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https://chemwiki.ch.ic.ac.uk/index.php?title=It:Tamoxifen&diff=4449
It:Tamoxifen
2006-10-27T10:46:44Z
<p>Srs05: /* Step 5 */</p>
<hr />
<div>=Tamoxifen=<br />
==Structures and 3D Image==<br />
[[Image:Tamoxifen.png|left|10|Structure of Tamoxifen]]<br />
Structure of Tamoxifen <sup>1,2</sup><br />
<jmol><br />
<jmolApplet><br />
<size>400</size><br />
<color>white</color><br />
<script>zoom 150; ball and stick on;frame 1; move 10 -20 10 0 0 0 0 0 3; delay 1;</script><br />
<inlineContents><br />
HEADER CSD ENTRY TTAMOX01<br />
COMPND UNNAMED<br />
AUTHOR GENERATED BY CONQUEST<br />
CRYST1 41.630 5.747 30.679 90.00 142.90 90.00 C 2/c 8<br />
ATOM 1 C1 UNK 0 1 16.197 1.751 16.833 1.00 0.00<br />
ATOM 2 C2 UNK 0 1 16.883 0.621 16.433 1.00 0.00<br />
ATOM 3 C3 UNK 0 1 17.319 0.512 15.121 1.00 0.00<br />
ATOM 4 C4 UNK 0 1 17.077 1.518 14.187 1.00 0.00<br />
ATOM 5 C5 UNK 0 1 16.413 2.654 14.620 1.00 0.00<br />
ATOM 6 C6 UNK 0 1 15.975 2.779 15.939 1.00 0.00<br />
ATOM 7 C7 UNK 0 1 17.558 1.390 12.775 1.00 0.00<br />
ATOM 8 C8 UNK 0 1 16.794 1.665 11.699 1.00 0.00<br />
ATOM 9 C9 UNK 0 1 17.353 1.702 10.291 1.00 0.00<br />
ATOM 10 C10 UNK 0 1 16.798 0.602 9.401 1.00 0.00<br />
ATOM 11 O1 UNK 0 1 15.777 1.765 18.145 1.00 0.00<br />
ATOM 12 C11 UNK 0 1 15.059 2.927 18.600 1.00 0.00<br />
ATOM 13 C12 UNK 0 1 14.568 2.659 20.001 1.00 0.00<br />
ATOM 14 C13 UNK 0 1 19.000 0.984 12.660 1.00 0.00<br />
ATOM 15 C14 UNK 0 1 19.386 -0.194 12.044 1.00 0.00<br />
ATOM 16 C15 UNK 0 1 20.751 -0.532 11.962 1.00 0.00<br />
ATOM 17 C16 UNK 0 1 21.691 0.304 12.504 1.00 0.00<br />
ATOM 18 C17 UNK 0 1 21.325 1.452 13.124 1.00 0.00<br />
ATOM 19 C18 UNK 0 1 19.975 1.802 13.217 1.00 0.00<br />
ATOM 20 C19 UNK 0 1 15.333 1.949 11.812 1.00 0.00<br />
ATOM 21 C20 UNK 0 1 14.487 1.049 12.430 1.00 0.00<br />
ATOM 22 C21 UNK 0 1 13.121 1.303 12.519 1.00 0.00<br />
ATOM 23 C22 UNK 0 1 12.602 2.459 11.992 1.00 0.00<br />
ATOM 24 C23 UNK 0 1 13.423 3.351 11.368 1.00 0.00<br />
ATOM 25 C24 UNK 0 1 14.781 3.099 11.270 1.00 0.00<br />
ATOM 26 C25 UNK 0 1 12.198 2.430 19.709 1.00 0.00<br />
ATOM 27 N1 UNK 0 1 13.355 1.779 19.870 1.00 0.00<br />
ATOM 28 C26 UNK 0 1 13.516 0.549 20.070 1.00 0.00<br />
CONECT 1 2 6 11<br />
CONECT 2 1 3<br />
CONECT 3 2 4<br />
CONECT 4 3 5 7<br />
CONECT 5 4 6<br />
CONECT 6 1 5<br />
CONECT 7 4 8 14<br />
CONECT 8 7 9 20<br />
CONECT 9 8 10<br />
CONECT 10 9<br />
CONECT 11 1 12<br />
CONECT 12 11 13<br />
CONECT 13 12 27<br />
CONECT 14 7 15 19<br />
CONECT 15 14 16<br />
CONECT 16 15 17<br />
CONECT 17 16 18<br />
CONECT 18 17 19<br />
CONECT 19 14 18<br />
CONECT 20 8 21 25<br />
CONECT 21 20 22<br />
CONECT 22 21 23<br />
CONECT 23 22 24<br />
CONECT 24 23 25<br />
CONECT 25 20 24<br />
CONECT 26 27<br />
CONECT 27 13 26 28<br />
CONECT 28 27<br />
MASTER 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 28 0 28 0<br />
END<br />
</inlineContents><br />
</jmolApplet><br />
</jmol><br />
<br />
==Chemical Information==<br />
{| border="1" <br />
|-<br />
! IUPAC name<br />
|(Z) 2-[4-(1,2-diphenylbut-1-enyl)phenoxy]-N,N-dimethyl-ethanamine.<br />
|-<br />
! Chemical Formula<br />
|C<sub>26</sub>H<sub>29</sub>NO<br />
|-<br />
!Molecular Weight<br />
|371.52 g mol<sup>-1</sup><br />
|-<br />
!Melting Point<br />
|96-98<sup>o</sup>C<br />
|-<br />
! Type of Substance<br />
|White, Odourless Crystals<br />
|}<br />
==What is Tamoxifen Used For?==<br />
Tamoxifen is currently the most popular drug used for the treatment of breast cancer in women. Tamoxifen was discovered by AstraZeneca (formally known as ICI Pharmaceuticals) and is commercially known as Nolvadex, Istubal and Valodex. It is taken as a tablet <br />
<br />
It has also been found that Tamoxifen can be used to treat other ailments, such as osteoporosis and gynecomastia in men.<br />
<br />
==How Does Tamoxifen Work?==<br />
The primary function of Tamoxifen is as an anti-oestrogen drug, which means it reduces or stops the action of oestrogen.[http://www.cancer-info.com/tamoxifen.htm 3]<br />
<br />
Breast cancer is hormone-related and relies on the supply of sex hormones, particularly oestrogen, to grow. Cancers with oestrogen receptors on the surface of their cells are called `oestrogen receptor positive' (ER positive). Oestrogen can fit directly into the active site on these receptors and causes the cells to divide and the tumour to grow (see Figure 1).[http://www.fareston.com/d_living/d3.html 4]<br />
<br />
Tamoxifen has a similar structure to oestrogen and works by imitating the action of oestrogen and fits into the active sites of the receptors. However, tamoxifen does not cause the cells to divide, but remains in place and prevents the oestrogen from getting to the cancer cells, therefore they either grow more slowly or stop growing altogether (see Figure 2).<br />
[[Image:Figure_1.jpg|200|Action of oestrogen binding to oestrogen receptor]] [[Image:Figure_2.jpg|200|Action of Tamoxifen blocking oestrogen binding to cancer cell]]<br />
<br />
==How is Tamoxifen made?==<br />
===Synthesis of Tamoxifen via a carbometalation of alkynylsilanes===<br />
====Step 1====<br />
[[Image:step1tamoxifen.PNG|200|1st step in reaction path for tamoxifen]]<br />
This is the 1st step in this synthesis. The reagents are Et<sub>2</sub>AlCl, Cp<sub>2</sub>TiCl<sub>2</sub>, CH<sub>2</sub>Cl<sub>2</sub>. The product of this step in the reaction is then cleaved with NBS (N-bromosuccinimide)at -78<sup>o</sup>C or 195.15K. The yield for this step is shown below the arrow.<br />
====Step 2====<br />
[[Image:step2tamoxifen.PNG|200|2nd step in reaction path for tamoxifen]]<br />
This is the next step in the synthesis of tamoxifen. The reagents are PhZnCl, Pd(PPh<sub>3</sub>)<sub>4</sub> (this is the catalyst), THF, and this is under reflux.<br />
====Step 3====<br />
[[Image:step3tamoxifen.PNG|200|3rd step in reaction path for tamoxifen]]<br />
The reagents for the step are Br<sub>2</sub>, CH<sub>2</sub>Cl, NaOMe/MeOH, Temperature is -78<sup>o</sup>C to Room Temperature<br />
====Step 4====<br />
[[Image:step4tamoxifen.PNG|200|4th step in reaction path for tamoxifen]]<br />
The reagents are p-MeOC , H<sub>4</sub>ZnCl, Pd(PPh<sub>3</sub>)<sub>4</sub> (this is the catalyst), THF. The reaction happens under reflux.<br />
====Step 5====<br />
[[Image:step5tamoxifen.PNG|200|last step in reaction path for tamoxifen]]<br />
This last step takes place in 4 smaller steps. The 1 of these steps has the reagents NaSEt, DMF, and takes place under reflux. 2nd has reagents ClCH<sub>3</sub>, CH<sub>2</sub>NMe<sub>2</sub>, HCl, NaOEt, EtOH and also takes place under reflux conditions. 3rd: HCl<sub>(g)</sub> Et<sub>2</sub>O. The last step has reagent 0.5M NaOH <sup>6</sup><br />
<br />
==Side Effects of using Tamoxifen==<br />
The most common side-effects of taking Tamoxifen in pre-menopausal women are:<br />
*nausea <br />
*hot flushes and sweats <br />
some less common side-effects include <br />
*headaches<br />
*tiredness<br />
*dizziness. <br />
<br />
For post-menopausal women who take Tamoxifen over a long period of time, there is a slightly increased risk of developing endometrial cancer, however, if detected early, treatment for this is usually successful and the benefits of taking Tamoxifen in treating breast-cancer far outweigh this small risk.[http://www.cancerbackup.org.uk/Treatments/Hormonaltherapies/Individualhormonaltherapies/Tamoxifen 5]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
*1 - MDS Crossfire Commander Beilstein: Structure<br />
*2 - Conquest (Cambridge Crystal Structure Database): 3D image<br />
*3 - www.cancer-info.com/tamoxifen.htm<br />
*4 - www.fareston.com/d_living/d3.html<br />
*5 - www.cancerbackup.org.uk/Treatments/Hormonaltherapies/Individualhormonaltherapies/Tamoxifen<br />
*6 - R. Bryan Miller, Mohammed I. Al-Hassan ''Stereospecific Synthesis of (Z) - Tamoxifen via Carbometalation of Alkynylsilanes'' J. Org. Chem. 1985 '''50''', 2121-2123</div>
Srs05
https://chemwiki.ch.ic.ac.uk/index.php?title=It:Tamoxifen&diff=4448
It:Tamoxifen
2006-10-27T10:46:29Z
<p>Srs05: /* References */</p>
<hr />
<div>=Tamoxifen=<br />
==Structures and 3D Image==<br />
[[Image:Tamoxifen.png|left|10|Structure of Tamoxifen]]<br />
Structure of Tamoxifen <sup>1,2</sup><br />
<jmol><br />
<jmolApplet><br />
<size>400</size><br />
<color>white</color><br />
<script>zoom 150; ball and stick on;frame 1; move 10 -20 10 0 0 0 0 0 3; delay 1;</script><br />
<inlineContents><br />
HEADER CSD ENTRY TTAMOX01<br />
COMPND UNNAMED<br />
AUTHOR GENERATED BY CONQUEST<br />
CRYST1 41.630 5.747 30.679 90.00 142.90 90.00 C 2/c 8<br />
ATOM 1 C1 UNK 0 1 16.197 1.751 16.833 1.00 0.00<br />
ATOM 2 C2 UNK 0 1 16.883 0.621 16.433 1.00 0.00<br />
ATOM 3 C3 UNK 0 1 17.319 0.512 15.121 1.00 0.00<br />
ATOM 4 C4 UNK 0 1 17.077 1.518 14.187 1.00 0.00<br />
ATOM 5 C5 UNK 0 1 16.413 2.654 14.620 1.00 0.00<br />
ATOM 6 C6 UNK 0 1 15.975 2.779 15.939 1.00 0.00<br />
ATOM 7 C7 UNK 0 1 17.558 1.390 12.775 1.00 0.00<br />
ATOM 8 C8 UNK 0 1 16.794 1.665 11.699 1.00 0.00<br />
ATOM 9 C9 UNK 0 1 17.353 1.702 10.291 1.00 0.00<br />
ATOM 10 C10 UNK 0 1 16.798 0.602 9.401 1.00 0.00<br />
ATOM 11 O1 UNK 0 1 15.777 1.765 18.145 1.00 0.00<br />
ATOM 12 C11 UNK 0 1 15.059 2.927 18.600 1.00 0.00<br />
ATOM 13 C12 UNK 0 1 14.568 2.659 20.001 1.00 0.00<br />
ATOM 14 C13 UNK 0 1 19.000 0.984 12.660 1.00 0.00<br />
ATOM 15 C14 UNK 0 1 19.386 -0.194 12.044 1.00 0.00<br />
ATOM 16 C15 UNK 0 1 20.751 -0.532 11.962 1.00 0.00<br />
ATOM 17 C16 UNK 0 1 21.691 0.304 12.504 1.00 0.00<br />
ATOM 18 C17 UNK 0 1 21.325 1.452 13.124 1.00 0.00<br />
ATOM 19 C18 UNK 0 1 19.975 1.802 13.217 1.00 0.00<br />
ATOM 20 C19 UNK 0 1 15.333 1.949 11.812 1.00 0.00<br />
ATOM 21 C20 UNK 0 1 14.487 1.049 12.430 1.00 0.00<br />
ATOM 22 C21 UNK 0 1 13.121 1.303 12.519 1.00 0.00<br />
ATOM 23 C22 UNK 0 1 12.602 2.459 11.992 1.00 0.00<br />
ATOM 24 C23 UNK 0 1 13.423 3.351 11.368 1.00 0.00<br />
ATOM 25 C24 UNK 0 1 14.781 3.099 11.270 1.00 0.00<br />
ATOM 26 C25 UNK 0 1 12.198 2.430 19.709 1.00 0.00<br />
ATOM 27 N1 UNK 0 1 13.355 1.779 19.870 1.00 0.00<br />
ATOM 28 C26 UNK 0 1 13.516 0.549 20.070 1.00 0.00<br />
CONECT 1 2 6 11<br />
CONECT 2 1 3<br />
CONECT 3 2 4<br />
CONECT 4 3 5 7<br />
CONECT 5 4 6<br />
CONECT 6 1 5<br />
CONECT 7 4 8 14<br />
CONECT 8 7 9 20<br />
CONECT 9 8 10<br />
CONECT 10 9<br />
CONECT 11 1 12<br />
CONECT 12 11 13<br />
CONECT 13 12 27<br />
CONECT 14 7 15 19<br />
CONECT 15 14 16<br />
CONECT 16 15 17<br />
CONECT 17 16 18<br />
CONECT 18 17 19<br />
CONECT 19 14 18<br />
CONECT 20 8 21 25<br />
CONECT 21 20 22<br />
CONECT 22 21 23<br />
CONECT 23 22 24<br />
CONECT 24 23 25<br />
CONECT 25 20 24<br />
CONECT 26 27<br />
CONECT 27 13 26 28<br />
CONECT 28 27<br />
MASTER 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 28 0 28 0<br />
END<br />
</inlineContents><br />
</jmolApplet><br />
</jmol><br />
<br />
==Chemical Information==<br />
{| border="1" <br />
|-<br />
! IUPAC name<br />
|(Z) 2-[4-(1,2-diphenylbut-1-enyl)phenoxy]-N,N-dimethyl-ethanamine.<br />
|-<br />
! Chemical Formula<br />
|C<sub>26</sub>H<sub>29</sub>NO<br />
|-<br />
!Molecular Weight<br />
|371.52 g mol<sup>-1</sup><br />
|-<br />
!Melting Point<br />
|96-98<sup>o</sup>C<br />
|-<br />
! Type of Substance<br />
|White, Odourless Crystals<br />
|}<br />
==What is Tamoxifen Used For?==<br />
Tamoxifen is currently the most popular drug used for the treatment of breast cancer in women. Tamoxifen was discovered by AstraZeneca (formally known as ICI Pharmaceuticals) and is commercially known as Nolvadex, Istubal and Valodex. It is taken as a tablet <br />
<br />
It has also been found that Tamoxifen can be used to treat other ailments, such as osteoporosis and gynecomastia in men.<br />
<br />
==How Does Tamoxifen Work?==<br />
The primary function of Tamoxifen is as an anti-oestrogen drug, which means it reduces or stops the action of oestrogen.[http://www.cancer-info.com/tamoxifen.htm 3]<br />
<br />
Breast cancer is hormone-related and relies on the supply of sex hormones, particularly oestrogen, to grow. Cancers with oestrogen receptors on the surface of their cells are called `oestrogen receptor positive' (ER positive). Oestrogen can fit directly into the active site on these receptors and causes the cells to divide and the tumour to grow (see Figure 1).[http://www.fareston.com/d_living/d3.html 4]<br />
<br />
Tamoxifen has a similar structure to oestrogen and works by imitating the action of oestrogen and fits into the active sites of the receptors. However, tamoxifen does not cause the cells to divide, but remains in place and prevents the oestrogen from getting to the cancer cells, therefore they either grow more slowly or stop growing altogether (see Figure 2).<br />
[[Image:Figure_1.jpg|200|Action of oestrogen binding to oestrogen receptor]] [[Image:Figure_2.jpg|200|Action of Tamoxifen blocking oestrogen binding to cancer cell]]<br />
<br />
==How is Tamoxifen made?==<br />
===Synthesis of Tamoxifen via a carbometalation of alkynylsilanes===<br />
====Step 1====<br />
[[Image:step1tamoxifen.PNG|200|1st step in reaction path for tamoxifen]]<br />
This is the 1st step in this synthesis. The reagents are Et<sub>2</sub>AlCl, Cp<sub>2</sub>TiCl<sub>2</sub>, CH<sub>2</sub>Cl<sub>2</sub>. The product of this step in the reaction is then cleaved with NBS (N-bromosuccinimide)at -78<sup>o</sup>C or 195.15K. The yield for this step is shown below the arrow.<br />
====Step 2====<br />
[[Image:step2tamoxifen.PNG|200|2nd step in reaction path for tamoxifen]]<br />
This is the next step in the synthesis of tamoxifen. The reagents are PhZnCl, Pd(PPh<sub>3</sub>)<sub>4</sub> (this is the catalyst), THF, and this is under reflux.<br />
====Step 3====<br />
[[Image:step3tamoxifen.PNG|200|3rd step in reaction path for tamoxifen]]<br />
The reagents for the step are Br<sub>2</sub>, CH<sub>2</sub>Cl, NaOMe/MeOH, Temperature is -78<sup>o</sup>C to Room Temperature<br />
====Step 4====<br />
[[Image:step4tamoxifen.PNG|200|4th step in reaction path for tamoxifen]]<br />
The reagents are p-MeOC , H<sub>4</sub>ZnCl, Pd(PPh<sub>3</sub>)<sub>4</sub> (this is the catalyst), THF. The reaction happens under reflux.<br />
====Step 5====<br />
[[Image:step5tamoxifen.PNG|200|last step in reaction path for tamoxifen]]<br />
This last step takes place in 4 smaller steps. The 1 of these steps has the reagents NaSEt, DMF, and takes place under reflux. 2nd has reagents ClCH<sub>3</sub>, CH<sub>2</sub>NMe<sub>2</sub>, HCl, NaOEt, EtOH and also takes place under reflux conditions. 3rd: HCl<sub>(g)</sub> Et<sub>2</sub>O. The last step has reagent 0.5M NaOH <sub>6</sub><br />
<br />
==Side Effects of using Tamoxifen==<br />
The most common side-effects of taking Tamoxifen in pre-menopausal women are:<br />
*nausea <br />
*hot flushes and sweats <br />
some less common side-effects include <br />
*headaches<br />
*tiredness<br />
*dizziness. <br />
<br />
For post-menopausal women who take Tamoxifen over a long period of time, there is a slightly increased risk of developing endometrial cancer, however, if detected early, treatment for this is usually successful and the benefits of taking Tamoxifen in treating breast-cancer far outweigh this small risk.[http://www.cancerbackup.org.uk/Treatments/Hormonaltherapies/Individualhormonaltherapies/Tamoxifen 5]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
*1 - MDS Crossfire Commander Beilstein: Structure<br />
*2 - Conquest (Cambridge Crystal Structure Database): 3D image<br />
*3 - www.cancer-info.com/tamoxifen.htm<br />
*4 - www.fareston.com/d_living/d3.html<br />
*5 - www.cancerbackup.org.uk/Treatments/Hormonaltherapies/Individualhormonaltherapies/Tamoxifen<br />
*6 - R. Bryan Miller, Mohammed I. Al-Hassan ''Stereospecific Synthesis of (Z) - Tamoxifen via Carbometalation of Alkynylsilanes'' J. Org. Chem. 1985 '''50''', 2121-2123</div>
Srs05
https://chemwiki.ch.ic.ac.uk/index.php?title=It:Tamoxifen&diff=4445
It:Tamoxifen
2006-10-27T10:43:07Z
<p>Srs05: /* Step 5 */</p>
<hr />
<div>=Tamoxifen=<br />
==Structures and 3D Image==<br />
[[Image:Tamoxifen.png|left|10|Structure of Tamoxifen]]<br />
Structure of Tamoxifen <sup>1,2</sup><br />
<jmol><br />
<jmolApplet><br />
<size>400</size><br />
<color>white</color><br />
<script>zoom 150; ball and stick on;frame 1; move 10 -20 10 0 0 0 0 0 3; delay 1;</script><br />
<inlineContents><br />
HEADER CSD ENTRY TTAMOX01<br />
COMPND UNNAMED<br />
AUTHOR GENERATED BY CONQUEST<br />
CRYST1 41.630 5.747 30.679 90.00 142.90 90.00 C 2/c 8<br />
ATOM 1 C1 UNK 0 1 16.197 1.751 16.833 1.00 0.00<br />
ATOM 2 C2 UNK 0 1 16.883 0.621 16.433 1.00 0.00<br />
ATOM 3 C3 UNK 0 1 17.319 0.512 15.121 1.00 0.00<br />
ATOM 4 C4 UNK 0 1 17.077 1.518 14.187 1.00 0.00<br />
ATOM 5 C5 UNK 0 1 16.413 2.654 14.620 1.00 0.00<br />
ATOM 6 C6 UNK 0 1 15.975 2.779 15.939 1.00 0.00<br />
ATOM 7 C7 UNK 0 1 17.558 1.390 12.775 1.00 0.00<br />
ATOM 8 C8 UNK 0 1 16.794 1.665 11.699 1.00 0.00<br />
ATOM 9 C9 UNK 0 1 17.353 1.702 10.291 1.00 0.00<br />
ATOM 10 C10 UNK 0 1 16.798 0.602 9.401 1.00 0.00<br />
ATOM 11 O1 UNK 0 1 15.777 1.765 18.145 1.00 0.00<br />
ATOM 12 C11 UNK 0 1 15.059 2.927 18.600 1.00 0.00<br />
ATOM 13 C12 UNK 0 1 14.568 2.659 20.001 1.00 0.00<br />
ATOM 14 C13 UNK 0 1 19.000 0.984 12.660 1.00 0.00<br />
ATOM 15 C14 UNK 0 1 19.386 -0.194 12.044 1.00 0.00<br />
ATOM 16 C15 UNK 0 1 20.751 -0.532 11.962 1.00 0.00<br />
ATOM 17 C16 UNK 0 1 21.691 0.304 12.504 1.00 0.00<br />
ATOM 18 C17 UNK 0 1 21.325 1.452 13.124 1.00 0.00<br />
ATOM 19 C18 UNK 0 1 19.975 1.802 13.217 1.00 0.00<br />
ATOM 20 C19 UNK 0 1 15.333 1.949 11.812 1.00 0.00<br />
ATOM 21 C20 UNK 0 1 14.487 1.049 12.430 1.00 0.00<br />
ATOM 22 C21 UNK 0 1 13.121 1.303 12.519 1.00 0.00<br />
ATOM 23 C22 UNK 0 1 12.602 2.459 11.992 1.00 0.00<br />
ATOM 24 C23 UNK 0 1 13.423 3.351 11.368 1.00 0.00<br />
ATOM 25 C24 UNK 0 1 14.781 3.099 11.270 1.00 0.00<br />
ATOM 26 C25 UNK 0 1 12.198 2.430 19.709 1.00 0.00<br />
ATOM 27 N1 UNK 0 1 13.355 1.779 19.870 1.00 0.00<br />
ATOM 28 C26 UNK 0 1 13.516 0.549 20.070 1.00 0.00<br />
CONECT 1 2 6 11<br />
CONECT 2 1 3<br />
CONECT 3 2 4<br />
CONECT 4 3 5 7<br />
CONECT 5 4 6<br />
CONECT 6 1 5<br />
CONECT 7 4 8 14<br />
CONECT 8 7 9 20<br />
CONECT 9 8 10<br />
CONECT 10 9<br />
CONECT 11 1 12<br />
CONECT 12 11 13<br />
CONECT 13 12 27<br />
CONECT 14 7 15 19<br />
CONECT 15 14 16<br />
CONECT 16 15 17<br />
CONECT 17 16 18<br />
CONECT 18 17 19<br />
CONECT 19 14 18<br />
CONECT 20 8 21 25<br />
CONECT 21 20 22<br />
CONECT 22 21 23<br />
CONECT 23 22 24<br />
CONECT 24 23 25<br />
CONECT 25 20 24<br />
CONECT 26 27<br />
CONECT 27 13 26 28<br />
CONECT 28 27<br />
MASTER 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 28 0 28 0<br />
END<br />
</inlineContents><br />
</jmolApplet><br />
</jmol><br />
<br />
==Chemical Information==<br />
{| border="1" <br />
|-<br />
! IUPAC name<br />
|(Z) 2-[4-(1,2-diphenylbut-1-enyl)phenoxy]-N,N-dimethyl-ethanamine.<br />
|-<br />
! Chemical Formula<br />
|C<sub>26</sub>H<sub>29</sub>NO<br />
|-<br />
!Molecular Weight<br />
|371.52 g mol<sup>-1</sup><br />
|-<br />
!Melting Point<br />
|96-98<sup>o</sup>C<br />
|-<br />
! Type of Substance<br />
|White, Odourless Crystals<br />
|}<br />
==What is Tamoxifen Used For?==<br />
Tamoxifen is currently the most popular drug used for the treatment of breast cancer in women. Tamoxifen was discovered by AstraZeneca (formally known as ICI Pharmaceuticals) and is commercially known as Nolvadex, Istubal and Valodex. It is taken as a tablet <br />
<br />
It has also been found that Tamoxifen can be used to treat other ailments, such as osteoporosis and gynecomastia in men.<br />
<br />
==How Does Tamoxifen Work?==<br />
The primary function of Tamoxifen is as an anti-oestrogen drug, which means it reduces or stops the action of oestrogen.[http://www.cancer-info.com/tamoxifen.htm 3]<br />
<br />
