5-Hydroxytryptamine/3-(2-aminoethyl)-1H-indol-5-ol
|-
| colspan="1" |Chemical Name
| colspan="2" |3-(2-Amino-aethyl)-indol-5-ol
|-
| colspan="1" |Molecular formula
| colspan="2" |C<sub>10</sub>H<sub>12</sub>N<sub>2</sub>O
|-
| colspan="1" |Molecular Mass
| colspan="2" |176.2182 gmol<sup>-1</sup>
|-
| colspan="1" |SMILES String
| colspan="2" |NCCC1=CNC2=C1C=C(O)C=C2
|-
|}

==What is Serotonin==

*Serotonin is a hormone manufactured by the brain that is associated with opiate-specific receptors - so helps maintain a happy feeling.
*It is a neurotransmitter meaning that is a chemical messenger in the brain which allows the brain to communicate with nerve cells.
*The most effective way of increasing serotonin levels is vigorous exercise if the person only has very mild depression. This exercise increases the levels for many days after the exercise takes place.
*Your diet will also effect the levels of serotonin. Low levels of omega 3 and vitamin C in the diet will cause a reduction in the amount of serotonin in the body.

==What Does Serotonin Do==

Serotonin affects many basic psychological functions such as
anxiety mechanisms and the regulation of mood, thoughts, aggression,
appetite, sex drive and the sleep/wake cycle. Multiple observations suggest that serotonin, one of
the most abundant neurotransmitters, plays an important role in the regulation of mood and a key role
in the treatment of depression.
Due to this, lack of serotonin is often associated with depression. Restoring the normal or enhanced level of this neurotransmitter acts as mood enhancer. Prozac is a mood enhancing drug, which acts in the central nervous system by inhibiting the reuptake mechanism of serotonin into the synapse. Since serotonin is not degraded in the synaptic cleft, Prozac promotes a prolonged presence of serotonin keeping the post-synaptic membrane active.
In the central nervous system, serotonin is involved in fear and flight responses, an activity which is opposed by the aggression stimulating hormone adrenaline (epinephrine) and neurotransmitter dopamine.

==Where can it be found==

Serotonin originates in neurons deep in the midline of the brainstem. Because these neurons profile diffusely
throughout the brain, serotonin can affect various brain functions, such as depression. It also interacts with many other neurotransmitters,
either directly through neurons that use both serotonin and another neurotransmitter, or by serotonin neurons influencing
neurons that primarily use these other transmitters.

*It is manufactured in the human brain using the essential amino acid tryptophan which is found in pineapples, plums, turkey and milk.
*Bananas contain tryptophan, which the body converts into serotonin, known to make you relax, improve your mood and generally make you feel happier.
*Serotonin can be found in three main areas of the body: the intestinal wall, blood vessels, and the central nervous system.

==Synthesis of Serotonin==

Serotonin is synthesized from the amino acid precursor tryptophan, packaged into vesicles, and
released into the synapse following an action potential. Once in the synapse, serotonin can interact
with both the pre- and postsynaptic receptors.

[[Image:synthesisSerotonin.gif|thumb|synthesis of serotonin]]
[http://www.chm.bris.ac.uk/motm/serotonin/synthesis.htm 1]

[[image:detail_of_serotonin_synthesis.GIF]]
'''Detail of Synthesis''' [http://www.neurosci.pharm.utoledo.edu/MBC3320/serotonin.htm]

==Images of Serotonin==
{| class="toccolours" border="0" style="fix: right; clear: left; margin: 0 0 1em 1em; border-collapse: collapse;"
|- align="center"
| bgcolor="lt blue"|'''Electron Density of Serotonin'''
| bgcolor="lt blue"|'''Electrostatic Potential of Serotonin'''
|-
|[[image:Electron_density_of_serotonin.GIF]]
|[[image:electrostatic_potential_of_serotonin.GIF]]

|-
|}[http://www.cmste.uncc.edu/new/Document%20Hold/Sawsun-%20Serotonin%20FINAL%20PAPER.doc]

==Serotonin: Interesting Thoughts==

*Studies show that there is a chemical hierarchy in humans associated with social "rank" that is linked with serotonin levels. Those in high office, higher positions on sports teams and those of higher rank in academic clubs have been found to have higher levels of serotonin than their lower ranking peers. [http://www.globalhypnosis.com/hypnosis_stories.html]

*Serotonergic activity gradually decreases as one becomes drowsy and enter slow-wave sleep. An overall slowing of serotonergic activity is observed during slow-wave sleep known as non-REM sleep. During REM sleep (Rapid Eye Movement-the original dream sleep), serotonergic activity falls completely silent. Serotonergic activity returns to it's basic level several seconds prior to the end of REM sleep. [http://www.antidepressantsfacts.com/pinealstory.htm]

*The stimulant in the drug Ecstasy forces the brain to release serotonin, in abnormally large amounts. The neurons (brain cells) that store serotonin are deformed or destroyed. Scientists have found that these injured neurons can regrow, but they may grow back abnormally or in the wrong locations. When Ecstasy wears off, the overflow of serotonin reverses to a lack of serotonin. Without enough serotonin it is difficult to sleep, learn, remember, or feel happy. [http://www.intheknowzone.com/ecstasy/chemistry.htm]

*When UV light interacts with your skin, it triggers the formation of vitamin D. Vitamin D stimulates the production of feel-good brain chemicals such as serotonin and dopamine.

*The light that enters your eyes has an immediate effect on your mood, so bright light shuts down the production of melatonin, the night-time sleep hormone, and stimulates the production of serotonin, its energizing, daytime counterpart.

==References==
*[http://www.healthscout.com/ency/1/409/main.html/ Healthscout]- What does Serotonin do?
*[http://www.chm.bris.ac.uk/motm/serotonin/synthesis.htm/ University of Bristol: Chemistry]- Synthesis of Serotonin
*[http://www.neurosci.pharm.utoledo.edu/MBC3320/serotonin.htm/ MBC Serotonin]- Detail of Synthesis
*[http://www.cmste.uncc.edu/ CMSTE]- Images of Serotonin
*[http://www.angelfire.com/hi/TheSeer/seratonin.html/ Serotonin]- What does Serotonin do?

