ChemWiki - User contributions [en]

It07:Verbenone

2007-12-06T20:01:53Z

Ssl206: /* 1H NMRSpectrum */

= '''VERBENONE'''=
==Verbenone==

<jmol>
<jmolApplet>
<size>200</size>
<color>white</color>
<script>zoom 80; cpk on;frame 1; move 10 -20 10 0 0 0 0 0 3; delay 1;</script>
<inlineContents>Verbenone.mol
title1
title2
25 26 0 0 1 V2000
2.0000 2.1840 -0.0680 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
1.1440 0.9560 0.0960 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
1.6160 -0.2640 -0.1960 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0.6760 -1.3880 0.0080 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0.9960 -2.5440 -0.1720 O 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
-0.7200 -0.9880 0.4680 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
-0.5960 -0.0120 1.6600 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
-0.2800 1.0560 0.6040 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
-1.2200 0.2360 -0.3160 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
-0.8000 0.2440 -1.7880 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
-2.7040 0.5440 -0.1120 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
2.9840 1.8960 -0.4400 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
1.5280 2.8640 -0.7800 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
2.1080 2.6840 0.8920 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
2.6240 -0.4200 -0.5600 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
-1.4160 -1.8160 0.5920 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
-1.5360 0.1560 2.1880 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0.2360 -0.2280 2.3280 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
-0.6000 2.0680 0.8480 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0.1960 -0.1800 -1.8800 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
-1.5040 -0.3480 -2.3680 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
-0.7920 1.2680 -2.1600 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
-2.8880 1.5960 -0.3160 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
-3.2960 -0.0640 -0.7920 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
-2.9840 0.3160 0.9160 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
11 25 1 0
11 24 1 0
11 23 1 0
10 22 1 0
10 21 1 0
10 20 1 0
9 11 1 0
9 10 1 0
8 19 1 0
8 9 1 0
7 18 1 0
7 17 1 0
7 8 1 0
6 16 1 0
6 7 1 0
6 9 1 0
4 6 1 0
4 5 1 0
3 15 1 0
3 4 1 0
2 3 1 0
2 8 1 0
1 14 1 0
1 13 1 0
1 12 1 0
1 2 1 0
M END</inlineContents>
</jmolApplet>
</jmol>

== Natural Product==
Identification of Verbenone in natural products (essential oils) has been carried out.
Its idenfication in Rosmarinus ocinalis L. (Uzi Ravid1, Eli Putievsky1, Irena Katzir1, Efraim Lewinsohn1 and Nativ Dudai1, FLAVOUR AND FRAGRANCE JOURNAL, VOL. 12, 109±112 (1997)) shows that
relatively large quantities of verbenone (observed in three rosemary oils) amounted to 27.0±28.9% whilst the average content was only 2.3±21.6%. These relatively low quantities warrants a synthetic route.

[[Image:Natural_prod.JPG|Natural_prod.JPG]]

==Synthesis==
Verbenone results from the autoxidation of a-pinene, simply in air.

[[Image:oxidised verbenone.JPG|oxidised verbenone.JPG]]

Synthetic routes have been estabilshed to catalyse this oxidation. Lajunen and Koskinen (Terrahedmn Lwer.s, Vol. 35. No 25. pp. 44614464, 1994) has used Co(11) to catalyse its oxidation.

<noinclude>

</noinclude>{| class="toccolours" border="1" style="float: right; clear: right; margin: 0 0 1em 1em; border-collapse: collapse; width: 280px"
! {{chembox header}} | {{PAGENAME}} 
|-
| align="center" colspan="2" bgcolor="#ffffff" | [[Image:2,4-dnph.png|200px|{{PAGENAME}}]] 
|-

==1H NMRSpectrum==
|-
[[Image:Verbonone_NMR.jpg ]]

H NMR spectrum for the
cis-verbanone by the incubation with NADPH in H20 (reference:http://www.rsc.org/ejarchive/C3/1993/C39930001426.pdf)

==Mass Spectrum==
|-
[[Image:Verbenone mass spectrum.JPG ]]

|-
! {{chembox header}} | General
|-
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IUPAC Systematic name]
| (1R)-cis-4,6,6-Trimethylbicyclo-
[3.1.1]hept-3-en-2-one

|-
| Other names
| Verbenone
2-Pinen-4-one
|-
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_formula Molecular formula]
| C<sub>14</sub>H<sub>10</sub>O
|-
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_file_format SMILES] 
| CC(C1C2)(C)C2C(C)=CC1=O
|-
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molar_mass Molar mass]
| 150.21 g/mol
|-
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CAS_registry_number CAS number]
| [18308-32-5]
|-
! {{chembox header}} | Properties
|-
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melting_point Melting point]
| 6.5 °C
|-
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boiling_point Boiling point]
| 227-228 °C
|-
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Density Density]
| 0.978 g/cm3
|-
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_state Physical state]
| liquid
|-
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Appearance appearance]
| clear, colorless
|-
|[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MSDS MSDS]
|external link to Material Safety and Data Sheet [http://fscimage.fishersci.com/msds/92615.htm link title]
|-

It07:Verbenone

2007-12-06T20:00:27Z

Ssl206: /* 1H NMRSpectrum */

= '''VERBENONE'''=
==Verbenone==

<jmol>
<jmolApplet>
<size>200</size>
<color>white</color>
<script>zoom 80; cpk on;frame 1; move 10 -20 10 0 0 0 0 0 3; delay 1;</script>
<inlineContents>Verbenone.mol
title1
title2
25 26 0 0 1 V2000
2.0000 2.1840 -0.0680 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
1.1440 0.9560 0.0960 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
1.6160 -0.2640 -0.1960 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0.6760 -1.3880 0.0080 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0.9960 -2.5440 -0.1720 O 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
-0.7200 -0.9880 0.4680 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
-0.5960 -0.0120 1.6600 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
-0.2800 1.0560 0.6040 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
-1.2200 0.2360 -0.3160 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
-0.8000 0.2440 -1.7880 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
-2.7040 0.5440 -0.1120 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
2.9840 1.8960 -0.4400 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
1.5280 2.8640 -0.7800 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
2.1080 2.6840 0.8920 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
2.6240 -0.4200 -0.5600 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
-1.4160 -1.8160 0.5920 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
-1.5360 0.1560 2.1880 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0.2360 -0.2280 2.3280 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
-0.6000 2.0680 0.8480 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0.1960 -0.1800 -1.8800 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
-1.5040 -0.3480 -2.3680 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
-0.7920 1.2680 -2.1600 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
-2.8880 1.5960 -0.3160 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
-3.2960 -0.0640 -0.7920 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
-2.9840 0.3160 0.9160 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
11 25 1 0
11 24 1 0
11 23 1 0
10 22 1 0
10 21 1 0
10 20 1 0
9 11 1 0
9 10 1 0
8 19 1 0
8 9 1 0
7 18 1 0
7 17 1 0
7 8 1 0
6 16 1 0
6 7 1 0
6 9 1 0
4 6 1 0
4 5 1 0
3 15 1 0
3 4 1 0
2 3 1 0
2 8 1 0
1 14 1 0
1 13 1 0
1 12 1 0
1 2 1 0
M END</inlineContents>
</jmolApplet>
</jmol>

== Natural Product==
Identification of Verbenone in natural products (essential oils) has been carried out.
Its idenfication in Rosmarinus ocinalis L. (Uzi Ravid1, Eli Putievsky1, Irena Katzir1, Efraim Lewinsohn1 and Nativ Dudai1, FLAVOUR AND FRAGRANCE JOURNAL, VOL. 12, 109±112 (1997)) shows that
relatively large quantities of verbenone (observed in three rosemary oils) amounted to 27.0±28.9% whilst the average content was only 2.3±21.6%. These relatively low quantities warrants a synthetic route.

[[Image:Natural_prod.JPG|Natural_prod.JPG]]

==Synthesis==
Verbenone results from the autoxidation of a-pinene, simply in air.

[[Image:oxidised verbenone.JPG|oxidised verbenone.JPG]]

Synthetic routes have been estabilshed to catalyse this oxidation. Lajunen and Koskinen (Terrahedmn Lwer.s, Vol. 35. No 25. pp. 44614464, 1994) has used Co(11) to catalyse its oxidation.

<noinclude>

</noinclude>{| class="toccolours" border="1" style="float: right; clear: right; margin: 0 0 1em 1em; border-collapse: collapse; width: 280px"
! {{chembox header}} | {{PAGENAME}} 
|-
| align="center" colspan="2" bgcolor="#ffffff" | [[Image:2,4-dnph.png|200px|{{PAGENAME}}]] 
|-

==1H NMRSpectrum==
|-
[[Image:Verbonone_NMR.jpg ]]

==Mass Spectrum==
|-
[[Image:Verbenone mass spectrum.JPG ]]

|-
! {{chembox header}} | General
|-
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IUPAC Systematic name]
| (1R)-cis-4,6,6-Trimethylbicyclo-
[3.1.1]hept-3-en-2-one

|-
| Other names
| Verbenone
2-Pinen-4-one
|-
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_formula Molecular formula]
| C<sub>14</sub>H<sub>10</sub>O
|-
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_file_format SMILES] 
| CC(C1C2)(C)C2C(C)=CC1=O
|-
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molar_mass Molar mass]
| 150.21 g/mol
|-
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CAS_registry_number CAS number]
| [18308-32-5]
|-
! {{chembox header}} | Properties
|-
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melting_point Melting point]
| 6.5 °C
|-
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boiling_point Boiling point]
| 227-228 °C
|-
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Density Density]
| 0.978 g/cm3
|-
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_state Physical state]
| liquid
|-
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Appearance appearance]
| clear, colorless
|-
|[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MSDS MSDS]
|external link to Material Safety and Data Sheet [http://fscimage.fishersci.com/msds/92615.htm link title]
|-

File:Verbonone NMR.jpg

2007-12-06T20:00:04Z

Ssl206:

It07:Verbenone

2007-12-06T19:58:44Z

Ssl206:

= '''VERBENONE'''=
==Verbenone==

<jmol>
<jmolApplet>
<size>200</size>
<color>white</color>
<script>zoom 80; cpk on;frame 1; move 10 -20 10 0 0 0 0 0 3; delay 1;</script>
<inlineContents>Verbenone.mol
title1
title2
25 26 0 0 1 V2000
2.0000 2.1840 -0.0680 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
1.1440 0.9560 0.0960 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
1.6160 -0.2640 -0.1960 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0.6760 -1.3880 0.0080 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0.9960 -2.5440 -0.1720 O 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
-0.7200 -0.9880 0.4680 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
-0.5960 -0.0120 1.6600 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
-0.2800 1.0560 0.6040 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
-1.2200 0.2360 -0.3160 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
-0.8000 0.2440 -1.7880 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
-2.7040 0.5440 -0.1120 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
2.9840 1.8960 -0.4400 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
1.5280 2.8640 -0.7800 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
2.1080 2.6840 0.8920 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
2.6240 -0.4200 -0.5600 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
-1.4160 -1.8160 0.5920 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
-1.5360 0.1560 2.1880 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0.2360 -0.2280 2.3280 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
-0.6000 2.0680 0.8480 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0.1960 -0.1800 -1.8800 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
-1.5040 -0.3480 -2.3680 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
-0.7920 1.2680 -2.1600 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
-2.8880 1.5960 -0.3160 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
-3.2960 -0.0640 -0.7920 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
-2.9840 0.3160 0.9160 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
11 25 1 0
11 24 1 0
11 23 1 0
10 22 1 0
10 21 1 0
10 20 1 0
9 11 1 0
9 10 1 0
8 19 1 0
8 9 1 0
7 18 1 0
7 17 1 0
7 8 1 0
6 16 1 0
6 7 1 0
6 9 1 0
4 6 1 0
4 5 1 0
3 15 1 0
3 4 1 0
2 3 1 0
2 8 1 0
1 14 1 0
1 13 1 0
1 12 1 0
1 2 1 0
M END</inlineContents>
</jmolApplet>
</jmol>

== Natural Product==
Identification of Verbenone in natural products (essential oils) has been carried out.
Its idenfication in Rosmarinus ocinalis L. (Uzi Ravid1, Eli Putievsky1, Irena Katzir1, Efraim Lewinsohn1 and Nativ Dudai1, FLAVOUR AND FRAGRANCE JOURNAL, VOL. 12, 109±112 (1997)) shows that
relatively large quantities of verbenone (observed in three rosemary oils) amounted to 27.0±28.9% whilst the average content was only 2.3±21.6%. These relatively low quantities warrants a synthetic route.

[[Image:Natural_prod.JPG|Natural_prod.JPG]]

==Synthesis==
Verbenone results from the autoxidation of a-pinene, simply in air.

[[Image:oxidised verbenone.JPG|oxidised verbenone.JPG]]

Synthetic routes have been estabilshed to catalyse this oxidation. Lajunen and Koskinen (Terrahedmn Lwer.s, Vol. 35. No 25. pp. 44614464, 1994) has used Co(11) to catalyse its oxidation.

<noinclude>

</noinclude>{| class="toccolours" border="1" style="float: right; clear: right; margin: 0 0 1em 1em; border-collapse: collapse; width: 280px"
! {{chembox header}} | {{PAGENAME}} 
|-
| align="center" colspan="2" bgcolor="#ffffff" | [[Image:2,4-dnph.png|200px|{{PAGENAME}}]] 
|-

==1H NMRSpectrum==
|-
[[Image:Verbenone mass spectrum.JPG ]]

==Mass Spectrum==
|-
[[Image:Verbenone mass spectrum.JPG ]]

|-
! {{chembox header}} | General
|-
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IUPAC Systematic name]
| (1R)-cis-4,6,6-Trimethylbicyclo-
[3.1.1]hept-3-en-2-one

|-
| Other names
| Verbenone
2-Pinen-4-one
|-
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_formula Molecular formula]
| C<sub>14</sub>H<sub>10</sub>O
|-
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_file_format SMILES] 
| CC(C1C2)(C)C2C(C)=CC1=O
|-
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molar_mass Molar mass]
| 150.21 g/mol
|-
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CAS_registry_number CAS number]
| [18308-32-5]
|-
! {{chembox header}} | Properties
|-
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melting_point Melting point]
| 6.5 °C
|-
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boiling_point Boiling point]
| 227-228 °C
|-
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Density Density]
| 0.978 g/cm3
|-
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_state Physical state]
| liquid
|-
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Appearance appearance]
| clear, colorless
|-
|[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MSDS MSDS]
|external link to Material Safety and Data Sheet [http://fscimage.fishersci.com/msds/92615.htm link title]
|-

It07:Verbenone

2007-12-06T19:56:13Z

Ssl206:

= '''VERBENONE'''=
==Verbenone==

<jmol>
<jmolApplet>
<size>200</size>
<color>white</color>
<script>zoom 80; cpk on;frame 1; move 10 -20 10 0 0 0 0 0 3; delay 1;</script>
<inlineContents>Verbenone.mol
title1
title2
25 26 0 0 1 V2000
2.0000 2.1840 -0.0680 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
1.1440 0.9560 0.0960 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
1.6160 -0.2640 -0.1960 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0.6760 -1.3880 0.0080 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0.9960 -2.5440 -0.1720 O 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
-0.7200 -0.9880 0.4680 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
-0.5960 -0.0120 1.6600 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
-0.2800 1.0560 0.6040 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
-1.2200 0.2360 -0.3160 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
-0.8000 0.2440 -1.7880 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
-2.7040 0.5440 -0.1120 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
2.9840 1.8960 -0.4400 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
1.5280 2.8640 -0.7800 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
2.1080 2.6840 0.8920 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
2.6240 -0.4200 -0.5600 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
-1.4160 -1.8160 0.5920 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
-1.5360 0.1560 2.1880 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0.2360 -0.2280 2.3280 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
-0.6000 2.0680 0.8480 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0.1960 -0.1800 -1.8800 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
-1.5040 -0.3480 -2.3680 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
-0.7920 1.2680 -2.1600 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
-2.8880 1.5960 -0.3160 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
-3.2960 -0.0640 -0.7920 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
-2.9840 0.3160 0.9160 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
11 25 1 0
11 24 1 0
11 23 1 0
10 22 1 0
10 21 1 0
10 20 1 0
9 11 1 0
9 10 1 0
8 19 1 0
8 9 1 0
7 18 1 0
7 17 1 0
7 8 1 0
6 16 1 0
6 7 1 0
6 9 1 0
4 6 1 0
4 5 1 0
3 15 1 0
3 4 1 0
2 3 1 0
2 8 1 0
1 14 1 0
1 13 1 0
1 12 1 0
1 2 1 0
M END</inlineContents>
</jmolApplet>
</jmol>

== Natural Product==
Identification of Verbenone in natural products (essential oils) has been carried out.
Its idenfication in Rosmarinus ocinalis L. (Uzi Ravid1, Eli Putievsky1, Irena Katzir1, Efraim Lewinsohn1 and Nativ Dudai1, FLAVOUR AND FRAGRANCE JOURNAL, VOL. 12, 109±112 (1997)) shows that
relatively large quantities of verbenone (observed in three rosemary oils) amounted to 27.0±28.9% whilst the average content was only 2.3±21.6%. These relatively low quantities warrants a synthetic route.

[[Image:Natural_prod.JPG|Natural_prod.JPG]]

==Synthesis==
Verbenone results from the autoxidation of a-pinene, simply in air.

[[Image:oxidised verbenone.JPG|oxidised verbenone.JPG]]

Synthetic routes have been estabilshed to catalyse this oxidation. Lajunen and Koskinen (Terrahedmn Lwer.s, Vol. 35. No 25. pp. 44614464, 1994) has used Co(11) to catalyse its oxidation.

<noinclude>

</noinclude>{| class="toccolours" border="1" style="float: right; clear: right; margin: 0 0 1em 1em; border-collapse: collapse; width: 280px"
! {{chembox header}} | {{PAGENAME}} 
|-
| align="center" colspan="2" bgcolor="#ffffff" | [[Image:2,4-dnph.png|200px|{{PAGENAME}}]] 
|-

==Mass Spectrum==
|-
[[Image:Verbenone mass spectrum.JPG ]]

|-
! {{chembox header}} | General
|-
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IUPAC Systematic name]
| (1R)-cis-4,6,6-Trimethylbicyclo-
[3.1.1]hept-3-en-2-one

|-
| Other names
| Verbenone
2-Pinen-4-one
|-
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_formula Molecular formula]
| C<sub>14</sub>H<sub>10</sub>O
|-
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_file_format SMILES] 
| CC(C1C2)(C)C2C(C)=CC1=O
|-
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molar_mass Molar mass]
| 150.21 g/mol
|-
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CAS_registry_number CAS number]
| [18308-32-5]
|-
! {{chembox header}} | Properties
|-
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melting_point Melting point]
| 6.5 °C
|-
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boiling_point Boiling point]
| 227-228 °C
|-
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Density Density]
| 0.978 g/cm3
|-
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_state Physical state]
| liquid
|-
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Appearance appearance]
| clear, colorless
|-
|[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MSDS MSDS]
|external link to Material Safety and Data Sheet [http://fscimage.fishersci.com/msds/92615.htm link title]
|-

It07:Verbenone

2007-12-06T19:53:33Z

Ssl206:

= '''VERBENONE'''=
==Verbenone==

<jmol>
<jmolApplet>
<size>200</size>
<color>white</color>
<script>zoom 80; cpk on;frame 1; move 10 -20 10 0 0 0 0 0 3; delay 1;</script>
<inlineContents>Verbenone.mol
title1
title2
25 26 0 0 1 V2000
2.0000 2.1840 -0.0680 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
1.1440 0.9560 0.0960 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
1.6160 -0.2640 -0.1960 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0.6760 -1.3880 0.0080 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0.9960 -2.5440 -0.1720 O 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
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-0.2800 1.0560 0.6040 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
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-2.7040 0.5440 -0.1120 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
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-1.4160 -1.8160 0.5920 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
-1.5360 0.1560 2.1880 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
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-0.6000 2.0680 0.8480 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
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-1.5040 -0.3480 -2.3680 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
-0.7920 1.2680 -2.1600 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
-2.8880 1.5960 -0.3160 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
-3.2960 -0.0640 -0.7920 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
-2.9840 0.3160 0.9160 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
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M END</inlineContents>
</jmolApplet>
</jmol>

== Natural Product==
Identification of Verbenone in natural products (essential oils) has been carried out.
Its idenfication in Rosmarinus ocinalis L. (Uzi Ravid1, Eli Putievsky1, Irena Katzir1, Efraim Lewinsohn1 and Nativ Dudai1, FLAVOUR AND FRAGRANCE JOURNAL, VOL. 12, 109±112 (1997)) shows that
relatively large quantities of verbenone (observed in three rosemary oils) amounted to 27.0±28.9% whilst the average content was only 2.3±21.6%. These relatively low quantities warrants a synthetic route.