Breast cancer is hormone-related and relies on the supply of sex hormones, particularly oestrogen, to grow. Cancers with oestrogen receptors on the surface of their cells are called `oestrogen receptor positive' (ER positive). Oestrogen can fit directly into the active site on these receptors and causes the cells to divide and the tumour to grow (see Figure 1).[http://www.fareston.com/d_living/d3.html 4]<br />
<br />
Tamoxifen has a similar structure to oestrogen and works by imitating the action of oestrogen and fits into the active sites of the receptors. However, tamoxifen does not cause the cells to divide, but remains in place and prevents the oestrogen from getting to the cancer cells, therefore they either grow more slowly or stop growing altogether (see Figure 2).<br />
[[Image:Figure_1.jpg|200|Action of oestrogen binding to oestrogen receptor]] [[Image:Figure_2.jpg|200|Action of Tamoxifen blocking oestrogen binding to cancer cell]]<br />
<br />
==How is Tamoxifen made?==<br />
===Synthesis of Tamoxifen via a carbometalation of alkynylsilanes===<br />
====Step 1====<br />
[[Image:step1tamoxifen.PNG|200|1st step in reaction path for tamoxifen]]<br />
This is the 1st step in this synthesis. The reagents are Et<sub>2</sub>AlCl, Cp<sub>2</sub>TiCl<sub>2</sub>, CH<sub>2</sub>Cl<sub>2</sub>. The product of this step in the reaction is then cleaved with NBS (N-bromosuccinimide)at -78<sup>o</sup>C or 195.15K. The yield for this step is shown below the arrow.<br />
====Step 2====<br />
[[Image:step2tamoxifen.PNG|200|2nd step in reaction path for tamoxifen]]<br />
This is the next step in the synthesis of tamoxifen. The reagents are PhZnCl, Pd(PPh<sub>3</sub>)<sub>4</sub> (this is the catalyst), THF, and this is under reflux.<br />
====Step 3====<br />
[[Image:step3tamoxifen.PNG|200|3rd step in reaction path for tamoxifen]]<br />
The reagents for the step are Br<sub>2</sub>, CH<sub>2</sub>Cl, NaOMe/MeOH, Temperature is -78<sup>o</sup>C to Room Temperature<br />
====Step 4====<br />
[[Image:step4tamoxifen.PNG|200|4th step in reaction path for tamoxifen]]<br />
The reagents are p-MeOC , H<sub>4</sub>ZnCl, Pd(PPh<sub>3</sub>)<sub>4</sub> (this is the catalyst), THF. The reaction happens under reflux.<br />
====Step 5====<br />
[[Image:step5tamoxifen.PNG|200|last step in reaction path for tamoxifen]]<br />
This last step takes place in 4 smaller steps. The 1 of these steps has the reagents NaSEt, DMF, and takes place under reflux. 2nd has reagents ClCH<sub>3</sub>, CH<sub>2</sub>NMe<sub>2</sub>, HCl, NaOEt, EtOH and also takes place under reflux conditions. 3rd: HCl<sub>(g)</sub> Et<sub>2</sub>O. The last step has reagent 0.5M NaOH <sub>6</sub><br />
<br />
==Side Effects of using Tamoxifen==<br />
The most common side-effects of taking Tamoxifen in pre-menopausal women are:<br />
*nausea <br />
*hot flushes and sweats <br />
some less common side-effects include <br />
*headaches<br />
*tiredness<br />
*dizziness. <br />
<br />
For post-menopausal women who take Tamoxifen over a long period of time, there is a slightly increased risk of developing endometrial cancer, however, if detected early, treatment for this is usually successful and the benefits of taking Tamoxifen in treating breast-cancer far outweigh this small risk.[http://www.cancerbackup.org.uk/Treatments/Hormonaltherapies/Individualhormonaltherapies/Tamoxifen 5]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
*1 - MDS Crossfire Commander Beilstein: Structure<br />
*2 - Conquest (Cambridge Crystal Structure Database): 3D image<br />
*3 - www.cancer-info.com/tamoxifen.htm<br />
*4 - www.fareston.com/d_living/d3.html<br />
*5 - www.cancerbackup.org.uk/Treatments/Hormonaltherapies/Individualhormonaltherapies/Tamoxifen</div>
Srs05
https://chemwiki.ch.ic.ac.uk/index.php?title=It:Tamoxifen&diff=4444
It:Tamoxifen
2006-10-27T10:41:02Z
<p>Srs05: /* What is Tamoxifen Used For? */</p>
<hr />
<div>=Tamoxifen=<br />
==Structures and 3D Image==<br />
[[Image:Tamoxifen.png|left|10|Structure of Tamoxifen]]<br />
Structure of Tamoxifen <sup>1,2</sup><br />
<jmol><br />
<jmolApplet><br />
<size>400</size><br />
<color>white</color><br />
<script>zoom 150; ball and stick on;frame 1; move 10 -20 10 0 0 0 0 0 3; delay 1;</script><br />
<inlineContents><br />
HEADER CSD ENTRY TTAMOX01<br />
COMPND UNNAMED<br />
AUTHOR GENERATED BY CONQUEST<br />
CRYST1 41.630 5.747 30.679 90.00 142.90 90.00 C 2/c 8<br />
ATOM 1 C1 UNK 0 1 16.197 1.751 16.833 1.00 0.00<br />
ATOM 2 C2 UNK 0 1 16.883 0.621 16.433 1.00 0.00<br />
ATOM 3 C3 UNK 0 1 17.319 0.512 15.121 1.00 0.00<br />
ATOM 4 C4 UNK 0 1 17.077 1.518 14.187 1.00 0.00<br />
ATOM 5 C5 UNK 0 1 16.413 2.654 14.620 1.00 0.00<br />
ATOM 6 C6 UNK 0 1 15.975 2.779 15.939 1.00 0.00<br />
ATOM 7 C7 UNK 0 1 17.558 1.390 12.775 1.00 0.00<br />
ATOM 8 C8 UNK 0 1 16.794 1.665 11.699 1.00 0.00<br />
ATOM 9 C9 UNK 0 1 17.353 1.702 10.291 1.00 0.00<br />
ATOM 10 C10 UNK 0 1 16.798 0.602 9.401 1.00 0.00<br />
ATOM 11 O1 UNK 0 1 15.777 1.765 18.145 1.00 0.00<br />
ATOM 12 C11 UNK 0 1 15.059 2.927 18.600 1.00 0.00<br />
ATOM 13 C12 UNK 0 1 14.568 2.659 20.001 1.00 0.00<br />
ATOM 14 C13 UNK 0 1 19.000 0.984 12.660 1.00 0.00<br />
ATOM 15 C14 UNK 0 1 19.386 -0.194 12.044 1.00 0.00<br />
ATOM 16 C15 UNK 0 1 20.751 -0.532 11.962 1.00 0.00<br />
ATOM 17 C16 UNK 0 1 21.691 0.304 12.504 1.00 0.00<br />
ATOM 18 C17 UNK 0 1 21.325 1.452 13.124 1.00 0.00<br />
ATOM 19 C18 UNK 0 1 19.975 1.802 13.217 1.00 0.00<br />
ATOM 20 C19 UNK 0 1 15.333 1.949 11.812 1.00 0.00<br />
ATOM 21 C20 UNK 0 1 14.487 1.049 12.430 1.00 0.00<br />
ATOM 22 C21 UNK 0 1 13.121 1.303 12.519 1.00 0.00<br />
ATOM 23 C22 UNK 0 1 12.602 2.459 11.992 1.00 0.00<br />
ATOM 24 C23 UNK 0 1 13.423 3.351 11.368 1.00 0.00<br />
ATOM 25 C24 UNK 0 1 14.781 3.099 11.270 1.00 0.00<br />
ATOM 26 C25 UNK 0 1 12.198 2.430 19.709 1.00 0.00<br />
ATOM 27 N1 UNK 0 1 13.355 1.779 19.870 1.00 0.00<br />
ATOM 28 C26 UNK 0 1 13.516 0.549 20.070 1.00 0.00<br />
CONECT 1 2 6 11<br />
CONECT 2 1 3<br />
CONECT 3 2 4<br />
CONECT 4 3 5 7<br />
CONECT 5 4 6<br />
CONECT 6 1 5<br />
CONECT 7 4 8 14<br />
CONECT 8 7 9 20<br />
CONECT 9 8 10<br />
CONECT 10 9<br />
CONECT 11 1 12<br />
CONECT 12 11 13<br />
CONECT 13 12 27<br />
CONECT 14 7 15 19<br />
CONECT 15 14 16<br />
CONECT 16 15 17<br />
CONECT 17 16 18<br />
CONECT 18 17 19<br />
CONECT 19 14 18<br />
CONECT 20 8 21 25<br />
CONECT 21 20 22<br />
CONECT 22 21 23<br />
CONECT 23 22 24<br />
CONECT 24 23 25<br />
CONECT 25 20 24<br />
CONECT 26 27<br />
CONECT 27 13 26 28<br />
CONECT 28 27<br />
MASTER 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 28 0 28 0<br />
END<br />
</inlineContents><br />
</jmolApplet><br />
</jmol><br />
<br />
==Chemical Information==<br />
{| border="1" <br />
|-<br />
! IUPAC name<br />
|(Z) 2-[4-(1,2-diphenylbut-1-enyl)phenoxy]-N,N-dimethyl-ethanamine.<br />
|-<br />
! Chemical Formula<br />
|C<sub>26</sub>H<sub>29</sub>NO<br />
|-<br />
!Molecular Weight<br />
|371.52 g mol<sup>-1</sup><br />
|-<br />
!Melting Point<br />
|96-98<sup>o</sup>C<br />
|-<br />
! Type of Substance<br />
|White, Odourless Crystals<br />
|}<br />
==What is Tamoxifen Used For?==<br />
Tamoxifen is currently the most popular drug used for the treatment of breast cancer in women. Tamoxifen was discovered by AstraZeneca (formally known as ICI Pharmaceuticals) and is commercially known as Nolvadex, Istubal and Valodex. It is taken as a tablet <br />
<br />
It has also been found that Tamoxifen can be used to treat other ailments, such as osteoporosis and gynecomastia in men.<br />
<br />
==How Does Tamoxifen Work?==<br />
The primary function of Tamoxifen is as an anti-oestrogen drug, which means it reduces or stops the action of oestrogen.[http://www.cancer-info.com/tamoxifen.htm 3]<br />
<br />
Breast cancer is hormone-related and relies on the supply of sex hormones, particularly oestrogen, to grow. Cancers with oestrogen receptors on the surface of their cells are called `oestrogen receptor positive' (ER positive). Oestrogen can fit directly into the active site on these receptors and causes the cells to divide and the tumour to grow (see Figure 1).[http://www.fareston.com/d_living/d3.html 4]<br />
<br />
Tamoxifen has a similar structure to oestrogen and works by imitating the action of oestrogen and fits into the active sites of the receptors. However, tamoxifen does not cause the cells to divide, but remains in place and prevents the oestrogen from getting to the cancer cells, therefore they either grow more slowly or stop growing altogether (see Figure 2).<br />
[[Image:Figure_1.jpg|200|Action of oestrogen binding to oestrogen receptor]] [[Image:Figure_2.jpg|200|Action of Tamoxifen blocking oestrogen binding to cancer cell]]<br />
<br />
==How is Tamoxifen made?==<br />
===Synthesis of Tamoxifen via a carbometalation of alkynylsilanes===<br />
====Step 1====<br />
[[Image:step1tamoxifen.PNG|200|1st step in reaction path for tamoxifen]]<br />
This is the 1st step in this synthesis. The reagents are Et<sub>2</sub>AlCl, Cp<sub>2</sub>TiCl<sub>2</sub>, CH<sub>2</sub>Cl<sub>2</sub>. The product of this step in the reaction is then cleaved with NBS (N-bromosuccinimide)at -78<sup>o</sup>C or 195.15K. The yield for this step is shown below the arrow.<br />
====Step 2====<br />
[[Image:step2tamoxifen.PNG|200|2nd step in reaction path for tamoxifen]]<br />
This is the next step in the synthesis of tamoxifen. The reagents are PhZnCl, Pd(PPh<sub>3</sub>)<sub>4</sub> (this is the catalyst), THF, and this is under reflux.<br />
====Step 3====<br />
[[Image:step3tamoxifen.PNG|200|3rd step in reaction path for tamoxifen]]<br />
The reagents for the step are Br<sub>2</sub>, CH<sub>2</sub>Cl, NaOMe/MeOH, Temperature is -78<sup>o</sup>C to Room Temperature<br />
====Step 4====<br />
[[Image:step4tamoxifen.PNG|200|4th step in reaction path for tamoxifen]]<br />
The reagents are p-MeOC , H<sub>4</sub>ZnCl, Pd(PPh<sub>3</sub>)<sub>4</sub> (this is the catalyst), THF. The reaction happens under reflux.<br />
====Step 5====<br />
[[Image:step5tamoxifen.PNG|200|last step in reaction path for tamoxifen]]<br />
This last step takes place in 4 smaller steps. The 1 of these steps has the reagents NaSEt, DMF, and takes place under reflux. 2nd has reagents ClCH<sub>3</sub>, CH<sub>2</sub>NMe<sub>2</sub>, HCl, NaOEt, EtOH and also takes place under reflux conditions. 3rd: HCl<sub>(g)</sub> Et<sub>2</sub>O. The last step has reagent 0.5M NaOH<br />
<br />
==Side Effects of using Tamoxifen==<br />
The most common side-effects of taking Tamoxifen in pre-menopausal women are:<br />
*nausea <br />
*hot flushes and sweats <br />
some less common side-effects include <br />
*headaches<br />
*tiredness<br />
*dizziness. <br />
<br />
For post-menopausal women who take Tamoxifen over a long period of time, there is a slightly increased risk of developing endometrial cancer, however, if detected early, treatment for this is usually successful and the benefits of taking Tamoxifen in treating breast-cancer far outweigh this small risk.[http://www.cancerbackup.org.uk/Treatments/Hormonaltherapies/Individualhormonaltherapies/Tamoxifen 5]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
*1 - MDS Crossfire Commander Beilstein: Structure<br />
*2 - Conquest (Cambridge Crystal Structure Database): 3D image<br />
*3 - www.cancer-info.com/tamoxifen.htm<br />
*4 - www.fareston.com/d_living/d3.html<br />
*5 - www.cancerbackup.org.uk/Treatments/Hormonaltherapies/Individualhormonaltherapies/Tamoxifen</div>
Srs05
https://chemwiki.ch.ic.ac.uk/index.php?title=It:Tamoxifen&diff=4442
It:Tamoxifen
2006-10-27T10:40:23Z
<p>Srs05: /* Synthesis of Tamoxifen via a carbometalation of alkynylsilanes */</p>
<hr />
<div>=Tamoxifen=<br />
==Structures and 3D Image==<br />
[[Image:Tamoxifen.png|left|10|Structure of Tamoxifen]]<br />
Structure of Tamoxifen <sup>1,2</sup><br />
<jmol><br />
<jmolApplet><br />
<size>400</size><br />
<color>white</color><br />
<script>zoom 150; ball and stick on;frame 1; move 10 -20 10 0 0 0 0 0 3; delay 1;</script><br />
<inlineContents><br />
HEADER CSD ENTRY TTAMOX01<br />
COMPND UNNAMED<br />
AUTHOR GENERATED BY CONQUEST<br />
CRYST1 41.630 5.747 30.679 90.00 142.90 90.00 C 2/c 8<br />
ATOM 1 C1 UNK 0 1 16.197 1.751 16.833 1.00 0.00<br />
ATOM 2 C2 UNK 0 1 16.883 0.621 16.433 1.00 0.00<br />
ATOM 3 C3 UNK 0 1 17.319 0.512 15.121 1.00 0.00<br />
ATOM 4 C4 UNK 0 1 17.077 1.518 14.187 1.00 0.00<br />
ATOM 5 C5 UNK 0 1 16.413 2.654 14.620 1.00 0.00<br />
ATOM 6 C6 UNK 0 1 15.975 2.779 15.939 1.00 0.00<br />
ATOM 7 C7 UNK 0 1 17.558 1.390 12.775 1.00 0.00<br />
ATOM 8 C8 UNK 0 1 16.794 1.665 11.699 1.00 0.00<br />
ATOM 9 C9 UNK 0 1 17.353 1.702 10.291 1.00 0.00<br />
ATOM 10 C10 UNK 0 1 16.798 0.602 9.401 1.00 0.00<br />
ATOM 11 O1 UNK 0 1 15.777 1.765 18.145 1.00 0.00<br />
ATOM 12 C11 UNK 0 1 15.059 2.927 18.600 1.00 0.00<br />
ATOM 13 C12 UNK 0 1 14.568 2.659 20.001 1.00 0.00<br />
ATOM 14 C13 UNK 0 1 19.000 0.984 12.660 1.00 0.00<br />
ATOM 15 C14 UNK 0 1 19.386 -0.194 12.044 1.00 0.00<br />
ATOM 16 C15 UNK 0 1 20.751 -0.532 11.962 1.00 0.00<br />
ATOM 17 C16 UNK 0 1 21.691 0.304 12.504 1.00 0.00<br />
ATOM 18 C17 UNK 0 1 21.325 1.452 13.124 1.00 0.00<br />
ATOM 19 C18 UNK 0 1 19.975 1.802 13.217 1.00 0.00<br />
ATOM 20 C19 UNK 0 1 15.333 1.949 11.812 1.00 0.00<br />
ATOM 21 C20 UNK 0 1 14.487 1.049 12.430 1.00 0.00<br />
ATOM 22 C21 UNK 0 1 13.121 1.303 12.519 1.00 0.00<br />
ATOM 23 C22 UNK 0 1 12.602 2.459 11.992 1.00 0.00<br />
ATOM 24 C23 UNK 0 1 13.423 3.351 11.368 1.00 0.00<br />
ATOM 25 C24 UNK 0 1 14.781 3.099 11.270 1.00 0.00<br />
ATOM 26 C25 UNK 0 1 12.198 2.430 19.709 1.00 0.00<br />
ATOM 27 N1 UNK 0 1 13.355 1.779 19.870 1.00 0.00<br />
ATOM 28 C26 UNK 0 1 13.516 0.549 20.070 1.00 0.00<br />
CONECT 1 2 6 11<br />
CONECT 2 1 3<br />
CONECT 3 2 4<br />
CONECT 4 3 5 7<br />
CONECT 5 4 6<br />
CONECT 6 1 5<br />
CONECT 7 4 8 14<br />
CONECT 8 7 9 20<br />
CONECT 9 8 10<br />
CONECT 10 9<br />
CONECT 11 1 12<br />
CONECT 12 11 13<br />
CONECT 13 12 27<br />
CONECT 14 7 15 19<br />
CONECT 15 14 16<br />
CONECT 16 15 17<br />
CONECT 17 16 18<br />
CONECT 18 17 19<br />
CONECT 19 14 18<br />
CONECT 20 8 21 25<br />
CONECT 21 20 22<br />
CONECT 22 21 23<br />
CONECT 23 22 24<br />
CONECT 24 23 25<br />
CONECT 25 20 24<br />
CONECT 26 27<br />
CONECT 27 13 26 28<br />
CONECT 28 27<br />
MASTER 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 28 0 28 0<br />
END<br />
</inlineContents><br />
</jmolApplet><br />
</jmol><br />
<br />
==Chemical Information==<br />
{| border="1" <br />
|-<br />
! IUPAC name<br />
|(Z) 2-[4-(1,2-diphenylbut-1-enyl)phenoxy]-N,N-dimethyl-ethanamine.<br />
|-<br />
! Chemical Formula<br />
|C<sub>26</sub>H<sub>29</sub>NO<br />
|-<br />
!Molecular Weight<br />
|371.52 g mol<sup>-1</sup><br />
|-<br />
!Melting Point<br />
|96-98<sup>o</sup>C<br />
|-<br />
! Type of Substance<br />
|White, Odourless Crystals<br />
|}<br />
==What is Tamoxifen Used For?==<br />
Tamoxifen is currently the most popular drug used for the treatment of breast cancer in women. Tamoxifen was discovered by AstraZeneca (formally known as ICI Pharmaceuticals) and is commercially known as Nolvadex, Istubal and Valodex. <br />
<br />
It has also been found that Tamoxifen can be used to treat other ailments, such as osteoporosis and gynecomastia in men.<br />
<br />
==How Does Tamoxifen Work?==<br />
The primary function of Tamoxifen is as an anti-oestrogen drug, which means it reduces or stops the action of oestrogen.[http://www.cancer-info.com/tamoxifen.htm 3]<br />
<br />
Breast cancer is hormone-related and relies on the supply of sex hormones, particularly oestrogen, to grow. Cancers with oestrogen receptors on the surface of their cells are called `oestrogen receptor positive' (ER positive). Oestrogen can fit directly into the active site on these receptors and causes the cells to divide and the tumour to grow (see Figure 1).[http://www.fareston.com/d_living/d3.html 4]<br />
<br />
Tamoxifen has a similar structure to oestrogen and works by imitating the action of oestrogen and fits into the active sites of the receptors. However, tamoxifen does not cause the cells to divide, but remains in place and prevents the oestrogen from getting to the cancer cells, therefore they either grow more slowly or stop growing altogether (see Figure 2).<br />
[[Image:Figure_1.jpg|200|Action of oestrogen binding to oestrogen receptor]] [[Image:Figure_2.jpg|200|Action of Tamoxifen blocking oestrogen binding to cancer cell]]<br />
<br />
==How is Tamoxifen made?==<br />
===Synthesis of Tamoxifen via a carbometalation of alkynylsilanes===<br />
====Step 1====<br />
[[Image:step1tamoxifen.PNG|200|1st step in reaction path for tamoxifen]]<br />
This is the 1st step in this synthesis. The reagents are Et<sub>2</sub>AlCl, Cp<sub>2</sub>TiCl<sub>2</sub>, CH<sub>2</sub>Cl<sub>2</sub>. The product of this step in the reaction is then cleaved with NBS (N-bromosuccinimide)at -78<sup>o</sup>C or 195.15K. The yield for this step is shown below the arrow.<br />
====Step 2====<br />
[[Image:step2tamoxifen.PNG|200|2nd step in reaction path for tamoxifen]]<br />
This is the next step in the synthesis of tamoxifen. The reagents are PhZnCl, Pd(PPh<sub>3</sub>)<sub>4</sub> (this is the catalyst), THF, and this is under reflux.<br />
====Step 3====<br />
[[Image:step3tamoxifen.PNG|200|3rd step in reaction path for tamoxifen]]<br />
The reagents for the step are Br<sub>2</sub>, CH<sub>2</sub>Cl, NaOMe/MeOH, Temperature is -78<sup>o</sup>C to Room Temperature<br />
====Step 4====<br />
[[Image:step4tamoxifen.PNG|200|4th step in reaction path for tamoxifen]]<br />
The reagents are p-MeOC , H<sub>4</sub>ZnCl, Pd(PPh<sub>3</sub>)<sub>4</sub> (this is the catalyst), THF. The reaction happens under reflux.<br />
====Step 5====<br />
[[Image:step5tamoxifen.PNG|200|last step in reaction path for tamoxifen]]<br />
This last step takes place in 4 smaller steps. The 1 of these steps has the reagents NaSEt, DMF, and takes place under reflux. 2nd has reagents ClCH<sub>3</sub>, CH<sub>2</sub>NMe<sub>2</sub>, HCl, NaOEt, EtOH and also takes place under reflux conditions. 3rd: HCl<sub>(g)</sub> Et<sub>2</sub>O. The last step has reagent 0.5M NaOH<br />
<br />
==Side Effects of using Tamoxifen==<br />
The most common side-effects of taking Tamoxifen in pre-menopausal women are:<br />
*nausea <br />
*hot flushes and sweats <br />
some less common side-effects include <br />
*headaches<br />
*tiredness<br />
*dizziness. <br />
<br />
For post-menopausal women who take Tamoxifen over a long period of time, there is a slightly increased risk of developing endometrial cancer, however, if detected early, treatment for this is usually successful and the benefits of taking Tamoxifen in treating breast-cancer far outweigh this small risk.[http://www.cancerbackup.org.uk/Treatments/Hormonaltherapies/Individualhormonaltherapies/Tamoxifen 5]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
*1 - MDS Crossfire Commander Beilstein: Structure<br />
*2 - Conquest (Cambridge Crystal Structure Database): 3D image<br />
*3 - www.cancer-info.com/tamoxifen.htm<br />
*4 - www.fareston.com/d_living/d3.html<br />
*5 - www.cancerbackup.org.uk/Treatments/Hormonaltherapies/Individualhormonaltherapies/Tamoxifen</div>
Srs05
https://chemwiki.ch.ic.ac.uk/index.php?title=File:Step5tamoxifen.PNG&diff=4438
File:Step5tamoxifen.PNG
2006-10-27T10:32:53Z
<p>Srs05: The last step in the synthesis of tamoxifen</p>
<hr />
<div>The last step in the synthesis of tamoxifen</div>
Srs05
https://chemwiki.ch.ic.ac.uk/index.php?title=It:Tamoxifen&diff=4437
It:Tamoxifen
2006-10-27T10:29:04Z
<p>Srs05: /* Tamoxifen */</p>
<hr />
<div>=Tamoxifen=<br />
==Structures and 3D Image==<br />
[[Image:Tamoxifen.png|left|10|Structure of Tamoxifen]]<br />
Structure of Tamoxifen <sup>1,2</sup><br />
<jmol><br />
<jmolApplet><br />
<size>400</size><br />
<color>white</color><br />
<script>zoom 150; ball and stick on;frame 1; move 10 -20 10 0 0 0 0 0 3; delay 1;</script><br />
<inlineContents><br />
HEADER CSD ENTRY TTAMOX01<br />
COMPND UNNAMED<br />
AUTHOR GENERATED BY CONQUEST<br />