It:Hycocine

2006-10-26T11:11:53Z

Tfm05:

It:Hycocine

2006-10-26T11:09:24Z

Tfm05: /* References */

It:Hycocine

2006-10-26T11:08:13Z

Tfm05: /* '''HYOSCINE''' */

It:Hycocine

2006-10-26T10:55:15Z

Tfm05: /* Effects of Hycocine */

It:Hycocine

2006-10-26T10:53:56Z

Tfm05: /* Synthesis */

It:Hycocine

2006-10-26T10:52:56Z

Tfm05:

It:Hycocine

2006-10-26T10:51:16Z

Tfm05: /* Synthesis */

File:Biosynthesis of alkaloids.bmp

2006-10-26T10:44:22Z

Tfm05:

It:Serotonin

2006-10-26T10:12:50Z

Tfm05: /* References */

{| class="toccolours" border="1" style="float: right; clear: right; margin: 0 0 1em 1em; border-collapse: collapse;"
! {{chembox header}} colspan="3" |2D Structure
|-
| align="center" colspan="3" bgcolour="#ffffff" | [[image:Serotonin.gif]]
|-
! {{chembox header}} colspan="3" |3D structure <jmol>
<jmolApplet>
<size>400</size>
<color>white</color>
<script>zoom 80; cpk on;frame 1; move 10 -20 10 0 0 0 0 0 3; delay 1;</script>
<inlineContents>HEADER NONAME 24-Oct-06 NONE 1
TITLE NONE 2
AUTHOR WWW daemon apache NONE 3
REVDAT 1 24-Oct-06 0 NONE 4
ATOM 1 N 0 4.143 1.513 0.282 0.00 0.00 N+0
ATOM 2 C 0 2.960 0.702 0.600 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 3 C 0 2.369 0.133 -0.691 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 4 C 0 1.156 -0.699 -0.365 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 5 C 0 1.124 -2.029 -0.185 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 6 N 0 -0.152 -2.432 0.097 0.00 0.00 N+0
ATOM 7 C 0 -0.996 -1.341 0.105 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 8 C 0 -0.212 -0.209 -0.178 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 9 C 0 -0.805 1.055 -0.237 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 10 C 0 -2.162 1.182 -0.015 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 11 O 0 -2.745 2.409 -0.071 0.00 0.00 O+0
ATOM 12 C 0 -2.936 0.058 0.265 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 13 C 0 -2.361 -1.191 0.330 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 14 H 0 3.815 2.311 -0.241 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 15 H 0 4.497 1.865 1.159 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 16 H 0 3.247 -0.117 1.260 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 17 H 0 2.215 1.324 1.097 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 18 H 0 2.082 0.952 -1.351 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 19 H 0 3.113 -0.490 -1.188 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 20 H 0 1.980 -2.684 -0.252 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 21 H 0 -0.424 -3.347 0.266 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 22 H 0 -0.206 1.926 -0.454 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 23 H 0 -3.024 2.545 -0.987 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 24 H 0 -3.996 0.169 0.437 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 25 H 0 -2.971 -2.055 0.547 0.00 0.00 H+0
CONECT 1 2 14 15 0 NONE 30
CONECT 2 1 3 16 17 NONE 31
CONECT 3 2 4 18 19 NONE 32
CONECT 4 3 8 5 0 NONE 33
CONECT 5 4 6 20 0 NONE 34
CONECT 6 5 7 21 0 NONE 35
CONECT 7 6 13 8 0 NONE 36
CONECT 8 7 4 9 0 NONE 37
CONECT 9 8 10 22 0 NONE 38
CONECT 10 9 11 12 0 NONE 39
CONECT 11 10 23 0 0 NONE 40
CONECT 12 10 13 24 0 NONE 41
CONECT 13 12 7 25 0 NONE 42
END NONE 43
</inlineContents>
</jmolApplet>
</jmol>
|-
! {{chembox header}} colspan="3" | Properties
|-
| colspan="1" |IUPAC Systematic Name
| colspan="2" |5-Hydroxytryptamine/3-(2-aminoethyl)-1H-indol-5-ol
|-
| colspan="1" |Chemical Name
| colspan="2" |3-(2-Amino-aethyl)-indol-5-ol
|-
| colspan="1" |Molecular formula
| colspan="2" |C<sub>10</sub>H<sub>12</sub>N<sub>2</sub>O
|-
| colspan="1" |Molecular Mass
| colspan="2" |176.2182 gmol<sup>-1</sup>
|-
| colspan="1" |SMILES String
| colspan="2" |NCCC1=CNC2=C1C=C(O)C=C2
|-
|}

==What is Serotonin==

*Serotonin is a hormone manufactured by the brain that is associated with opiate-specific receptors - so helps maintain a happy feeling.
*It is a neurotransmitter meaning that is a chemical messenger in the brain which allows the brain to communicate with nerve cells.
*The most effective way of increasing serotonin levels is vigorous exercise if the person only has very mild depression. This exercise increases the levels for many days after the exercise takes place.
*Your diet will also effect the levels of serotonin. Low levels of omega 3 and vitamin C in the diet will cause a reduction in the amount of serotonin in the body.

==What Does Serotonin Do==

Serotonin affects many basic psychological functions such as
anxiety mechanisms and the regulation of mood, thoughts, aggression,
appetite, sex drive and the sleep/wake cycle. Multiple observations suggest that serotonin, one of
the most abundant neurotransmitters, plays an important role in the regulation of mood and a key role
in the treatment of depression.
Due to this, lack of serotonin is often associated with depression. Restoring the normal or enhanced level of this neurotransmitter acts as mood enhancer. Prozac is a mood enhancing drug, which acts in the central nervous system by inhibiting the reuptake mechanism of serotonin into the synapse. Since serotonin is not degraded in the synaptic cleft, Prozac promotes a prolonged presence of serotonin keeping the post-synaptic membrane active.
In the central nervous system, serotonin is involved in fear and flight responses, an activity which is opposed by the aggression stimulating hormone adrenaline (epinephrine) and neurotransmitter dopamine.

==Where can it be found==

Serotonin originates in neurons deep in the midline of the brainstem. Because these neurons profile diffusely
throughout the brain, serotonin can affect various brain functions, such as depression. It also interacts with many other neurotransmitters,
either directly through neurons that use both serotonin and another neurotransmitter, or by serotonin neurons influencing
neurons that primarily use these other transmitters.

*It is manufactured in the human brain using the essential amino acid tryptophan which is found in pineapples, plums, turkey and milk.
*Bananas contain tryptophan, which the body converts into serotonin, known to make you relax, improve your mood and generally make you feel happier.
*Serotonin can be found in three main areas of the body: the intestinal wall, blood vessels, and the central nervous system.