[[Image:Natural_prod.JPG|Natural_prod.JPG]]

==Synthesis==
Verbenone results from the autoxidation of a-pinene, simply in air.

[[Image:oxidised verbenone.JPG|oxidised verbenone.JPG]]

Synthetic routes have been estabilshed to catalyse this oxidation. Lajunen and Koskinen (Terrahedmn Lwer.s, Vol. 35. No 25. pp. 44614464, 1994) has used Co(11) to catalyse its oxidation.

<noinclude>

</noinclude>{| class="toccolours" border="1" style="float: right; clear: right; margin: 0 0 1em 1em; border-collapse: collapse; width: 280px"
! {{chembox header}} | {{PAGENAME}} 
|-
| align="center" colspan="2" bgcolor="#ffffff" | [[Image:2,4-dnph.png|200px|{{PAGENAME}}]] 
|-

==Mass Spectrum==
|-
[[Image:Verbenone mass spectrum.JPG ]]

|-

==References==
|-
! {{chembox header}} | General
|-
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IUPAC Systematic name]
| (1R)-cis-4,6,6-Trimethylbicyclo-
[3.1.1]hept-3-en-2-one

|-
| Other names
| Verbenone
2-Pinen-4-one
|-
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_formula Molecular formula]
| C<sub>14</sub>H<sub>10</sub>O
|-
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_file_format SMILES] 
| CC(C1C2)(C)C2C(C)=CC1=O
|-
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molar_mass Molar mass]
| 150.21 g/mol
|-
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CAS_registry_number CAS number]
| [18308-32-5]
|-
! {{chembox header}} | Properties
|-
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melting_point Melting point]
| 6.5 °C
|-
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boiling_point Boiling point]
| 227-228 °C
|-
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Density Density]
| 0.978 g/cm3
|-
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_state Physical state]
| liquid
|-
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Appearance appearance]
| clear, colorless
|-
|[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MSDS MSDS]
|external link to Material Safety and Data Sheet [http://fscimage.fishersci.com/msds/92615.htm link title]
|-

File:Verbenone 2d.JPG

2007-12-06T19:28:37Z

Ssl206:

It07:Verbenone

2007-12-06T18:57:23Z

Ssl206: /* '''VERBENONE''' */

= '''VERBENONE'''=
==Verbenone==

<jmol>
<jmolApplet>
<size>200</size>
<color>white</color>
<script>zoom 80; cpk on;frame 1; move 10 -20 10 0 0 0 0 0 3; delay 1;</script>
<inlineContents>Verbenone.mol
title1
title2
25 26 0 0 1 V2000
2.0000 2.1840 -0.0680 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
1.1440 0.9560 0.0960 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
1.6160 -0.2640 -0.1960 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0.6760 -1.3880 0.0080 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0.9960 -2.5440 -0.1720 O 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
-0.7200 -0.9880 0.4680 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
-0.5960 -0.0120 1.6600 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
-0.2800 1.0560 0.6040 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
-1.2200 0.2360 -0.3160 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
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M END</inlineContents>
</jmolApplet>
</jmol>

==Synthesis==
catalytic air-oxidation entry to verbenone

[[Image:oxidised verbenone.JPG|oxidised verbenone.JPG]]

<noinclude>

</noinclude>{| class="toccolours" border="1" style="float: right; clear: right; margin: 0 0 1em 1em; border-collapse: collapse; width: 280px"
! {{chembox header}} | {{PAGENAME}} 
|-
| align="center" colspan="2" bgcolor="#ffffff" | [[Image:2,4-dnph.png|200px|{{PAGENAME}}]] 
|-
==Mass Spectrum==
|-
[[Image:Verbenone mass spectrum.JPG ]]

|-
! {{chembox header}} | General
|-
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IUPAC Systematic name]
| (1R)-cis-4,6,6-Trimethylbicyclo-
[3.1.1]hept-3-en-2-one

|-
| Other names
| Verbenone
2-Pinen-4-one
|-
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_formula Molecular formula]
| C<sub>14</sub>H<sub>10</sub>O
|-
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_file_format SMILES] 
| CC(C1C2)(C)C2C(C)=CC1=O
|-
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molar_mass Molar mass]
| 150.21 g/mol
|-
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CAS_registry_number CAS number]
| [18308-32-5]
|-
! {{chembox header}} | Properties
|-
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melting_point Melting point]
| 6.5 °C
|-
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boiling_point Boiling point]
| 227-228 °C
|-
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Density Density]
| 0.978 g/cm3

It07:Verbenone

2007-12-06T18:54:46Z

Ssl206: /* Synthesis */

= '''VERBENONE'''=

==Synthesis==
catalytic air-oxidation entry to verbenone

[[Image:oxidised verbenone.JPG|oxidised verbenone.JPG]]

<noinclude>

</noinclude>{| class="toccolours" border="1" style="float: right; clear: right; margin: 0 0 1em 1em; border-collapse: collapse; width: 280px"
! {{chembox header}} | {{PAGENAME}} 
|-
| align="center" colspan="2" bgcolor="#ffffff" | [[Image:2,4-dnph.png|200px|{{PAGENAME}}]] 
|-
==Mass Spectrum==
|-
[[Image:Verbenone mass spectrum.JPG ]]

==Verbenone==

<jmol>
<jmolApplet>
<size>200</size>
<color>white</color>
<script>zoom 80; cpk on;frame 1; move 10 -20 10 0 0 0 0 0 3; delay 1;</script>
<inlineContents>Verbenone.mol
title1
title2
25 26 0 0 1 V2000
2.0000 2.1840 -0.0680 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
1.1440 0.9560 0.0960 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
1.6160 -0.2640 -0.1960 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0.6760 -1.3880 0.0080 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0.9960 -2.5440 -0.1720 O 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
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-0.6000 2.0680 0.8480 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0.1960 -0.1800 -1.8800 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
-1.5040 -0.3480 -2.3680 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
-0.7920 1.2680 -2.1600 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
-2.8880 1.5960 -0.3160 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
-3.2960 -0.0640 -0.7920 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
-2.9840 0.3160 0.9160 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
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M END</inlineContents>
</jmolApplet>
</jmol>

|-
! {{chembox header}} | General
|-
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IUPAC Systematic name]
| (1R)-cis-4,6,6-Trimethylbicyclo-
[3.1.1]hept-3-en-2-one

|-
| Other names
| Verbenone
2-Pinen-4-one
|-
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_formula Molecular formula]
| C<sub>14</sub>H<sub>10</sub>O
|-
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_file_format SMILES] 
| CC(C1C2)(C)C2C(C)=CC1=O
|-
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molar_mass Molar mass]
| 150.21 g/mol
|-
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CAS_registry_number CAS number]
| [18308-32-5]
|-
! {{chembox header}} | Properties
|-
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melting_point Melting point]
| 6.5 °C
|-
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boiling_point Boiling point]
| 227-228 °C
|-
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Density Density]
| 0.978 g/cm3

File:Verbenone mass spectrum.JPG

2007-12-06T18:50:21Z

Ssl206:

Cetirizine

2007-12-06T17:50:51Z

Ssl206: /* References */

=Cetirizine=

<jmol>
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title1
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52 54 0 0 1 V2000
1.8720 -0.7280 1.2200 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
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-0.4120 -0.2680 0.4680 N 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
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M END</inlineContents>
</jmolApplet>
</jmol>

<jmol>
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<jmol>
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<title>Show Citirizine in popup window</title>
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<uploadedFileContents>Cetirizine 3d.MOL</uploadedFileContents>
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==General==
'''Cetirizine''', with the chemical name '''''(±) - [2- [4- [ (4-chlorophenyl)phenylmethyl] -1- piperazinyl] ethoxy]acetic acid dihydrochloride''''',a major matabolite of Hydroxyzine,which is an orally active and selective H1-receptor antagonist. The chemical structure is shown below:

[[Image:Cetirizine structure.gif|thumb|Image of Cyclophosphamide]]

This chemical compound is a white, crystalline powder and is water soluble, it is mainly used in medical treatment of allergies, hay fever, angioedema, and urticaria. ZYRTEC tablets(the active component of the chemical compound)are formulated as white, film-coated, rounded-off rectangular shaped tablets for oral administration and are available in 5 and 10 mg strengths.

==Synthesis==

'''(S)-cetirizine.2HCl''' is prepared via the diastereoselective organometallic addition to N-tert-butanesulfnyl adlimines (''scheme 1''). Organometallic reagent addition to imines is advantageous in that either enantiomeric forms of ceterizine (''structure 2'') can be produced by changing the imine/ organometallic partner; the imine of 4-chlorobenzaleldehyde (''structure 4'') with metallobenzene gives the opposite enantiomer to the reaction of benzaldehyde imine (''structure 3'') with the 4-chlorometallobenzene.

==Spectra==

NMR Spectral information showing a variation of chemical shifts against pD; these pD values are obtained when a correction of 0.4 were added to measured pH values[1]

<sup>1</sup>H-NMR spectra

[[Image:HNMR_cetirizine.JPG|HNMR_cetirizine.JPG]]

<sup>13</sup>C-NMR spectra for the <sup>13</sup>C nuclei in D<sub>2</sub> nuclei at 24.85 C and 200 MHz.

[[Image:CNMR_cetirizine.JPG|CNMR_cetirizine.JPG]]

==Pharmaceutical Usage==

== '''[[Usages of ZYRTEC]]''' ==

'''Preparations'''

[[Image:Cetirizine.jpg ]]

'''Seasonal Allergic Rhinitis'''

''Symptoms:'' Zyrtec provides relief to symptoms of sneezing, rhinorrhea, nasal prutitus, ocular pruritus, tearing, and redness of the eyes

''Allergens:'' ragweed, grass and tree pollens are causes of seasonal allergic rhinitis

'''Perennial Allergic Rhinitis:'''

''Symptoms:'' sneezing, rhinorrhea, postnasal discharge, nasal pruritus, ocular pruritus, and tearing.

''Allergens:'' dust mites, animal dander and molds

'''Chronic Urticaria:'''

''Symptoms:'' uncomplicated skin

''Allergens:'' hives

'''DOSING''': Cetirizine should be taken at doses specifically directed by a physician, it can be taken with food.