CRYST1 41.630 5.747 30.679 90.00 142.90 90.00 C 2/c 8<br />
ATOM 1 C1 UNK 0 1 16.197 1.751 16.833 1.00 0.00<br />
ATOM 2 C2 UNK 0 1 16.883 0.621 16.433 1.00 0.00<br />
ATOM 3 C3 UNK 0 1 17.319 0.512 15.121 1.00 0.00<br />
ATOM 4 C4 UNK 0 1 17.077 1.518 14.187 1.00 0.00<br />
ATOM 5 C5 UNK 0 1 16.413 2.654 14.620 1.00 0.00<br />
ATOM 6 C6 UNK 0 1 15.975 2.779 15.939 1.00 0.00<br />
ATOM 7 C7 UNK 0 1 17.558 1.390 12.775 1.00 0.00<br />
ATOM 8 C8 UNK 0 1 16.794 1.665 11.699 1.00 0.00<br />
ATOM 9 C9 UNK 0 1 17.353 1.702 10.291 1.00 0.00<br />
ATOM 10 C10 UNK 0 1 16.798 0.602 9.401 1.00 0.00<br />
ATOM 11 O1 UNK 0 1 15.777 1.765 18.145 1.00 0.00<br />
ATOM 12 C11 UNK 0 1 15.059 2.927 18.600 1.00 0.00<br />
ATOM 13 C12 UNK 0 1 14.568 2.659 20.001 1.00 0.00<br />
ATOM 14 C13 UNK 0 1 19.000 0.984 12.660 1.00 0.00<br />
ATOM 15 C14 UNK 0 1 19.386 -0.194 12.044 1.00 0.00<br />
ATOM 16 C15 UNK 0 1 20.751 -0.532 11.962 1.00 0.00<br />
ATOM 17 C16 UNK 0 1 21.691 0.304 12.504 1.00 0.00<br />
ATOM 18 C17 UNK 0 1 21.325 1.452 13.124 1.00 0.00<br />
ATOM 19 C18 UNK 0 1 19.975 1.802 13.217 1.00 0.00<br />
ATOM 20 C19 UNK 0 1 15.333 1.949 11.812 1.00 0.00<br />
ATOM 21 C20 UNK 0 1 14.487 1.049 12.430 1.00 0.00<br />
ATOM 22 C21 UNK 0 1 13.121 1.303 12.519 1.00 0.00<br />
ATOM 23 C22 UNK 0 1 12.602 2.459 11.992 1.00 0.00<br />
ATOM 24 C23 UNK 0 1 13.423 3.351 11.368 1.00 0.00<br />
ATOM 25 C24 UNK 0 1 14.781 3.099 11.270 1.00 0.00<br />
ATOM 26 C25 UNK 0 1 12.198 2.430 19.709 1.00 0.00<br />
ATOM 27 N1 UNK 0 1 13.355 1.779 19.870 1.00 0.00<br />
ATOM 28 C26 UNK 0 1 13.516 0.549 20.070 1.00 0.00<br />
CONECT 1 2 6 11<br />
CONECT 2 1 3<br />
CONECT 3 2 4<br />
CONECT 4 3 5 7<br />
CONECT 5 4 6<br />
CONECT 6 1 5<br />
CONECT 7 4 8 14<br />
CONECT 8 7 9 20<br />
CONECT 9 8 10<br />
CONECT 10 9<br />
CONECT 11 1 12<br />
CONECT 12 11 13<br />
CONECT 13 12 27<br />
CONECT 14 7 15 19<br />
CONECT 15 14 16<br />
CONECT 16 15 17<br />
CONECT 17 16 18<br />
CONECT 18 17 19<br />
CONECT 19 14 18<br />
CONECT 20 8 21 25<br />
CONECT 21 20 22<br />
CONECT 22 21 23<br />
CONECT 23 22 24<br />
CONECT 24 23 25<br />
CONECT 25 20 24<br />
CONECT 26 27<br />
CONECT 27 13 26 28<br />
CONECT 28 27<br />
MASTER 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 28 0 28 0<br />
END<br />
</inlineContents><br />
</jmolApplet><br />
</jmol><br />
<br />
==Chemical Information==<br />
{| border="1" <br />
|-<br />
! IUPAC name<br />
|(Z) 2-[4-(1,2-diphenylbut-1-enyl)phenoxy]-N,N-dimethyl-ethanamine.<br />
|-<br />
! Chemical Formula<br />
|C<sub>26</sub>H<sub>29</sub>NO<br />
|-<br />
!Molecular Weight<br />
|371.52 g mol<sup>-1</sup><br />
|-<br />
!Melting Point<br />
|96-98<sup>o</sup>C<br />
|-<br />
! Type of Substance<br />
|White, Odourless Crystals<br />
|}<br />
==What is Tamoxifen Used For?==<br />
Tamoxifen is currently the most popular drug used for the treatment of breast cancer in women. Tamoxifen was discovered by AstraZeneca (formally known as ICI Pharmaceuticals) and is commercially known as Nolvadex, Istubal and Valodex. <br />
<br />
It has also been found that Tamoxifen can be used to treat other ailments, such as osteoporosis and gynecomastia in men.<br />
<br />
==How Does Tamoxifen Work?==<br />
The primary function of Tamoxifen is as an anti-oestrogen drug, which means it reduces or stops the action of oestrogen.[http://www.cancer-info.com/tamoxifen.htm 3]<br />
<br />
Breast cancer is hormone-related and relies on the supply of sex hormones, particularly oestrogen, to grow. Cancers with oestrogen receptors on the surface of their cells are called `oestrogen receptor positive' (ER positive). Oestrogen can fit directly into the active site on these receptors and causes the cells to divide and the tumour to grow (see Figure 1).[http://www.fareston.com/d_living/d3.html 4]<br />
<br />
Tamoxifen has a similar structure to oestrogen and works by imitating the action of oestrogen and fits into the active sites of the receptors. However, tamoxifen does not cause the cells to divide, but remains in place and prevents the oestrogen from getting to the cancer cells, therefore they either grow more slowly or stop growing altogether (see Figure 2).<br />
[[Image:Figure_1.jpg|200|Action of oestrogen binding to oestrogen receptor]] [[Image:Figure_2.jpg|200|Action of Tamoxifen blocking oestrogen binding to cancer cell]]<br />
<br />
==How is Tamoxifen made?==<br />
===Synthesis of Tamoxifen via a carbometalation of alkynylsilanes===<br />
====Step 1====<br />
[[Image:step1tamoxifen.PNG|200|1st step in reaction path for tamoxifen]]<br />
This is the 1st step in this synthesis. The reagents are Et<sub>2</sub>AlCl, Cp<sub>2</sub>TiCl<sub>2</sub>, CH<sub>2</sub>Cl<sub>2</sub>. The product of this step in the reaction is then cleaved with NBS (N-bromosuccinimide)at -78<sup>o</sup>C or 195.15K. The yield for this step is shown below the arrow.<br />
====Step 2====<br />
[[Image:step2tamoxifen.PNG|200|2nd step in reaction path for tamoxifen]]<br />
This is the next step in the synthesis of tamoxifen. The reagents are PhZnCl, Pd(PPh<sub>3</sub>)<sub>4</sub> (this is the catalyst), THF, and this is under reflux.<br />
====Step 3====<br />
[[Image:step3tamoxifen.PNG|200|3rd step in reaction path for tamoxifen]]<br />
The reagents for the step are Br<sub>2</sub>, CH<sub>2</sub>Cl, NaOMe/MeOH, Temperature is -78<sup>o</sup>C to Room Temperature<br />
====Step 4====<br />
[[Image:step4tamoxifen.PNG|200|4th step in reaction path for tamoxifen]]<br />
The reagents are p-MeOC , H<sub>4</sub>ZnCl, Pd(PPh<sub>3</sub>)<sub>4</sub> (this is the catalyst), THF. The reaction happens under reflux.<br />
<br />
==Side Effects of using Tamoxifen==<br />
The most common side-effects of taking Tamoxifen in pre-menopausal women are:<br />
*nausea <br />
*hot flushes and sweats <br />
some less common side-effects include <br />
*headaches<br />
*tiredness<br />
*dizziness. <br />
<br />
For post-menopausal women who take Tamoxifen over a long period of time, there is a slightly increased risk of developing endometrial cancer, however, if detected early, treatment for this is usually successful and the benefits of taking Tamoxifen in treating breast-cancer far outweigh this small risk.[http://www.cancerbackup.org.uk/Treatments/Hormonaltherapies/Individualhormonaltherapies/Tamoxifen 5]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
*1 - MDS Crossfire Commander Beilstein: Structure<br />
*2 - Conquest (Cambridge Crystal Structure Database): 3D image<br />
*3 - www.cancer-info.com/tamoxifen.htm<br />
*4 - www.fareston.com/d_living/d3.html<br />
*5 - www.cancerbackup.org.uk/Treatments/Hormonaltherapies/Individualhormonaltherapies/Tamoxifen</div>
Srs05
https://chemwiki.ch.ic.ac.uk/index.php?title=It:Tamoxifen&diff=4436
It:Tamoxifen
2006-10-27T10:27:52Z
<p>Srs05: /* Structures and 3D Image */</p>
<hr />
<div>=Tamoxifen=<br />
==Structures and 3D Image==<br />
[[Image:Tamoxifen.png|left|10|Structure of Tamoxifen]]<br />
Structure of Tamoxifen <sup>1,2</sup><br />
<jmol><br />
<jmolApplet><br />
<size>400</size><br />
<color>white</color><br />
<script>zoom 150; ball and stick on;frame 1; move 10 -20 10 0 0 0 0 0 3; delay 1;</script><br />
<inlineContents><br />
HEADER CSD ENTRY TTAMOX01<br />
COMPND UNNAMED<br />
AUTHOR GENERATED BY CONQUEST<br />
CRYST1 41.630 5.747 30.679 90.00 142.90 90.00 C 2/c 8<br />
ATOM 1 C1 UNK 0 1 16.197 1.751 16.833 1.00 0.00<br />
ATOM 2 C2 UNK 0 1 16.883 0.621 16.433 1.00 0.00<br />
ATOM 3 C3 UNK 0 1 17.319 0.512 15.121 1.00 0.00<br />
ATOM 4 C4 UNK 0 1 17.077 1.518 14.187 1.00 0.00<br />
ATOM 5 C5 UNK 0 1 16.413 2.654 14.620 1.00 0.00<br />
ATOM 6 C6 UNK 0 1 15.975 2.779 15.939 1.00 0.00<br />
ATOM 7 C7 UNK 0 1 17.558 1.390 12.775 1.00 0.00<br />
ATOM 8 C8 UNK 0 1 16.794 1.665 11.699 1.00 0.00<br />
ATOM 9 C9 UNK 0 1 17.353 1.702 10.291 1.00 0.00<br />
ATOM 10 C10 UNK 0 1 16.798 0.602 9.401 1.00 0.00<br />
ATOM 11 O1 UNK 0 1 15.777 1.765 18.145 1.00 0.00<br />
ATOM 12 C11 UNK 0 1 15.059 2.927 18.600 1.00 0.00<br />
ATOM 13 C12 UNK 0 1 14.568 2.659 20.001 1.00 0.00<br />
ATOM 14 C13 UNK 0 1 19.000 0.984 12.660 1.00 0.00<br />
ATOM 15 C14 UNK 0 1 19.386 -0.194 12.044 1.00 0.00<br />
ATOM 16 C15 UNK 0 1 20.751 -0.532 11.962 1.00 0.00<br />
ATOM 17 C16 UNK 0 1 21.691 0.304 12.504 1.00 0.00<br />
ATOM 18 C17 UNK 0 1 21.325 1.452 13.124 1.00 0.00<br />
ATOM 19 C18 UNK 0 1 19.975 1.802 13.217 1.00 0.00<br />
ATOM 20 C19 UNK 0 1 15.333 1.949 11.812 1.00 0.00<br />
ATOM 21 C20 UNK 0 1 14.487 1.049 12.430 1.00 0.00<br />
ATOM 22 C21 UNK 0 1 13.121 1.303 12.519 1.00 0.00<br />
ATOM 23 C22 UNK 0 1 12.602 2.459 11.992 1.00 0.00<br />
ATOM 24 C23 UNK 0 1 13.423 3.351 11.368 1.00 0.00<br />
ATOM 25 C24 UNK 0 1 14.781 3.099 11.270 1.00 0.00<br />
ATOM 26 C25 UNK 0 1 12.198 2.430 19.709 1.00 0.00<br />
ATOM 27 N1 UNK 0 1 13.355 1.779 19.870 1.00 0.00<br />
ATOM 28 C26 UNK 0 1 13.516 0.549 20.070 1.00 0.00<br />
CONECT 1 2 6 11<br />
CONECT 2 1 3<br />
CONECT 3 2 4<br />
CONECT 4 3 5 7<br />
CONECT 5 4 6<br />
CONECT 6 1 5<br />
CONECT 7 4 8 14<br />
CONECT 8 7 9 20<br />
CONECT 9 8 10<br />
CONECT 10 9<br />
CONECT 11 1 12<br />
CONECT 12 11 13<br />
CONECT 13 12 27<br />
CONECT 14 7 15 19<br />
CONECT 15 14 16<br />
CONECT 16 15 17<br />
CONECT 17 16 18<br />
CONECT 18 17 19<br />
CONECT 19 14 18<br />
CONECT 20 8 21 25<br />
CONECT 21 20 22<br />
CONECT 22 21 23<br />
CONECT 23 22 24<br />
CONECT 24 23 25<br />
CONECT 25 20 24<br />
CONECT 26 27<br />
CONECT 27 13 26 28<br />
CONECT 28 27<br />
MASTER 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 28 0 28 0<br />
END<br />
</inlineContents><br />
</jmolApplet><br />
</jmol><br />
<br />
==Chemical Information==<br />
{| border="1" <br />
|-<br />
! IUPAC name<br />
|(Z) 2-[4-(1,2-diphenylbut-1-enyl)phenoxy]-N,N-dimethyl-ethanamine.<br />
|-<br />
! Chemical Formula<br />
|C<sub>26</sub>H<sub>29</sub>NO<br />
|-<br />
!Molecular Weight<br />
|371.52 g mol<sup>-1</sup><br />
|-<br />
!Melting Point<br />
|96-98<sup>o</sup>C<br />
|-<br />
! Type of Substance<br />
|White, Odourless Crystals<br />
|}<br />
==What is Tamoxifen Used For?==<br />
Tamoxifen is currently the most popular drug used for the treatment of breast cancer in women. Tamoxifen was discovered by AstraZeneca (formally known as ICI Pharmaceuticals) and is commercially known as Nolvadex, Istubal and Valodex. <br />
<br />
It has also been found that Tamoxifen can be used to treat other ailments, such as osteoporosis and gynecomastia in men.<br />
<br />
==How Does Tamoxifen Work?==<br />
The primary function of Tamoxifen is as an anti-oestrogen drug, which means it reduces or stops the action of oestrogen.[http://www.cancer-info.com/tamoxifen.htm 3]<br />
<br />
Breast cancer is hormone-related and relies on the supply of sex hormones, particularly oestrogen, to grow. Cancers with oestrogen receptors on the surface of their cells are called `oestrogen receptor positive' (ER positive). Oestrogen can fit directly into the active site on these receptors and causes the cells to divide and the tumour to grow (see Figure 1).[http://www.fareston.com/d_living/d3.html 4]<br />
<br />
Tamoxifen has a similar structure to oestrogen and works by imitating the action of oestrogen and fits into the active sites of the receptors. However, tamoxifen does not cause the cells to divide, but remains in place and prevents the oestrogen from getting to the cancer cells, therefore they either grow more slowly or stop growing altogether (see Figure 2).<br />
[[Image:Figure_1.jpg|thumb|Action of oestrogen binding to oestrogen receptor]] [[Image:Figure_2.jpg|thumb|Action of Tamoxifen blocking oestrogen binding to cancer cell]]<br />
<br />
==How is Tamoxifen made?==<br />
===Synthesis of Tamoxifen via a carbometalation of alkynylsilanes===<br />
====Step 1====<br />
[[Image:step1tamoxifen.PNG|thumb|1st step in reaction path for tamoxifen]]<br />
This is the 1st step in this synthesis. The reagents are Et<sub>2</sub>AlCl, Cp<sub>2</sub>TiCl<sub>2</sub>, CH<sub>2</sub>Cl<sub>2</sub>. The product of this step in the reaction is then cleaved with NBS (N-bromosuccinimide)at -78<sup>o</sup>C or 195.15K. The yield for this step is shown below the arrow.<br />
====Step 2====<br />
[[Image:step2tamoxifen.PNG|thumb|2nd step in reaction path for tamoxifen]]<br />
This is the next step in the synthesis of tamoxifen. The reagents are PhZnCl, Pd(PPh<sub>3</sub>)<sub>4</sub> (this is the catalyst), THF, and this is under reflux.<br />
====Step 3====<br />
[[Image:step3tamoxifen.PNG|thumb|3rd step in reaction path for tamoxifen]]<br />
The reagents for the step are Br<sub>2</sub>, CH<sub>2</sub>Cl, NaOMe/MeOH, Temperature is -78<sup>o</sup>C to Room Temperature<br />
====Step 4====<br />
[[Image:step4tamoxifen.PNG|thumb|4th step in reaction path for tamoxifen]]<br />
The reagents are p-MeOC , H<sub>4</sub>ZnCl, Pd(PPh<sub>3</sub>)<sub>4</sub> (this is the catalyst), THF. The reaction happens under reflux.<br />
<br />
==Side Effects of using Tamoxifen==<br />
The most common side-effects of taking Tamoxifen in pre-menopausal women are:<br />
*nausea <br />
*hot flushes and sweats <br />
some less common side-effects include <br />
*headaches<br />
*tiredness<br />
*dizziness. <br />
<br />
For post-menopausal women who take Tamoxifen over a long period of time, there is a slightly increased risk of developing endometrial cancer, however, if detected early, treatment for this is usually successful and the benefits of taking Tamoxifen in treating breast-cancer far outweigh this small risk.[http://www.cancerbackup.org.uk/Treatments/Hormonaltherapies/Individualhormonaltherapies/Tamoxifen 5]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
*1 - MDS Crossfire Commander Beilstein: Structure<br />
*2 - Conquest (Cambridge Crystal Structure Database): 3D image<br />
*3 - www.cancer-info.com/tamoxifen.htm<br />
*4 - www.fareston.com/d_living/d3.html<br />
*5 - www.cancerbackup.org.uk/Treatments/Hormonaltherapies/Individualhormonaltherapies/Tamoxifen</div>
Srs05
https://chemwiki.ch.ic.ac.uk/index.php?title=It:Tamoxifen&diff=4434
It:Tamoxifen
2006-10-27T10:25:37Z
<p>Srs05: /* Step 4 */</p>
<hr />
<div>=Tamoxifen=<br />
==Structures and 3D Image==<br />
[[Image:Tamoxifen.png|thumb|left|10|Structure of Tamoxifen]]<br />
Structure of Tamoxifen <sup>1,2</sup><br />
<jmol><br />
<jmolApplet><br />
<size>400</size><br />
<color>white</color><br />
<script>zoom 150; ball and stick on;frame 1; move 10 -20 10 0 0 0 0 0 3; delay 1;</script><br />
<inlineContents><br />
HEADER CSD ENTRY TTAMOX01<br />
COMPND UNNAMED<br />
AUTHOR GENERATED BY CONQUEST<br />
CRYST1 41.630 5.747 30.679 90.00 142.90 90.00 C 2/c 8<br />
ATOM 1 C1 UNK 0 1 16.197 1.751 16.833 1.00 0.00<br />
ATOM 2 C2 UNK 0 1 16.883 0.621 16.433 1.00 0.00<br />
ATOM 3 C3 UNK 0 1 17.319 0.512 15.121 1.00 0.00<br />
ATOM 4 C4 UNK 0 1 17.077 1.518 14.187 1.00 0.00<br />
ATOM 5 C5 UNK 0 1 16.413 2.654 14.620 1.00 0.00<br />
ATOM 6 C6 UNK 0 1 15.975 2.779 15.939 1.00 0.00<br />
ATOM 7 C7 UNK 0 1 17.558 1.390 12.775 1.00 0.00<br />
ATOM 8 C8 UNK 0 1 16.794 1.665 11.699 1.00 0.00<br />
ATOM 9 C9 UNK 0 1 17.353 1.702 10.291 1.00 0.00<br />
ATOM 10 C10 UNK 0 1 16.798 0.602 9.401 1.00 0.00<br />
ATOM 11 O1 UNK 0 1 15.777 1.765 18.145 1.00 0.00<br />
ATOM 12 C11 UNK 0 1 15.059 2.927 18.600 1.00 0.00<br />
ATOM 13 C12 UNK 0 1 14.568 2.659 20.001 1.00 0.00<br />
ATOM 14 C13 UNK 0 1 19.000 0.984 12.660 1.00 0.00<br />
ATOM 15 C14 UNK 0 1 19.386 -0.194 12.044 1.00 0.00<br />
ATOM 16 C15 UNK 0 1 20.751 -0.532 11.962 1.00 0.00<br />
ATOM 17 C16 UNK 0 1 21.691 0.304 12.504 1.00 0.00<br />
ATOM 18 C17 UNK 0 1 21.325 1.452 13.124 1.00 0.00<br />
ATOM 19 C18 UNK 0 1 19.975 1.802 13.217 1.00 0.00<br />
ATOM 20 C19 UNK 0 1 15.333 1.949 11.812 1.00 0.00<br />
ATOM 21 C20 UNK 0 1 14.487 1.049 12.430 1.00 0.00<br />
ATOM 22 C21 UNK 0 1 13.121 1.303 12.519 1.00 0.00<br />
ATOM 23 C22 UNK 0 1 12.602 2.459 11.992 1.00 0.00<br />
ATOM 24 C23 UNK 0 1 13.423 3.351 11.368 1.00 0.00<br />
ATOM 25 C24 UNK 0 1 14.781 3.099 11.270 1.00 0.00<br />
ATOM 26 C25 UNK 0 1 12.198 2.430 19.709 1.00 0.00<br />
ATOM 27 N1 UNK 0 1 13.355 1.779 19.870 1.00 0.00<br />
ATOM 28 C26 UNK 0 1 13.516 0.549 20.070 1.00 0.00<br />
CONECT 1 2 6 11<br />
CONECT 2 1 3<br />
CONECT 3 2 4<br />
CONECT 4 3 5 7<br />
CONECT 5 4 6<br />
CONECT 6 1 5<br />
CONECT 7 4 8 14<br />
CONECT 8 7 9 20<br />
CONECT 9 8 10<br />
CONECT 10 9<br />
CONECT 11 1 12<br />
CONECT 12 11 13<br />
CONECT 13 12 27<br />
CONECT 14 7 15 19<br />
CONECT 15 14 16<br />
CONECT 16 15 17<br />
CONECT 17 16 18<br />
CONECT 18 17 19<br />
CONECT 19 14 18<br />
CONECT 20 8 21 25<br />
CONECT 21 20 22<br />
CONECT 22 21 23<br />
CONECT 23 22 24<br />
CONECT 24 23 25<br />
CONECT 25 20 24<br />
CONECT 26 27<br />
CONECT 27 13 26 28<br />
CONECT 28 27<br />
MASTER 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 28 0 28 0<br />
END<br />
</inlineContents><br />
</jmolApplet><br />
</jmol><br />
==Chemical Information==<br />
{| border="1" <br />
|-<br />
! IUPAC name<br />
|(Z) 2-[4-(1,2-diphenylbut-1-enyl)phenoxy]-N,N-dimethyl-ethanamine.<br />
|-<br />
! Chemical Formula<br />
|C<sub>26</sub>H<sub>29</sub>NO<br />
|-<br />
!Molecular Weight<br />
|371.52 g mol<sup>-1</sup><br />
|-<br />
!Melting Point<br />
|96-98<sup>o</sup>C<br />
|-<br />
! Type of Substance<br />
|White, Odourless Crystals<br />
|}<br />
==What is Tamoxifen Used For?==<br />
Tamoxifen is currently the most popular drug used for the treatment of breast cancer in women. Tamoxifen was discovered by AstraZeneca (formally known as ICI Pharmaceuticals) and is commercially known as Nolvadex, Istubal and Valodex. <br />
<br />
It has also been found that Tamoxifen can be used to treat other ailments, such as osteoporosis and gynecomastia in men.<br />
<br />
==How Does Tamoxifen Work?==<br />
The primary function of Tamoxifen is as an anti-oestrogen drug, which means it reduces or stops the action of oestrogen.[http://www.cancer-info.com/tamoxifen.htm 3]<br />
<br />
Breast cancer is hormone-related and relies on the supply of sex hormones, particularly oestrogen, to grow. Cancers with oestrogen receptors on the surface of their cells are called `oestrogen receptor positive' (ER positive). Oestrogen can fit directly into the active site on these receptors and causes the cells to divide and the tumour to grow (see Figure 1).[http://www.fareston.com/d_living/d3.html 4]<br />
<br />
Tamoxifen has a similar structure to oestrogen and works by imitating the action of oestrogen and fits into the active sites of the receptors. However, tamoxifen does not cause the cells to divide, but remains in place and prevents the oestrogen from getting to the cancer cells, therefore they either grow more slowly or stop growing altogether (see Figure 2).<br />
[[Image:Figure_1.jpg|thumb|Action of oestrogen binding to oestrogen receptor]] [[Image:Figure_2.jpg|thumb|Action of Tamoxifen blocking oestrogen binding to cancer cell]]<br />
<br />
==How is Tamoxifen made?==<br />
===Synthesis of Tamoxifen via a carbometalation of alkynylsilanes===<br />
====Step 1====<br />
[[Image:step1tamoxifen.PNG|thumb|1st step in reaction path for tamoxifen]]<br />
This is the 1st step in this synthesis. The reagents are Et<sub>2</sub>AlCl, Cp<sub>2</sub>TiCl<sub>2</sub>, CH<sub>2</sub>Cl<sub>2</sub>. The product of this step in the reaction is then cleaved with NBS (N-bromosuccinimide)at -78<sup>o</sup>C or 195.15K. The yield for this step is shown below the arrow.<br />
====Step 2====<br />
[[Image:step2tamoxifen.PNG|thumb|2nd step in reaction path for tamoxifen]]<br />
This is the next step in the synthesis of tamoxifen. The reagents are PhZnCl, Pd(PPh<sub>3</sub>)<sub>4</sub> (this is the catalyst), THF, and this is under reflux.<br />
====Step 3====<br />
[[Image:step3tamoxifen.PNG|thumb|3rd step in reaction path for tamoxifen]]<br />
The reagents for the step are Br<sub>2</sub>, CH<sub>2</sub>Cl, NaOMe/MeOH, Temperature is -78<sup>o</sup>C to Room Temperature<br />
====Step 4====<br />