==Synthesis of Serotonin==

Serotonin is synthesized from the amino acid precursor tryptophan, packaged into vesicles, and
released into the synapse following an action potential. Once in the synapse, serotonin can interact
with both the pre- and postsynaptic receptors.

[[Image:synthesisSerotonin.gif|thumb|synthesis of serotonin]]
[http://www.chm.bris.ac.uk/motm/serotonin/synthesis.htm 1]

[[image:detail_of_serotonin_synthesis.GIF]]
'''Detail of Synthesis''' [http://www.neurosci.pharm.utoledo.edu/MBC3320/serotonin.htm]

==Images of Serotonin==
{| class="toccolours" border="0" style="fix: right; clear: left; margin: 0 0 1em 1em; border-collapse: collapse;"
|- align="center"
| bgcolor="lt blue"|'''Electron Density of Serotonin'''
| bgcolor="lt blue"|'''Electrostatic Potential of Serotonin'''
|-
|[[image:Electron_density_of_serotonin.GIF]]
|[[image:electrostatic_potential_of_serotonin.GIF]]

|-
|}[http://www.cmste.uncc.edu/new/Document%20Hold/Sawsun-%20Serotonin%20FINAL%20PAPER.doc]

==Serotonin: Interesting Thoughts==

*Studies show that there is a chemical hierarchy in humans associated with social "rank" that is linked with serotonin levels. Those in high office, higher positions on sports teams and those of higher rank in academic clubs have been found to have higher levels of serotonin than their lower ranking peers. [http://www.globalhypnosis.com/hypnosis_stories.html]

*Serotonergic activity gradually decreases as one becomes drowsy and enter slow-wave sleep. An overall slowing of serotonergic activity is observed during slow-wave sleep known as non-REM sleep. During REM sleep (Rapid Eye Movement-the original dream sleep), serotonergic activity falls completely silent. Serotonergic activity returns to it's basic level several seconds prior to the end of REM sleep. [http://www.antidepressantsfacts.com/pinealstory.htm]

*The stimulant in the drug Ecstasy forces the brain to release serotonin, in abnormally large amounts. The neurons (brain cells) that store serotonin are deformed or destroyed. Scientists have found that these injured neurons can regrow, but they may grow back abnormally or in the wrong locations. When Ecstasy wears off, the overflow of serotonin reverses to a lack of serotonin. Without enough serotonin it is difficult to sleep, learn, remember, or feel happy. [http://www.intheknowzone.com/ecstasy/chemistry.htm]

==References==
*[http://www.healthscout.com/ency/1/409/main.html/ Healthscout]- What does Serotonin do?
*[http://www.chm.bris.ac.uk/motm/serotonin/synthesis.htm/ University of Bristol: Chemistry]- Synthesis of Serotonin
*[http://www.neurosci.pharm.utoledo.edu/MBC3320/serotonin.htm/ MBC Serotonin]- Detail of Synthesis
*[http://www.cmste.uncc.edu/ CMSTE]- Images of Serotonin
*[http://www.angelfire.com/hi/TheSeer/seratonin.html/ Serotonin]- What does Serotonin do?

It:Serotonin

2006-10-26T10:12:25Z

Tfm05: /* References */

{| class="toccolours" border="1" style="float: right; clear: right; margin: 0 0 1em 1em; border-collapse: collapse;"
! {{chembox header}} colspan="3" |2D Structure
|-
| align="center" colspan="3" bgcolour="#ffffff" | [[image:Serotonin.gif]]
|-
! {{chembox header}} colspan="3" |3D structure <jmol>
<jmolApplet>
<size>400</size>
<color>white</color>
<script>zoom 80; cpk on;frame 1; move 10 -20 10 0 0 0 0 0 3; delay 1;</script>
<inlineContents>HEADER NONAME 24-Oct-06 NONE 1
TITLE NONE 2
AUTHOR WWW daemon apache NONE 3
REVDAT 1 24-Oct-06 0 NONE 4
ATOM 1 N 0 4.143 1.513 0.282 0.00 0.00 N+0
ATOM 2 C 0 2.960 0.702 0.600 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 3 C 0 2.369 0.133 -0.691 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 4 C 0 1.156 -0.699 -0.365 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 5 C 0 1.124 -2.029 -0.185 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 6 N 0 -0.152 -2.432 0.097 0.00 0.00 N+0
ATOM 7 C 0 -0.996 -1.341 0.105 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 8 C 0 -0.212 -0.209 -0.178 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 9 C 0 -0.805 1.055 -0.237 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 10 C 0 -2.162 1.182 -0.015 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 11 O 0 -2.745 2.409 -0.071 0.00 0.00 O+0
ATOM 12 C 0 -2.936 0.058 0.265 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 13 C 0 -2.361 -1.191 0.330 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 14 H 0 3.815 2.311 -0.241 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 15 H 0 4.497 1.865 1.159 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 16 H 0 3.247 -0.117 1.260 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 17 H 0 2.215 1.324 1.097 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 18 H 0 2.082 0.952 -1.351 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 19 H 0 3.113 -0.490 -1.188 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 20 H 0 1.980 -2.684 -0.252 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 21 H 0 -0.424 -3.347 0.266 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 22 H 0 -0.206 1.926 -0.454 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 23 H 0 -3.024 2.545 -0.987 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 24 H 0 -3.996 0.169 0.437 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 25 H 0 -2.971 -2.055 0.547 0.00 0.00 H+0
CONECT 1 2 14 15 0 NONE 30
CONECT 2 1 3 16 17 NONE 31
CONECT 3 2 4 18 19 NONE 32
CONECT 4 3 8 5 0 NONE 33
CONECT 5 4 6 20 0 NONE 34
CONECT 6 5 7 21 0 NONE 35
CONECT 7 6 13 8 0 NONE 36
CONECT 8 7 4 9 0 NONE 37
CONECT 9 8 10 22 0 NONE 38
CONECT 10 9 11 12 0 NONE 39
CONECT 11 10 23 0 0 NONE 40
CONECT 12 10 13 24 0 NONE 41
CONECT 13 12 7 25 0 NONE 42
END NONE 43
</inlineContents>
</jmolApplet>
</jmol>
|-
! {{chembox header}} colspan="3" | Properties
|-
| colspan="1" |IUPAC Systematic Name
| colspan="2" |5-Hydroxytryptamine/3-(2-aminoethyl)-1H-indol-5-ol
|-
| colspan="1" |Chemical Name
| colspan="2" |3-(2-Amino-aethyl)-indol-5-ol
|-
| colspan="1" |Molecular formula
| colspan="2" |C<sub>10</sub>H<sub>12</sub>N<sub>2</sub>O
|-
| colspan="1" |Molecular Mass
| colspan="2" |176.2182 gmol<sup>-1</sup>
|-
| colspan="1" |SMILES String
| colspan="2" |NCCC1=CNC2=C1C=C(O)C=C2
|-
|}

==What is Serotonin==

*Serotonin is a hormone manufactured by the brain that is associated with opiate-specific receptors - so helps maintain a happy feeling.
*It is a neurotransmitter meaning that is a chemical messenger in the brain which allows the brain to communicate with nerve cells.
*The most effective way of increasing serotonin levels is vigorous exercise if the person only has very mild depression. This exercise increases the levels for many days after the exercise takes place.
*Your diet will also effect the levels of serotonin. Low levels of omega 3 and vitamin C in the diet will cause a reduction in the amount of serotonin in the body.