'''DRUG INTERACTIONS''': Cetirizine should be taken only in doses prescribed. Increasing the dose can be dangerous. When taking cetirizine with theophylline the dose of theophylline may need to be reduced. Cetirizine occasionally can cause sleepiness . Cetirizine can be taken with erythromycin or ketaconazole without the increased risk of heart irregularities common to other non-sedating antihistamines. Cetirizine also can be used to treat children.
SIDE EFFECTS: Sleepiness occurs in 14% of patients. Dry mouth, nausea, headache, fatigue, jitteriness and sore throat are infrequently reported with cetirizine.
|-

==References==

</noinclude>{| class="toccolours" border="1" style="float: right; clear: right; margin: 0 0 1em 1em; border-collapse: collapse; width: 280px"
! {{chembox header}} | {{PAGENAME}} 
|-
! {{chembox header}} | General
|-
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IUPAC Systematic name]
| (±) - [2- [4- [ (4-chlorophenyl)phenylmethyl] -1- piperazinyl] ethoxy]acetic acid dihydrochloride
|-
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_formula Molecular formula]
| C21H25ClN2O3
|-
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_file_format SMILES] 
| C1CN(CCN1CCOCC(=O)O)C(C2=CC=CC=C2)C3=CC=C(C=C3)Cl
|-
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molar_mass Molar mass]
| 461.82g/mol
|-
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Percentage_composition Percentage composition]
| C 64.86%, H 6.48%, Cl 9.12%, N 7.20%, O 12.34%
|-
| Appearance
| White Crystalline powder, water soluble
|-
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CAS_registry_number CAS number]
| 83881-51-0
|-
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synonyms]
| Alatrol, Cetirizina MERCK, Cetzine Glaxo, Cetirizin, Humex, Letizen, Razene, Reactine, Zyrtec, Zirtec, Zodac, Zirtek, Zynor, Zyrlek
|-
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boiling_point Boiling point]
|
|-
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melting_point Melting point]
|110-115°(for crystals from ethanol)
|-
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refractive_Index Refractive index]
|
|-
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bioavailability]
| Well absorbed
|-
|[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein_Binding]
| 93% avg
|-
| [[Lawson Number]]
| 28000, 14305, 3122, 1771
|-
! {{chembox header}} | [[{{PAGENAME}} (data page)|Supplementary data page]]
|-
| [[{{PAGENAME}} (data page)#Structure and properties|Structure and<br />properties]]
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refractive_index ''n''], [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dielectric_constant ε<sub>r</sub>], etc.
|-
| [[{{PAGENAME}} (data page)#Thermodynamic properties|Thermodynamic<br />data]]
| Phase behaviour<br />Solid, liquid, gas
|-

Cetirizine

2007-11-14T14:58:50Z

Ssl206: /* '''Usages of ZYRTEC''' */

2007-10-31T16:29:40Z

Ssl206: /* Capsacin */

==Capsacin==
</noinclude>{| class="toccolours" border="1" style="float: right; clear: right; margin: 0 0 1em 1em; border-collapse: collapse; width: 280px"
! {{chembox header}} | {{PAGENAME}} 
|-
| align="center" colspan="2" bgcolor="#ffffff" | [[Image:{{PAGENAME}}.jpg|200px|{{PAGENAME}}]] 
|-
! {{chembox header}} | General
|-
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IUPAC Systematic name]
| 8-Methyl-N-vanillyl-trans-6-nonenamide

|-
| Other names
| Capsaicin
|-
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_formula Molecular formula]
| C18H27NO3
|-
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_file_format SMILES] 
| COc1cc(CNC(=O)CCCC/C=C/C(C)C)ccc1O
|-
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molar_mass Molar mass]
| 305.42
|-
| Appearance
| {{{Appearance}}}
|-
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CAS_registry_number CAS number]
| 404-86-4
|-
! {{chembox header}} | Properties
|-
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Density Density] & [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phase_%28matter%29 phase]
| {{{Density}}} g/cm³ 
|-
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solubility Solubility in water]
| {{{Sol_Water}}} g/100 ml (25°C) 
|-



| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melting_point Melting point]
| {{{Mp}}} K 
|-
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boiling_point Boiling point]
| {{{Bp}}} K
|-
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acid_dissociation_constant Acidity] (p''K''<sub>a</sub>) 
| {{{pKa}}}
|-
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acid_dissociation_constant Basicity] (p''K''<sub>b</sub>) 
| {{{pKb}}}
|-
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Specific_rotation Chiral rotation <nowiki>[α]</nowiki><sub>D</sub>] 
| {{{Rotation}}}°
|-
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viscosity Viscosity]
| {{{Viscosity}}} [[Poise|cP]] at 25°C 
|-
! {{chembox header}} | Structure
|-
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orbital_hybridisation Molecular shape] 
| {{{Mol_Shape}}} 
|-
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coordination_geometry Coordination<br />geometry] 
| {{{Coordination}}} 
|-
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crystal_structure Crystal structure] 
| {{{Crystal_Structure}}} 
|-
| [[Dipole#Molecular_dipoles|Dipole moment]]
| {{{DM}}} [[Debye|D]]
|-
! {{chembox header}} | Hazards 
|-
| [[Material safety data sheet|MSDS]]
| [[{{PAGENAME}} (data page)#Material Safety Data Sheet|External MSDS]] 
|-
| Main [[Worker safety and health|hazard]]s
| {{{Hazards}}} 
|-
| [[NFPA 704]]
| {{{NFPA}}}
|-
| [[Flash point]]
| {{{Fp}}}°C
|-
| [[Risk and Safety Statements|R/S statement]]
| [[List of R-phrases|R]]: {{{R-S}}} <br /> [[List of S-phrases|S]]: ?
|-
| [[RTECS]] number
| {{{RTECS}}}
|-
! {{chembox header}} | [[{{PAGENAME}} (data page)|Supplementary data page]]
|-
| [[{{PAGENAME}} (data page)#Structure and properties|Structure and<br />properties]]
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refractive_index ''n''], [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dielectric_constant ε<sub>r</sub>], etc.
|-
| [[{{PAGENAME}} (data page)#Thermodynamic properties|Thermodynamic<br />data]]
| Phase behaviour<br />Solid, liquid, gas
|-
| [[{{PAGENAME}} (data page)#Spectral data|Spectral data]]
| [[UV/VIS spectroscopy|UV]], [[Infrared spectroscopy|IR]], [[nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy|NMR]], [[Mass spectrometry|MS]]
|-
! {{chembox header}} | Related compounds
|-
| Other [[Ion|anion]]s 
| {{{Other_anion}}} 
|-
| Other [[Ion|cation]]s 
| {{{Ohter_cation}}} 
|-
| Related compounds

| {{{Relative_Compounds}}}
|-
| {{chembox header}} | <small>Except where noted otherwise, data are given for<br /> materials in their [[standard state|standard state (at 25 °C, 100 kPa)]]<br />[[wikipedia:Chemical infobox|Infobox disclaimer and references]]</small>
|-
|}
{{Chem-Data_Structure}}

Capsaicin is a colourless crystalline alkaloid and also one of the most pungent compounds. Capsaicin is irritant to skin and mucous membrane. This compound is slightly soluble in water but is very soluble in organic solvents such as alcohol and fats. It is a part of capsaicinoid which is an active component of capsicum (chilli pepper’s biological name). Capsaicin of capsaicinoid is the main source for the chilli peppers being hot. Natural occurring capsaicinoid consists of six different compounds, capsaicin, dihydrocapsaicin which are the main components. The minor components of capsaicinoid are nordihydrocapsaicin, homocapsaicin and homodihydrocapsaicin.

<jmol>
<jmolApplet>
<size>200</size>
<color>blue</color>
<script>zoom 80; cpk on;frame 1; move 10 -20 10 0 0 0 0 0 3; delay 1;</script>
<inlineContents>Capsaicin.mol
title1
title2
49 49 0 0 1 V2000
-5.6000 2.1800 1.5960 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
-6.2920 0.9360 1.4840 O 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
-5.5760 0.1600 0.6280 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
-4.4120 0.6520 0.0600 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
-3.6800 -0.1360 -0.8080 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
-2.4160 0.3960 -1.4240 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
-1.2760 0.0680 -0.5640 N 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
-0.0320 0.4480 -0.9160 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0.1400 1.0640 -1.9480 O 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
1.1360 0.1120 -0.0280 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
2.4240 0.6520 -0.6560 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
3.6120 0.3120 0.2440 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
4.8960 0.8520 -0.3800 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
6.0680 0.5160 0.5040 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
7.0960 -0.1320 0.0160 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
8.2640 -0.4680 0.9040 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
8.4480 -1.9880 0.9520 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
9.5320 0.1760 0.3400 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
-4.1120 -1.4120 -1.1160 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
-5.2760 -1.9080 -0.5520 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
-6.0080 -1.1240 0.3240 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
-7.1480 -1.6080 0.8800 O 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
-4.5960 2.0040 1.9840 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
-5.5360 2.6480 0.6160 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
-6.1400 2.8360 2.2760 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
-4.0720 1.6480 0.2960 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
-2.2680 -0.0520 -2.4080 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
-2.4920 1.4800 -1.5320 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
-1.4200 -0.4200 0.2600 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0.9920 0.5640 0.9480 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
1.2120 -0.9680 0.0760 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
2.5680 0.2000 -1.6360 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
2.3480 1.7360 -0.7600 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
3.4640 0.7640 1.2240 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
3.6880 -0.7680 0.3480 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
5.0440 0.4000 -1.3600 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
4.8200 1.9360 -0.4840 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
6.0600 0.8120 1.5440 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
7.1000 -0.4280 -1.0200 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
8.0800 -0.0920 1.9080 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
8.6320 -2.3640 -0.0520 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
9.2920 -2.2320 1.5920 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
7.5440 -2.4480 1.3480 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
9.4040 1.2560 0.3080 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
10.3800 -0.0640 0.9840 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
9.7200 -0.1960 -0.6600 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
-3.5400 -2.0240 -1.7960 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
-5.6080 -2.9040 -0.7920 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
-6.8960 -2.0480 1.7000 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
22 49 1 0
21 22 1 0
20 48 1 0
20 21 1 0
19 47 1 0
19 20 1 0
18 46 1 0
18 45 1 0
18 44 1 0
17 43 1 0
17 42 1 0
17 41 1 0
16 40 1 0
16 18 1 0
16 17 1 0
15 39 1 0
15 16 1 0
14 38 1 0
14 15 1 0
13 37 1 0
13 36 1 0
13 14 1 0
12 35 1 0
12 34 1 0
12 13 1 0
11 33 1 0
11 32 1 0
11 12 1 0
10 31 1 0
10 30 1 0
10 11 1 0
8 10 1 0
8 9 1 0
7 29 1 0
7 8 1 0
6 28 1 0
6 27 1 0
6 7 1 0
5 19 1 0
5 6 1 0
4 26 1 0
4 5 1 0
3 4 1 0
3 21 1 0
2 3 1 0
1 25 1 0
1 24 1 0
1 23 1 0
1 2 1 0
M END</inlineContents>
</jmolApplet>
</jmol>

==Capsaicinoid==
As it is stated above, the capsaicinoid in chilli pepper consists of six natural occurring compounds. All of which are pungent but each compound has different level of pungency and irritations.
Nordihydrocapsaicin is class as the least irritating and least pungent out of all six.
The most irritating and pungent molecule is homodihydrocapsaicin. This compound is said to cause burning sensations which is so strong that you even feel your tongue.
Rest of them are rated midst, however, since capsaicin and dihydrocapsaicin have the highest composition of capasnoid, they are rated very irritating on overall effect.