[[Image:step4tamoxifen.PNG|thumb|4th step in reaction path for tamoxifen]]<br />
The reagents are p-MeOC , H<sub>4</sub>ZnCl, Pd(PPh<sub>3</sub>)<sub>4</sub> (this is the catalyst), THF. The reaction happens under reflux.<br />
<br />
==Side Effects of using Tamoxifen==<br />
The most common side-effects of taking Tamoxifen in pre-menopausal women are:<br />
*nausea <br />
*hot flushes and sweats <br />
some less common side-effects include <br />
*headaches<br />
*tiredness<br />
*dizziness. <br />
<br />
For post-menopausal women who take Tamoxifen over a long period of time, there is a slightly increased risk of developing endometrial cancer, however, if detected early, treatment for this is usually successful and the benefits of taking Tamoxifen in treating breast-cancer far outweigh this small risk.[http://www.cancerbackup.org.uk/Treatments/Hormonaltherapies/Individualhormonaltherapies/Tamoxifen 5]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
*1 - MDS Crossfire Commander Beilstein: Structure<br />
*2 - Conquest (Cambridge Crystal Structure Database): 3D image<br />
*3 - www.cancer-info.com/tamoxifen.htm<br />
*4 - www.fareston.com/d_living/d3.html<br />
*5 - www.cancerbackup.org.uk/Treatments/Hormonaltherapies/Individualhormonaltherapies/Tamoxifen</div>
Srs05
https://chemwiki.ch.ic.ac.uk/index.php?title=It:Furosemide&diff=4382
It:Furosemide
2006-10-26T15:18:56Z
<p>Srs05: /* Furosemide */</p>
<hr />
<div>=Furosemide=<br />
==Structures==<br />
[[Image:furosemide.png]]<br />
<br />
<jmol><br />
<jmolApplet><br />
<size>300</size><br />
<color>black</color><br />
<script>zoom 100; cpk off;frame 1; move 10 -20 10 0 0 0 0 0 3; delay 1;</script><br />
<inlineContents>HEADER NONAME 26-Oct-06 NONE 1<br />
TITLE NONE 2<br />
AUTHOR WWW daemon apache NONE 3<br />
REVDAT 1 26-Oct-06 0 NONE 4<br />
ATOM 1 O 0 0.008 3.767 -0.058 0.00 0.00 O+0<br />
ATOM 2 C 0 0.678 2.605 0.065 0.00 0.00 C+0<br />
ATOM 3 C 0 -0.056 1.328 0.063 0.00 0.00 C+0<br />
ATOM 4 C 0 -1.454 1.321 0.056 0.00 0.00 C+0<br />
ATOM 5 C 0 -2.135 0.125 0.055 0.00 0.00 C+0<br />
ATOM 6 S 0 -3.897 0.119 0.047 0.00 0.00 S+0<br />
ATOM 7 N 0 -4.383 -0.552 -1.387 0.00 0.00 N+0<br />
ATOM 8 O 0 -4.285 -0.804 1.056 0.00 0.00 O+0<br />
ATOM 9 O 0 -4.287 1.484 -0.014 0.00 0.00 O+0<br />
ATOM 10 C 0 -1.441 -1.077 0.058 0.00 0.00 C+0<br />
ATOM 11 Cl 0 -2.314 -2.578 0.055 0.00 0.00 Cl+0<br />
ATOM 12 C 0 -0.060 -1.087 0.065 0.00 0.00 C+0<br />
ATOM 13 C 0 0.644 0.111 0.061 0.00 0.00 C+0<br />
ATOM 14 N 0 2.032 0.104 0.062 0.00 0.00 N+0<br />
ATOM 15 C 0 2.759 -1.162 -0.061 0.00 0.00 C+0<br />
ATOM 16 C 0 4.242 -0.895 -0.034 0.00 0.00 C+0<br />
ATOM 17 C 0 5.015 -0.862 1.067 0.00 0.00 C+0<br />
ATOM 18 C 0 6.331 -0.580 0.634 0.00 0.00 C+0<br />
ATOM 19 C 0 6.284 -0.459 -0.705 0.00 0.00 C+0<br />
ATOM 20 O 0 5.016 -0.657 -1.104 0.00 0.00 O+0<br />
ATOM 21 O 0 1.888 2.609 0.177 0.00 0.00 O+0<br />
ATOM 22 H 0 0.490 4.606 -0.056 0.00 0.00 H+0<br />
ATOM 23 H 0 -2.000 2.253 0.053 0.00 0.00 H+0<br />
ATOM 24 H 0 -3.723 -0.852 -2.031 0.00 0.00 H+0<br />
ATOM 25 H 0 -5.329 -0.645 -1.583 0.00 0.00 H+0<br />
ATOM 26 H 0 0.473 -2.026 0.068 0.00 0.00 H+0<br />
ATOM 27 H 0 2.521 0.938 0.143 0.00 0.00 H+0<br />
ATOM 28 H 0 2.492 -1.816 0.770 0.00 0.00 H+0<br />
ATOM 29 H 0 2.493 -1.644 -1.002 0.00 0.00 H+0<br />
ATOM 30 H 0 4.692 -1.019 2.085 0.00 0.00 H+0<br />
ATOM 31 H 0 7.207 -0.481 1.258 0.00 0.00 H+0<br />
ATOM 32 H 0 7.123 -0.243 -1.350 0.00 0.00 H+0<br />
CONECT 1 2 22 0 0 NONE 37<br />
CONECT 2 1 3 21 0 NONE 38<br />
CONECT 3 2 4 13 0 NONE 39<br />
CONECT 4 3 5 23 0 NONE 40<br />
CONECT 5 4 6 10 0 NONE 41<br />
CONECT 6 5 7 8 9 NONE 42<br />
CONECT 7 6 24 25 0 NONE 43<br />
CONECT 8 6 0 0 0 NONE 44<br />
CONECT 9 6 0 0 0 NONE 45<br />
CONECT 10 5 11 12 0 NONE 46<br />
CONECT 11 10 0 0 0 NONE 47<br />
CONECT 12 10 13 26 0 NONE 48<br />
CONECT 13 3 12 14 0 NONE 49<br />
CONECT 14 13 15 27 0 NONE 50<br />
CONECT 15 14 16 28 29 NONE 51<br />
CONECT 16 15 20 17 0 NONE 52<br />
CONECT 17 16 18 30 0 NONE 53<br />
CONECT 18 17 19 31 0 NONE 54<br />
CONECT 19 18 20 32 0 NONE 55<br />
CONECT 20 19 16 0 0 NONE 56<br />
CONECT 21 2 0 0 0 NONE 57<br />
END</inlineContents><br />
</jmolApplet><br />
</jmol><br />
==Chemical Information==<br />
{| border="1"<br />
|-<br />
!Systematic Name<br />
|5-(aminosulfonyl)-4-chloro-2-[(2-furanylmethyl)amino]benzoic acid<br />
|-<br />
!Molecular Formula <br />
|C<sub>12</sub>H<sub>11</sub>N<sub>2</sub>ClO<sub>5</sub>S<br />
|-<br />
!Brand names<br />
|Aisemide<sup>®</sup>, Beronald<sup>®</sup>, Desdemin<sup>®</sup>, Discoid<sup>®</sup>, Diural<sup>®</sup>, Diurapid<sup>®</sup>, Dryptal<sup>®</sup>, Durafurid<sup>®</sup>, Errolon<sup>®</sup>, Eutensin<sup>®</sup>, Frusetic<sup>®</sup>, Frusid<sup>®</sup>, Fulsix<sup>®</sup>, Fuluvamide<sup>®</sup>, Furesis<sup>®</sup>, Furo-Puren<sup>®</sup>, Furosedon<sup>®</sup>, Hydro-rapid<sup>®</sup>, Impugan<sup>®</sup>, Katlex<sup>®</sup>, Lasilix<sup>®</sup>, Lasix<sup>®</sup>, Lowpston<sup>®</sup>, Macasirool<sup>®</sup>, Mirfat<sup>®</sup>, Nicorol<sup>®</sup>, Odemase<sup>®</sup>, Oedemex<sup>®</sup>, Profemin<sup>®</sup>, Rosemide<sup>®</sup>, Rusyde<sup>®</sup>, Trofurit<sup>®</sup>, and Urex<sup>®</sup>[http://www.furosemide.com/ [3]]<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==What is Furosemide==<br />
Furosemide is a loop diuretic due to the fact that it leads to water loss. This is done by the drug increasing the urine production. It stops the body from absorbing to much salt. This means that the salt is then passed out of the body.<br />
<br />
Furosemide can be used to treat:<br />
*congestive heart failure<br />
*fluid accumulation and swelling (edema)<br />
*False pregancy (which occurs in female dogs)<br />
*acute and chronic kidney failure<br />
*cirrhosis <br />
*nephrotic syndrome<br />
It is a white tablet which is taken orally<br />
<br />
==How Does Furosemide Work?==<br />
Loop diuretics encourage the kidneys to remove more water from the blood and pass it into the urine therefore more urine is produced. This process reduces the volume of blood circulating in the body, which decreases the workload on the heart. At the same time, diuretics cause fluid to be drawn out of the tissues that are overloaded.<br />
<br />
Loop diuretics cause the kidneys to filter out more sodium and potassium, which means that water is drawn out with them. The body automatically keeps the amount of water in the blood and in the tissues equal. This means that when water is removed from the blood, water is drawn out of the tissues to dilute the blood and the symptoms of fluid overload are relieved.<br />
<br />
Furosemide causes a large increase in urine output (diuresis). This diuretic effect can cause depletion of water and electrolytes in the body. Careful medical supervision during treatment is therefore necessary.[http://www.bupa.co.uk/health_information/html/medicine/loop_diuretics.html#top 4]<br />
<br />
==Side effects==<br />
The common side effects for furosemide are:<br />
*water and electrolyte depletion<br />
*Increased sugar levels in blood[http://www.marvistavet.com/html/body_furosemide.html [1]]<br />
*low blood pressure.<br />
*It also reduces excretion of lithium so can cause lithium toxicity<br />
<br />
Less common side effects are:<br />
*jaundice<br />
*ringing in ears (tinnitus)<br />
*rash<br />
*pancreatitis<br />
*nausea<br />
*abdominal pain<br />
*dizziness<br />
*anemia [http://www.medicinenet.com/furosemide/article.htm [2]]<br />
<br />
==When should Furosemide not be taken?==<br />
Furosemide should not be taken if you have any of the following:<br />
* an allergy to sulfa medicines<br />
* kidney disease<br />
* liver disease<br />
* diabetes mellitus<br />
* gout<br />
It is not known if an unborn baby would be affected by the drug. [http://health.yahoo.com/drug/d00070a1#d00070a1-nottake 5]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
1.http://www.marvistavet.com/html/body_furosemide.html<br />
<br />
2.http://www.medicinenet.com/furosemide/article.htm<br />
<br />
3.http://www.furosemide.com/<br />
<br />
4.http://www.bupa.co.uk/health_information/html/medicine/loop_diuretics.html#top<br />
<br />
5.http://health.yahoo.com/drug/d00070a1#d00070a1-nottake</div>
Srs05
https://chemwiki.ch.ic.ac.uk/index.php?title=It:Furosemide&diff=4380
It:Furosemide
2006-10-26T15:17:56Z
<p>Srs05: /* Furosemide */</p>
<hr />
<div>=Furosemide=<br />
[[Image:furosemide.png]]<br />
<br />
<jmol><br />
<jmolApplet><br />
<size>300</size><br />
<color>black</color><br />
<script>zoom 100; cpk off;frame 1; move 10 -20 10 0 0 0 0 0 3; delay 1;</script><br />
<inlineContents>HEADER NONAME 26-Oct-06 NONE 1<br />
TITLE NONE 2<br />
AUTHOR WWW daemon apache NONE 3<br />
REVDAT 1 26-Oct-06 0 NONE 4<br />
ATOM 1 O 0 0.008 3.767 -0.058 0.00 0.00 O+0<br />
ATOM 2 C 0 0.678 2.605 0.065 0.00 0.00 C+0<br />
ATOM 3 C 0 -0.056 1.328 0.063 0.00 0.00 C+0<br />
ATOM 4 C 0 -1.454 1.321 0.056 0.00 0.00 C+0<br />
ATOM 5 C 0 -2.135 0.125 0.055 0.00 0.00 C+0<br />
ATOM 6 S 0 -3.897 0.119 0.047 0.00 0.00 S+0<br />
ATOM 7 N 0 -4.383 -0.552 -1.387 0.00 0.00 N+0<br />
ATOM 8 O 0 -4.285 -0.804 1.056 0.00 0.00 O+0<br />
ATOM 9 O 0 -4.287 1.484 -0.014 0.00 0.00 O+0<br />
ATOM 10 C 0 -1.441 -1.077 0.058 0.00 0.00 C+0<br />
ATOM 11 Cl 0 -2.314 -2.578 0.055 0.00 0.00 Cl+0<br />
ATOM 12 C 0 -0.060 -1.087 0.065 0.00 0.00 C+0<br />
ATOM 13 C 0 0.644 0.111 0.061 0.00 0.00 C+0<br />
ATOM 14 N 0 2.032 0.104 0.062 0.00 0.00 N+0<br />
ATOM 15 C 0 2.759 -1.162 -0.061 0.00 0.00 C+0<br />
ATOM 16 C 0 4.242 -0.895 -0.034 0.00 0.00 C+0<br />
ATOM 17 C 0 5.015 -0.862 1.067 0.00 0.00 C+0<br />
ATOM 18 C 0 6.331 -0.580 0.634 0.00 0.00 C+0<br />
ATOM 19 C 0 6.284 -0.459 -0.705 0.00 0.00 C+0<br />
ATOM 20 O 0 5.016 -0.657 -1.104 0.00 0.00 O+0<br />
ATOM 21 O 0 1.888 2.609 0.177 0.00 0.00 O+0<br />
ATOM 22 H 0 0.490 4.606 -0.056 0.00 0.00 H+0<br />
ATOM 23 H 0 -2.000 2.253 0.053 0.00 0.00 H+0<br />
ATOM 24 H 0 -3.723 -0.852 -2.031 0.00 0.00 H+0<br />
ATOM 25 H 0 -5.329 -0.645 -1.583 0.00 0.00 H+0<br />
ATOM 26 H 0 0.473 -2.026 0.068 0.00 0.00 H+0<br />
ATOM 27 H 0 2.521 0.938 0.143 0.00 0.00 H+0<br />
ATOM 28 H 0 2.492 -1.816 0.770 0.00 0.00 H+0<br />
ATOM 29 H 0 2.493 -1.644 -1.002 0.00 0.00 H+0<br />
ATOM 30 H 0 4.692 -1.019 2.085 0.00 0.00 H+0<br />
ATOM 31 H 0 7.207 -0.481 1.258 0.00 0.00 H+0<br />
ATOM 32 H 0 7.123 -0.243 -1.350 0.00 0.00 H+0<br />
CONECT 1 2 22 0 0 NONE 37<br />
CONECT 2 1 3 21 0 NONE 38<br />
CONECT 3 2 4 13 0 NONE 39<br />
CONECT 4 3 5 23 0 NONE 40<br />
CONECT 5 4 6 10 0 NONE 41<br />
CONECT 6 5 7 8 9 NONE 42<br />
CONECT 7 6 24 25 0 NONE 43<br />
CONECT 8 6 0 0 0 NONE 44<br />
CONECT 9 6 0 0 0 NONE 45<br />
CONECT 10 5 11 12 0 NONE 46<br />
CONECT 11 10 0 0 0 NONE 47<br />
CONECT 12 10 13 26 0 NONE 48<br />
CONECT 13 3 12 14 0 NONE 49<br />
CONECT 14 13 15 27 0 NONE 50<br />
CONECT 15 14 16 28 29 NONE 51<br />
CONECT 16 15 20 17 0 NONE 52<br />
CONECT 17 16 18 30 0 NONE 53<br />
CONECT 18 17 19 31 0 NONE 54<br />
CONECT 19 18 20 32 0 NONE 55<br />
CONECT 20 19 16 0 0 NONE 56<br />
CONECT 21 2 0 0 0 NONE 57<br />
END</inlineContents><br />
</jmolApplet><br />
</jmol><br />
==Chemical Information==<br />
{| border="1"<br />
|-<br />
!Systematic Name<br />
|5-(aminosulfonyl)-4-chloro-2-[(2-furanylmethyl)amino]benzoic acid<br />
|-<br />
!Molecular Formula <br />
|C<sub>12</sub>H<sub>11</sub>N<sub>2</sub>ClO<sub>5</sub>S<br />
|-<br />
!Brand names<br />
|Aisemide<sup>®</sup>, Beronald<sup>®</sup>, Desdemin<sup>®</sup>, Discoid<sup>®</sup>, Diural<sup>®</sup>, Diurapid<sup>®</sup>, Dryptal<sup>®</sup>, Durafurid<sup>®</sup>, Errolon<sup>®</sup>, Eutensin<sup>®</sup>, Frusetic<sup>®</sup>, Frusid<sup>®</sup>, Fulsix<sup>®</sup>, Fuluvamide<sup>®</sup>, Furesis<sup>®</sup>, Furo-Puren<sup>®</sup>, Furosedon<sup>®</sup>, Hydro-rapid<sup>®</sup>, Impugan<sup>®</sup>, Katlex<sup>®</sup>, Lasilix<sup>®</sup>, Lasix<sup>®</sup>, Lowpston<sup>®</sup>, Macasirool<sup>®</sup>, Mirfat<sup>®</sup>, Nicorol<sup>®</sup>, Odemase<sup>®</sup>, Oedemex<sup>®</sup>, Profemin<sup>®</sup>, Rosemide<sup>®</sup>, Rusyde<sup>®</sup>, Trofurit<sup>®</sup>, and Urex<sup>®</sup>[http://www.furosemide.com/ [3]]<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==What is Furosemide==<br />
Furosemide is a loop diuretic due to the fact that it leads to water loss. This is done by the drug increasing the urine production. It stops the body from absorbing to much salt. This means that the salt is then passed out of the body.<br />
<br />
Furosemide can be used to treat:<br />
*congestive heart failure<br />
*fluid accumulation and swelling (edema)<br />
*False pregancy (which occurs in female dogs)<br />
*acute and chronic kidney failure<br />
*cirrhosis <br />
*nephrotic syndrome<br />
It is a white tablet which is taken orally<br />
<br />
==How Does Furosemide Work?==<br />
Loop diuretics encourage the kidneys to remove more water from the blood and pass it into the urine therefore more urine is produced. This process reduces the volume of blood circulating in the body, which decreases the workload on the heart. At the same time, diuretics cause fluid to be drawn out of the tissues that are overloaded.<br />
<br />
Loop diuretics cause the kidneys to filter out more sodium and potassium, which means that water is drawn out with them. The body automatically keeps the amount of water in the blood and in the tissues equal. This means that when water is removed from the blood, water is drawn out of the tissues to dilute the blood and the symptoms of fluid overload are relieved.<br />
<br />
Furosemide causes a large increase in urine output (diuresis). This diuretic effect can cause depletion of water and electrolytes in the body. Careful medical supervision during treatment is therefore necessary.<br />
<br />
==Side effects==<br />
The common side effects for furosemide are:<br />
*water and electrolyte depletion<br />
*Increased sugar levels in blood[http://www.marvistavet.com/html/body_furosemide.html [1]]<br />
*low blood pressure.<br />
*It also reduces excretion of lithium so can cause lithium toxicity<br />
<br />
Less common side effects are:<br />
*jaundice<br />
*ringing in ears (tinnitus)<br />
*rash<br />
*pancreatitis<br />
*nausea<br />
*abdominal pain<br />
*dizziness<br />
*anemia [http://www.medicinenet.com/furosemide/article.htm [2]]<br />
<br />
==When should Furosemide not be taken?==<br />
Furosemide should not be taken if you have any of the following:<br />
* an allergy to sulfa medicines<br />
* kidney disease<br />
* liver disease<br />
* diabetes mellitus<br />
* gout<br />
It is not known if an unborn baby would be affected by the drug. [http://health.yahoo.com/drug/d00070a1#d00070a1-nottake 5]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
1.http://www.marvistavet.com/html/body_furosemide.html<br />
<br />
2.http://www.medicinenet.com/furosemide/article.htm<br />
<br />
3.http://www.furosemide.com/<br />
<br />
4.http://www.bupa.co.uk/health_information/html/medicine/loop_diuretics.html#top<br />
<br />
5.http://health.yahoo.com/drug/d00070a1#d00070a1-nottake</div>
Srs05
https://chemwiki.ch.ic.ac.uk/index.php?title=It:Furosemide&diff=4375
It:Furosemide
2006-10-26T15:12:13Z
<p>Srs05: /* Side effects */</p>
<hr />
<div>=Furosemide=<br />
[[Image:furosemide.png]]<br />
<br />
<jmol><br />
<jmolApplet><br />
<size>300</size><br />
<color>black</color><br />
<script>zoom 100; cpk off;frame 1; move 10 -20 10 0 0 0 0 0 3; delay 1;</script><br />
<inlineContents>HEADER NONAME 26-Oct-06 NONE 1<br />
TITLE NONE 2<br />
AUTHOR WWW daemon apache NONE 3<br />
REVDAT 1 26-Oct-06 0 NONE 4<br />
ATOM 1 O 0 0.008 3.767 -0.058 0.00 0.00 O+0<br />
ATOM 2 C 0 0.678 2.605 0.065 0.00 0.00 C+0<br />
ATOM 3 C 0 -0.056 1.328 0.063 0.00 0.00 C+0<br />
ATOM 4 C 0 -1.454 1.321 0.056 0.00 0.00 C+0<br />
ATOM 5 C 0 -2.135 0.125 0.055 0.00 0.00 C+0<br />
ATOM 6 S 0 -3.897 0.119 0.047 0.00 0.00 S+0<br />
ATOM 7 N 0 -4.383 -0.552 -1.387 0.00 0.00 N+0<br />
ATOM 8 O 0 -4.285 -0.804 1.056 0.00 0.00 O+0<br />
ATOM 9 O 0 -4.287 1.484 -0.014 0.00 0.00 O+0<br />
ATOM 10 C 0 -1.441 -1.077 0.058 0.00 0.00 C+0<br />
ATOM 11 Cl 0 -2.314 -2.578 0.055 0.00 0.00 Cl+0<br />
ATOM 12 C 0 -0.060 -1.087 0.065 0.00 0.00 C+0<br />
ATOM 13 C 0 0.644 0.111 0.061 0.00 0.00 C+0<br />
ATOM 14 N 0 2.032 0.104 0.062 0.00 0.00 N+0<br />
ATOM 15 C 0 2.759 -1.162 -0.061 0.00 0.00 C+0<br />
ATOM 16 C 0 4.242 -0.895 -0.034 0.00 0.00 C+0<br />
ATOM 17 C 0 5.015 -0.862 1.067 0.00 0.00 C+0<br />
ATOM 18 C 0 6.331 -0.580 0.634 0.00 0.00 C+0<br />
ATOM 19 C 0 6.284 -0.459 -0.705 0.00 0.00 C+0<br />
ATOM 20 O 0 5.016 -0.657 -1.104 0.00 0.00 O+0<br />
ATOM 21 O 0 1.888 2.609 0.177 0.00 0.00 O+0<br />
ATOM 22 H 0 0.490 4.606 -0.056 0.00 0.00 H+0<br />
ATOM 23 H 0 -2.000 2.253 0.053 0.00 0.00 H+0<br />
ATOM 24 H 0 -3.723 -0.852 -2.031 0.00 0.00 H+0<br />
ATOM 25 H 0 -5.329 -0.645 -1.583 0.00 0.00 H+0<br />
ATOM 26 H 0 0.473 -2.026 0.068 0.00 0.00 H+0<br />
ATOM 27 H 0 2.521 0.938 0.143 0.00 0.00 H+0<br />
ATOM 28 H 0 2.492 -1.816 0.770 0.00 0.00 H+0<br />
ATOM 29 H 0 2.493 -1.644 -1.002 0.00 0.00 H+0<br />
ATOM 30 H 0 4.692 -1.019 2.085 0.00 0.00 H+0<br />
ATOM 31 H 0 7.207 -0.481 1.258 0.00 0.00 H+0<br />
ATOM 32 H 0 7.123 -0.243 -1.350 0.00 0.00 H+0<br />
CONECT 1 2 22 0 0 NONE 37<br />
CONECT 2 1 3 21 0 NONE 38<br />
CONECT 3 2 4 13 0 NONE 39<br />
CONECT 4 3 5 23 0 NONE 40<br />
CONECT 5 4 6 10 0 NONE 41<br />
CONECT 6 5 7 8 9 NONE 42<br />
CONECT 7 6 24 25 0 NONE 43<br />
CONECT 8 6 0 0 0 NONE 44<br />
CONECT 9 6 0 0 0 NONE 45<br />
CONECT 10 5 11 12 0 NONE 46<br />
CONECT 11 10 0 0 0 NONE 47<br />
CONECT 12 10 13 26 0 NONE 48<br />
CONECT 13 3 12 14 0 NONE 49<br />
CONECT 14 13 15 27 0 NONE 50<br />
CONECT 15 14 16 28 29 NONE 51<br />
CONECT 16 15 20 17 0 NONE 52<br />
CONECT 17 16 18 30 0 NONE 53<br />
CONECT 18 17 19 31 0 NONE 54<br />
CONECT 19 18 20 32 0 NONE 55<br />
CONECT 20 19 16 0 0 NONE 56<br />
CONECT 21 2 0 0 0 NONE 57<br />
END</inlineContents><br />
</jmolApplet><br />
</jmol><br />
==Chemical Information==<br />
{| border="1"<br />
|-<br />
!Systematic Name<br />
|5-(aminosulfonyl)-4-chloro-2-[(2-furanylmethyl)amino]benzoic acid<br />
|-<br />
!Molecular Formula <br />
|C<sub>12</sub>H<sub>11</sub>N<sub>2</sub>ClO<sub>5</sub>S<br />
|-<br />
!Brand names<br />
|Aisemide<sup>®</sup>, Beronald<sup>®</sup>, Desdemin<sup>®</sup>, Discoid<sup>®</sup>, Diural<sup>®</sup>, Diurapid<sup>®</sup>, Dryptal<sup>®</sup>, Durafurid<sup>®</sup>, Errolon<sup>®</sup>, Eutensin<sup>®</sup>, Frusetic<sup>®</sup>, Frusid<sup>®</sup>, Fulsix<sup>®</sup>, Fuluvamide<sup>®</sup>, Furesis<sup>®</sup>, Furo-Puren<sup>®</sup>, Furosedon<sup>®</sup>, Hydro-rapid<sup>®</sup>, Impugan<sup>®</sup>, Katlex<sup>®</sup>, Lasilix<sup>®</sup>, Lasix<sup>®</sup>, Lowpston<sup>®</sup>, Macasirool<sup>®</sup>, Mirfat<sup>®</sup>, Nicorol<sup>®</sup>, Odemase<sup>®</sup>, Oedemex<sup>®</sup>, Profemin<sup>®</sup>, Rosemide<sup>®</sup>, Rusyde<sup>®</sup>, Trofurit<sup>®</sup>, and Urex<sup>®</sup>[http://www.furosemide.com/ [3]]<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==What is Furosemide==<br />
Furosemide is a loop diuretic due to the fact that it leads to water loss. This is done by the drug increasing the urine production. It stops the body from absorbing to much salt. This means that the salt is then passed out of the body.<br />
<br />
Furosemide can be used to treat:<br />
*congestive heart failure<br />
*fluid accumulation and swelling (edema)<br />
*False pregancy (which occurs in female dogs)<br />
*acute and chronic kidney failure<br />
*cirrhosis <br />
*nephrotic syndrome<br />
It is a white tablet which is taken orally<br />
<br />
==How Does Furosemide Work?==<br />
Furosemide works by blocking the absorption of salt and fluid in the kidney tubules which causes a large increase in urine output (diuresis). This diuretic effect of furosemide can cause depletion of water and electrolytes in the body. Careful medical supervision during treatment is therefore necessary.<br />