==What Does Serotonin Do==

Serotonin affects many basic psychological functions such as
anxiety mechanisms and the regulation of mood, thoughts, aggression,
appetite, sex drive and the sleep/wake cycle. Multiple observations suggest that serotonin, one of
the most abundant neurotransmitters, plays an important role in the regulation of mood and a key role
in the treatment of depression.
Due to this, lack of serotonin is often associated with depression. Restoring the normal or enhanced level of this neurotransmitter acts as mood enhancer. Prozac is a mood enhancing drug, which acts in the central nervous system by inhibiting the reuptake mechanism of serotonin into the synapse. Since serotonin is not degraded in the synaptic cleft, Prozac promotes a prolonged presence of serotonin keeping the post-synaptic membrane active.
In the central nervous system, serotonin is involved in fear and flight responses, an activity which is opposed by the aggression stimulating hormone adrenaline (epinephrine) and neurotransmitter dopamine.

==Where can it be found==

Serotonin originates in neurons deep in the midline of the brainstem. Because these neurons profile diffusely
throughout the brain, serotonin can affect various brain functions, such as depression. It also interacts with many other neurotransmitters,
either directly through neurons that use both serotonin and another neurotransmitter, or by serotonin neurons influencing
neurons that primarily use these other transmitters.

*It is manufactured in the human brain using the essential amino acid tryptophan which is found in pineapples, plums, turkey and milk.
*Bananas contain tryptophan, which the body converts into serotonin, known to make you relax, improve your mood and generally make you feel happier.
*Serotonin can be found in three main areas of the body: the intestinal wall, blood vessels, and the central nervous system.

==Synthesis of Serotonin==

Serotonin is synthesized from the amino acid precursor tryptophan, packaged into vesicles, and
released into the synapse following an action potential. Once in the synapse, serotonin can interact
with both the pre- and postsynaptic receptors.

[[Image:synthesisSerotonin.gif|thumb|synthesis of serotonin]]
[http://www.chm.bris.ac.uk/motm/serotonin/synthesis.htm 1]

[[image:detail_of_serotonin_synthesis.GIF]]
'''Detail of Synthesis''' [http://www.neurosci.pharm.utoledo.edu/MBC3320/serotonin.htm]

==Images of Serotonin==
{| class="toccolours" border="0" style="fix: right; clear: left; margin: 0 0 1em 1em; border-collapse: collapse;"
|- align="center"
| bgcolor="lt blue"|'''Electron Density of Serotonin'''
| bgcolor="lt blue"|'''Electrostatic Potential of Serotonin'''
|-
|[[image:Electron_density_of_serotonin.GIF]]
|[[image:electrostatic_potential_of_serotonin.GIF]]

|-
|}[http://www.cmste.uncc.edu/new/Document%20Hold/Sawsun-%20Serotonin%20FINAL%20PAPER.doc]

==Serotonin: Interesting Thoughts==

*Studies show that there is a chemical hierarchy in humans associated with social "rank" that is linked with serotonin levels. Those in high office, higher positions on sports teams and those of higher rank in academic clubs have been found to have higher levels of serotonin than their lower ranking peers. [http://www.globalhypnosis.com/hypnosis_stories.html]

*Serotonergic activity gradually decreases as one becomes drowsy and enter slow-wave sleep. An overall slowing of serotonergic activity is observed during slow-wave sleep known as non-REM sleep. During REM sleep (Rapid Eye Movement-the original dream sleep), serotonergic activity falls completely silent. Serotonergic activity returns to it's basic level several seconds prior to the end of REM sleep. [http://www.antidepressantsfacts.com/pinealstory.htm]

*The stimulant in the drug Ecstasy forces the brain to release serotonin, in abnormally large amounts. The neurons (brain cells) that store serotonin are deformed or destroyed. Scientists have found that these injured neurons can regrow, but they may grow back abnormally or in the wrong locations. When Ecstasy wears off, the overflow of serotonin reverses to a lack of serotonin. Without enough serotonin it is difficult to sleep, learn, remember, or feel happy. [http://www.intheknowzone.com/ecstasy/chemistry.htm]

==References==
*[http://www.healthscout.com/ency/1/409/main.html/ Healthscout]- What does Serotonin do?
*[http://www.chm.bris.ac.uk/motm/serotonin/synthesis.htm/ University of Bristol: Chemistry]- Synthesis of Serotonin
*[http://www.neurosci.pharm.utoledo.edu/MBC3320/serotonin.htm/ MBC Serotonin]- Detail of Synthesis
*[http://www.cmste.uncc.edu/ CMSTE]- Images of Serotonin
*[http://www.angelfire.com/hi/TheSeer/seratonin.html/ Serotonin]-