==Toxicity and lethal dose==
Pure capsaicin needs to be handled with extreme care in the labs. Due to irritating nature of capsaicin, it needs to be handled in air filtered room and the person handling it needs to wear full body protection in order to prevent the inhalation of capsain. When a person inhales it, the person would suffer from severe burning and irritation. At high concentration of capsaicin, it disturbs the cells from producing neurotransmitters which causes the feeling of numbness and eventually the cells will be damaged or destroyed at very high concentration. In the guinea pig experiment, it is found out that the lethal dose varies depending on the way capsaicin is taken in to body. When it is given by injection, the lethal dose is 56 milligram. When it is given by consumption, 190 milligram is the lethal dose. When it is absorbed through skin, the lethal dose is 512 milligrams. It is found that different animals have different capacity of capsaicin dose.

File:Capsaicin.MOL

2007-10-31T16:23:36Z

Ssl206:

It07:Capsaicin

2007-10-31T16:21:21Z

Ssl206: /* Capsacin */

==Capsacin==
</noinclude>{| class="toccolours" border="1" style="float: right; clear: right; margin: 0 0 1em 1em; border-collapse: collapse; width: 280px"
! {{chembox header}} | {{PAGENAME}} 
|-
| align="center" colspan="2" bgcolor="#ffffff" | [[Image:{{PAGENAME}}.jpg|200px|{{PAGENAME}}]] 
|-
! {{chembox header}} | General
|-
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IUPAC Systematic name]
| 8-Methyl-N-vanillyl-trans-6-nonenamide

|-
| Other names
| Capsaicin
|-
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_formula Molecular formula]
| C18H27NO3
|-
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_file_format SMILES] 
| COc1cc(CNC(=O)CCCC/C=C/C(C)C)ccc1O
|-
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molar_mass Molar mass]
| 305.42
|-
| Appearance
| {{{Appearance}}}
|-
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CAS_registry_number CAS number]
| 404-86-4
|-
! {{chembox header}} | Properties
|-
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Density Density] & [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phase_%28matter%29 phase]
| {{{Density}}} g/cm³ 
|-
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solubility Solubility in water]
| {{{Sol_Water}}} g/100 ml (25°C) 
|-



| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melting_point Melting point]
| {{{Mp}}} K 
|-
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boiling_point Boiling point]
| {{{Bp}}} K
|-
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acid_dissociation_constant Acidity] (p''K''<sub>a</sub>) 
| {{{pKa}}}
|-
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acid_dissociation_constant Basicity] (p''K''<sub>b</sub>) 
| {{{pKb}}}
|-
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Specific_rotation Chiral rotation <nowiki>[α]</nowiki><sub>D</sub>] 
| {{{Rotation}}}°
|-
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viscosity Viscosity]
| {{{Viscosity}}} [[Poise|cP]] at 25°C 
|-
! {{chembox header}} | Structure
|-
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orbital_hybridisation Molecular shape] 
| {{{Mol_Shape}}} 
|-
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coordination_geometry Coordination<br />geometry] 
| {{{Coordination}}} 
|-
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crystal_structure Crystal structure] 
| {{{Crystal_Structure}}} 
|-
| [[Dipole#Molecular_dipoles|Dipole moment]]
| {{{DM}}} [[Debye|D]]
|-
! {{chembox header}} | Hazards 
|-
| [[Material safety data sheet|MSDS]]
| [[{{PAGENAME}} (data page)#Material Safety Data Sheet|External MSDS]] 
|-
| Main [[Worker safety and health|hazard]]s
| {{{Hazards}}} 
|-
| [[NFPA 704]]
| {{{NFPA}}}
|-
| [[Flash point]]
| {{{Fp}}}°C
|-
| [[Risk and Safety Statements|R/S statement]]
| [[List of R-phrases|R]]: {{{R-S}}} <br /> [[List of S-phrases|S]]: ?
|-
| [[RTECS]] number
| {{{RTECS}}}
|-
! {{chembox header}} | [[{{PAGENAME}} (data page)|Supplementary data page]]
|-
| [[{{PAGENAME}} (data page)#Structure and properties|Structure and<br />properties]]
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refractive_index ''n''], [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dielectric_constant ε<sub>r</sub>], etc.
|-
| [[{{PAGENAME}} (data page)#Thermodynamic properties|Thermodynamic<br />data]]
| Phase behaviour<br />Solid, liquid, gas
|-
| [[{{PAGENAME}} (data page)#Spectral data|Spectral data]]
| [[UV/VIS spectroscopy|UV]], [[Infrared spectroscopy|IR]], [[nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy|NMR]], [[Mass spectrometry|MS]]
|-
! {{chembox header}} | Related compounds
|-
| Other [[Ion|anion]]s 
| {{{Other_anion}}} 
|-
| Other [[Ion|cation]]s 
| {{{Ohter_cation}}} 
|-
| Related compounds

| {{{Relative_Compounds}}}
|-
| {{chembox header}} | <small>Except where noted otherwise, data are given for<br /> materials in their [[standard state|standard state (at 25 °C, 100 kPa)]]<br />[[wikipedia:Chemical infobox|Infobox disclaimer and references]]</small>
|-
|}
{{Chem-Data_Structure}}

Capsaicin is a colourless crystalline alkaloid and also one of the most pungent compounds. Capsaicin is irritant to skin and mucous membrane. This compound is slightly soluble in water but is very soluble in organic solvents such as alcohol and fats. It is a part of capsaicinoid which is an active component of capsicum (chilli pepper’s biological name). Capsaicin of capsaicinoid is the main source for the chilli peppers being hot. Natural occurring capsaicinoid consists of six different compounds, capsaicin, dihydrocapsaicin which are the main components. The minor components of capsaicinoid are nordihydrocapsaicin, homocapsaicin and homodihydrocapsaicin.

==Capsaicinoid==
As it is stated above, the capsaicinoid in chilli pepper consists of six natural occurring compounds. All of which are pungent but each compound has different level of pungency and irritations.
Nordihydrocapsaicin is class as the least irritating and least pungent out of all six.
The most irritating and pungent molecule is homodihydrocapsaicin. This compound is said to cause burning sensations which is so strong that you even feel your tongue.
Rest of them are rated midst, however, since capsaicin and dihydrocapsaicin have the highest composition of capasnoid, they are rated very irritating on overall effect.

==Toxicity and lethal dose==
Pure capsaicin needs to be handled with extreme care in the labs. Due to irritating nature of capsaicin, it needs to be handled in air filtered room and the person handling it needs to wear full body protection in order to prevent the inhalation of capsain. When a person inhales it, the person would suffer from severe burning and irritation. At high concentration of capsaicin, it disturbs the cells from producing neurotransmitters which causes the feeling of numbness and eventually the cells will be damaged or destroyed at very high concentration. In the guinea pig experiment, it is found out that the lethal dose varies depending on the way capsaicin is taken in to body. When it is given by injection, the lethal dose is 56 milligram. When it is given by consumption, 190 milligram is the lethal dose. When it is absorbed through skin, the lethal dose is 512 milligrams. It is found that different animals have different capacity of capsaicin dose.

Cetirizine

2007-10-31T16:14:31Z

Ssl206:

=Cetirizine=

==General==
'''Cetirizine''', with the chemical name '''''(±) - [2- [4- [ (4-chlorophenyl)phenylmethyl] -1- piperazinyl] ethoxy]acetic acid dihydrochloride''''',a major matabolite of Hydroxyzine,which is an orally active and selective H1-receptor antagonist. The chemical structure is shown below:

[[Image:Cetirizine structure.gif]]

This chemical compound is a white, crystalline powder and is water soluble, it is mainly used in medical treatment of allergies, hay fever, angioedema, and urticaria. ZYRTEC tablets(the active component of the chemical compound)are formulated as white, film-coated, rounded-off rectangular shaped tablets for oral administration and are available in 5 and 10 mg strengths.