<br />
==Side effects==<br />
The common side effects for furosemide are:<br />
*water and electrolyte depletion<br />
*Increased sugar levels in blood[http://www.marvistavet.com/html/body_furosemide.html [1]]<br />
*low blood pressure.<br />
*It also reduces excretion of lithium so can cause lithium toxicity<br />
<br />
Less common side effects are:<br />
*jaundice<br />
*ringing in ears (tinnitus)<br />
*rash<br />
*pancreatitis<br />
*nausea<br />
*abdominal pain<br />
*dizziness<br />
*anemia [http://www.medicinenet.com/furosemide/article.htm [2]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
1.http://www.marvistavet.com/html/body_furosemide.html<br />
<br />
2.http://www.medicinenet.com/furosemide/article.htm<br />
<br />
3.http://www.furosemide.com/</div>
Srs05
https://chemwiki.ch.ic.ac.uk/index.php?title=It:Furosemide&diff=4374
It:Furosemide
2006-10-26T15:11:54Z
<p>Srs05: /* Furosemide */</p>
<hr />
<div>=Furosemide=<br />
[[Image:furosemide.png]]<br />
<br />
<jmol><br />
<jmolApplet><br />
<size>300</size><br />
<color>black</color><br />
<script>zoom 100; cpk off;frame 1; move 10 -20 10 0 0 0 0 0 3; delay 1;</script><br />
<inlineContents>HEADER NONAME 26-Oct-06 NONE 1<br />
TITLE NONE 2<br />
AUTHOR WWW daemon apache NONE 3<br />
REVDAT 1 26-Oct-06 0 NONE 4<br />
ATOM 1 O 0 0.008 3.767 -0.058 0.00 0.00 O+0<br />
ATOM 2 C 0 0.678 2.605 0.065 0.00 0.00 C+0<br />
ATOM 3 C 0 -0.056 1.328 0.063 0.00 0.00 C+0<br />
ATOM 4 C 0 -1.454 1.321 0.056 0.00 0.00 C+0<br />
ATOM 5 C 0 -2.135 0.125 0.055 0.00 0.00 C+0<br />
ATOM 6 S 0 -3.897 0.119 0.047 0.00 0.00 S+0<br />
ATOM 7 N 0 -4.383 -0.552 -1.387 0.00 0.00 N+0<br />
ATOM 8 O 0 -4.285 -0.804 1.056 0.00 0.00 O+0<br />
ATOM 9 O 0 -4.287 1.484 -0.014 0.00 0.00 O+0<br />
ATOM 10 C 0 -1.441 -1.077 0.058 0.00 0.00 C+0<br />
ATOM 11 Cl 0 -2.314 -2.578 0.055 0.00 0.00 Cl+0<br />
ATOM 12 C 0 -0.060 -1.087 0.065 0.00 0.00 C+0<br />
ATOM 13 C 0 0.644 0.111 0.061 0.00 0.00 C+0<br />
ATOM 14 N 0 2.032 0.104 0.062 0.00 0.00 N+0<br />
ATOM 15 C 0 2.759 -1.162 -0.061 0.00 0.00 C+0<br />
ATOM 16 C 0 4.242 -0.895 -0.034 0.00 0.00 C+0<br />
ATOM 17 C 0 5.015 -0.862 1.067 0.00 0.00 C+0<br />
ATOM 18 C 0 6.331 -0.580 0.634 0.00 0.00 C+0<br />
ATOM 19 C 0 6.284 -0.459 -0.705 0.00 0.00 C+0<br />
ATOM 20 O 0 5.016 -0.657 -1.104 0.00 0.00 O+0<br />
ATOM 21 O 0 1.888 2.609 0.177 0.00 0.00 O+0<br />
ATOM 22 H 0 0.490 4.606 -0.056 0.00 0.00 H+0<br />
ATOM 23 H 0 -2.000 2.253 0.053 0.00 0.00 H+0<br />
ATOM 24 H 0 -3.723 -0.852 -2.031 0.00 0.00 H+0<br />
ATOM 25 H 0 -5.329 -0.645 -1.583 0.00 0.00 H+0<br />
ATOM 26 H 0 0.473 -2.026 0.068 0.00 0.00 H+0<br />
ATOM 27 H 0 2.521 0.938 0.143 0.00 0.00 H+0<br />
ATOM 28 H 0 2.492 -1.816 0.770 0.00 0.00 H+0<br />
ATOM 29 H 0 2.493 -1.644 -1.002 0.00 0.00 H+0<br />
ATOM 30 H 0 4.692 -1.019 2.085 0.00 0.00 H+0<br />
ATOM 31 H 0 7.207 -0.481 1.258 0.00 0.00 H+0<br />
ATOM 32 H 0 7.123 -0.243 -1.350 0.00 0.00 H+0<br />
CONECT 1 2 22 0 0 NONE 37<br />
CONECT 2 1 3 21 0 NONE 38<br />
CONECT 3 2 4 13 0 NONE 39<br />
CONECT 4 3 5 23 0 NONE 40<br />
CONECT 5 4 6 10 0 NONE 41<br />
CONECT 6 5 7 8 9 NONE 42<br />
CONECT 7 6 24 25 0 NONE 43<br />
CONECT 8 6 0 0 0 NONE 44<br />
CONECT 9 6 0 0 0 NONE 45<br />
CONECT 10 5 11 12 0 NONE 46<br />
CONECT 11 10 0 0 0 NONE 47<br />
CONECT 12 10 13 26 0 NONE 48<br />
CONECT 13 3 12 14 0 NONE 49<br />
CONECT 14 13 15 27 0 NONE 50<br />
CONECT 15 14 16 28 29 NONE 51<br />
CONECT 16 15 20 17 0 NONE 52<br />
CONECT 17 16 18 30 0 NONE 53<br />
CONECT 18 17 19 31 0 NONE 54<br />
CONECT 19 18 20 32 0 NONE 55<br />
CONECT 20 19 16 0 0 NONE 56<br />
CONECT 21 2 0 0 0 NONE 57<br />
END</inlineContents><br />
</jmolApplet><br />
</jmol><br />
==Chemical Information==<br />
{| border="1"<br />
|-<br />
!Systematic Name<br />
|5-(aminosulfonyl)-4-chloro-2-[(2-furanylmethyl)amino]benzoic acid<br />
|-<br />
!Molecular Formula <br />
|C<sub>12</sub>H<sub>11</sub>N<sub>2</sub>ClO<sub>5</sub>S<br />
|-<br />
!Brand names<br />
|Aisemide<sup>®</sup>, Beronald<sup>®</sup>, Desdemin<sup>®</sup>, Discoid<sup>®</sup>, Diural<sup>®</sup>, Diurapid<sup>®</sup>, Dryptal<sup>®</sup>, Durafurid<sup>®</sup>, Errolon<sup>®</sup>, Eutensin<sup>®</sup>, Frusetic<sup>®</sup>, Frusid<sup>®</sup>, Fulsix<sup>®</sup>, Fuluvamide<sup>®</sup>, Furesis<sup>®</sup>, Furo-Puren<sup>®</sup>, Furosedon<sup>®</sup>, Hydro-rapid<sup>®</sup>, Impugan<sup>®</sup>, Katlex<sup>®</sup>, Lasilix<sup>®</sup>, Lasix<sup>®</sup>, Lowpston<sup>®</sup>, Macasirool<sup>®</sup>, Mirfat<sup>®</sup>, Nicorol<sup>®</sup>, Odemase<sup>®</sup>, Oedemex<sup>®</sup>, Profemin<sup>®</sup>, Rosemide<sup>®</sup>, Rusyde<sup>®</sup>, Trofurit<sup>®</sup>, and Urex<sup>®</sup>[http://www.furosemide.com/ [3]]<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==What is Furosemide==<br />
Furosemide is a loop diuretic due to the fact that it leads to water loss. This is done by the drug increasing the urine production. It stops the body from absorbing to much salt. This means that the salt is then passed out of the body.<br />
<br />
Furosemide can be used to treat:<br />
*congestive heart failure<br />
*fluid accumulation and swelling (edema)<br />
*False pregancy (which occurs in female dogs)<br />
*acute and chronic kidney failure<br />
*cirrhosis <br />
*nephrotic syndrome<br />
It is a white tablet which is taken orally<br />
<br />
==How Does Furosemide Work?==<br />
Furosemide works by blocking the absorption of salt and fluid in the kidney tubules which causes a large increase in urine output (diuresis). This diuretic effect of furosemide can cause depletion of water and electrolytes in the body. Careful medical supervision during treatment is therefore necessary.<br />
<br />
===Side effects===<br />
The common side effects for furosemide are:<br />
*water and electrolyte depletion<br />
*Increased sugar levels in blood[http://www.marvistavet.com/html/body_furosemide.html [1]]<br />
*low blood pressure.<br />
*It also reduces excretion of lithium so can cause lithium toxicity<br />
<br />
Less common side effects are:<br />
*jaundice<br />
*ringing in ears (tinnitus)<br />
*rash<br />
*pancreatitis<br />
*nausea<br />
*abdominal pain<br />
*dizziness<br />
*anemia [http://www.medicinenet.com/furosemide/article.htm [2]]<br />
==References==<br />
1.http://www.marvistavet.com/html/body_furosemide.html<br />
<br />
2.http://www.medicinenet.com/furosemide/article.htm<br />
<br />
3.http://www.furosemide.com/</div>
Srs05
https://chemwiki.ch.ic.ac.uk/index.php?title=It:Furosemide&diff=4372
It:Furosemide
2006-10-26T15:07:52Z
<p>Srs05: /* What is Furosemide */</p>
<hr />
<div>=Furosemide=<br />
[[Image:furosemide.png]]<br />
<br />
<jmol><br />
<jmolApplet><br />
<size>300</size><br />
<color>black</color><br />
<script>zoom 100; cpk off;frame 1; move 10 -20 10 0 0 0 0 0 3; delay 1;</script><br />
<inlineContents>HEADER NONAME 26-Oct-06 NONE 1<br />
TITLE NONE 2<br />
AUTHOR WWW daemon apache NONE 3<br />
REVDAT 1 26-Oct-06 0 NONE 4<br />
ATOM 1 O 0 0.008 3.767 -0.058 0.00 0.00 O+0<br />
ATOM 2 C 0 0.678 2.605 0.065 0.00 0.00 C+0<br />
ATOM 3 C 0 -0.056 1.328 0.063 0.00 0.00 C+0<br />
ATOM 4 C 0 -1.454 1.321 0.056 0.00 0.00 C+0<br />
ATOM 5 C 0 -2.135 0.125 0.055 0.00 0.00 C+0<br />
ATOM 6 S 0 -3.897 0.119 0.047 0.00 0.00 S+0<br />
ATOM 7 N 0 -4.383 -0.552 -1.387 0.00 0.00 N+0<br />
ATOM 8 O 0 -4.285 -0.804 1.056 0.00 0.00 O+0<br />
ATOM 9 O 0 -4.287 1.484 -0.014 0.00 0.00 O+0<br />
ATOM 10 C 0 -1.441 -1.077 0.058 0.00 0.00 C+0<br />
ATOM 11 Cl 0 -2.314 -2.578 0.055 0.00 0.00 Cl+0<br />
ATOM 12 C 0 -0.060 -1.087 0.065 0.00 0.00 C+0<br />
ATOM 13 C 0 0.644 0.111 0.061 0.00 0.00 C+0<br />
ATOM 14 N 0 2.032 0.104 0.062 0.00 0.00 N+0<br />
ATOM 15 C 0 2.759 -1.162 -0.061 0.00 0.00 C+0<br />
ATOM 16 C 0 4.242 -0.895 -0.034 0.00 0.00 C+0<br />
ATOM 17 C 0 5.015 -0.862 1.067 0.00 0.00 C+0<br />
ATOM 18 C 0 6.331 -0.580 0.634 0.00 0.00 C+0<br />
ATOM 19 C 0 6.284 -0.459 -0.705 0.00 0.00 C+0<br />
ATOM 20 O 0 5.016 -0.657 -1.104 0.00 0.00 O+0<br />
ATOM 21 O 0 1.888 2.609 0.177 0.00 0.00 O+0<br />
ATOM 22 H 0 0.490 4.606 -0.056 0.00 0.00 H+0<br />
ATOM 23 H 0 -2.000 2.253 0.053 0.00 0.00 H+0<br />
ATOM 24 H 0 -3.723 -0.852 -2.031 0.00 0.00 H+0<br />
ATOM 25 H 0 -5.329 -0.645 -1.583 0.00 0.00 H+0<br />
ATOM 26 H 0 0.473 -2.026 0.068 0.00 0.00 H+0<br />
ATOM 27 H 0 2.521 0.938 0.143 0.00 0.00 H+0<br />
ATOM 28 H 0 2.492 -1.816 0.770 0.00 0.00 H+0<br />
ATOM 29 H 0 2.493 -1.644 -1.002 0.00 0.00 H+0<br />
ATOM 30 H 0 4.692 -1.019 2.085 0.00 0.00 H+0<br />
ATOM 31 H 0 7.207 -0.481 1.258 0.00 0.00 H+0<br />
ATOM 32 H 0 7.123 -0.243 -1.350 0.00 0.00 H+0<br />
CONECT 1 2 22 0 0 NONE 37<br />
CONECT 2 1 3 21 0 NONE 38<br />
CONECT 3 2 4 13 0 NONE 39<br />
CONECT 4 3 5 23 0 NONE 40<br />
CONECT 5 4 6 10 0 NONE 41<br />
CONECT 6 5 7 8 9 NONE 42<br />
CONECT 7 6 24 25 0 NONE 43<br />
CONECT 8 6 0 0 0 NONE 44<br />
CONECT 9 6 0 0 0 NONE 45<br />
CONECT 10 5 11 12 0 NONE 46<br />
CONECT 11 10 0 0 0 NONE 47<br />
CONECT 12 10 13 26 0 NONE 48<br />
CONECT 13 3 12 14 0 NONE 49<br />
CONECT 14 13 15 27 0 NONE 50<br />
CONECT 15 14 16 28 29 NONE 51<br />
CONECT 16 15 20 17 0 NONE 52<br />
CONECT 17 16 18 30 0 NONE 53<br />
CONECT 18 17 19 31 0 NONE 54<br />
CONECT 19 18 20 32 0 NONE 55<br />
CONECT 20 19 16 0 0 NONE 56<br />
CONECT 21 2 0 0 0 NONE 57<br />
END</inlineContents><br />
</jmolApplet><br />
</jmol><br />
==Chemical Information==<br />
{| border="1"<br />
|-<br />
!Systematic Name<br />
|5-(aminosulfonyl)-4-chloro-2-[(2-furanylmethyl)amino]benzoic acid<br />
|-<br />
!Molecular Formula <br />
|C<sub>12</sub>H<sub>11</sub>N<sub>2</sub>ClO<sub>5</sub>S<br />
|-<br />
!Brand names<br />
|Aisemide<sup>®</sup>, Beronald<sup>®</sup>, Desdemin<sup>®</sup>, Discoid<sup>®</sup>, Diural<sup>®</sup>, Diurapid<sup>®</sup>, Dryptal<sup>®</sup>, Durafurid<sup>®</sup>, Errolon<sup>®</sup>, Eutensin<sup>®</sup>, Frusetic<sup>®</sup>, Frusid<sup>®</sup>, Fulsix<sup>®</sup>, Fuluvamide<sup>®</sup>, Furesis<sup>®</sup>, Furo-Puren<sup>®</sup>, Furosedon<sup>®</sup>, Hydro-rapid<sup>®</sup>, Impugan<sup>®</sup>, Katlex<sup>®</sup>, Lasilix<sup>®</sup>, Lasix<sup>®</sup>, Lowpston<sup>®</sup>, Macasirool<sup>®</sup>, Mirfat<sup>®</sup>, Nicorol<sup>®</sup>, Odemase<sup>®</sup>, Oedemex<sup>®</sup>, Profemin<sup>®</sup>, Rosemide<sup>®</sup>, Rusyde<sup>®</sup>, Trofurit<sup>®</sup>, and Urex<sup>®</sup>[http://www.furosemide.com/ [3]]<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==What is Furosemide==<br />
Furosemide is a loop diuretic due to the fact that it leads to water loss. This is done by the drug increasing the urine production. It stops the body from absorbing to much salt. This means that the salt is then passed out of the body.<br />
<br />
Furosemide can be used to treat:<br />
*congestive heart failure<br />
*fluid accumulation and swelling (edema)<br />
*False pregancy (which occurs in female dogs)<br />
*acute and chronic kidney failure<br />
*cirrhosis <br />
*nephrotic syndrome<br />
It is a white tablet which is taken orally<br />
===Side effects===<br />
The common side effects for furosemide are:<br />
*water and electrolyte depletion<br />
*Increased sugar levels in blood[http://www.marvistavet.com/html/body_furosemide.html [1]]<br />
*low blood pressure.<br />
*It also reduces excretion of lithium so can cause lithium toxicity<br />
<br />
Less common side effects are:<br />
*jaundice<br />
*ringing in ears (tinnitus)<br />
*rash<br />
*pancreatitis<br />
*nausea<br />
*abdominal pain<br />
*dizziness<br />
*anemia [http://www.medicinenet.com/furosemide/article.htm [2]]<br />
<br />
==How Does Furosemide Work?==<br />
Furosemide works by blocking the absorption of salt and fluid in the kidney tubules which causes a large increase in urine output (diuresis). This diuretic effect of furosemide can cause depletion of water and electrolytes in the body. Careful medical supervision during treatment is therefore necessary.<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
1.http://www.marvistavet.com/html/body_furosemide.html<br />
<br />
2.http://www.medicinenet.com/furosemide/article.htm<br />
<br />
3.http://www.furosemide.com/</div>
Srs05
https://chemwiki.ch.ic.ac.uk/index.php?title=It:Furosemide&diff=4358
It:Furosemide
2006-10-26T14:48:42Z
<p>Srs05: /* References */</p>
<hr />
<div>=Furosemide=<br />
[[Image:furosemide.png]]<br />
<br />
<jmol><br />
<jmolApplet><br />
<size>300</size><br />
<color>black</color><br />
<script>zoom 100; cpk off;frame 1; move 10 -20 10 0 0 0 0 0 3; delay 1;</script><br />
<inlineContents>HEADER NONAME 26-Oct-06 NONE 1<br />
TITLE NONE 2<br />
AUTHOR WWW daemon apache NONE 3<br />
REVDAT 1 26-Oct-06 0 NONE 4<br />
ATOM 1 O 0 0.008 3.767 -0.058 0.00 0.00 O+0<br />
ATOM 2 C 0 0.678 2.605 0.065 0.00 0.00 C+0<br />
ATOM 3 C 0 -0.056 1.328 0.063 0.00 0.00 C+0<br />
ATOM 4 C 0 -1.454 1.321 0.056 0.00 0.00 C+0<br />
ATOM 5 C 0 -2.135 0.125 0.055 0.00 0.00 C+0<br />
ATOM 6 S 0 -3.897 0.119 0.047 0.00 0.00 S+0<br />
ATOM 7 N 0 -4.383 -0.552 -1.387 0.00 0.00 N+0<br />
ATOM 8 O 0 -4.285 -0.804 1.056 0.00 0.00 O+0<br />
ATOM 9 O 0 -4.287 1.484 -0.014 0.00 0.00 O+0<br />
ATOM 10 C 0 -1.441 -1.077 0.058 0.00 0.00 C+0<br />
ATOM 11 Cl 0 -2.314 -2.578 0.055 0.00 0.00 Cl+0<br />
ATOM 12 C 0 -0.060 -1.087 0.065 0.00 0.00 C+0<br />
ATOM 13 C 0 0.644 0.111 0.061 0.00 0.00 C+0<br />
ATOM 14 N 0 2.032 0.104 0.062 0.00 0.00 N+0<br />
ATOM 15 C 0 2.759 -1.162 -0.061 0.00 0.00 C+0<br />
ATOM 16 C 0 4.242 -0.895 -0.034 0.00 0.00 C+0<br />
ATOM 17 C 0 5.015 -0.862 1.067 0.00 0.00 C+0<br />
ATOM 18 C 0 6.331 -0.580 0.634 0.00 0.00 C+0<br />
ATOM 19 C 0 6.284 -0.459 -0.705 0.00 0.00 C+0<br />
ATOM 20 O 0 5.016 -0.657 -1.104 0.00 0.00 O+0<br />
ATOM 21 O 0 1.888 2.609 0.177 0.00 0.00 O+0<br />
ATOM 22 H 0 0.490 4.606 -0.056 0.00 0.00 H+0<br />
ATOM 23 H 0 -2.000 2.253 0.053 0.00 0.00 H+0<br />
ATOM 24 H 0 -3.723 -0.852 -2.031 0.00 0.00 H+0<br />
ATOM 25 H 0 -5.329 -0.645 -1.583 0.00 0.00 H+0<br />
ATOM 26 H 0 0.473 -2.026 0.068 0.00 0.00 H+0<br />
ATOM 27 H 0 2.521 0.938 0.143 0.00 0.00 H+0<br />
ATOM 28 H 0 2.492 -1.816 0.770 0.00 0.00 H+0<br />
ATOM 29 H 0 2.493 -1.644 -1.002 0.00 0.00 H+0<br />
ATOM 30 H 0 4.692 -1.019 2.085 0.00 0.00 H+0<br />
ATOM 31 H 0 7.207 -0.481 1.258 0.00 0.00 H+0<br />
ATOM 32 H 0 7.123 -0.243 -1.350 0.00 0.00 H+0<br />
CONECT 1 2 22 0 0 NONE 37<br />
CONECT 2 1 3 21 0 NONE 38<br />
CONECT 3 2 4 13 0 NONE 39<br />
CONECT 4 3 5 23 0 NONE 40<br />
CONECT 5 4 6 10 0 NONE 41<br />
CONECT 6 5 7 8 9 NONE 42<br />
CONECT 7 6 24 25 0 NONE 43<br />
CONECT 8 6 0 0 0 NONE 44<br />
CONECT 9 6 0 0 0 NONE 45<br />
CONECT 10 5 11 12 0 NONE 46<br />
CONECT 11 10 0 0 0 NONE 47<br />
CONECT 12 10 13 26 0 NONE 48<br />
CONECT 13 3 12 14 0 NONE 49<br />
CONECT 14 13 15 27 0 NONE 50<br />
CONECT 15 14 16 28 29 NONE 51<br />
CONECT 16 15 20 17 0 NONE 52<br />
CONECT 17 16 18 30 0 NONE 53<br />
CONECT 18 17 19 31 0 NONE 54<br />
CONECT 19 18 20 32 0 NONE 55<br />
CONECT 20 19 16 0 0 NONE 56<br />
CONECT 21 2 0 0 0 NONE 57<br />
END</inlineContents><br />
</jmolApplet><br />
</jmol><br />
==Chemical Information==<br />
{| border="1"<br />
|-<br />
!Systematic Name<br />
|5-(aminosulfonyl)-4-chloro-2-[(2-furanylmethyl)amino]benzoic acid<br />
|-<br />
!Molecular Formula <br />
|C<sub>12</sub>H<sub>11</sub>N<sub>2</sub>ClO<sub>5</sub>S<br />
|-<br />
!Brand names<br />
|Aisemide<sup>®</sup>, Beronald<sup>®</sup>, Desdemin<sup>®</sup>, Discoid<sup>®</sup>, Diural<sup>®</sup>, Diurapid<sup>®</sup>, Dryptal<sup>®</sup>, Durafurid<sup>®</sup>, Errolon<sup>®</sup>, Eutensin<sup>®</sup>, Frusetic<sup>®</sup>, Frusid<sup>®</sup>, Fulsix<sup>®</sup>, Fuluvamide<sup>®</sup>, Furesis<sup>®</sup>, Furo-Puren<sup>®</sup>, Furosedon<sup>®</sup>, Hydro-rapid<sup>®</sup>, Impugan<sup>®</sup>, Katlex<sup>®</sup>, Lasilix<sup>®</sup>, Lasix<sup>®</sup>, Lowpston<sup>®</sup>, Macasirool<sup>®</sup>, Mirfat<sup>®</sup>, Nicorol<sup>®</sup>, Odemase<sup>®</sup>, Oedemex<sup>®</sup>, Profemin<sup>®</sup>, Rosemide<sup>®</sup>, Rusyde<sup>®</sup>, Trofurit<sup>®</sup>, and Urex<sup>®</sup>[http://www.furosemide.com/ [3]]<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==What is Furosemide==<br />
Furosemide is seen as a diuretic due to the fact that it leads to water loss. This is done by the drug increasing the urine production.<br />
Furosemide can be used to treat:<br />
*congestive heart failure<br />
*fluid accumulation and swelling (edema)<br />
*False pregancy (which occurs in female dogs)<br />
*acute and chronic kidney failure<br />
*cirrhosis <br />
*nephrotic syndrome<br />
===Side effects===<br />
The common side effects for furosemide are:<br />
*water and electrolyte depletion<br />
*Increased sugar levels in blood[http://www.marvistavet.com/html/body_furosemide.html [1]]<br />
*low blood pressure.<br />
*It also reduces excretion of lithium so can cause lithium toxicity<br />
<br />
Less common side effects are:<br />
*jaundice<br />
*ringing in ears (tinnitus)<br />
*rash<br />
*pancreatitis<br />
*nausea<br />
*abdominal pain<br />
*dizziness<br />
*anemia [http://www.medicinenet.com/furosemide/article.htm [2]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
1.http://www.marvistavet.com/html/body_furosemide.html<br />
<br />
2.http://www.medicinenet.com/furosemide/article.htm<br />
<br />
3.http://www.furosemide.com/</div>
Srs05
https://chemwiki.ch.ic.ac.uk/index.php?title=It:Furosemide&diff=4356
It:Furosemide
2006-10-26T14:48:30Z
<p>Srs05: /* Chemical Information */</p>
<hr />
<div>=Furosemide=<br />
[[Image:furosemide.png]]<br />
<br />
<jmol><br />
<jmolApplet><br />
<size>300</size><br />
<color>black</color><br />
<script>zoom 100; cpk off;frame 1; move 10 -20 10 0 0 0 0 0 3; delay 1;</script><br />
<inlineContents>HEADER NONAME 26-Oct-06 NONE 1<br />
TITLE NONE 2<br />
AUTHOR WWW daemon apache NONE 3<br />
REVDAT 1 26-Oct-06 0 NONE 4<br />
ATOM 1 O 0 0.008 3.767 -0.058 0.00 0.00 O+0<br />
ATOM 2 C 0 0.678 2.605 0.065 0.00 0.00 C+0<br />
ATOM 3 C 0 -0.056 1.328 0.063 0.00 0.00 C+0<br />
ATOM 4 C 0 -1.454 1.321 0.056 0.00 0.00 C+0<br />
ATOM 5 C 0 -2.135 0.125 0.055 0.00 0.00 C+0<br />
ATOM 6 S 0 -3.897 0.119 0.047 0.00 0.00 S+0<br />
ATOM 7 N 0 -4.383 -0.552 -1.387 0.00 0.00 N+0<br />
ATOM 8 O 0 -4.285 -0.804 1.056 0.00 0.00 O+0<br />
ATOM 9 O 0 -4.287 1.484 -0.014 0.00 0.00 O+0<br />
ATOM 10 C 0 -1.441 -1.077 0.058 0.00 0.00 C+0<br />
ATOM 11 Cl 0 -2.314 -2.578 0.055 0.00 0.00 Cl+0<br />
ATOM 12 C 0 -0.060 -1.087 0.065 0.00 0.00 C+0<br />
ATOM 13 C 0 0.644 0.111 0.061 0.00 0.00 C+0<br />
ATOM 14 N 0 2.032 0.104 0.062 0.00 0.00 N+0<br />
ATOM 15 C 0 2.759 -1.162 -0.061 0.00 0.00 C+0<br />
ATOM 16 C 0 4.242 -0.895 -0.034 0.00 0.00 C+0<br />
ATOM 17 C 0 5.015 -0.862 1.067 0.00 0.00 C+0<br />
ATOM 18 C 0 6.331 -0.580 0.634 0.00 0.00 C+0<br />
ATOM 19 C 0 6.284 -0.459 -0.705 0.00 0.00 C+0<br />
ATOM 20 O 0 5.016 -0.657 -1.104 0.00 0.00 O+0<br />
ATOM 21 O 0 1.888 2.609 0.177 0.00 0.00 O+0<br />
ATOM 22 H 0 0.490 4.606 -0.056 0.00 0.00 H+0<br />
ATOM 23 H 0 -2.000 2.253 0.053 0.00 0.00 H+0<br />
ATOM 24 H 0 -3.723 -0.852 -2.031 0.00 0.00 H+0<br />
ATOM 25 H 0 -5.329 -0.645 -1.583 0.00 0.00 H+0<br />
ATOM 26 H 0 0.473 -2.026 0.068 0.00 0.00 H+0<br />
ATOM 27 H 0 2.521 0.938 0.143 0.00 0.00 H+0<br />
ATOM 28 H 0 2.492 -1.816 0.770 0.00 0.00 H+0<br />
ATOM 29 H 0 2.493 -1.644 -1.002 0.00 0.00 H+0<br />
ATOM 30 H 0 4.692 -1.019 2.085 0.00 0.00 H+0<br />
ATOM 31 H 0 7.207 -0.481 1.258 0.00 0.00 H+0<br />
ATOM 32 H 0 7.123 -0.243 -1.350 0.00 0.00 H+0<br />
CONECT 1 2 22 0 0 NONE 37<br />
CONECT 2 1 3 21 0 NONE 38<br />
CONECT 3 2 4 13 0 NONE 39<br />
CONECT 4 3 5 23 0 NONE 40<br />
CONECT 5 4 6 10 0 NONE 41<br />
CONECT 6 5 7 8 9 NONE 42<br />
CONECT 7 6 24 25 0 NONE 43<br />
CONECT 8 6 0 0 0 NONE 44<br />
CONECT 9 6 0 0 0 NONE 45<br />
CONECT 10 5 11 12 0 NONE 46<br />
CONECT 11 10 0 0 0 NONE 47<br />
CONECT 12 10 13 26 0 NONE 48<br />
CONECT 13 3 12 14 0 NONE 49<br />
CONECT 14 13 15 27 0 NONE 50<br />
CONECT 15 14 16 28 29 NONE 51<br />