It:Serotonin

2006-10-26T10:10:07Z

Tfm05: /* References */

{| class="toccolours" border="1" style="float: right; clear: right; margin: 0 0 1em 1em; border-collapse: collapse;"
! {{chembox header}} colspan="3" |2D Structure
|-
| align="center" colspan="3" bgcolour="#ffffff" | [[image:Serotonin.gif]]
|-
! {{chembox header}} colspan="3" |3D structure <jmol>
<jmolApplet>
<size>400</size>
<color>white</color>
<script>zoom 80; cpk on;frame 1; move 10 -20 10 0 0 0 0 0 3; delay 1;</script>
<inlineContents>HEADER NONAME 24-Oct-06 NONE 1
TITLE NONE 2
AUTHOR WWW daemon apache NONE 3
REVDAT 1 24-Oct-06 0 NONE 4
ATOM 1 N 0 4.143 1.513 0.282 0.00 0.00 N+0
ATOM 2 C 0 2.960 0.702 0.600 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 3 C 0 2.369 0.133 -0.691 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 4 C 0 1.156 -0.699 -0.365 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 5 C 0 1.124 -2.029 -0.185 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 6 N 0 -0.152 -2.432 0.097 0.00 0.00 N+0
ATOM 7 C 0 -0.996 -1.341 0.105 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 8 C 0 -0.212 -0.209 -0.178 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 9 C 0 -0.805 1.055 -0.237 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 10 C 0 -2.162 1.182 -0.015 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 11 O 0 -2.745 2.409 -0.071 0.00 0.00 O+0
ATOM 12 C 0 -2.936 0.058 0.265 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 13 C 0 -2.361 -1.191 0.330 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 14 H 0 3.815 2.311 -0.241 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 15 H 0 4.497 1.865 1.159 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 16 H 0 3.247 -0.117 1.260 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 17 H 0 2.215 1.324 1.097 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 18 H 0 2.082 0.952 -1.351 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 19 H 0 3.113 -0.490 -1.188 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 20 H 0 1.980 -2.684 -0.252 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 21 H 0 -0.424 -3.347 0.266 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 22 H 0 -0.206 1.926 -0.454 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 23 H 0 -3.024 2.545 -0.987 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 24 H 0 -3.996 0.169 0.437 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 25 H 0 -2.971 -2.055 0.547 0.00 0.00 H+0
CONECT 1 2 14 15 0 NONE 30
CONECT 2 1 3 16 17 NONE 31
CONECT 3 2 4 18 19 NONE 32
CONECT 4 3 8 5 0 NONE 33
CONECT 5 4 6 20 0 NONE 34
CONECT 6 5 7 21 0 NONE 35
CONECT 7 6 13 8 0 NONE 36
CONECT 8 7 4 9 0 NONE 37
CONECT 9 8 10 22 0 NONE 38
CONECT 10 9 11 12 0 NONE 39
CONECT 11 10 23 0 0 NONE 40
CONECT 12 10 13 24 0 NONE 41
CONECT 13 12 7 25 0 NONE 42
END NONE 43
</inlineContents>
</jmolApplet>
</jmol>
|-
! {{chembox header}} colspan="3" | Properties
|-
| colspan="1" |IUPAC Systematic Name
| colspan="2" |5-Hydroxytryptamine/3-(2-aminoethyl)-1H-indol-5-ol
|-
| colspan="1" |Chemical Name
| colspan="2" |3-(2-Amino-aethyl)-indol-5-ol
|-
| colspan="1" |Molecular formula
| colspan="2" |C<sub>10</sub>H<sub>12</sub>N<sub>2</sub>O
|-
| colspan="1" |Molecular Mass
| colspan="2" |176.2182 gmol<sup>-1</sup>
|-
| colspan="1" |SMILES String
| colspan="2" |NCCC1=CNC2=C1C=C(O)C=C2
|-
|}

==What is Serotonin==

*Serotonin is a hormone manufactured by the brain that is associated with opiate-specific receptors - so helps maintain a happy feeling.
*It is a neurotransmitter meaning that is a chemical messenger in the brain which allows the brain to communicate with nerve cells.
*The most effective way of increasing serotonin levels is vigorous exercise if the person only has very mild depression. This exercise increases the levels for many days after the exercise takes place.
*Your diet will also effect the levels of serotonin. Low levels of omega 3 and vitamin C in the diet will cause a reduction in the amount of serotonin in the body.

==What Does Serotonin Do==

Serotonin affects many basic psychological functions such as
anxiety mechanisms and the regulation of mood, thoughts, aggression,
appetite, sex drive and the sleep/wake cycle. Multiple observations suggest that serotonin, one of
the most abundant neurotransmitters, plays an important role in the regulation of mood and a key role
in the treatment of depression.
Due to this, lack of serotonin is often associated with depression. Restoring the normal or enhanced level of this neurotransmitter acts as mood enhancer. Prozac is a mood enhancing drug, which acts in the central nervous system by inhibiting the reuptake mechanism of serotonin into the synapse. Since serotonin is not degraded in the synaptic cleft, Prozac promotes a prolonged presence of serotonin keeping the post-synaptic membrane active.
In the central nervous system, serotonin is involved in fear and flight responses, an activity which is opposed by the aggression stimulating hormone adrenaline (epinephrine) and neurotransmitter dopamine.

==Where can it be found==

Serotonin originates in neurons deep in the midline of the brainstem. Because these neurons profile diffusely
throughout the brain, serotonin can affect various brain functions, such as depression. It also interacts with many other neurotransmitters,
either directly through neurons that use both serotonin and another neurotransmitter, or by serotonin neurons influencing
neurons that primarily use these other transmitters.

*It is manufactured in the human brain using the essential amino acid tryptophan which is found in pineapples, plums, turkey and milk.
*Bananas contain tryptophan, which the body converts into serotonin, known to make you relax, improve your mood and generally make you feel happier.
*Serotonin can be found in three main areas of the body: the intestinal wall, blood vessels, and the central nervous system.

==Synthesis of Serotonin==

Serotonin is synthesized from the amino acid precursor tryptophan, packaged into vesicles, and
released into the synapse following an action potential. Once in the synapse, serotonin can interact
with both the pre- and postsynaptic receptors.

[[Image:synthesisSerotonin.gif|thumb|synthesis of serotonin]]
[http://www.chm.bris.ac.uk/motm/serotonin/synthesis.htm 1]

[[image:detail_of_serotonin_synthesis.GIF]]
'''Detail of Synthesis''' [http://www.neurosci.pharm.utoledo.edu/MBC3320/serotonin.htm]

==Images of Serotonin==
{| class="toccolours" border="0" style="fix: right; clear: left; margin: 0 0 1em 1em; border-collapse: collapse;"
|- align="center"
| bgcolor="lt blue"|'''Electron Density of Serotonin'''
| bgcolor="lt blue"|'''Electrostatic Potential of Serotonin'''
|-
|[[image:Electron_density_of_serotonin.GIF]]
|[[image:electrostatic_potential_of_serotonin.GIF]]

|-
|}[http://www.cmste.uncc.edu/new/Document%20Hold/Sawsun-%20Serotonin%20FINAL%20PAPER.doc]