</noinclude>{| class="toccolours" border="1" style="float: right; clear: right; margin: 0 0 1em 1em; border-collapse: collapse; width: 280px"
! {{chembox header}} | {{PAGENAME}} 
|-
! {{chembox header}} | General
|-
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IUPAC Systematic name]
| (±) - [2- [4- [ (4-chlorophenyl)phenylmethyl] -1- piperazinyl] ethoxy]acetic acid dihydrochloride
|-
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_formula Molecular formula]
| C21H25ClN2O3
|-
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_file_format SMILES] 
| C1CN(CCN1CCOCC(=O)O)C(C2=CC=CC=C2)C3=CC=C(C=C3)Cl
|-
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molar_mass Molar mass]
| 388.89g/mol
|-
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Percentage_composition Percentage composition]
| C 64.86%, H 6.48%, Cl 9.12%, N 7.20%, O 12.34%
|-
| Appearance
| White Crystalline powder, water soluble
|-
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CAS_registry_number CAS number]
| 83881-51-0
|-
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synonyms]
| Alatrol, Cetirizina MERCK, Cetzine Glaxo, Cetirizin, Humex, Letizen, Razene, Reactine, Zyrtec, Zirtec, Zodac, Zirtek, Zynor, Zyrlek
|-
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boiling_point Boiling point]
|
|-
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melting_point Melting point]
|110-115°(for crystals from ethanol)
|-
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refractive_Index Refractive index]
|
|-
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bioavailability]
| Well absorbed
|-
|[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein_Binding]
| 93% avg
|-
| [[Material safety data sheet|MSDS]]
| [[{{PAGENAME}} (data page)#Material Safety Data Sheet|External MSDS]] 
|-
| [[Risk and Safety Statements|R/S statement]]
| [[List of R-phrases|R]]: {{{R-S}}} <br /> [[List of S-phrases|S]]: ?
|-
! {{chembox header}} | [[{{PAGENAME}} (data page)|Supplementary data page]]
|-
| [[{{PAGENAME}} (data page)#Structure and properties|Structure and<br />properties]]
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refractive_index ''n''], [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dielectric_constant ε<sub>r</sub>], etc.
|-
| [[{{PAGENAME}} (data page)#Thermodynamic properties|Thermodynamic<br />data]]
| Phase behaviour<br />Solid, liquid, gas
|-

|-
! {{chembox header}} | Related compounds
|-
| Other [[Ion|anion]]s 
| {{{Other_anion}}} 
|-
| Other [[Ion|cation]]s 
| {{{Ohter_cation}}} 
|-
| Related compounds

| {{{Relative_Compounds}}}
|-
| {{chembox header}} | <small>Except where noted otherwise, data are given for<br /> materials in their [[standard state|standard state (at 25 °C, 100 kPa)]]<br />[[wikipedia:Chemical infobox|Infobox disclaimer and references]]</small>
|-
<jmol>
<jmolApplet>
<size>200</size>
<color>white</color>
<script>zoom 80; cpk on;frame 1; move 10 -20 10 0 0 0 0 0 3; delay 1;</script>
<inlineContents>Cetirizine_3d.mol
title1
title2
52 54 0 0 1 V2000
1.8720 -0.7280 1.2200 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0.7520 -1.1400 0.2680 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
-0.4120 -0.2680 0.4680 N 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0.0200 1.0960 0.1560 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
1.1400 1.5080 1.1120 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
2.3040 0.6400 0.9120 N 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
3.2920 1.0120 1.9360 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
4.6240 0.3240 1.6360 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
5.1520 0.8200 0.4040 O 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
6.3880 0.1400 0.1800 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
6.9960 0.6200 -1.1080 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
6.4320 1.4600 -1.7720 O 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
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</jmol>

Cetirizine

2007-10-31T14:56:11Z

Ssl206:

=Cetirizine=

'''Cetirizine''', with the chemical name '''''(±) - [2- [4- [ (4-chlorophenyl)phenylmethyl] -1- piperazinyl] ethoxy]acetic acid dihydrochloride''''',a major matabolite of Hydroxyzine,which is an orally active and selective H1-receptor antagonist. The chemical structure is shown below:

[[Image:Cetirizine structure.gif]]

This chemical compound is a white, crystalline powder and is water soluble, it is mainly used in medical treatment of allergies, hay fever, angioedema, and urticaria. ZYRTEC tablets(the active component of the chemical compound)are formulated as white, film-coated, rounded-off rectangular shaped tablets for oral administration and are available in 5 and 10 mg strengths.

</noinclude>{| class="toccolours" border="1" style="float: right; clear: right; margin: 0 0 1em 1em; border-collapse: collapse; width: 280px"
! {{chembox header}} | {{PAGENAME}} 
|-
! {{chembox header}} | General
|-
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IUPAC Systematic name]
| (±) - [2- [4- [ (4-chlorophenyl)phenylmethyl] -1- piperazinyl] ethoxy]acetic acid dihydrochloride
|-
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_formula Molecular formula]
| C21H25ClN2O3
|-
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_file_format SMILES] 
| C1CN(CCN1CCOCC(=O)O)C(C2=CC=CC=C2)C3=CC=C(C=C3)Cl
|-
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molar_mass Molar mass]
| 461.82g/mol
|-
| Appearance
| White Crystalline powder, water soluble
|-
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CAS_registry_number CAS number]
| 83881-51-0
|-
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synonyms]
| Alatrol, Cetirizina MERCK, Cetzine Glaxo, Cetirizin, Humex, Letizen, Razene, Reactine, Zyrtec, Zirtec, Zodac, Zirtek, Zynor, Zyrlek
|-
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melting_point Melting point]
|
|-
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boiling_point Boiling point]
|
|-
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bioavailability]
| Well absorbed
|-
|[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein_Binding]
| 93% avg
|-
| [[Material safety data sheet|MSDS]]
| [[{{PAGENAME}} (data page)#Material Safety Data Sheet|External MSDS]] 
|-
| [[Risk and Safety Statements|R/S statement]]
| [[List of R-phrases|R]]: {{{R-S}}} <br /> [[List of S-phrases|S]]: ?
|-
! {{chembox header}} | [[{{PAGENAME}} (data page)|Supplementary data page]]
|-
| [[{{PAGENAME}} (data page)#Structure and properties|Structure and<br />properties]]
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refractive_index ''n''], [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dielectric_constant ε<sub>r</sub>], etc.
|-
| [[{{PAGENAME}} (data page)#Thermodynamic properties|Thermodynamic<br />data]]
| Phase behaviour<br />Solid, liquid, gas
|-

|-
! {{chembox header}} | Related compounds
|-
| Other [[Ion|anion]]s 
| {{{Other_anion}}} 
|-
| Other [[Ion|cation]]s 
| {{{Ohter_cation}}} 
|-
| Related compounds

| {{{Relative_Compounds}}}
|-
| {{chembox header}} | <small>Except where noted otherwise, data are given for<br /> materials in their [[standard state|standard state (at 25 °C, 100 kPa)]]<br />[[wikipedia:Chemical infobox|Infobox disclaimer and references]]</small>
|-
<jmol>
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<size>200</size>
<color>white</color>
<script>zoom 80; cpk on;frame 1; move 10 -20 10 0 0 0 0 0 3; delay 1;</script>
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title1
title2
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M END</inlineContents>
</jmolApplet>
</jmol>

File:Cetirizine 3d.MOL

2007-10-31T14:40:12Z

Ssl206:

File:Cetirizine3D.MOL

2007-10-31T14:36:17Z

Ssl206:

File:Cetirizine 3D.PDB

2007-10-31T14:08:56Z

Ssl206:

2007-10-25T14:46:19Z

Ssl206: /* Cetirizine */

File:Cetirizine structure.gif

2007-10-25T14:45:42Z

Ssl206:

Cetirizine

2007-10-25T14:44:31Z

Ssl206: /* Cetirizine */

2007-10-25T14:27:24Z

Ssl206:

Cetirizine

2007-10-25T14:22:29Z

Ssl206:

=Cetirizine=

'''Cetirizine''', with the chemical name '''''(±) - [2- [4- [ (4-chlorophenyl)phenylmethyl] -1- piperazinyl] ethoxy]acetic acid dihydrochloride''''', is a major matabolite of Hydroxyzine, is an orally active and selective H1-receptor antagonist.

Cetirizine

2007-10-25T14:09:19Z

Ssl206: New page: =Cetirizine=

=Cetirizine=

It:projects

2007-10-25T14:06:28Z

Ssl206: /* Supplemental Project Page */

__FORCETOC__

'''''You MUST use the Edit buttons on the right to edit this content. Do NOT use the Edit button on the top of this page.'''''
== Sandbox (Play-Pen) ==

This is an area where you can play without worrying what you do. Enter it by pressing the [Edit] button '''on the right''' and '''not''' at the top. Go here for a [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Cheatsheet ''cheat sheet''] summary of how to create a Wiki page. It's a free-for-all in here! Learn how to use a Wiki by coming here! PS This is how to do Greek:α, β Δ, δ
Try copying/pasting some of the [http://www.ch.ic.ac.uk/local/it/lab1.html examples in the course work] into this page. See the effect by selecting '''Show Preview'''. Do not use '''Save Page''' so as to leave this area uncluttered for others.
----
{| summary="CIT Project Titles" border="1"
|NEW: This demonstrates the use of Jmol loading discrete molecule files (rather than having to paste them into the wiki page). Upload the molecule file, and invoke it as shown here. Use it for eg loading large proteins etc.--[[User:Rzepa|Rzepa]] 16:07, 4 December 2006 (UTC) and --[[User:Rzepa|Rzepa]] 07:41, 16 October 2007 (BST) and --[[User:Rzepa|Rzepa]] 15:56, 18 October 2007 (BST)

If no rotatable molecule appears to the right, test that [http://www.java.com/en/download/help/testvm.xml Java] is correctly functioning on your system.

===References ===
This shows how citations<ref>Example of adding a citation {{DOI|10.1021/ja9825332}}</ref> can be added to
text<ref>adding a further citation {{DOI|10.1021/ja9825332}}</ref> to produce a nice effect.

=== Collected citations appear below here ===
<references />
|<jmol>
<jmolApplet>
<title>Pentahelicene</title><color>yellow</color><size>200</size>
<script>zoom 80; cpk on;frame 1; move 10 -20 10 0 0 0 0 0 3; delay 1;</script>
<uploadedFileContents>Pentahelicene.mol</uploadedFileContents>
</jmolApplet>
<jmolMenu>
<item><text>Start spinning</text><script>spin on</script></item>
<item><text>Stop spinning</text><script>spin off</script></item>
<menuHeight>-1</menuHeight>
</jmolMenu>
<jmolButton>
<script>console</script>
<text>open a console window</text>
</jmolButton>
</jmol>
<jmol><jmolAppletButton><title>Show CIYSIM.cif in popup window</title><color>cyan</color>
<uploadedFileContents>CIYSIM.cif</uploadedFileContents></jmolAppletButton>
</jmol>
|}