CONECT 16 15 20 17 0 NONE 52<br />
CONECT 17 16 18 30 0 NONE 53<br />
CONECT 18 17 19 31 0 NONE 54<br />
CONECT 19 18 20 32 0 NONE 55<br />
CONECT 20 19 16 0 0 NONE 56<br />
CONECT 21 2 0 0 0 NONE 57<br />
END</inlineContents><br />
</jmolApplet><br />
</jmol><br />
==Chemical Information==<br />
{| border="1"<br />
|-<br />
!Systematic Name<br />
|5-(aminosulfonyl)-4-chloro-2-[(2-furanylmethyl)amino]benzoic acid<br />
|-<br />
!Molecular Formula <br />
|C<sub>12</sub>H<sub>11</sub>N<sub>2</sub>ClO<sub>5</sub>S<br />
|-<br />
!Brand names<br />
|Aisemide<sup>®</sup>, Beronald<sup>®</sup>, Desdemin<sup>®</sup>, Discoid<sup>®</sup>, Diural<sup>®</sup>, Diurapid<sup>®</sup>, Dryptal<sup>®</sup>, Durafurid<sup>®</sup>, Errolon<sup>®</sup>, Eutensin<sup>®</sup>, Frusetic<sup>®</sup>, Frusid<sup>®</sup>, Fulsix<sup>®</sup>, Fuluvamide<sup>®</sup>, Furesis<sup>®</sup>, Furo-Puren<sup>®</sup>, Furosedon<sup>®</sup>, Hydro-rapid<sup>®</sup>, Impugan<sup>®</sup>, Katlex<sup>®</sup>, Lasilix<sup>®</sup>, Lasix<sup>®</sup>, Lowpston<sup>®</sup>, Macasirool<sup>®</sup>, Mirfat<sup>®</sup>, Nicorol<sup>®</sup>, Odemase<sup>®</sup>, Oedemex<sup>®</sup>, Profemin<sup>®</sup>, Rosemide<sup>®</sup>, Rusyde<sup>®</sup>, Trofurit<sup>®</sup>, and Urex<sup>®</sup>[http://www.furosemide.com/ [3]]<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==What is Furosemide==<br />
Furosemide is seen as a diuretic due to the fact that it leads to water loss. This is done by the drug increasing the urine production.<br />
Furosemide can be used to treat:<br />
*congestive heart failure<br />
*fluid accumulation and swelling (edema)<br />
*False pregancy (which occurs in female dogs)<br />
*acute and chronic kidney failure<br />
*cirrhosis <br />
*nephrotic syndrome<br />
===Side effects===<br />
The common side effects for furosemide are:<br />
*water and electrolyte depletion<br />
*Increased sugar levels in blood[http://www.marvistavet.com/html/body_furosemide.html [1]]<br />
*low blood pressure.<br />
*It also reduces excretion of lithium so can cause lithium toxicity<br />
<br />
Less common side effects are:<br />
*jaundice<br />
*ringing in ears (tinnitus)<br />
*rash<br />
*pancreatitis<br />
*nausea<br />
*abdominal pain<br />
*dizziness<br />
*anemia [http://www.medicinenet.com/furosemide/article.htm [2]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
1.http://www.marvistavet.com/html/body_furosemide.html<br />
<br />
2.http://www.medicinenet.com/furosemide/article.htm</div>
Srs05
https://chemwiki.ch.ic.ac.uk/index.php?title=It:Furosemide&diff=4349
It:Furosemide
2006-10-26T14:44:05Z
<p>Srs05: /* Side effects */</p>
<hr />
<div>=Furosemide=<br />
[[Image:furosemide.png]]<br />
<br />
<jmol><br />
<jmolApplet><br />
<size>300</size><br />
<color>black</color><br />
<script>zoom 100; cpk off;frame 1; move 10 -20 10 0 0 0 0 0 3; delay 1;</script><br />
<inlineContents>HEADER NONAME 26-Oct-06 NONE 1<br />
TITLE NONE 2<br />
AUTHOR WWW daemon apache NONE 3<br />
REVDAT 1 26-Oct-06 0 NONE 4<br />
ATOM 1 O 0 0.008 3.767 -0.058 0.00 0.00 O+0<br />
ATOM 2 C 0 0.678 2.605 0.065 0.00 0.00 C+0<br />
ATOM 3 C 0 -0.056 1.328 0.063 0.00 0.00 C+0<br />
ATOM 4 C 0 -1.454 1.321 0.056 0.00 0.00 C+0<br />
ATOM 5 C 0 -2.135 0.125 0.055 0.00 0.00 C+0<br />
ATOM 6 S 0 -3.897 0.119 0.047 0.00 0.00 S+0<br />
ATOM 7 N 0 -4.383 -0.552 -1.387 0.00 0.00 N+0<br />
ATOM 8 O 0 -4.285 -0.804 1.056 0.00 0.00 O+0<br />
ATOM 9 O 0 -4.287 1.484 -0.014 0.00 0.00 O+0<br />
ATOM 10 C 0 -1.441 -1.077 0.058 0.00 0.00 C+0<br />
ATOM 11 Cl 0 -2.314 -2.578 0.055 0.00 0.00 Cl+0<br />
ATOM 12 C 0 -0.060 -1.087 0.065 0.00 0.00 C+0<br />
ATOM 13 C 0 0.644 0.111 0.061 0.00 0.00 C+0<br />
ATOM 14 N 0 2.032 0.104 0.062 0.00 0.00 N+0<br />
ATOM 15 C 0 2.759 -1.162 -0.061 0.00 0.00 C+0<br />
ATOM 16 C 0 4.242 -0.895 -0.034 0.00 0.00 C+0<br />
ATOM 17 C 0 5.015 -0.862 1.067 0.00 0.00 C+0<br />
ATOM 18 C 0 6.331 -0.580 0.634 0.00 0.00 C+0<br />
ATOM 19 C 0 6.284 -0.459 -0.705 0.00 0.00 C+0<br />
ATOM 20 O 0 5.016 -0.657 -1.104 0.00 0.00 O+0<br />
ATOM 21 O 0 1.888 2.609 0.177 0.00 0.00 O+0<br />
ATOM 22 H 0 0.490 4.606 -0.056 0.00 0.00 H+0<br />
ATOM 23 H 0 -2.000 2.253 0.053 0.00 0.00 H+0<br />
ATOM 24 H 0 -3.723 -0.852 -2.031 0.00 0.00 H+0<br />
ATOM 25 H 0 -5.329 -0.645 -1.583 0.00 0.00 H+0<br />
ATOM 26 H 0 0.473 -2.026 0.068 0.00 0.00 H+0<br />
ATOM 27 H 0 2.521 0.938 0.143 0.00 0.00 H+0<br />
ATOM 28 H 0 2.492 -1.816 0.770 0.00 0.00 H+0<br />
ATOM 29 H 0 2.493 -1.644 -1.002 0.00 0.00 H+0<br />
ATOM 30 H 0 4.692 -1.019 2.085 0.00 0.00 H+0<br />
ATOM 31 H 0 7.207 -0.481 1.258 0.00 0.00 H+0<br />
ATOM 32 H 0 7.123 -0.243 -1.350 0.00 0.00 H+0<br />
CONECT 1 2 22 0 0 NONE 37<br />
CONECT 2 1 3 21 0 NONE 38<br />
CONECT 3 2 4 13 0 NONE 39<br />
CONECT 4 3 5 23 0 NONE 40<br />
CONECT 5 4 6 10 0 NONE 41<br />
CONECT 6 5 7 8 9 NONE 42<br />
CONECT 7 6 24 25 0 NONE 43<br />
CONECT 8 6 0 0 0 NONE 44<br />
CONECT 9 6 0 0 0 NONE 45<br />
CONECT 10 5 11 12 0 NONE 46<br />
CONECT 11 10 0 0 0 NONE 47<br />
CONECT 12 10 13 26 0 NONE 48<br />
CONECT 13 3 12 14 0 NONE 49<br />
CONECT 14 13 15 27 0 NONE 50<br />
CONECT 15 14 16 28 29 NONE 51<br />
CONECT 16 15 20 17 0 NONE 52<br />
CONECT 17 16 18 30 0 NONE 53<br />
CONECT 18 17 19 31 0 NONE 54<br />
CONECT 19 18 20 32 0 NONE 55<br />
CONECT 20 19 16 0 0 NONE 56<br />
CONECT 21 2 0 0 0 NONE 57<br />
END</inlineContents><br />
</jmolApplet><br />
</jmol><br />
==Chemical Information==<br />
{| border="1"<br />
|-<br />
!Systematic Name<br />
|5-(aminosulfonyl)-4-chloro-2-[(2-furanylmethyl)amino]benzoic acid<br />
|-<br />
!Molecular Formula <br />
|C<sub>12</sub>H<sub>11</sub>N<sub>2</sub>ClO<sub>5</sub>S<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==What is Furosemide==<br />
Furosemide is seen as a diuretic due to the fact that it leads to water loss. This is done by the drug increasing the urine production.<br />
Furosemide can be used to treat:<br />
*congestive heart failure<br />
*fluid accumulation and swelling (edema)<br />
*False pregancy (which occurs in female dogs)<br />
*acute and chronic kidney failure<br />
*cirrhosis <br />
*nephrotic syndrome<br />
===Side effects===<br />
The common side effects for furosemide are:<br />
*water and electrolyte depletion<br />
*Increased sugar levels in blood[http://www.marvistavet.com/html/body_furosemide.html [1]]<br />
*low blood pressure.<br />
*It also reduces excretion of lithium so can cause lithium toxicity<br />
<br />
Less common side effects are:<br />
*jaundice<br />
*ringing in ears (tinnitus)<br />
*rash<br />
*pancreatitis<br />
*nausea<br />
*abdominal pain<br />
*dizziness<br />
*anemia [http://www.medicinenet.com/furosemide/article.htm [2]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
1.http://www.marvistavet.com/html/body_furosemide.html<br />
<br />
2.http://www.medicinenet.com/furosemide/article.htm</div>
Srs05
https://chemwiki.ch.ic.ac.uk/index.php?title=It:Furosemide&diff=4348
It:Furosemide
2006-10-26T14:43:45Z
<p>Srs05: /* What is Furosemide */</p>
<hr />
<div>=Furosemide=<br />
[[Image:furosemide.png]]<br />
<br />
<jmol><br />
<jmolApplet><br />
<size>300</size><br />
<color>black</color><br />
<script>zoom 100; cpk off;frame 1; move 10 -20 10 0 0 0 0 0 3; delay 1;</script><br />
<inlineContents>HEADER NONAME 26-Oct-06 NONE 1<br />
TITLE NONE 2<br />
AUTHOR WWW daemon apache NONE 3<br />
REVDAT 1 26-Oct-06 0 NONE 4<br />
ATOM 1 O 0 0.008 3.767 -0.058 0.00 0.00 O+0<br />
ATOM 2 C 0 0.678 2.605 0.065 0.00 0.00 C+0<br />
ATOM 3 C 0 -0.056 1.328 0.063 0.00 0.00 C+0<br />
ATOM 4 C 0 -1.454 1.321 0.056 0.00 0.00 C+0<br />
ATOM 5 C 0 -2.135 0.125 0.055 0.00 0.00 C+0<br />
ATOM 6 S 0 -3.897 0.119 0.047 0.00 0.00 S+0<br />
ATOM 7 N 0 -4.383 -0.552 -1.387 0.00 0.00 N+0<br />
ATOM 8 O 0 -4.285 -0.804 1.056 0.00 0.00 O+0<br />
ATOM 9 O 0 -4.287 1.484 -0.014 0.00 0.00 O+0<br />
ATOM 10 C 0 -1.441 -1.077 0.058 0.00 0.00 C+0<br />
ATOM 11 Cl 0 -2.314 -2.578 0.055 0.00 0.00 Cl+0<br />
ATOM 12 C 0 -0.060 -1.087 0.065 0.00 0.00 C+0<br />
ATOM 13 C 0 0.644 0.111 0.061 0.00 0.00 C+0<br />
ATOM 14 N 0 2.032 0.104 0.062 0.00 0.00 N+0<br />
ATOM 15 C 0 2.759 -1.162 -0.061 0.00 0.00 C+0<br />
ATOM 16 C 0 4.242 -0.895 -0.034 0.00 0.00 C+0<br />
ATOM 17 C 0 5.015 -0.862 1.067 0.00 0.00 C+0<br />
ATOM 18 C 0 6.331 -0.580 0.634 0.00 0.00 C+0<br />
ATOM 19 C 0 6.284 -0.459 -0.705 0.00 0.00 C+0<br />
ATOM 20 O 0 5.016 -0.657 -1.104 0.00 0.00 O+0<br />
ATOM 21 O 0 1.888 2.609 0.177 0.00 0.00 O+0<br />
ATOM 22 H 0 0.490 4.606 -0.056 0.00 0.00 H+0<br />
ATOM 23 H 0 -2.000 2.253 0.053 0.00 0.00 H+0<br />
ATOM 24 H 0 -3.723 -0.852 -2.031 0.00 0.00 H+0<br />
ATOM 25 H 0 -5.329 -0.645 -1.583 0.00 0.00 H+0<br />
ATOM 26 H 0 0.473 -2.026 0.068 0.00 0.00 H+0<br />
ATOM 27 H 0 2.521 0.938 0.143 0.00 0.00 H+0<br />
ATOM 28 H 0 2.492 -1.816 0.770 0.00 0.00 H+0<br />
ATOM 29 H 0 2.493 -1.644 -1.002 0.00 0.00 H+0<br />
ATOM 30 H 0 4.692 -1.019 2.085 0.00 0.00 H+0<br />
ATOM 31 H 0 7.207 -0.481 1.258 0.00 0.00 H+0<br />
ATOM 32 H 0 7.123 -0.243 -1.350 0.00 0.00 H+0<br />
CONECT 1 2 22 0 0 NONE 37<br />
CONECT 2 1 3 21 0 NONE 38<br />
CONECT 3 2 4 13 0 NONE 39<br />
CONECT 4 3 5 23 0 NONE 40<br />
CONECT 5 4 6 10 0 NONE 41<br />
CONECT 6 5 7 8 9 NONE 42<br />
CONECT 7 6 24 25 0 NONE 43<br />
CONECT 8 6 0 0 0 NONE 44<br />
CONECT 9 6 0 0 0 NONE 45<br />
CONECT 10 5 11 12 0 NONE 46<br />
CONECT 11 10 0 0 0 NONE 47<br />
CONECT 12 10 13 26 0 NONE 48<br />
CONECT 13 3 12 14 0 NONE 49<br />
CONECT 14 13 15 27 0 NONE 50<br />
CONECT 15 14 16 28 29 NONE 51<br />
CONECT 16 15 20 17 0 NONE 52<br />
CONECT 17 16 18 30 0 NONE 53<br />
CONECT 18 17 19 31 0 NONE 54<br />
CONECT 19 18 20 32 0 NONE 55<br />
CONECT 20 19 16 0 0 NONE 56<br />
CONECT 21 2 0 0 0 NONE 57<br />
END</inlineContents><br />
</jmolApplet><br />
</jmol><br />
==Chemical Information==<br />
{| border="1"<br />
|-<br />
!Systematic Name<br />
|5-(aminosulfonyl)-4-chloro-2-[(2-furanylmethyl)amino]benzoic acid<br />
|-<br />
!Molecular Formula <br />
|C<sub>12</sub>H<sub>11</sub>N<sub>2</sub>ClO<sub>5</sub>S<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==What is Furosemide==<br />
Furosemide is seen as a diuretic due to the fact that it leads to water loss. This is done by the drug increasing the urine production.<br />
Furosemide can be used to treat:<br />
*congestive heart failure<br />
*fluid accumulation and swelling (edema)<br />
*False pregancy (which occurs in female dogs)<br />
*acute and chronic kidney failure<br />
*cirrhosis <br />
*nephrotic syndrome<br />
===Side effects===<br />
The common side effects for furosemide are:<br />
*water and electrolyte depletion<br />
*Increased sugar levels in blood[http://www.marvistavet.com/html/body_furosemide.html [1]]<br />
*low blood pressure.<br />
*It also reduces excretion of lithium so can cause lithium toxicity<br />
Less common side effects are:<br />
*jaundice<br />
*ringing in ears (tinnitus)<br />
*rash<br />
*pancreatitis<br />
*nausea<br />
*abdominal pain<br />
*dizziness<br />
*anemia [http://www.medicinenet.com/furosemide/article.htm [2]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
1.http://www.marvistavet.com/html/body_furosemide.html<br />
<br />
2.http://www.medicinenet.com/furosemide/article.htm</div>
Srs05
https://chemwiki.ch.ic.ac.uk/index.php?title=It:Furosemide&diff=4342
It:Furosemide
2006-10-26T14:39:50Z
<p>Srs05: /* References */</p>
<hr />
<div>=Furosemide=<br />
[[Image:furosemide.png]]<br />
<br />
<jmol><br />
<jmolApplet><br />
<size>300</size><br />
<color>black</color><br />
<script>zoom 100; cpk off;frame 1; move 10 -20 10 0 0 0 0 0 3; delay 1;</script><br />
<inlineContents>HEADER NONAME 26-Oct-06 NONE 1<br />
TITLE NONE 2<br />
AUTHOR WWW daemon apache NONE 3<br />
REVDAT 1 26-Oct-06 0 NONE 4<br />
ATOM 1 O 0 0.008 3.767 -0.058 0.00 0.00 O+0<br />
ATOM 2 C 0 0.678 2.605 0.065 0.00 0.00 C+0<br />
ATOM 3 C 0 -0.056 1.328 0.063 0.00 0.00 C+0<br />
ATOM 4 C 0 -1.454 1.321 0.056 0.00 0.00 C+0<br />
ATOM 5 C 0 -2.135 0.125 0.055 0.00 0.00 C+0<br />
ATOM 6 S 0 -3.897 0.119 0.047 0.00 0.00 S+0<br />
ATOM 7 N 0 -4.383 -0.552 -1.387 0.00 0.00 N+0<br />
ATOM 8 O 0 -4.285 -0.804 1.056 0.00 0.00 O+0<br />
ATOM 9 O 0 -4.287 1.484 -0.014 0.00 0.00 O+0<br />
ATOM 10 C 0 -1.441 -1.077 0.058 0.00 0.00 C+0<br />
ATOM 11 Cl 0 -2.314 -2.578 0.055 0.00 0.00 Cl+0<br />
ATOM 12 C 0 -0.060 -1.087 0.065 0.00 0.00 C+0<br />
ATOM 13 C 0 0.644 0.111 0.061 0.00 0.00 C+0<br />
ATOM 14 N 0 2.032 0.104 0.062 0.00 0.00 N+0<br />
ATOM 15 C 0 2.759 -1.162 -0.061 0.00 0.00 C+0<br />
ATOM 16 C 0 4.242 -0.895 -0.034 0.00 0.00 C+0<br />
ATOM 17 C 0 5.015 -0.862 1.067 0.00 0.00 C+0<br />
ATOM 18 C 0 6.331 -0.580 0.634 0.00 0.00 C+0<br />
ATOM 19 C 0 6.284 -0.459 -0.705 0.00 0.00 C+0<br />
ATOM 20 O 0 5.016 -0.657 -1.104 0.00 0.00 O+0<br />
ATOM 21 O 0 1.888 2.609 0.177 0.00 0.00 O+0<br />
ATOM 22 H 0 0.490 4.606 -0.056 0.00 0.00 H+0<br />
ATOM 23 H 0 -2.000 2.253 0.053 0.00 0.00 H+0<br />
ATOM 24 H 0 -3.723 -0.852 -2.031 0.00 0.00 H+0<br />
ATOM 25 H 0 -5.329 -0.645 -1.583 0.00 0.00 H+0<br />
ATOM 26 H 0 0.473 -2.026 0.068 0.00 0.00 H+0<br />
ATOM 27 H 0 2.521 0.938 0.143 0.00 0.00 H+0<br />
ATOM 28 H 0 2.492 -1.816 0.770 0.00 0.00 H+0<br />
ATOM 29 H 0 2.493 -1.644 -1.002 0.00 0.00 H+0<br />
ATOM 30 H 0 4.692 -1.019 2.085 0.00 0.00 H+0<br />
ATOM 31 H 0 7.207 -0.481 1.258 0.00 0.00 H+0<br />
ATOM 32 H 0 7.123 -0.243 -1.350 0.00 0.00 H+0<br />
CONECT 1 2 22 0 0 NONE 37<br />
CONECT 2 1 3 21 0 NONE 38<br />
CONECT 3 2 4 13 0 NONE 39<br />
CONECT 4 3 5 23 0 NONE 40<br />
CONECT 5 4 6 10 0 NONE 41<br />
CONECT 6 5 7 8 9 NONE 42<br />
CONECT 7 6 24 25 0 NONE 43<br />
CONECT 8 6 0 0 0 NONE 44<br />
CONECT 9 6 0 0 0 NONE 45<br />
CONECT 10 5 11 12 0 NONE 46<br />
CONECT 11 10 0 0 0 NONE 47<br />
CONECT 12 10 13 26 0 NONE 48<br />
CONECT 13 3 12 14 0 NONE 49<br />
CONECT 14 13 15 27 0 NONE 50<br />
CONECT 15 14 16 28 29 NONE 51<br />
CONECT 16 15 20 17 0 NONE 52<br />
CONECT 17 16 18 30 0 NONE 53<br />
CONECT 18 17 19 31 0 NONE 54<br />
CONECT 19 18 20 32 0 NONE 55<br />
CONECT 20 19 16 0 0 NONE 56<br />
CONECT 21 2 0 0 0 NONE 57<br />
END</inlineContents><br />
</jmolApplet><br />
</jmol><br />
==What is Furosemide==<br />
Furosemide is seen as a diuretic due to the fact that it leads to water loss. This is done by the drug increasing the urine production.<br />
Furosemide can be used to treat:<br />
*congestive heart failure<br />
*fluid accumulation and swelling (edema)<br />
*False pregancy (which occurs in female dogs)<br />
*acute and chronic kidney failure<br />
*cirrhosis <br />
*nephrotic syndrome<br />
===Side effects===<br />
The common side effects for furosemide are:<br />
*water and electrolyte depletion<br />
*Increased sugar levels in blood[http://www.marvistavet.com/html/body_furosemide.html [1]]<br />
*low blood pressure.<br />
Less common side effects are:<br />
*jaundice<br />
*ringing in ears (tinnitus)<br />
*rash<br />
*pancreatitis<br />
*nausea<br />
*abdominal pain<br />
*dizziness<br />
*anemia [http://www.medicinenet.com/furosemide/article.htm [2]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
1.http://www.marvistavet.com/html/body_furosemide.html<br />
<br />
2.http://www.medicinenet.com/furosemide/article.htm</div>
Srs05
https://chemwiki.ch.ic.ac.uk/index.php?title=It:Furosemide&diff=4341
It:Furosemide
2006-10-26T14:39:37Z
<p>Srs05: /* References */</p>
<hr />
<div>=Furosemide=<br />
[[Image:furosemide.png]]<br />
<br />
<jmol><br />
<jmolApplet><br />
<size>300</size><br />
<color>black</color><br />
<script>zoom 100; cpk off;frame 1; move 10 -20 10 0 0 0 0 0 3; delay 1;</script><br />
<inlineContents>HEADER NONAME 26-Oct-06 NONE 1<br />
TITLE NONE 2<br />
AUTHOR WWW daemon apache NONE 3<br />
REVDAT 1 26-Oct-06 0 NONE 4<br />
ATOM 1 O 0 0.008 3.767 -0.058 0.00 0.00 O+0<br />
ATOM 2 C 0 0.678 2.605 0.065 0.00 0.00 C+0<br />
ATOM 3 C 0 -0.056 1.328 0.063 0.00 0.00 C+0<br />
ATOM 4 C 0 -1.454 1.321 0.056 0.00 0.00 C+0<br />
ATOM 5 C 0 -2.135 0.125 0.055 0.00 0.00 C+0<br />
ATOM 6 S 0 -3.897 0.119 0.047 0.00 0.00 S+0<br />
ATOM 7 N 0 -4.383 -0.552 -1.387 0.00 0.00 N+0<br />
ATOM 8 O 0 -4.285 -0.804 1.056 0.00 0.00 O+0<br />
ATOM 9 O 0 -4.287 1.484 -0.014 0.00 0.00 O+0<br />
ATOM 10 C 0 -1.441 -1.077 0.058 0.00 0.00 C+0<br />
ATOM 11 Cl 0 -2.314 -2.578 0.055 0.00 0.00 Cl+0<br />
ATOM 12 C 0 -0.060 -1.087 0.065 0.00 0.00 C+0<br />
ATOM 13 C 0 0.644 0.111 0.061 0.00 0.00 C+0<br />
ATOM 14 N 0 2.032 0.104 0.062 0.00 0.00 N+0<br />
ATOM 15 C 0 2.759 -1.162 -0.061 0.00 0.00 C+0<br />
ATOM 16 C 0 4.242 -0.895 -0.034 0.00 0.00 C+0<br />
ATOM 17 C 0 5.015 -0.862 1.067 0.00 0.00 C+0<br />
ATOM 18 C 0 6.331 -0.580 0.634 0.00 0.00 C+0<br />
ATOM 19 C 0 6.284 -0.459 -0.705 0.00 0.00 C+0<br />
ATOM 20 O 0 5.016 -0.657 -1.104 0.00 0.00 O+0<br />
ATOM 21 O 0 1.888 2.609 0.177 0.00 0.00 O+0<br />
ATOM 22 H 0 0.490 4.606 -0.056 0.00 0.00 H+0<br />
ATOM 23 H 0 -2.000 2.253 0.053 0.00 0.00 H+0<br />
ATOM 24 H 0 -3.723 -0.852 -2.031 0.00 0.00 H+0<br />
ATOM 25 H 0 -5.329 -0.645 -1.583 0.00 0.00 H+0<br />
ATOM 26 H 0 0.473 -2.026 0.068 0.00 0.00 H+0<br />
ATOM 27 H 0 2.521 0.938 0.143 0.00 0.00 H+0<br />
ATOM 28 H 0 2.492 -1.816 0.770 0.00 0.00 H+0<br />
ATOM 29 H 0 2.493 -1.644 -1.002 0.00 0.00 H+0<br />
ATOM 30 H 0 4.692 -1.019 2.085 0.00 0.00 H+0<br />
ATOM 31 H 0 7.207 -0.481 1.258 0.00 0.00 H+0<br />
ATOM 32 H 0 7.123 -0.243 -1.350 0.00 0.00 H+0<br />
CONECT 1 2 22 0 0 NONE 37<br />
CONECT 2 1 3 21 0 NONE 38<br />
CONECT 3 2 4 13 0 NONE 39<br />
CONECT 4 3 5 23 0 NONE 40<br />
CONECT 5 4 6 10 0 NONE 41<br />
CONECT 6 5 7 8 9 NONE 42<br />
CONECT 7 6 24 25 0 NONE 43<br />
CONECT 8 6 0 0 0 NONE 44<br />
CONECT 9 6 0 0 0 NONE 45<br />
CONECT 10 5 11 12 0 NONE 46<br />
CONECT 11 10 0 0 0 NONE 47<br />
CONECT 12 10 13 26 0 NONE 48<br />
CONECT 13 3 12 14 0 NONE 49<br />
CONECT 14 13 15 27 0 NONE 50<br />
CONECT 15 14 16 28 29 NONE 51<br />
CONECT 16 15 20 17 0 NONE 52<br />
CONECT 17 16 18 30 0 NONE 53<br />
CONECT 18 17 19 31 0 NONE 54<br />
CONECT 19 18 20 32 0 NONE 55<br />
CONECT 20 19 16 0 0 NONE 56<br />
CONECT 21 2 0 0 0 NONE 57<br />
END</inlineContents><br />
</jmolApplet><br />
</jmol><br />
==What is Furosemide==<br />
Furosemide is seen as a diuretic due to the fact that it leads to water loss. This is done by the drug increasing the urine production.<br />
Furosemide can be used to treat:<br />
*congestive heart failure<br />
*fluid accumulation and swelling (edema)<br />
*False pregancy (which occurs in female dogs)<br />
*acute and chronic kidney failure<br />
*cirrhosis <br />
*nephrotic syndrome<br />
===Side effects===<br />
The common side effects for furosemide are:<br />
*water and electrolyte depletion<br />
*Increased sugar levels in blood[http://www.marvistavet.com/html/body_furosemide.html [1]]<br />
*low blood pressure.<br />
Less common side effects are:<br />
*jaundice<br />
*ringing in ears (tinnitus)<br />
*rash<br />
*pancreatitis<br />
*nausea<br />
*abdominal pain<br />
*dizziness<br />
*anemia [http://www.medicinenet.com/furosemide/article.htm [2]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
1.http://www.marvistavet.com/html/body_furosemide.html.<br />
2.http://www.medicinenet.com/furosemide/article.htm</div>
Srs05
https://chemwiki.ch.ic.ac.uk/index.php?title=It:Furosemide&diff=4339
It:Furosemide
2006-10-26T14:39:16Z
<p>Srs05: /* References */</p>
<hr />
<div>=Furosemide=<br />
[[Image:furosemide.png]]<br />
<br />
<jmol><br />
<jmolApplet><br />
<size>300</size><br />
<color>black</color><br />
<script>zoom 100; cpk off;frame 1; move 10 -20 10 0 0 0 0 0 3; delay 1;</script><br />
<inlineContents>HEADER NONAME 26-Oct-06 NONE 1<br />
TITLE NONE 2<br />
AUTHOR WWW daemon apache NONE 3<br />
REVDAT 1 26-Oct-06 0 NONE 4<br />
ATOM 1 O 0 0.008 3.767 -0.058 0.00 0.00 O+0<br />
ATOM 2 C 0 0.678 2.605 0.065 0.00 0.00 C+0<br />
ATOM 3 C 0 -0.056 1.328 0.063 0.00 0.00 C+0<br />
ATOM 4 C 0 -1.454 1.321 0.056 0.00 0.00 C+0<br />
ATOM 5 C 0 -2.135 0.125 0.055 0.00 0.00 C+0<br />
ATOM 6 S 0 -3.897 0.119 0.047 0.00 0.00 S+0<br />
ATOM 7 N 0 -4.383 -0.552 -1.387 0.00 0.00 N+0<br />