==Serotonin: Interesting Thoughts==

*Studies show that there is a chemical hierarchy in humans associated with social "rank" that is linked with serotonin levels. Those in high office, higher positions on sports teams and those of higher rank in academic clubs have been found to have higher levels of serotonin than their lower ranking peers. [http://www.globalhypnosis.com/hypnosis_stories.html]

*Serotonergic activity gradually decreases as one becomes drowsy and enter slow-wave sleep. An overall slowing of serotonergic activity is observed during slow-wave sleep known as non-REM sleep. During REM sleep (Rapid Eye Movement-the original dream sleep), serotonergic activity falls completely silent. Serotonergic activity returns to it's basic level several seconds prior to the end of REM sleep. [http://www.antidepressantsfacts.com/pinealstory.htm]

*The stimulant in the drug Ecstasy forces the brain to release serotonin, in abnormally large amounts. The neurons (brain cells) that store serotonin are deformed or destroyed. Scientists have found that these injured neurons can regrow, but they may grow back abnormally or in the wrong locations. When Ecstasy wears off, the overflow of serotonin reverses to a lack of serotonin. Without enough serotonin it is difficult to sleep, learn, remember, or feel happy. [http://www.intheknowzone.com/ecstasy/chemistry.htm]

==References==
*[http://www.healthscout.com/ency/1/409/main.html/ Healthscout]- What does Serotonin do?
*[http://www.chm.bris.ac.uk/motm/serotonin/synthesis.htm/ University of Bristol: Chemistry]- Synthesis of Serotonin
*[http://www.neurosci.pharm.utoledo.edu/MBC3320/serotonin.htm/ MBC Serotonin]- Detail of Synthesis
*[http://www.cmste.uncc.edu/ CMSTE]- Images of Serotonin

It:Serotonin

2006-10-26T10:09:25Z

Tfm05: /* References */

{| class="toccolours" border="1" style="float: right; clear: right; margin: 0 0 1em 1em; border-collapse: collapse;"
! {{chembox header}} colspan="3" |2D Structure
|-
| align="center" colspan="3" bgcolour="#ffffff" | [[image:Serotonin.gif]]
|-
! {{chembox header}} colspan="3" |3D structure <jmol>
<jmolApplet>
<size>400</size>
<color>white</color>
<script>zoom 80; cpk on;frame 1; move 10 -20 10 0 0 0 0 0 3; delay 1;</script>
<inlineContents>HEADER NONAME 24-Oct-06 NONE 1
TITLE NONE 2
AUTHOR WWW daemon apache NONE 3
REVDAT 1 24-Oct-06 0 NONE 4
ATOM 1 N 0 4.143 1.513 0.282 0.00 0.00 N+0
ATOM 2 C 0 2.960 0.702 0.600 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 3 C 0 2.369 0.133 -0.691 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 4 C 0 1.156 -0.699 -0.365 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 5 C 0 1.124 -2.029 -0.185 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 6 N 0 -0.152 -2.432 0.097 0.00 0.00 N+0
ATOM 7 C 0 -0.996 -1.341 0.105 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 8 C 0 -0.212 -0.209 -0.178 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 9 C 0 -0.805 1.055 -0.237 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 10 C 0 -2.162 1.182 -0.015 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 11 O 0 -2.745 2.409 -0.071 0.00 0.00 O+0
ATOM 12 C 0 -2.936 0.058 0.265 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 13 C 0 -2.361 -1.191 0.330 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 14 H 0 3.815 2.311 -0.241 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 15 H 0 4.497 1.865 1.159 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 16 H 0 3.247 -0.117 1.260 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 17 H 0 2.215 1.324 1.097 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 18 H 0 2.082 0.952 -1.351 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 19 H 0 3.113 -0.490 -1.188 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 20 H 0 1.980 -2.684 -0.252 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 21 H 0 -0.424 -3.347 0.266 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 22 H 0 -0.206 1.926 -0.454 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 23 H 0 -3.024 2.545 -0.987 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 24 H 0 -3.996 0.169 0.437 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 25 H 0 -2.971 -2.055 0.547 0.00 0.00 H+0
CONECT 1 2 14 15 0 NONE 30
CONECT 2 1 3 16 17 NONE 31
CONECT 3 2 4 18 19 NONE 32
CONECT 4 3 8 5 0 NONE 33
CONECT 5 4 6 20 0 NONE 34
CONECT 6 5 7 21 0 NONE 35
CONECT 7 6 13 8 0 NONE 36
CONECT 8 7 4 9 0 NONE 37
CONECT 9 8 10 22 0 NONE 38
CONECT 10 9 11 12 0 NONE 39
CONECT 11 10 23 0 0 NONE 40
CONECT 12 10 13 24 0 NONE 41
CONECT 13 12 7 25 0 NONE 42
END NONE 43
</inlineContents>
</jmolApplet>
</jmol>
|-
! {{chembox header}} colspan="3" | Properties
|-
| colspan="1" |IUPAC Systematic Name
| colspan="2" |5-Hydroxytryptamine/3-(2-aminoethyl)-1H-indol-5-ol
|-
| colspan="1" |Chemical Name
| colspan="2" |3-(2-Amino-aethyl)-indol-5-ol
|-
| colspan="1" |Molecular formula
| colspan="2" |C<sub>10</sub>H<sub>12</sub>N<sub>2</sub>O
|-
| colspan="1" |Molecular Mass
| colspan="2" |176.2182 gmol<sup>-1</sup>
|-
| colspan="1" |SMILES String
| colspan="2" |NCCC1=CNC2=C1C=C(O)C=C2
|-
|}

==What is Serotonin==

*Serotonin is a hormone manufactured by the brain that is associated with opiate-specific receptors - so helps maintain a happy feeling.
*It is a neurotransmitter meaning that is a chemical messenger in the brain which allows the brain to communicate with nerve cells.
*The most effective way of increasing serotonin levels is vigorous exercise if the person only has very mild depression. This exercise increases the levels for many days after the exercise takes place.
*Your diet will also effect the levels of serotonin. Low levels of omega 3 and vitamin C in the diet will cause a reduction in the amount of serotonin in the body.

==What Does Serotonin Do==

Serotonin affects many basic psychological functions such as
anxiety mechanisms and the regulation of mood, thoughts, aggression,
appetite, sex drive and the sleep/wake cycle. Multiple observations suggest that serotonin, one of
the most abundant neurotransmitters, plays an important role in the regulation of mood and a key role
in the treatment of depression.
Due to this, lack of serotonin is often associated with depression. Restoring the normal or enhanced level of this neurotransmitter acts as mood enhancer. Prozac is a mood enhancing drug, which acts in the central nervous system by inhibiting the reuptake mechanism of serotonin into the synapse. Since serotonin is not degraded in the synaptic cleft, Prozac promotes a prolonged presence of serotonin keeping the post-synaptic membrane active.
In the central nervous system, serotonin is involved in fear and flight responses, an activity which is opposed by the aggression stimulating hormone adrenaline (epinephrine) and neurotransmitter dopamine.