== Main Project Page ==
'''Please do not edit this page itself'''. Click on one of the titles to start editing.
{| summary="CIT Project Titles" border="1"
! bgcolor="cyan" |Project<br /> Number
! bgcolor="cyan" |General Keywords
|-
| bgcolor="#CCFF00" |01
| bgcolor="#CCFF00" | [[it07:Lignocaine|Lignocaine (used in dentistry as a "local")]]
|-
| bgcolor="#CCFF00" |02
| bgcolor="#66FF99" | [[it07:Piperine|Piperine (active ingredient of both black and white pepper)]]
|-
| bgcolor="#CCFF00" |03
| bgcolor="#CCFF00" | [[it07:Rapamycin|Rapamycin (prevents transplant rejection)]]
|-
| bgcolor="#CCFF00" |04
| bgcolor="#66FF99" | [[it07:Gossypol|Gossypol (male birth control)]]
|-
| bgcolor="#CCFF00" |05
| bgcolor="#CCFF00" | [[it07:Gentamycin|Gentamicin A (aminoglycoside antibiotic)]]
|-
| bgcolor="#CCFF00" |06
| bgcolor="#66FF99" | [[it07:Herceptin|Herceptin (topical anticancer drug)]]
|-
| bgcolor="#CCFF00" |07
| bgcolor="#CCFF00" | [[it07:Gingerone|Zingerone (the characteristic smell of ginger)]]
|-
| bgcolor="#CCFF00" |08
| bgcolor="#66FF99" | [[it07:Sucralose|Sucralose (non-metabolizable sweetening agent)]]
|-
| bgcolor="#CCFF00" |09
| bgcolor="#CCFF00" | [[it07:Bufotoxin|Bufotoxin (active component of the toad ''Bufo vulgaris'')]]
|-
| bgcolor="#CCFF00" |10
| bgcolor="#66FF99" | [[it07:Roaccutane|Roaccutane (treatment for severe acne)]]
|-
| bgcolor="#CCFF00" |11
| bgcolor="#CCFF00" | [[it07:Sibutramine|Sibutramine (appetite suppresor)]]
|-
| bgcolor="#CCFF00" |12
| bgcolor="#66FF99" | [[it07:Anandamide|Anandamide (the "feel-good" factor in chocolate)]]
|-
| bgcolor="#CCFF00" |13
| bgcolor="#CCFF00" | [[it07:h3nbh3|Ammonia-borane: H<sub>3</sub>N-BH<sub>3</sub> (Hydrogen storage molecule?)]]
|-
| bgcolor="#CCFF00" |14
| bgcolor="#66FF99" | [[it07:Methoxsalen|Methoxsalen (Treatment of psoriasis)]]
|-
| bgcolor="#CCFF00" |15
| bgcolor="#CCFF00" | [[it07:Hycocine|Hyoscine (From Mandrake and Witches Henbane, pre-med before surgery)]]
|-
| bgcolor="#CCFF00" |16
| bgcolor="#66FF99" | [[it07:Capreomycin|Capreomycin (Drug-resistant TB)]]
|}

== Supplemental Project Page ==

This area is for people who wish to create their own projects if none of the above appeal to them. Click on the '''Edit''' button to the right to open up an editable page,
then add an entry below as follows

*<nowiki> [[it07:name_of_project|Descriptive name of intended project]]</nowiki>
*This will produce the effect: [[it07:name_of_project|Descriptive name of intended project]]
----
#[[it07:sitagliptin_page|An example entry- in edit mode, please copy this line and paste below to add to this list]]
#[[it07:name_of_project|Vitamin C ]]
#[[it07:Cylcophosphamide|Cyclophosphamide]]
#[[it07:Terbutaline Sulphate|Terbutaline Sulphate]]
#[[it07:Caffeine|Caffeine]]
#[[it07:Mefloquine|Mefloquine]]
#[[it07:Cadaverine|Cadaverine]]
#[[it07:Cyanidin|Cyanidin]]
#[[it07:Ezetimibe|Ezetimibe]]
#[[it07:Azadirachtin|Azadirachtin]]
#[[it07:Nicotine|Nicotine]]
#[[Image:chem.png]][[it07:Cyclopentasiloxane|Cyclopentasiloxane]]
#[[it07:Trinitrotoluene|Trinitrotoluene]]
#[[it07:Hydroxychloroquine|Hydroxychloroquine]]
#[[Aspartame|Aspartame]]
#[[it07:Azulene|Azulene]]
#[[it07:Chlorine Trifluoride|Chlorine Trifluoride]]
#[[it07:Cholesterol|Cholesterol]]
#[[it07:Vitamin E|Vitamin E]]
#[[it07:Phenothiazine|Phenothiazine]]
#[[it07:linalool|linalool]]
#[[it07:Glutamic acid|Glutamic acid]]
#[[it07:N-(4-hydroxyphenyl)ethanamide|N-(4-hydroxyphenyl)ethanamide]]
#[[it07:Epinephrine|Epinephrine]]
#[[it07:Sodium Valproate|Sodium Valproate]]
#[[it07:Hyaluronic acid |Hyaluronic acid ]]
#[[it07:Methylenedioxymethamphetamine |Methylenedioxymethamphetamine ]]
#[[it07:salicylic acid |salicylic acid ]]
#[[it07:Morphine |Morphine ]]
#[[Cetirizine]]

== Cetirizine ==
Utilities have been written to help the conversion of material from HTML.
# [http://diberri.dyndns.org/wikipedia/html2wiki/ A HTML2Wiki Converter]
----

== Wiki Templates ==

[[Template:DOI]] and [[Template:Doi-inline]] are providea as (protected) templates for your use. Many other templates exist, often to be found on e.g. Wikipedia pages. You may decide one of these is of particular use, or of interest. If so, you can install it on the wiki here for you and others to use. Add below a line that looks like Template:Template-name, save, and click on the red text to create the new template. If you prefer the task of adding useful templates to that of adding information about molecules, then you will be given full credit for performing this valuable service for others! --Rzepa 14:41, 20 October 2006 (BST)

[[Template:Chem-Data]]

[[Template:Drug-Box]] - For pharmaceutical drugs just copy variable names and code generates tables

[[Template:Chembox supplement]] - to be linked to from the supplementary section of the table in the template above, for usage see [[Template_talk:chembox_supplement|here]]

[[Template:NFPA_704]] - for notes on how to use, see [[Template_talk:NFPA_704|here]]

[[R & S Phrases]]

[[Template:Chembox new]]

It:projects

2007-10-25T14:03:44Z

Ssl206: /* Wiki Utillities */

__FORCETOC__

'''''You MUST use the Edit buttons on the right to edit this content. Do NOT use the Edit button on the top of this page.'''''
== Sandbox (Play-Pen) ==

This is an area where you can play without worrying what you do. Enter it by pressing the [Edit] button '''on the right''' and '''not''' at the top. Go here for a [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Cheatsheet ''cheat sheet''] summary of how to create a Wiki page. It's a free-for-all in here! Learn how to use a Wiki by coming here! PS This is how to do Greek:α, β Δ, δ
Try copying/pasting some of the [http://www.ch.ic.ac.uk/local/it/lab1.html examples in the course work] into this page. See the effect by selecting '''Show Preview'''. Do not use '''Save Page''' so as to leave this area uncluttered for others.
----
{| summary="CIT Project Titles" border="1"
|NEW: This demonstrates the use of Jmol loading discrete molecule files (rather than having to paste them into the wiki page). Upload the molecule file, and invoke it as shown here. Use it for eg loading large proteins etc.--[[User:Rzepa|Rzepa]] 16:07, 4 December 2006 (UTC) and --[[User:Rzepa|Rzepa]] 07:41, 16 October 2007 (BST) and --[[User:Rzepa|Rzepa]] 15:56, 18 October 2007 (BST)

If no rotatable molecule appears to the right, test that [http://www.java.com/en/download/help/testvm.xml Java] is correctly functioning on your system.

|<jmol>
<jmolApplet>
<title>Pentahelicene</title><color>yellow</color><size>200</size>
<script>zoom 80; cpk on;frame 1; move 10 -20 10 0 0 0 0 0 3; delay 1;</script>
<uploadedFileContents>Pentahelicene.mol</uploadedFileContents>
</jmolApplet>
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<item><text>Start spinning</text><script>spin on</script></item>
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== Main Project Page ==
'''Please do not edit this page itself'''. Click on one of the titles to start editing.
{| summary="CIT Project Titles" border="1"
! bgcolor="cyan" |Project<br /> Number
! bgcolor="cyan" |General Keywords
|-
| bgcolor="#CCFF00" |01
| bgcolor="#CCFF00" | [[it07:Lignocaine|Lignocaine (used in dentistry as a "local")]]
|-
| bgcolor="#CCFF00" |02
| bgcolor="#66FF99" | [[it07:Piperine|Piperine (active ingredient of both black and white pepper)]]
|-
| bgcolor="#CCFF00" |03
| bgcolor="#CCFF00" | [[it07:Rapamycin|Rapamycin (prevents transplant rejection)]]
|-
| bgcolor="#CCFF00" |04
| bgcolor="#66FF99" | [[it07:Gossypol|Gossypol (male birth control)]]
|-
| bgcolor="#CCFF00" |05
| bgcolor="#CCFF00" | [[it07:Gentamycin|Gentamicin A (aminoglycoside antibiotic)]]
|-
| bgcolor="#CCFF00" |06
| bgcolor="#66FF99" | [[it07:Herceptin|Herceptin (topical anticancer drug)]]
|-
| bgcolor="#CCFF00" |07
| bgcolor="#CCFF00" | [[it07:Gingerone|Zingerone (the characteristic smell of ginger)]]
|-
| bgcolor="#CCFF00" |08
| bgcolor="#66FF99" | [[it07:Sucralose|Sucralose (non-metabolizable sweetening agent)]]
|-
| bgcolor="#CCFF00" |09
| bgcolor="#CCFF00" | [[it07:Bufotoxin|Bufotoxin (active component of the toad ''Bufo vulgaris'')]]
|-
| bgcolor="#CCFF00" |10
| bgcolor="#66FF99" | [[it07:Roaccutane|Roaccutane (treatment for severe acne)]]
|-
| bgcolor="#CCFF00" |11
| bgcolor="#CCFF00" | [[it07:Sibutramine|Sibutramine (appetite suppresor)]]
|-
| bgcolor="#CCFF00" |12
| bgcolor="#66FF99" | [[it07:Anandamide|Anandamide (the "feel-good" factor in chocolate)]]
|-
| bgcolor="#CCFF00" |13
| bgcolor="#CCFF00" | [[it07:h3nbh3|Ammonia-borane: H<sub>3</sub>N-BH<sub>3</sub> (Hydrogen storage molecule?)]]
|-
| bgcolor="#CCFF00" |14
| bgcolor="#66FF99" | [[it07:Methoxsalen|Methoxsalen (Treatment of psoriasis)]]
|-
| bgcolor="#CCFF00" |15
| bgcolor="#CCFF00" | [[it07:Hycocine|Hyoscine (From Mandrake and Witches Henbane, pre-med before surgery)]]
|-
| bgcolor="#CCFF00" |16
| bgcolor="#66FF99" | [[it07:Capreomycin|Capreomycin (Drug-resistant TB)]]
|}