ATOM 8 O 0 -4.285 -0.804 1.056 0.00 0.00 O+0<br />
ATOM 9 O 0 -4.287 1.484 -0.014 0.00 0.00 O+0<br />
ATOM 10 C 0 -1.441 -1.077 0.058 0.00 0.00 C+0<br />
ATOM 11 Cl 0 -2.314 -2.578 0.055 0.00 0.00 Cl+0<br />
ATOM 12 C 0 -0.060 -1.087 0.065 0.00 0.00 C+0<br />
ATOM 13 C 0 0.644 0.111 0.061 0.00 0.00 C+0<br />
ATOM 14 N 0 2.032 0.104 0.062 0.00 0.00 N+0<br />
ATOM 15 C 0 2.759 -1.162 -0.061 0.00 0.00 C+0<br />
ATOM 16 C 0 4.242 -0.895 -0.034 0.00 0.00 C+0<br />
ATOM 17 C 0 5.015 -0.862 1.067 0.00 0.00 C+0<br />
ATOM 18 C 0 6.331 -0.580 0.634 0.00 0.00 C+0<br />
ATOM 19 C 0 6.284 -0.459 -0.705 0.00 0.00 C+0<br />
ATOM 20 O 0 5.016 -0.657 -1.104 0.00 0.00 O+0<br />
ATOM 21 O 0 1.888 2.609 0.177 0.00 0.00 O+0<br />
ATOM 22 H 0 0.490 4.606 -0.056 0.00 0.00 H+0<br />
ATOM 23 H 0 -2.000 2.253 0.053 0.00 0.00 H+0<br />
ATOM 24 H 0 -3.723 -0.852 -2.031 0.00 0.00 H+0<br />
ATOM 25 H 0 -5.329 -0.645 -1.583 0.00 0.00 H+0<br />
ATOM 26 H 0 0.473 -2.026 0.068 0.00 0.00 H+0<br />
ATOM 27 H 0 2.521 0.938 0.143 0.00 0.00 H+0<br />
ATOM 28 H 0 2.492 -1.816 0.770 0.00 0.00 H+0<br />
ATOM 29 H 0 2.493 -1.644 -1.002 0.00 0.00 H+0<br />
ATOM 30 H 0 4.692 -1.019 2.085 0.00 0.00 H+0<br />
ATOM 31 H 0 7.207 -0.481 1.258 0.00 0.00 H+0<br />
ATOM 32 H 0 7.123 -0.243 -1.350 0.00 0.00 H+0<br />
CONECT 1 2 22 0 0 NONE 37<br />
CONECT 2 1 3 21 0 NONE 38<br />
CONECT 3 2 4 13 0 NONE 39<br />
CONECT 4 3 5 23 0 NONE 40<br />
CONECT 5 4 6 10 0 NONE 41<br />
CONECT 6 5 7 8 9 NONE 42<br />
CONECT 7 6 24 25 0 NONE 43<br />
CONECT 8 6 0 0 0 NONE 44<br />
CONECT 9 6 0 0 0 NONE 45<br />
CONECT 10 5 11 12 0 NONE 46<br />
CONECT 11 10 0 0 0 NONE 47<br />
CONECT 12 10 13 26 0 NONE 48<br />
CONECT 13 3 12 14 0 NONE 49<br />
CONECT 14 13 15 27 0 NONE 50<br />
CONECT 15 14 16 28 29 NONE 51<br />
CONECT 16 15 20 17 0 NONE 52<br />
CONECT 17 16 18 30 0 NONE 53<br />
CONECT 18 17 19 31 0 NONE 54<br />
CONECT 19 18 20 32 0 NONE 55<br />
CONECT 20 19 16 0 0 NONE 56<br />
CONECT 21 2 0 0 0 NONE 57<br />
END</inlineContents><br />
</jmolApplet><br />
</jmol><br />
==What is Furosemide==<br />
Furosemide is seen as a diuretic due to the fact that it leads to water loss. This is done by the drug increasing the urine production.<br />
Furosemide can be used to treat:<br />
*congestive heart failure<br />
*fluid accumulation and swelling (edema)<br />
*False pregancy (which occurs in female dogs)<br />
*acute and chronic kidney failure<br />
*cirrhosis <br />
*nephrotic syndrome<br />
===Side effects===<br />
The common side effects for furosemide are:<br />
*water and electrolyte depletion<br />
*Increased sugar levels in blood[http://www.marvistavet.com/html/body_furosemide.html [1]]<br />
*low blood pressure.<br />
Less common side effects are:<br />
*jaundice<br />
*ringing in ears (tinnitus)<br />
*rash<br />
*pancreatitis<br />
*nausea<br />
*abdominal pain<br />
*dizziness<br />
*anemia [http://www.medicinenet.com/furosemide/article.htm [2]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
1.http://www.marvistavet.com/html/body_furosemide.html<br />
2.http://www.medicinenet.com/furosemide/article.htm</div>
Srs05
https://chemwiki.ch.ic.ac.uk/index.php?title=It:Furosemide&diff=4336
It:Furosemide
2006-10-26T14:38:01Z
<p>Srs05: /* Side effects */</p>
<hr />
<div>=Furosemide=<br />
[[Image:furosemide.png]]<br />
<br />
<jmol><br />
<jmolApplet><br />
<size>300</size><br />
<color>black</color><br />
<script>zoom 100; cpk off;frame 1; move 10 -20 10 0 0 0 0 0 3; delay 1;</script><br />
<inlineContents>HEADER NONAME 26-Oct-06 NONE 1<br />
TITLE NONE 2<br />
AUTHOR WWW daemon apache NONE 3<br />
REVDAT 1 26-Oct-06 0 NONE 4<br />
ATOM 1 O 0 0.008 3.767 -0.058 0.00 0.00 O+0<br />
ATOM 2 C 0 0.678 2.605 0.065 0.00 0.00 C+0<br />
ATOM 3 C 0 -0.056 1.328 0.063 0.00 0.00 C+0<br />
ATOM 4 C 0 -1.454 1.321 0.056 0.00 0.00 C+0<br />
ATOM 5 C 0 -2.135 0.125 0.055 0.00 0.00 C+0<br />
ATOM 6 S 0 -3.897 0.119 0.047 0.00 0.00 S+0<br />
ATOM 7 N 0 -4.383 -0.552 -1.387 0.00 0.00 N+0<br />
ATOM 8 O 0 -4.285 -0.804 1.056 0.00 0.00 O+0<br />
ATOM 9 O 0 -4.287 1.484 -0.014 0.00 0.00 O+0<br />
ATOM 10 C 0 -1.441 -1.077 0.058 0.00 0.00 C+0<br />
ATOM 11 Cl 0 -2.314 -2.578 0.055 0.00 0.00 Cl+0<br />
ATOM 12 C 0 -0.060 -1.087 0.065 0.00 0.00 C+0<br />
ATOM 13 C 0 0.644 0.111 0.061 0.00 0.00 C+0<br />
ATOM 14 N 0 2.032 0.104 0.062 0.00 0.00 N+0<br />
ATOM 15 C 0 2.759 -1.162 -0.061 0.00 0.00 C+0<br />
ATOM 16 C 0 4.242 -0.895 -0.034 0.00 0.00 C+0<br />
ATOM 17 C 0 5.015 -0.862 1.067 0.00 0.00 C+0<br />
ATOM 18 C 0 6.331 -0.580 0.634 0.00 0.00 C+0<br />
ATOM 19 C 0 6.284 -0.459 -0.705 0.00 0.00 C+0<br />
ATOM 20 O 0 5.016 -0.657 -1.104 0.00 0.00 O+0<br />
ATOM 21 O 0 1.888 2.609 0.177 0.00 0.00 O+0<br />
ATOM 22 H 0 0.490 4.606 -0.056 0.00 0.00 H+0<br />
ATOM 23 H 0 -2.000 2.253 0.053 0.00 0.00 H+0<br />
ATOM 24 H 0 -3.723 -0.852 -2.031 0.00 0.00 H+0<br />
ATOM 25 H 0 -5.329 -0.645 -1.583 0.00 0.00 H+0<br />
ATOM 26 H 0 0.473 -2.026 0.068 0.00 0.00 H+0<br />
ATOM 27 H 0 2.521 0.938 0.143 0.00 0.00 H+0<br />
ATOM 28 H 0 2.492 -1.816 0.770 0.00 0.00 H+0<br />
ATOM 29 H 0 2.493 -1.644 -1.002 0.00 0.00 H+0<br />
ATOM 30 H 0 4.692 -1.019 2.085 0.00 0.00 H+0<br />
ATOM 31 H 0 7.207 -0.481 1.258 0.00 0.00 H+0<br />
ATOM 32 H 0 7.123 -0.243 -1.350 0.00 0.00 H+0<br />
CONECT 1 2 22 0 0 NONE 37<br />
CONECT 2 1 3 21 0 NONE 38<br />
CONECT 3 2 4 13 0 NONE 39<br />
CONECT 4 3 5 23 0 NONE 40<br />
CONECT 5 4 6 10 0 NONE 41<br />
CONECT 6 5 7 8 9 NONE 42<br />
CONECT 7 6 24 25 0 NONE 43<br />
CONECT 8 6 0 0 0 NONE 44<br />
CONECT 9 6 0 0 0 NONE 45<br />
CONECT 10 5 11 12 0 NONE 46<br />
CONECT 11 10 0 0 0 NONE 47<br />
CONECT 12 10 13 26 0 NONE 48<br />
CONECT 13 3 12 14 0 NONE 49<br />
CONECT 14 13 15 27 0 NONE 50<br />
CONECT 15 14 16 28 29 NONE 51<br />
CONECT 16 15 20 17 0 NONE 52<br />
CONECT 17 16 18 30 0 NONE 53<br />
CONECT 18 17 19 31 0 NONE 54<br />
CONECT 19 18 20 32 0 NONE 55<br />
CONECT 20 19 16 0 0 NONE 56<br />
CONECT 21 2 0 0 0 NONE 57<br />
END</inlineContents><br />
</jmolApplet><br />
</jmol><br />
==What is Furosemide==<br />
Furosemide is seen as a diuretic due to the fact that it leads to water loss. This is done by the drug increasing the urine production.<br />
Furosemide can be used to treat:<br />
*congestive heart failure<br />
*fluid accumulation and swelling (edema)<br />
*False pregancy (which occurs in female dogs)<br />
*acute and chronic kidney failure<br />
*cirrhosis <br />
*nephrotic syndrome<br />
===Side effects===<br />
The common side effects for furosemide are:<br />
*water and electrolyte depletion<br />
*Increased sugar levels in blood[http://www.marvistavet.com/html/body_furosemide.html [1]]<br />
*low blood pressure.<br />
Less common side effects are:<br />
*jaundice<br />
*ringing in ears (tinnitus)<br />
*rash<br />
*pancreatitis<br />
*nausea<br />
*abdominal pain<br />
*dizziness<br />
*anemia [http://www.medicinenet.com/furosemide/article.htm [2]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
1.http://www.marvistavet.com/html/body_furosemide.html</div>
Srs05
https://chemwiki.ch.ic.ac.uk/index.php?title=It:Furosemide&diff=4333
It:Furosemide
2006-10-26T14:34:43Z
<p>Srs05: /* Furosemide */</p>
<hr />
<div>=Furosemide=<br />
[[Image:furosemide.png]]<br />
<br />
<jmol><br />
<jmolApplet><br />
<size>300</size><br />
<color>black</color><br />
<script>zoom 100; cpk off;frame 1; move 10 -20 10 0 0 0 0 0 3; delay 1;</script><br />
<inlineContents>HEADER NONAME 26-Oct-06 NONE 1<br />
TITLE NONE 2<br />
AUTHOR WWW daemon apache NONE 3<br />
REVDAT 1 26-Oct-06 0 NONE 4<br />
ATOM 1 O 0 0.008 3.767 -0.058 0.00 0.00 O+0<br />
ATOM 2 C 0 0.678 2.605 0.065 0.00 0.00 C+0<br />
ATOM 3 C 0 -0.056 1.328 0.063 0.00 0.00 C+0<br />
ATOM 4 C 0 -1.454 1.321 0.056 0.00 0.00 C+0<br />
ATOM 5 C 0 -2.135 0.125 0.055 0.00 0.00 C+0<br />
ATOM 6 S 0 -3.897 0.119 0.047 0.00 0.00 S+0<br />
ATOM 7 N 0 -4.383 -0.552 -1.387 0.00 0.00 N+0<br />
ATOM 8 O 0 -4.285 -0.804 1.056 0.00 0.00 O+0<br />
ATOM 9 O 0 -4.287 1.484 -0.014 0.00 0.00 O+0<br />
ATOM 10 C 0 -1.441 -1.077 0.058 0.00 0.00 C+0<br />
ATOM 11 Cl 0 -2.314 -2.578 0.055 0.00 0.00 Cl+0<br />
ATOM 12 C 0 -0.060 -1.087 0.065 0.00 0.00 C+0<br />
ATOM 13 C 0 0.644 0.111 0.061 0.00 0.00 C+0<br />
ATOM 14 N 0 2.032 0.104 0.062 0.00 0.00 N+0<br />
ATOM 15 C 0 2.759 -1.162 -0.061 0.00 0.00 C+0<br />
ATOM 16 C 0 4.242 -0.895 -0.034 0.00 0.00 C+0<br />
ATOM 17 C 0 5.015 -0.862 1.067 0.00 0.00 C+0<br />
ATOM 18 C 0 6.331 -0.580 0.634 0.00 0.00 C+0<br />
ATOM 19 C 0 6.284 -0.459 -0.705 0.00 0.00 C+0<br />
ATOM 20 O 0 5.016 -0.657 -1.104 0.00 0.00 O+0<br />
ATOM 21 O 0 1.888 2.609 0.177 0.00 0.00 O+0<br />
ATOM 22 H 0 0.490 4.606 -0.056 0.00 0.00 H+0<br />
ATOM 23 H 0 -2.000 2.253 0.053 0.00 0.00 H+0<br />
ATOM 24 H 0 -3.723 -0.852 -2.031 0.00 0.00 H+0<br />
ATOM 25 H 0 -5.329 -0.645 -1.583 0.00 0.00 H+0<br />
ATOM 26 H 0 0.473 -2.026 0.068 0.00 0.00 H+0<br />
ATOM 27 H 0 2.521 0.938 0.143 0.00 0.00 H+0<br />
ATOM 28 H 0 2.492 -1.816 0.770 0.00 0.00 H+0<br />
ATOM 29 H 0 2.493 -1.644 -1.002 0.00 0.00 H+0<br />
ATOM 30 H 0 4.692 -1.019 2.085 0.00 0.00 H+0<br />
ATOM 31 H 0 7.207 -0.481 1.258 0.00 0.00 H+0<br />
ATOM 32 H 0 7.123 -0.243 -1.350 0.00 0.00 H+0<br />
CONECT 1 2 22 0 0 NONE 37<br />
CONECT 2 1 3 21 0 NONE 38<br />
CONECT 3 2 4 13 0 NONE 39<br />
CONECT 4 3 5 23 0 NONE 40<br />
CONECT 5 4 6 10 0 NONE 41<br />
CONECT 6 5 7 8 9 NONE 42<br />
CONECT 7 6 24 25 0 NONE 43<br />
CONECT 8 6 0 0 0 NONE 44<br />
CONECT 9 6 0 0 0 NONE 45<br />
CONECT 10 5 11 12 0 NONE 46<br />
CONECT 11 10 0 0 0 NONE 47<br />
CONECT 12 10 13 26 0 NONE 48<br />
CONECT 13 3 12 14 0 NONE 49<br />
CONECT 14 13 15 27 0 NONE 50<br />
CONECT 15 14 16 28 29 NONE 51<br />
CONECT 16 15 20 17 0 NONE 52<br />
CONECT 17 16 18 30 0 NONE 53<br />
CONECT 18 17 19 31 0 NONE 54<br />
CONECT 19 18 20 32 0 NONE 55<br />
CONECT 20 19 16 0 0 NONE 56<br />
CONECT 21 2 0 0 0 NONE 57<br />
END</inlineContents><br />
</jmolApplet><br />
</jmol><br />
==What is Furosemide==<br />
Furosemide is seen as a diuretic due to the fact that it leads to water loss. This is done by the drug increasing the urine production.<br />
Furosemide can be used to treat:<br />
*congestive heart failure<br />
*fluid accumulation and swelling (edema)<br />
*False pregancy (which occurs in female dogs)<br />
*acute and chronic kidney failure<br />
*cirrhosis <br />
*nephrotic syndrome<br />
===Side effects===<br />
The side effects for furosemide are:<br />
*Increased thirst<br />
*Increased sugar levels in blood<br />
*Hearing loss has also been found as a side effect in cats when alot of the drug has been taken.[http://www.marvistavet.com/html/body_furosemide.html [1]]<br />
==References==<br />
1.http://www.marvistavet.com/html/body_furosemide.html</div>
Srs05
https://chemwiki.ch.ic.ac.uk/index.php?title=It:Furosemide&diff=4332
It:Furosemide
2006-10-26T14:31:58Z
<p>Srs05: /* What is Furosemide */</p>
<hr />
<div>=Furosemide=<br />
[[Image:furosemide.png]]<br />
<br />
<jmol><br />
<jmolApplet><br />
<size>300</size><br />
<color>black</color><br />
<script>zoom 100; cpk off;frame 1; move 10 -20 10 0 0 0 0 0 3; delay 1;</script><br />
<inlineContents>HEADER NONAME 26-Oct-06 NONE 1<br />
TITLE NONE 2<br />
AUTHOR WWW daemon apache NONE 3<br />
REVDAT 1 26-Oct-06 0 NONE 4<br />
ATOM 1 O 0 0.008 3.767 -0.058 0.00 0.00 O+0<br />
ATOM 2 C 0 0.678 2.605 0.065 0.00 0.00 C+0<br />
ATOM 3 C 0 -0.056 1.328 0.063 0.00 0.00 C+0<br />
ATOM 4 C 0 -1.454 1.321 0.056 0.00 0.00 C+0<br />
ATOM 5 C 0 -2.135 0.125 0.055 0.00 0.00 C+0<br />
ATOM 6 S 0 -3.897 0.119 0.047 0.00 0.00 S+0<br />
ATOM 7 N 0 -4.383 -0.552 -1.387 0.00 0.00 N+0<br />
ATOM 8 O 0 -4.285 -0.804 1.056 0.00 0.00 O+0<br />
ATOM 9 O 0 -4.287 1.484 -0.014 0.00 0.00 O+0<br />
ATOM 10 C 0 -1.441 -1.077 0.058 0.00 0.00 C+0<br />
ATOM 11 Cl 0 -2.314 -2.578 0.055 0.00 0.00 Cl+0<br />
ATOM 12 C 0 -0.060 -1.087 0.065 0.00 0.00 C+0<br />
ATOM 13 C 0 0.644 0.111 0.061 0.00 0.00 C+0<br />
ATOM 14 N 0 2.032 0.104 0.062 0.00 0.00 N+0<br />
ATOM 15 C 0 2.759 -1.162 -0.061 0.00 0.00 C+0<br />
ATOM 16 C 0 4.242 -0.895 -0.034 0.00 0.00 C+0<br />
ATOM 17 C 0 5.015 -0.862 1.067 0.00 0.00 C+0<br />
ATOM 18 C 0 6.331 -0.580 0.634 0.00 0.00 C+0<br />
ATOM 19 C 0 6.284 -0.459 -0.705 0.00 0.00 C+0<br />
ATOM 20 O 0 5.016 -0.657 -1.104 0.00 0.00 O+0<br />
ATOM 21 O 0 1.888 2.609 0.177 0.00 0.00 O+0<br />
ATOM 22 H 0 0.490 4.606 -0.056 0.00 0.00 H+0<br />
ATOM 23 H 0 -2.000 2.253 0.053 0.00 0.00 H+0<br />
ATOM 24 H 0 -3.723 -0.852 -2.031 0.00 0.00 H+0<br />
ATOM 25 H 0 -5.329 -0.645 -1.583 0.00 0.00 H+0<br />
ATOM 26 H 0 0.473 -2.026 0.068 0.00 0.00 H+0<br />
ATOM 27 H 0 2.521 0.938 0.143 0.00 0.00 H+0<br />
ATOM 28 H 0 2.492 -1.816 0.770 0.00 0.00 H+0<br />
ATOM 29 H 0 2.493 -1.644 -1.002 0.00 0.00 H+0<br />
ATOM 30 H 0 4.692 -1.019 2.085 0.00 0.00 H+0<br />
ATOM 31 H 0 7.207 -0.481 1.258 0.00 0.00 H+0<br />
ATOM 32 H 0 7.123 -0.243 -1.350 0.00 0.00 H+0<br />
CONECT 1 2 22 0 0 NONE 37<br />
CONECT 2 1 3 21 0 NONE 38<br />
CONECT 3 2 4 13 0 NONE 39<br />
CONECT 4 3 5 23 0 NONE 40<br />
CONECT 5 4 6 10 0 NONE 41<br />
CONECT 6 5 7 8 9 NONE 42<br />
CONECT 7 6 24 25 0 NONE 43<br />
CONECT 8 6 0 0 0 NONE 44<br />
CONECT 9 6 0 0 0 NONE 45<br />
CONECT 10 5 11 12 0 NONE 46<br />
CONECT 11 10 0 0 0 NONE 47<br />
CONECT 12 10 13 26 0 NONE 48<br />
CONECT 13 3 12 14 0 NONE 49<br />
CONECT 14 13 15 27 0 NONE 50<br />
CONECT 15 14 16 28 29 NONE 51<br />
CONECT 16 15 20 17 0 NONE 52<br />
CONECT 17 16 18 30 0 NONE 53<br />
CONECT 18 17 19 31 0 NONE 54<br />
CONECT 19 18 20 32 0 NONE 55<br />
CONECT 20 19 16 0 0 NONE 56<br />
CONECT 21 2 0 0 0 NONE 57<br />
END</inlineContents><br />
</jmolApplet><br />
</jmol><br />
==What is Furosemide==<br />
Furosemide is seen as a diuretic due to the fact that it leads to water loss. This is done by the drug increasing the urine production.<br />
Furosemide can be used to treat:<br />
*congestive heart failure<br />
*edema<br />
*False pregancy (which occurs in female dogs)<br />
*acute kidney failure<br />
===Side effects===<br />
The side effects for furosemide are:<br />
*Increased thirst<br />
*Increased sugar levels in blood<br />
*Hearing loss has also been found as a side effect in cats when alot of the drug has been taken.[http://www.marvistavet.com/html/body_furosemide.html [1]]</div>
Srs05
https://chemwiki.ch.ic.ac.uk/index.php?title=It:Furosemide&diff=4325
It:Furosemide
2006-10-26T14:25:44Z
<p>Srs05: </p>
<hr />
<div>=Furosemide=<br />
[[Image:furosemide.png]]<br />
<br />
<jmol><br />
<jmolApplet><br />
<size>300</size><br />
<color>black</color><br />
<script>zoom 100; cpk off;frame 1; move 10 -20 10 0 0 0 0 0 3; delay 1;</script><br />
<inlineContents>HEADER NONAME 26-Oct-06 NONE 1<br />
TITLE NONE 2<br />
AUTHOR WWW daemon apache NONE 3<br />
REVDAT 1 26-Oct-06 0 NONE 4<br />
ATOM 1 O 0 0.008 3.767 -0.058 0.00 0.00 O+0<br />
ATOM 2 C 0 0.678 2.605 0.065 0.00 0.00 C+0<br />
ATOM 3 C 0 -0.056 1.328 0.063 0.00 0.00 C+0<br />
ATOM 4 C 0 -1.454 1.321 0.056 0.00 0.00 C+0<br />
ATOM 5 C 0 -2.135 0.125 0.055 0.00 0.00 C+0<br />
ATOM 6 S 0 -3.897 0.119 0.047 0.00 0.00 S+0<br />
ATOM 7 N 0 -4.383 -0.552 -1.387 0.00 0.00 N+0<br />
ATOM 8 O 0 -4.285 -0.804 1.056 0.00 0.00 O+0<br />
ATOM 9 O 0 -4.287 1.484 -0.014 0.00 0.00 O+0<br />
ATOM 10 C 0 -1.441 -1.077 0.058 0.00 0.00 C+0<br />
ATOM 11 Cl 0 -2.314 -2.578 0.055 0.00 0.00 Cl+0<br />
ATOM 12 C 0 -0.060 -1.087 0.065 0.00 0.00 C+0<br />
ATOM 13 C 0 0.644 0.111 0.061 0.00 0.00 C+0<br />
ATOM 14 N 0 2.032 0.104 0.062 0.00 0.00 N+0<br />
ATOM 15 C 0 2.759 -1.162 -0.061 0.00 0.00 C+0<br />
ATOM 16 C 0 4.242 -0.895 -0.034 0.00 0.00 C+0<br />
ATOM 17 C 0 5.015 -0.862 1.067 0.00 0.00 C+0<br />
ATOM 18 C 0 6.331 -0.580 0.634 0.00 0.00 C+0<br />
ATOM 19 C 0 6.284 -0.459 -0.705 0.00 0.00 C+0<br />
ATOM 20 O 0 5.016 -0.657 -1.104 0.00 0.00 O+0<br />
ATOM 21 O 0 1.888 2.609 0.177 0.00 0.00 O+0<br />
ATOM 22 H 0 0.490 4.606 -0.056 0.00 0.00 H+0<br />
ATOM 23 H 0 -2.000 2.253 0.053 0.00 0.00 H+0<br />
ATOM 24 H 0 -3.723 -0.852 -2.031 0.00 0.00 H+0<br />
ATOM 25 H 0 -5.329 -0.645 -1.583 0.00 0.00 H+0<br />
ATOM 26 H 0 0.473 -2.026 0.068 0.00 0.00 H+0<br />
ATOM 27 H 0 2.521 0.938 0.143 0.00 0.00 H+0<br />
ATOM 28 H 0 2.492 -1.816 0.770 0.00 0.00 H+0<br />
ATOM 29 H 0 2.493 -1.644 -1.002 0.00 0.00 H+0<br />
ATOM 30 H 0 4.692 -1.019 2.085 0.00 0.00 H+0<br />
ATOM 31 H 0 7.207 -0.481 1.258 0.00 0.00 H+0<br />
ATOM 32 H 0 7.123 -0.243 -1.350 0.00 0.00 H+0<br />
CONECT 1 2 22 0 0 NONE 37<br />
CONECT 2 1 3 21 0 NONE 38<br />
CONECT 3 2 4 13 0 NONE 39<br />
CONECT 4 3 5 23 0 NONE 40<br />
CONECT 5 4 6 10 0 NONE 41<br />
CONECT 6 5 7 8 9 NONE 42<br />
CONECT 7 6 24 25 0 NONE 43<br />
CONECT 8 6 0 0 0 NONE 44<br />
CONECT 9 6 0 0 0 NONE 45<br />
CONECT 10 5 11 12 0 NONE 46<br />
CONECT 11 10 0 0 0 NONE 47<br />
CONECT 12 10 13 26 0 NONE 48<br />
CONECT 13 3 12 14 0 NONE 49<br />
CONECT 14 13 15 27 0 NONE 50<br />
CONECT 15 14 16 28 29 NONE 51<br />
CONECT 16 15 20 17 0 NONE 52<br />
CONECT 17 16 18 30 0 NONE 53<br />
CONECT 18 17 19 31 0 NONE 54<br />
CONECT 19 18 20 32 0 NONE 55<br />
CONECT 20 19 16 0 0 NONE 56<br />
CONECT 21 2 0 0 0 NONE 57<br />
END</inlineContents><br />
</jmolApplet><br />
</jmol><br />
==What is Furosemide==<br />
Furosemide is seen as a diuretic due to the fact that it leads to water loss. This is done by the drug increasing the urine production.<br />
Furosemide can be used to treat:<br />
*congestive heart failure<br />
*edema<br />
*False pregancy (which occurs in female dogs)</div>
Srs05
https://chemwiki.ch.ic.ac.uk/index.php?title=File:Mass_spec_of_tamoxifen.PNG&diff=4249
File:Mass spec of tamoxifen.PNG
2006-10-26T13:51:19Z
<p>Srs05: The mass spectrum of tamoxifen</p>
<hr />
<div>The mass spectrum of tamoxifen</div>
Srs05
https://chemwiki.ch.ic.ac.uk/index.php?title=It:Tamoxifen&diff=4238
It:Tamoxifen
2006-10-26T13:43:06Z
<p>Srs05: /* Side Effects of using Tamoxifen */</p>
<hr />
<div>=Tamoxifen=<br />
==Structures and 3D Image==<br />
[[Image:Tamoxifen.png|thumb|left|10|Structure of Tamoxifen]]<br />
Structure of Tamoxifen <sup>1,2</sup><br />
<jmol><br />
<jmolApplet><br />
<size>400</size><br />
<color>white</color><br />
<script>zoom 150; ball and stick on;frame 1; move 10 -20 10 0 0 0 0 0 3; delay 1;</script><br />
<inlineContents><br />
HEADER CSD ENTRY TTAMOX01<br />
COMPND UNNAMED<br />
AUTHOR GENERATED BY CONQUEST<br />
CRYST1 41.630 5.747 30.679 90.00 142.90 90.00 C 2/c 8<br />
ATOM 1 C1 UNK 0 1 16.197 1.751 16.833 1.00 0.00<br />
ATOM 2 C2 UNK 0 1 16.883 0.621 16.433 1.00 0.00<br />
ATOM 3 C3 UNK 0 1 17.319 0.512 15.121 1.00 0.00<br />
ATOM 4 C4 UNK 0 1 17.077 1.518 14.187 1.00 0.00<br />
ATOM 5 C5 UNK 0 1 16.413 2.654 14.620 1.00 0.00<br />
ATOM 6 C6 UNK 0 1 15.975 2.779 15.939 1.00 0.00<br />
ATOM 7 C7 UNK 0 1 17.558 1.390 12.775 1.00 0.00<br />
ATOM 8 C8 UNK 0 1 16.794 1.665 11.699 1.00 0.00<br />
ATOM 9 C9 UNK 0 1 17.353 1.702 10.291 1.00 0.00<br />
ATOM 10 C10 UNK 0 1 16.798 0.602 9.401 1.00 0.00<br />
ATOM 11 O1 UNK 0 1 15.777 1.765 18.145 1.00 0.00<br />
ATOM 12 C11 UNK 0 1 15.059 2.927 18.600 1.00 0.00<br />
ATOM 13 C12 UNK 0 1 14.568 2.659 20.001 1.00 0.00<br />
ATOM 14 C13 UNK 0 1 19.000 0.984 12.660 1.00 0.00<br />
ATOM 15 C14 UNK 0 1 19.386 -0.194 12.044 1.00 0.00<br />
ATOM 16 C15 UNK 0 1 20.751 -0.532 11.962 1.00 0.00<br />
ATOM 17 C16 UNK 0 1 21.691 0.304 12.504 1.00 0.00<br />
ATOM 18 C17 UNK 0 1 21.325 1.452 13.124 1.00 0.00<br />
ATOM 19 C18 UNK 0 1 19.975 1.802 13.217 1.00 0.00<br />
ATOM 20 C19 UNK 0 1 15.333 1.949 11.812 1.00 0.00<br />
ATOM 21 C20 UNK 0 1 14.487 1.049 12.430 1.00 0.00<br />
ATOM 22 C21 UNK 0 1 13.121 1.303 12.519 1.00 0.00<br />
ATOM 23 C22 UNK 0 1 12.602 2.459 11.992 1.00 0.00<br />
ATOM 24 C23 UNK 0 1 13.423 3.351 11.368 1.00 0.00<br />
ATOM 25 C24 UNK 0 1 14.781 3.099 11.270 1.00 0.00<br />
ATOM 26 C25 UNK 0 1 12.198 2.430 19.709 1.00 0.00<br />
ATOM 27 N1 UNK 0 1 13.355 1.779 19.870 1.00 0.00<br />
ATOM 28 C26 UNK 0 1 13.516 0.549 20.070 1.00 0.00<br />
CONECT 1 2 6 11<br />
CONECT 2 1 3<br />
CONECT 3 2 4<br />
CONECT 4 3 5 7<br />