==Where can it be found==

Serotonin originates in neurons deep in the midline of the brainstem. Because these neurons profile diffusely
throughout the brain, serotonin can affect various brain functions, such as depression. It also interacts with many other neurotransmitters,
either directly through neurons that use both serotonin and another neurotransmitter, or by serotonin neurons influencing
neurons that primarily use these other transmitters.

*It is manufactured in the human brain using the essential amino acid tryptophan which is found in pineapples, plums, turkey and milk.
*Bananas contain tryptophan, which the body converts into serotonin, known to make you relax, improve your mood and generally make you feel happier.
*Serotonin can be found in three main areas of the body: the intestinal wall, blood vessels, and the central nervous system.

==Synthesis of Serotonin==

Serotonin is synthesized from the amino acid precursor tryptophan, packaged into vesicles, and
released into the synapse following an action potential. Once in the synapse, serotonin can interact
with both the pre- and postsynaptic receptors.

[[Image:synthesisSerotonin.gif|thumb|synthesis of serotonin]]
[http://www.chm.bris.ac.uk/motm/serotonin/synthesis.htm 1]

[[image:detail_of_serotonin_synthesis.GIF]]
'''Detail of Synthesis''' [http://www.neurosci.pharm.utoledo.edu/MBC3320/serotonin.htm]

==Images of Serotonin==
{| class="toccolours" border="0" style="fix: right; clear: left; margin: 0 0 1em 1em; border-collapse: collapse;"
|- align="center"
| bgcolor="lt blue"|'''Electron Density of Serotonin'''
| bgcolor="lt blue"|'''Electrostatic Potential of Serotonin'''
|-
|[[image:Electron_density_of_serotonin.GIF]]
|[[image:electrostatic_potential_of_serotonin.GIF]]

|-
|}[http://www.cmste.uncc.edu/new/Document%20Hold/Sawsun-%20Serotonin%20FINAL%20PAPER.doc]

==Serotonin: Interesting Thoughts==

*Studies show that there is a chemical hierarchy in humans associated with social "rank" that is linked with serotonin levels. Those in high office, higher positions on sports teams and those of higher rank in academic clubs have been found to have higher levels of serotonin than their lower ranking peers. [http://www.globalhypnosis.com/hypnosis_stories.html]

*Serotonergic activity gradually decreases as one becomes drowsy and enter slow-wave sleep. An overall slowing of serotonergic activity is observed during slow-wave sleep known as non-REM sleep. During REM sleep (Rapid Eye Movement-the original dream sleep), serotonergic activity falls completely silent. Serotonergic activity returns to it's basic level several seconds prior to the end of REM sleep. [http://www.antidepressantsfacts.com/pinealstory.htm]

*The stimulant in the drug Ecstasy forces the brain to release serotonin, in abnormally large amounts. The neurons (brain cells) that store serotonin are deformed or destroyed. Scientists have found that these injured neurons can regrow, but they may grow back abnormally or in the wrong locations. When Ecstasy wears off, the overflow of serotonin reverses to a lack of serotonin. Without enough serotonin it is difficult to sleep, learn, remember, or feel happy. [http://www.intheknowzone.com/ecstasy/chemistry.htm]

==References==
*[http://www.healthscout.com/ency/1/409/main.html/ Healthscout]- What does Serotonin do?
*[http://www.chm.bris.ac.uk/motm/serotonin/synthesis.htm/ University of Bristol: Chemistry]- Synthesis of Serotonin
*[http://www.neurosci.pharm.utoledo.edu/MBC3320/serotonin.htm/ MBC Serotonin]- Detail of Synthesis
*[http://www.cmste.uncc.edu]- Images of Serotonin

It:Serotonin

2006-10-26T10:07:45Z

Tfm05: /* References */

{| class="toccolours" border="1" style="float: right; clear: right; margin: 0 0 1em 1em; border-collapse: collapse;"
! {{chembox header}} colspan="3" |2D Structure
|-
| align="center" colspan="3" bgcolour="#ffffff" | [[image:Serotonin.gif]]
|-
! {{chembox header}} colspan="3" |3D structure <jmol>
<jmolApplet>
<size>400</size>
<color>white</color>
<script>zoom 80; cpk on;frame 1; move 10 -20 10 0 0 0 0 0 3; delay 1;</script>
<inlineContents>HEADER NONAME 24-Oct-06 NONE 1
TITLE NONE 2
AUTHOR WWW daemon apache NONE 3
REVDAT 1 24-Oct-06 0 NONE 4
ATOM 1 N 0 4.143 1.513 0.282 0.00 0.00 N+0
ATOM 2 C 0 2.960 0.702 0.600 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 3 C 0 2.369 0.133 -0.691 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 4 C 0 1.156 -0.699 -0.365 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 5 C 0 1.124 -2.029 -0.185 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 6 N 0 -0.152 -2.432 0.097 0.00 0.00 N+0
ATOM 7 C 0 -0.996 -1.341 0.105 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 8 C 0 -0.212 -0.209 -0.178 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 9 C 0 -0.805 1.055 -0.237 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 10 C 0 -2.162 1.182 -0.015 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 11 O 0 -2.745 2.409 -0.071 0.00 0.00 O+0
ATOM 12 C 0 -2.936 0.058 0.265 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 13 C 0 -2.361 -1.191 0.330 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 14 H 0 3.815 2.311 -0.241 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 15 H 0 4.497 1.865 1.159 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 16 H 0 3.247 -0.117 1.260 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 17 H 0 2.215 1.324 1.097 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 18 H 0 2.082 0.952 -1.351 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 19 H 0 3.113 -0.490 -1.188 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 20 H 0 1.980 -2.684 -0.252 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 21 H 0 -0.424 -3.347 0.266 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 22 H 0 -0.206 1.926 -0.454 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 23 H 0 -3.024 2.545 -0.987 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 24 H 0 -3.996 0.169 0.437 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 25 H 0 -2.971 -2.055 0.547 0.00 0.00 H+0
CONECT 1 2 14 15 0 NONE 30
CONECT 2 1 3 16 17 NONE 31
CONECT 3 2 4 18 19 NONE 32
CONECT 4 3 8 5 0 NONE 33
CONECT 5 4 6 20 0 NONE 34
CONECT 6 5 7 21 0 NONE 35
CONECT 7 6 13 8 0 NONE 36
CONECT 8 7 4 9 0 NONE 37
CONECT 9 8 10 22 0 NONE 38
CONECT 10 9 11 12 0 NONE 39
CONECT 11 10 23 0 0 NONE 40
CONECT 12 10 13 24 0 NONE 41
CONECT 13 12 7 25 0 NONE 42
END NONE 43
</inlineContents>
</jmolApplet>
</jmol>
|-
! {{chembox header}} colspan="3" | Properties
|-
| colspan="1" |IUPAC Systematic Name
| colspan="2" |5-Hydroxytryptamine/3-(2-aminoethyl)-1H-indol-5-ol
|-
| colspan="1" |Chemical Name
| colspan="2" |3-(2-Amino-aethyl)-indol-5-ol
|-
| colspan="1" |Molecular formula
| colspan="2" |C<sub>10</sub>H<sub>12</sub>N<sub>2</sub>O
|-
| colspan="1" |Molecular Mass
| colspan="2" |176.2182 gmol<sup>-1</sup>
|-
| colspan="1" |SMILES String
| colspan="2" |NCCC1=CNC2=C1C=C(O)C=C2
|-
|}