== Supplemental Project Page ==

This area is for people who wish to create their own projects if none of the above appeal to them. Click on the '''Edit''' button to the right to open up an editable page,
then add an entry below as follows

*<nowiki> [[it07:name_of_project|Descriptive name of intended project]]</nowiki>
*This will produce the effect: [[it07:name_of_project|Descriptive name of intended project]]
----
#[[it07:sitagliptin_page|An example entry- in edit mode, please copy this line and paste below to add to this list]]
#[[it07:name_of_project|Vitamin C ]]
#[[it07:Cylcophosphamide|Cyclophosphamide]]
#[[it07:Terbutaline Sulphate|Terbutaline Sulphate]]
#[[it07:Caffeine|Caffeine]]
#[[it07:Mefloquine|Mefloquine]]
#[[it07:Cadaverine|Cadaverine]]
#[[it07:Cyanidin|Cyanidin]]
#[[it07:Ezetimibe|Ezetimibe]]
#[[it07:Azadirachtin|Azadirachtin]]
#[[it07:Nicotine|Nicotine]]
#[[Image:chem.png]][[it07:Cyclopentasiloxane|Cyclopentasiloxane]]
#[[it07:Trinitrotoluene|Trinitrotoluene]]
#[[it07:Hydroxychloroquine|Hydroxychloroquine]]
#[[Aspartame|Aspartame]]
#[[it07:Azulene|Azulene]]
#[[it07:Chlorine Trifluoride|Chlorine Trifluoride]]
#[[it07:Cholesterol|Cholesterol]]
#[[it07:Vitamin E|Vitamin E]]
#[[it07:Phenothiazine|Phenothiazine]]
#[[it07:linalool|linalool]]
#[[it07:Glutamic acid|Glutamic acid]]
#[[it07:N-(4-hydroxyphenyl)ethanamide|N-(4-hydroxyphenyl)ethanamide]]
#[[it07:Epinephrine|Epinephrine]]
#[[it07:Sodium Valproate|Sodium Valproate]]
#[[it07:Hyaluronic acid |Hyaluronic acid ]]
#[[it07:Methylenedioxymethamphetamine |Methylenedioxymethamphetamine ]]
#[[it07:salicylic acid |salicylic acid ]]
#[[it07:Morphine |Morphine ]]
#[[it07:Rivaroxaban|Rivaroxaban ]]

== Cetirizine ==
Utilities have been written to help the conversion of material from HTML.
# [http://diberri.dyndns.org/wikipedia/html2wiki/ A HTML2Wiki Converter]
----

== Wiki Templates ==

[[Template:DOI]] and [[Template:Doi-inline]] are providea as (protected) templates for your use. Many other templates exist, often to be found on e.g. Wikipedia pages. You may decide one of these is of particular use, or of interest. If so, you can install it on the wiki here for you and others to use. Add below a line that looks like Template:Template-name, save, and click on the red text to create the new template. If you prefer the task of adding useful templates to that of adding information about molecules, then you will be given full credit for performing this valuable service for others! --Rzepa 14:41, 20 October 2006 (BST)

[[Template:Chem-Data]]

[[Template:Drug-Box]] - For pharmaceutical drugs just copy variable names and code generates tables

[[Template:Chembox supplement]] - to be linked to from the supplementary section of the table in the template above, for usage see [[Template_talk:chembox_supplement|here]]

[[Template:NFPA_704]] - for notes on how to use, see [[Template_talk:NFPA_704|here]]

[[R & S Phrases]]

[[Template:Chembox new]]

It07:Caffeine

2007-10-22T14:49:54Z

Ssl206: /* Amounts of Caffeine in Everyday Food and Drink */

Caffeine is best known for its stimulant, or "wake-up," effect. Once a person consumes caffeine, it is readily absorbed by the body and carried around in the bloodstream, where its level peaks about one hour after consumption. Caffeine mildly stimulates the nervous and cardiovascular systems. It affects the brain and results in elevated mood, decreased fatigue, and increased attentiveness. It also increases the heart rate, blood flow, respiratory rate, and metabolic rate for several hours. When taken before bedtime, caffeine can interfere with getting to sleep or staying asleep.

<noinclude>

</noinclude>{| class="toccolours" border="1" style="float: right; clear: right; margin: 0 0 1em 1em; border-collapse: collapse; width: 280px"
! {{chembox header}} | {{PAGENAME}} 
|-
| align="center" colspan="2" bgcolor="#ffffff" | [[Image:caffeine.jpg|200px|{{PAGENAME}}]]<br>
[[Image:caffeine.png|200px|{{PAGENAME}}]] 
|-
! {{chembox header}} | General
|-
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IUPAC Systematic name]
| 1,3,7-trimethyl-1H-purine-2,6(3H,7H)-dione

|-
| Other names
| Caffeine
|-
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_formula Molecular formula]
| C<sub>8</sub>H<sub>10</sub>N<sub>4</sub>O<sub>2</sub>
|-
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_file_format SMILES] 
| C[n]1cnc2N(C)C(=O)N(C)C(=O)c12
|-
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molar_mass Molar mass]
| 194.19 gmol<sup>-1</sup>
|-
| Appearance
| White Powder
|-
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CAS_registry_number CAS number]
| 58-08-2
|-
! {{chembox header}} | Properties
|-
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solubility Solubility in water]
| 15 mg/mL (25°C) 
|-



| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melting_point Melting point]
| 234-236.5 °C 
|}
==Amounts of Caffeine in Everyday Food and Drink==

Caffeine is a widely occurring ingredient found naturally in tea, coffee,
cocoa and it is often added to some soft drinks such as Coca Cola and a variety of medicines.
On average, there is about three times as much caffeine in tea and coffee as there is in the same
volume of cola. Coca-Cola has 33 mg of caffeine per 330ml can,
compared to about 112 milligrams in a cup of coffee with the same size; usually energy drinks contain higher amounts than typical soft drinks.

==Extraction of Caffeine==

Pure caffeine is a white powder. Through the years a number of different solvents have been used in removing the caffeine from the coffee beans, to give decaffeinated beans. Benzene, chloroform, trichloroethylene and dichloromethane are some of the chemicals that have been used but due to safety, environmental , cost and flavour issues, they have been replaced by the following methods:

===Water Extraction===

The coffee beans are soaked in water. The water absorbs the caffeine along with other chemicals in the beans. The water is then passed through activated charcoal, which removes the caffeine. The remaining water is then added back to the beans and evaporated dry. This is because the other chemicals removed from the beans add to the flavour. This leaves decaffeinated coffee beans with minimal loss of flavour.

===Supercritical Carbon Dioxide Extraction===

Supercritical carbon dioxide is an excellent nonpolar solvent for caffeine. Carbon dioxide is forced through the coffee beans at temperatures above 31.1 °C and pressures above 73 atm. In these conditions carbon dioxide is a supercritical fluid. It has gaslike properties which allow it to penetrate deep into the beans but also liquid-like properties which dissolve 97–99% of the caffeine. The caffeine filled carbon dioxide is then sprayed with high pressure water to remove the caffeine. The caffeine can then be passed through activated charcoal, the same as above, to remove the pure caffeine powder.

It07:Caffeine

2007-10-22T14:43:05Z

Ssl206: /* Amounts of Caffeine in Everyday Food and Drink */

Caffeine is best known for its stimulant, or "wake-up," effect. Once a person consumes caffeine, it is readily absorbed by the body and carried around in the bloodstream, where its level peaks about one hour after consumption. Caffeine mildly stimulates the nervous and cardiovascular systems. It affects the brain and results in elevated mood, decreased fatigue, and increased attentiveness. It also increases the heart rate, blood flow, respiratory rate, and metabolic rate for several hours. When taken before bedtime, caffeine can interfere with getting to sleep or staying asleep.

<noinclude>

</noinclude>{| class="toccolours" border="1" style="float: right; clear: right; margin: 0 0 1em 1em; border-collapse: collapse; width: 280px"
! {{chembox header}} | {{PAGENAME}} 
|-
| align="center" colspan="2" bgcolor="#ffffff" | [[Image:caffeine.jpg|200px|{{PAGENAME}}]]<br>
[[Image:caffeine.png|200px|{{PAGENAME}}]] 
|-
! {{chembox header}} | General
|-
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IUPAC Systematic name]
| 1,3,7-trimethyl-1H-purine-2,6(3H,7H)-dione

|-
| Other names
| Caffeine
|-
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_formula Molecular formula]
| C<sub>8</sub>H<sub>10</sub>N<sub>4</sub>O<sub>2</sub>
|-
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_file_format SMILES] 
| C[n]1cnc2N(C)C(=O)N(C)C(=O)c12
|-
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molar_mass Molar mass]
| 194.19 gmol<sup>-1</sup>
|-
| Appearance
| White Powder
|-
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CAS_registry_number CAS number]
| 58-08-2
|-
! {{chembox header}} | Properties
|-
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solubility Solubility in water]
| 15 mg/mL (25°C) 
|-



| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melting_point Melting point]
| 234-236.5 °C 
|}
==Amounts of Caffeine in Everyday Food and Drink==

Caffeine is a widely occurring ingredient found naturally in tea, coffee,
cocoa and it is often added to some soft drinks such as Coca Cola and a variety of medicines.

==Extraction of Caffeine==

Pure caffeine is a white powder. Through the years a number of different solvents have been used in removing the caffeine from the coffee beans, to give decaffeinated beans. Benzene, chloroform, trichloroethylene and dichloromethane are some of the chemicals that have been used but due to safety, environmental , cost and flavour issues, they have been replaced by the following methods:

===Water Extraction===

The coffee beans are soaked in water. The water absorbs the caffeine along with other chemicals in the beans. The water is then passed through activated charcoal, which removes the caffeine. The remaining water is then added back to the beans and evaporated dry. This is because the other chemicals removed from the beans add to the flavour. This leaves decaffeinated coffee beans with minimal loss of flavour.

===Supercritical Carbon Dioxide Extraction===

Supercritical carbon dioxide is an excellent nonpolar solvent for caffeine. Carbon dioxide is forced through the coffee beans at temperatures above 31.1 °C and pressures above 73 atm. In these conditions carbon dioxide is a supercritical fluid. It has gaslike properties which allow it to penetrate deep into the beans but also liquid-like properties which dissolve 97–99% of the caffeine. The caffeine filled carbon dioxide is then sprayed with high pressure water to remove the caffeine. The caffeine can then be passed through activated charcoal, the same as above, to remove the pure caffeine powder.