==What is Serotonin==

*Serotonin is a hormone manufactured by the brain that is associated with opiate-specific receptors - so helps maintain a happy feeling.
*It is a neurotransmitter meaning that is a chemical messenger in the brain which allows the brain to communicate with nerve cells.
*The most effective way of increasing serotonin levels is vigorous exercise if the person only has very mild depression. This exercise increases the levels for many days after the exercise takes place.
*Your diet will also effect the levels of serotonin. Low levels of omega 3 and vitamin C in the diet will cause a reduction in the amount of serotonin in the body.

==What Does Serotonin Do==

Serotonin affects many basic psychological functions such as
anxiety mechanisms and the regulation of mood, thoughts, aggression,
appetite, sex drive and the sleep/wake cycle. Multiple observations suggest that serotonin, one of
the most abundant neurotransmitters, plays an important role in the regulation of mood and a key role
in the treatment of depression.
Due to this, lack of serotonin is often associated with depression. Restoring the normal or enhanced level of this neurotransmitter acts as mood enhancer. Prozac is a mood enhancing drug, which acts in the central nervous system by inhibiting the reuptake mechanism of serotonin into the synapse. Since serotonin is not degraded in the synaptic cleft, Prozac promotes a prolonged presence of serotonin keeping the post-synaptic membrane active.
In the central nervous system, serotonin is involved in fear and flight responses, an activity which is opposed by the aggression stimulating hormone adrenaline (epinephrine) and neurotransmitter dopamine.

==Where can it be found==

Serotonin originates in neurons deep in the midline of the brainstem. Because these neurons profile diffusely
throughout the brain, serotonin can affect various brain functions, such as depression. It also interacts with many other neurotransmitters,
either directly through neurons that use both serotonin and another neurotransmitter, or by serotonin neurons influencing
neurons that primarily use these other transmitters.

*It is manufactured in the human brain using the essential amino acid tryptophan which is found in pineapples, plums, turkey and milk.
*Bananas contain tryptophan, which the body converts into serotonin, known to make you relax, improve your mood and generally make you feel happier.
*Serotonin can be found in three main areas of the body: the intestinal wall, blood vessels, and the central nervous system.

==Synthesis of Serotonin==

Serotonin is synthesized from the amino acid precursor tryptophan, packaged into vesicles, and
released into the synapse following an action potential. Once in the synapse, serotonin can interact
with both the pre- and postsynaptic receptors.

[[Image:synthesisSerotonin.gif|thumb|synthesis of serotonin]]
[http://www.chm.bris.ac.uk/motm/serotonin/synthesis.htm 1]

[[image:detail_of_serotonin_synthesis.GIF]]
'''Detail of Synthesis''' [http://www.neurosci.pharm.utoledo.edu/MBC3320/serotonin.htm]

==Images of Serotonin==
{| class="toccolours" border="0" style="fix: right; clear: left; margin: 0 0 1em 1em; border-collapse: collapse;"
|- align="center"
| bgcolor="lt blue"|'''Electron Density of Serotonin'''
| bgcolor="lt blue"|'''Electrostatic Potential of Serotonin'''
|-
|[[image:Electron_density_of_serotonin.GIF]]
|[[image:electrostatic_potential_of_serotonin.GIF]]

|-
|}[http://www.cmste.uncc.edu/new/Document%20Hold/Sawsun-%20Serotonin%20FINAL%20PAPER.doc]

==Serotonin: Interesting Thoughts==

*Studies show that there is a chemical hierarchy in humans associated with social "rank" that is linked with serotonin levels. Those in high office, higher positions on sports teams and those of higher rank in academic clubs have been found to have higher levels of serotonin than their lower ranking peers. [http://www.globalhypnosis.com/hypnosis_stories.html]

*Serotonergic activity gradually decreases as one becomes drowsy and enter slow-wave sleep. An overall slowing of serotonergic activity is observed during slow-wave sleep known as non-REM sleep. During REM sleep (Rapid Eye Movement-the original dream sleep), serotonergic activity falls completely silent. Serotonergic activity returns to it's basic level several seconds prior to the end of REM sleep. [http://www.antidepressantsfacts.com/pinealstory.htm]

*The stimulant in the drug Ecstasy forces the brain to release serotonin, in abnormally large amounts. The neurons (brain cells) that store serotonin are deformed or destroyed. Scientists have found that these injured neurons can regrow, but they may grow back abnormally or in the wrong locations. When Ecstasy wears off, the overflow of serotonin reverses to a lack of serotonin. Without enough serotonin it is difficult to sleep, learn, remember, or feel happy. [http://www.intheknowzone.com/ecstasy/chemistry.htm]

==References==
*[http://www.healthscout.com/ency/1/409/main.html/ Healthscout]- What does Serotonin do?
*[http://www.chm.bris.ac.uk/motm/serotonin/synthesis.htm/ University of Bristol: Chemistry]- Synthesis of Serotonin
*[http://www.neurosci.pharm.utoledo.edu/MBC3320/serotonin.htm/ MBC Serotonin]- Detail of Synthesis