CONECT 5 4 6<br />
CONECT 6 1 5<br />
CONECT 7 4 8 14<br />
CONECT 8 7 9 20<br />
CONECT 9 8 10<br />
CONECT 10 9<br />
CONECT 11 1 12<br />
CONECT 12 11 13<br />
CONECT 13 12 27<br />
CONECT 14 7 15 19<br />
CONECT 15 14 16<br />
CONECT 16 15 17<br />
CONECT 17 16 18<br />
CONECT 18 17 19<br />
CONECT 19 14 18<br />
CONECT 20 8 21 25<br />
CONECT 21 20 22<br />
CONECT 22 21 23<br />
CONECT 23 22 24<br />
CONECT 24 23 25<br />
CONECT 25 20 24<br />
CONECT 26 27<br />
CONECT 27 13 26 28<br />
CONECT 28 27<br />
MASTER 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 28 0 28 0<br />
END<br />
</inlineContents><br />
</jmolApplet><br />
</jmol><br />
==Chemical Information==<br />
{| border="1" <br />
|-<br />
! IUPAC name<br />
|(Z) 2-[4-(1,2-diphenylbut-1-enyl)phenoxy]-N,N-dimethyl-ethanamine.<br />
|-<br />
! Chemical Formula<br />
|C<sub>26</sub>H<sub>29</sub>NO<br />
|-<br />
!Molecular Weight<br />
|371.52 g mol<sup>-1</sup><br />
|-<br />
!Melting Point<br />
|96-98<sup>o</sup>C<br />
|-<br />
! Type of Substance<br />
|White, Odourless Crystals<br />
|}<br />
==What is Tamoxifen Used For?==<br />
Tamoxifen is currently the most popular drug used for the treatment of breast cancer in women. Tamoxifen was discovered by AstraZeneca (formally known as ICI Pharmaceuticals) and is commercially known as Nolvadex, Istubal and Valodex. <br />
<br />
It has also been found that Tamoxifen can be used to treat other ailments, such as osteoporosis and gynecomastia in men.<br />
<br />
==How Does Tamoxifen Work?==<br />
The primary function of Tamoxifen is as an anti-oestrogen drug, which means it reduces or stops the action of oestrogen.[http://www.cancer-info.com/tamoxifen.htm 3]<br />
<br />
Breast cancer is hormone-related and relies on the supply of sex hormones, particularly oestrogen, to grow. Cancers with oestrogen receptors on the surface of their cells are called `oestrogen receptor positive' (ER positive). Oestrogen can fit directly into the active site on these receptors and causes the cells to divide and the tumour to grow (see Figure 1).[http://www.fareston.com/d_living/d3.html 4]<br />
<br />
Tamoxifen has a similar structure to oestrogen and works by imitating the action of oestrogen and fits into the active sites of the receptors. However, tamoxifen does not cause the cells to divide, but remains in place and prevents the oestrogen from getting to the cancer cells, therefore they either grow more slowly or stop growing altogether (see Figure 2).<br />
[[Image:Figure_1.jpg|thumb|Action of oestrogen binding to oestrogen receptor]] [[Image:Figure_2.jpg|thumb|Action of Tamoxifen blocking oestrogen binding to cancer cell]]<br />
<br />
==How is Tamoxifen made?==<br />
===Synthesis of Tamoxifen via a carbometalation of alkynylsilanes===<br />
====Step 1====<br />
[[Image:step1tamoxifen.PNG|thumb|1st step in reaction path for tamoxifen]]<br />
This is the 1st step in this synthesis. The reagents are Et<sub>2</sub>AlCl, Cp<sub>2</sub>TiCl<sub>2</sub>, CH<sub>2</sub>Cl<sub>2</sub>. The product of this step in the reaction is then cleaved with NBS (N-bromosuccinimide)at -78<sup>o</sup>C or 195.15K. The yield for this step is shown below the arrow.<br />
====Step 2====<br />
[[Image:step2tamoxifen.PNG|thumb|2nd step in reaction path for tamoxifen]]<br />
This is the next step in the synthesis of tamoxifen. The reagents are PhZnCl, Pd(PPh<sub>3</sub>)<sub>4</sub> (this is the catalyst), THF, and this is under reflux.<br />
====Step 3====<br />
[[Image:step3tamoxifen.PNG|thumb|3rd step in reaction path for tamoxifen]]<br />
The reagents for the step are Br<sub>2</sub>, CH<sub>2</sub>Cl, NaOMe/MeOH, Temperature is -78<sup>o</sup>C to Room Temperature<br />
====Step 4====<br />
[[Image:step4tamoxifen.PNG|thumb|4th step in reaction path for tamoxifen]]<br />
<br />
==Side Effects of using Tamoxifen==<br />
The most common side-effects of taking Tamoxifen in pre-menopausal women are:<br />
*nausea <br />
*hot flushes and sweats <br />
some less common side-effects include <br />
*headaches<br />
*tiredness<br />
*dizziness. <br />
<br />
For post-menopausal women who take Tamoxifen over a long period of time, there is a slightly increased risk of developing endometrial cancer, however, if detected early, treatment for this is usually successful and the benefits of taking Tamoxifen in treating breast-cancer far outweigh this small risk.[http://www.cancerbackup.org.uk/Treatments/Hormonaltherapies/Individualhormonaltherapies/Tamoxifen 5]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
*1 - MDS Crossfire Commander Beilstein: Structure<br />
*2 - Conquest (Cambridge Crystal Structure Database): 3D image<br />
*3 - www.cancer-info.com/tamoxifen.htm<br />
*4 - www.fareston.com/d_living/d3.html<br />
*5 - www.cancerbackup.org.uk/Treatments/Hormonaltherapies/Individualhormonaltherapies/Tamoxifen</div>
Srs05
https://chemwiki.ch.ic.ac.uk/index.php?title=It:sitagliptin_page&diff=4236
It:sitagliptin page
2006-10-26T13:40:36Z
<p>Srs05: what is sitagliptin and side effects</p>
<hr />
<div>==Sitagliptin ( Januvia <sup>tm</sup> )==<br />
'''Brief Definition :'''<br />
Sitagliptin is a relatively new drug (''Approved by FDA 17/10/2006'') used for treating type 2 Diabetes '''Diabetes Mellitus'''.<br />
<br />
[[User:Rih05|Rih05]] 19:45, 19 October 2006 (BST)<br />
<br />
{{Chem-Data_General|<br />
| ImageFile = 2d_sitagliptin.GIF<br />
| IUPACName = Sitagliptin<br />
| OtherNames = Sitagliptin, Januvia<br />
| Abbreviations = <br />
| Formula = <br />
| SMILES = C<br />
| MolarMass = <br />
| Apperance = <br />
| CASNo = <br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Chem-Data_Properties|<br />
Density = <br />
| Solubility = <br />
| MeltingPt = <br />
| BoilingPt =<br />
| pKa = <br />
| pKb = <br />
| SpecRotation =<br />
| Viscosity = <br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Chem-Data_Structure| CrystalStruct = <br />
| Coordination = <br />
| MolShape = <br />
| Dipole = <br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{subst:#Chem-Data_MolBox|<br />
Mol_Data = {{subst:#My_Jmol}}<br />
}}<br />
<br />
<br />
===3D Structure of Sitagliptin===<br />
<br />
<jmol><br />
<jmolApplet><br />
<size>300</size><br />
<color>white</color><br />
<script>zoom 100; ball and stick on;frame 1; move 10 -20 10 0 0 0 0 0 3; delay 1; spin on;</script><br />
<inlineContents>REMARK MSI WebLab Viewer PDB file<br />
REMARK Created: Tue Oct 24 14:17:29 GMT Standard Time 2006<br />
ATOM 1 C1 MOL 1 24.957 10.890 0.016 1.00 0.00 <br />
ATOM 2 F2 MOL 1 26.264 11.134 0.388 1.00 0.00 <br />
ATOM 3 F3 MOL 1 24.944 10.366 -1.258 1.00 0.00 <br />
ATOM 4 F4 MOL 1 24.365 9.961 0.849 1.00 0.00 <br />
ATOM 5 C5 MOL 1 24.174 12.186 0.005 1.00 0.00 <br />
ATOM 6 N6 MOL 1 22.802 12.351 -0.016 1.00 0.00 <br />
ATOM 7 N7 MOL 1 24.712 13.343 0.019 1.00 0.00 <br />
ATOM 8 C8 MOL 1 22.591 13.676 -0.008 1.00 0.00 <br />
ATOM 9 C9 MOL 1 21.763 11.357 -0.082 1.00 0.00 <br />
ATOM 10 N10 MOL 1 23.710 14.285 0.011 1.00 0.00 <br />
ATOM 11 C11 MOL 1 21.250 14.327 -0.014 1.00 0.00 <br />
ATOM 12 C12 MOL 1 20.441 11.943 0.520 1.00 0.00 <br />
ATOM 13 N13 MOL 1 20.176 13.311 -0.004 1.00 0.00 <br />
ATOM 14 C14 MOL 1 18.820 13.806 -0.170 1.00 0.00 <br />
ATOM 15 C15 MOL 1 17.591 12.930 0.007 1.00 0.00 <br />
ATOM 16 O16 MOL 1 18.664 14.997 -0.458 1.00 0.00 <br />
ATOM 17 C17 MOL 1 16.321 13.848 -0.031 1.00 0.00 <br />
ATOM 18 C18 MOL 1 15.023 12.995 0.095 1.00 0.00 <br />
ATOM 19 N19 MOL 1 16.405 14.808 1.088 1.00 0.00 <br />
ATOM 20 C20 MOL 1 13.730 13.831 0.050 1.00 0.00 <br />
ATOM 21 C21 MOL 1 12.552 13.207 0.060 1.00 0.00 <br />
ATOM 22 C22 MOL 1 13.757 15.304 -0.005 1.00 0.00 <br />
ATOM 23 F23 MOL 1 12.509 11.868 0.106 1.00 0.00 <br />
ATOM 24 C24 MOL 1 11.299 13.977 0.019 1.00 0.00 <br />
ATOM 25 C25 MOL 1 12.621 16.000 -0.036 1.00 0.00 <br />
ATOM 26 C26 MOL 1 11.334 15.307 -0.025 1.00 0.00 <br />
ATOM 27 F27 MOL 1 12.656 17.338 -0.077 1.00 0.00 <br />
ATOM 28 F28 MOL 1 10.190 16.014 -0.062 1.00 0.00 <br />
TER</inlineContents><br />
</jmolApplet><br />
</jmol><br />
<br />
===2D Structure of Sitagliptin===<br />
<br />
[[Image:2d_sitagliptin.GIF]]<br />
===What is Sitagliptin?===<br />
The new drug to fight type 2 diabetes Sitagliptin has shown from the trials that it reduces glucose in blood, improves beta-cell function and can help patients control their weight.<br />
This drug was only approved for use on type 2 diabetes on 17th October 2006.<br />
The sitagliptin worked best to help patients with type 2 diabetes when added to metformin or TZDs. The drug helps to control inculin release due to beta-cell disfunction, and controls the production of glucose by the liver which is uncontrollable when there is alpha and beta cell disfunction. [http://www.januvia.com/sitagliptin_phosphate/januvia/hcp/press/index.jsp [1]]<br />
<br />
===Side effects===<br />
Although only a new drug the side effects that have been found when in phase 2 and 3 of testing are<br />
*stuffy or runny nose and sore throat<br />
*upper respiratory infections<br />
*headaches [http://www.januvia.com/sitagliptin_phosphate/januvia/hcp/press/index.jsp [1]]</div>
Srs05
https://chemwiki.ch.ic.ac.uk/index.php?title=It:sitagliptin_page&diff=4207
It:sitagliptin page
2006-10-26T13:14:13Z
<p>Srs05: </p>
<hr />
<div>==Sitagliptin ( Januvia <sup>tm</sup> )==<br />
'''Brief Definition :'''<br />
Sitagliptin is a relatively new drug (''Approved by FDA 17/10/2006'') used for treating type 2 Diabetes '''Diabetes Mellitus'''.<br />
<br />
[[User:Rih05|Rih05]] 19:45, 19 October 2006 (BST)<br />
<br />
{{Chem-Data_General|<br />
| ImageFile = 2d_sitagliptin.GIF<br />
| IUPACName = Sitagliptin<br />
| OtherNames = Sitagliptin, Januvia<br />
| Abbreviations = <br />
| Formula = <br />
| SMILES = C<br />
| MolarMass = <br />
| Apperance = <br />
| CASNo = <br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Chem-Data_Properties|<br />
Density = <br />
| Solubility = <br />
| MeltingPt = <br />
| BoilingPt =<br />
| pKa = <br />
| pKb = <br />
| SpecRotation =<br />
| Viscosity = <br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Chem-Data_Structure| CrystalStruct = <br />
| Coordination = <br />
| MolShape = <br />
| Dipole = <br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{subst:#Chem-Data_MolBox|<br />
Mol_Data = {{subst:#My_Jmol}}<br />
}}<br />
<br />
<br />
==3D Structure of Sitagliptin==<br />
<br />
<jmol><br />
<jmolApplet><br />
<size>300</size><br />
<color>white</color><br />
<script>zoom 100; ball and stick on;frame 1; move 10 -20 10 0 0 0 0 0 3; delay 1; spin on;</script><br />
<inlineContents>REMARK MSI WebLab Viewer PDB file<br />
REMARK Created: Tue Oct 24 14:17:29 GMT Standard Time 2006<br />
ATOM 1 C1 MOL 1 24.957 10.890 0.016 1.00 0.00 <br />
ATOM 2 F2 MOL 1 26.264 11.134 0.388 1.00 0.00 <br />
ATOM 3 F3 MOL 1 24.944 10.366 -1.258 1.00 0.00 <br />
ATOM 4 F4 MOL 1 24.365 9.961 0.849 1.00 0.00 <br />
ATOM 5 C5 MOL 1 24.174 12.186 0.005 1.00 0.00 <br />
ATOM 6 N6 MOL 1 22.802 12.351 -0.016 1.00 0.00 <br />
ATOM 7 N7 MOL 1 24.712 13.343 0.019 1.00 0.00 <br />
ATOM 8 C8 MOL 1 22.591 13.676 -0.008 1.00 0.00 <br />
ATOM 9 C9 MOL 1 21.763 11.357 -0.082 1.00 0.00 <br />
ATOM 10 N10 MOL 1 23.710 14.285 0.011 1.00 0.00 <br />
ATOM 11 C11 MOL 1 21.250 14.327 -0.014 1.00 0.00 <br />
ATOM 12 C12 MOL 1 20.441 11.943 0.520 1.00 0.00 <br />
ATOM 13 N13 MOL 1 20.176 13.311 -0.004 1.00 0.00 <br />
ATOM 14 C14 MOL 1 18.820 13.806 -0.170 1.00 0.00 <br />
ATOM 15 C15 MOL 1 17.591 12.930 0.007 1.00 0.00 <br />
ATOM 16 O16 MOL 1 18.664 14.997 -0.458 1.00 0.00 <br />
ATOM 17 C17 MOL 1 16.321 13.848 -0.031 1.00 0.00 <br />
ATOM 18 C18 MOL 1 15.023 12.995 0.095 1.00 0.00 <br />
ATOM 19 N19 MOL 1 16.405 14.808 1.088 1.00 0.00 <br />
ATOM 20 C20 MOL 1 13.730 13.831 0.050 1.00 0.00 <br />
ATOM 21 C21 MOL 1 12.552 13.207 0.060 1.00 0.00 <br />
ATOM 22 C22 MOL 1 13.757 15.304 -0.005 1.00 0.00 <br />
ATOM 23 F23 MOL 1 12.509 11.868 0.106 1.00 0.00 <br />
ATOM 24 C24 MOL 1 11.299 13.977 0.019 1.00 0.00 <br />
ATOM 25 C25 MOL 1 12.621 16.000 -0.036 1.00 0.00 <br />
ATOM 26 C26 MOL 1 11.334 15.307 -0.025 1.00 0.00 <br />
ATOM 27 F27 MOL 1 12.656 17.338 -0.077 1.00 0.00 <br />
ATOM 28 F28 MOL 1 10.190 16.014 -0.062 1.00 0.00 <br />
TER</inlineContents><br />
</jmolApplet><br />
</jmol><br />
<br />
==2D Structure of Sitagliptin==<br />
<br />
[[Image:2d_sitagliptin.GIF]]</div>
Srs05
https://chemwiki.ch.ic.ac.uk/index.php?title=It:Serotonin&diff=3797
It:Serotonin
2006-10-24T12:55:29Z
<p>Srs05: /* What is Serotonin */</p>
<hr />
<div>==Structures==<br />
<br />
{| class="toccolours" border="0" style="fix: right; clear: left; margin: 0 0 1em 1em; border-collapse: collapse;"<br />
|- align="center"<br />
| bgcolor="lt blue"|'''2D Image''' <br />
| bgcolor="lt blue"|'''3D Image''' <br />
|-<br />
|[[image:Serotonin.gif]]<br />
|<jmol><br />
<jmolApplet><br />
<size>400</size><br />
<color>white</color><br />
<script>zoom 80; cpk on;frame 1; move 10 -20 10 0 0 0 0 0 3; delay 1;</script><br />
<inlineContents>HEADER NONAME 24-Oct-06 NONE 1<br />
TITLE NONE 2<br />
AUTHOR WWW daemon apache NONE 3<br />
REVDAT 1 24-Oct-06 0 NONE 4<br />
ATOM 1 N 0 4.143 1.513 0.282 0.00 0.00 N+0<br />
ATOM 2 C 0 2.960 0.702 0.600 0.00 0.00 C+0<br />
ATOM 3 C 0 2.369 0.133 -0.691 0.00 0.00 C+0<br />
ATOM 4 C 0 1.156 -0.699 -0.365 0.00 0.00 C+0<br />
ATOM 5 C 0 1.124 -2.029 -0.185 0.00 0.00 C+0<br />
ATOM 6 N 0 -0.152 -2.432 0.097 0.00 0.00 N+0<br />
ATOM 7 C 0 -0.996 -1.341 0.105 0.00 0.00 C+0<br />
ATOM 8 C 0 -0.212 -0.209 -0.178 0.00 0.00 C+0<br />
ATOM 9 C 0 -0.805 1.055 -0.237 0.00 0.00 C+0<br />
ATOM 10 C 0 -2.162 1.182 -0.015 0.00 0.00 C+0<br />
ATOM 11 O 0 -2.745 2.409 -0.071 0.00 0.00 O+0<br />
ATOM 12 C 0 -2.936 0.058 0.265 0.00 0.00 C+0<br />
ATOM 13 C 0 -2.361 -1.191 0.330 0.00 0.00 C+0<br />
ATOM 14 H 0 3.815 2.311 -0.241 0.00 0.00 H+0<br />
ATOM 15 H 0 4.497 1.865 1.159 0.00 0.00 H+0<br />
ATOM 16 H 0 3.247 -0.117 1.260 0.00 0.00 H+0<br />
ATOM 17 H 0 2.215 1.324 1.097 0.00 0.00 H+0<br />
ATOM 18 H 0 2.082 0.952 -1.351 0.00 0.00 H+0<br />
ATOM 19 H 0 3.113 -0.490 -1.188 0.00 0.00 H+0<br />
ATOM 20 H 0 1.980 -2.684 -0.252 0.00 0.00 H+0<br />
ATOM 21 H 0 -0.424 -3.347 0.266 0.00 0.00 H+0<br />
ATOM 22 H 0 -0.206 1.926 -0.454 0.00 0.00 H+0<br />
ATOM 23 H 0 -3.024 2.545 -0.987 0.00 0.00 H+0<br />
ATOM 24 H 0 -3.996 0.169 0.437 0.00 0.00 H+0<br />
ATOM 25 H 0 -2.971 -2.055 0.547 0.00 0.00 H+0<br />
CONECT 1 2 14 15 0 NONE 30<br />
CONECT 2 1 3 16 17 NONE 31<br />
CONECT 3 2 4 18 19 NONE 32<br />
CONECT 4 3 8 5 0 NONE 33<br />
CONECT 5 4 6 20 0 NONE 34<br />
CONECT 6 5 7 21 0 NONE 35<br />
CONECT 7 6 13 8 0 NONE 36<br />
CONECT 8 7 4 9 0 NONE 37<br />
CONECT 9 8 10 22 0 NONE 38<br />
CONECT 10 9 11 12 0 NONE 39<br />
CONECT 11 10 23 0 0 NONE 40<br />
CONECT 12 10 13 24 0 NONE 41<br />
CONECT 13 12 7 25 0 NONE 42<br />
END NONE 43<br />
</inlineContents><br />
</jmolApplet><br />
</jmol><br />
|}<br />
==Chemical Information==<br />
{| border="1"<br />
|-<br />
|Systematic Name<br />
|5-Hydroxytryptamine / 3-(2-aminoethyl)-1H-indol-5-ol<br />
|-<br />
|Chemical Name<br />
|3-(2-Amino-aethyl)-indol-5-ol<br />
|-<br />
|Molecular Formula<br />
|C<sub>10</sub>H<sub>12</sub>N<sub>2</sub>O<br />
|-<br />
|Molecular Mass<br />
|176.2182 gmol<sup>-1</sup><br />
|-<br />
|SMILES String<br />
|NCCC1=CNC2=C1C=C(O)C=C2<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==What is Serotonin==<br />
<br />
*Serotonin is a hormone manufactured by the brain that is associated with opiate-specific receptors - so helps maintain a happy feeling.<br />
*It is manufactured in the human brain using the essential amino acid tryptophan which is found in bananas, pineapples, plums, turkey and milk.<br />
*It is a neurotransmitter meaning that is a chemical messenger in the brain which allows the brain to communicate with nerve cells.<br />
*Serotonin can be found in three main areas of the body: the intestinal wall, blood vessels, and the central nervous system.<br />
*Lack of serotonin is often associated with depression. Restoring the normal or enhanced level of this neurotransmitter acts as mood enhancer. Prozac is a mood enhancing drug, which acts in the central nervous system by inhibiting the reuptake mechanism of serotonin into the synapse. Since serotonin is not degraded in the synaptic cleft, Prozac promotes a prolonged presence of serotonin keeping the post-synaptic membrane active.<br />
*The most effective way of increasing serotonin levels is vigorous exercise if the person only has very mild depression. This exercise increases the levels for many days after the exercise takes place. <br />
*Your diet will also effect the levels of serotonin. Low levels of omega 3 and vitamin C in the diet will cause a reduction in the amount of serotonin in the body.<br />
* In the central nervous system, serotonin is involved in fear and flight responses, an activity which is opposed by the aggression stimulating hormone adrenaline (epinephrine) and neurotransmitter dopamine.<br />
<br />
==Synthesis of Serotonin==<br />
[[Image:synthesisSerotonin.gif|thumb|synthesis of serotonin]]<br />
[http://www.chm.bris.ac.uk/motm/serotonin/synthesis.htm 1]<br />
<br />
==Reference==<br />
*[http://www.chemsoc.org/ExemplarChem/entries/2004/bristol_rosling/My%20Webs/synthesis.htm/ University of Bristol: Chemistry]-Synthesis of Serotonin</div>
Srs05
https://chemwiki.ch.ic.ac.uk/index.php?title=It:Serotonin&diff=3794
It:Serotonin
2006-10-24T12:53:12Z
<p>Srs05: /* What is Serotonin */</p>
<hr />
<div>==Structures==<br />
<br />
{| class="toccolours" border="0" style="fix: right; clear: left; margin: 0 0 1em 1em; border-collapse: collapse;"<br />
|- align="center"<br />
| bgcolor="lt blue"|'''2D Image''' <br />
| bgcolor="lt blue"|'''3D Image''' <br />
|-<br />
|[[image:Serotonin.gif]]<br />
|<jmol><br />
<jmolApplet><br />
<size>400</size><br />
<color>white</color><br />
<script>zoom 80; cpk on;frame 1; move 10 -20 10 0 0 0 0 0 3; delay 1;</script><br />
<inlineContents>HEADER NONAME 24-Oct-06 NONE 1<br />
TITLE NONE 2<br />
AUTHOR WWW daemon apache NONE 3<br />
REVDAT 1 24-Oct-06 0 NONE 4<br />
ATOM 1 N 0 4.143 1.513 0.282 0.00 0.00 N+0<br />
ATOM 2 C 0 2.960 0.702 0.600 0.00 0.00 C+0<br />
ATOM 3 C 0 2.369 0.133 -0.691 0.00 0.00 C+0<br />
ATOM 4 C 0 1.156 -0.699 -0.365 0.00 0.00 C+0<br />
ATOM 5 C 0 1.124 -2.029 -0.185 0.00 0.00 C+0<br />
ATOM 6 N 0 -0.152 -2.432 0.097 0.00 0.00 N+0<br />
ATOM 7 C 0 -0.996 -1.341 0.105 0.00 0.00 C+0<br />
ATOM 8 C 0 -0.212 -0.209 -0.178 0.00 0.00 C+0<br />
ATOM 9 C 0 -0.805 1.055 -0.237 0.00 0.00 C+0<br />
ATOM 10 C 0 -2.162 1.182 -0.015 0.00 0.00 C+0<br />
ATOM 11 O 0 -2.745 2.409 -0.071 0.00 0.00 O+0<br />
ATOM 12 C 0 -2.936 0.058 0.265 0.00 0.00 C+0<br />
ATOM 13 C 0 -2.361 -1.191 0.330 0.00 0.00 C+0<br />
ATOM 14 H 0 3.815 2.311 -0.241 0.00 0.00 H+0<br />
ATOM 15 H 0 4.497 1.865 1.159 0.00 0.00 H+0<br />
ATOM 16 H 0 3.247 -0.117 1.260 0.00 0.00 H+0<br />
ATOM 17 H 0 2.215 1.324 1.097 0.00 0.00 H+0<br />
ATOM 18 H 0 2.082 0.952 -1.351 0.00 0.00 H+0<br />
ATOM 19 H 0 3.113 -0.490 -1.188 0.00 0.00 H+0<br />
ATOM 20 H 0 1.980 -2.684 -0.252 0.00 0.00 H+0<br />
ATOM 21 H 0 -0.424 -3.347 0.266 0.00 0.00 H+0<br />
ATOM 22 H 0 -0.206 1.926 -0.454 0.00 0.00 H+0<br />
ATOM 23 H 0 -3.024 2.545 -0.987 0.00 0.00 H+0<br />
ATOM 24 H 0 -3.996 0.169 0.437 0.00 0.00 H+0<br />
ATOM 25 H 0 -2.971 -2.055 0.547 0.00 0.00 H+0<br />
CONECT 1 2 14 15 0 NONE 30<br />
CONECT 2 1 3 16 17 NONE 31<br />
CONECT 3 2 4 18 19 NONE 32<br />
CONECT 4 3 8 5 0 NONE 33<br />
CONECT 5 4 6 20 0 NONE 34<br />
CONECT 6 5 7 21 0 NONE 35<br />
CONECT 7 6 13 8 0 NONE 36<br />
CONECT 8 7 4 9 0 NONE 37<br />
CONECT 9 8 10 22 0 NONE 38<br />
CONECT 10 9 11 12 0 NONE 39<br />
CONECT 11 10 23 0 0 NONE 40<br />
CONECT 12 10 13 24 0 NONE 41<br />
CONECT 13 12 7 25 0 NONE 42<br />
END NONE 43<br />
</inlineContents><br />
</jmolApplet><br />
</jmol><br />
|}<br />
==Chemical Information==<br />
{| border="1"<br />
|-<br />
|Systematic Name<br />
|5-Hydroxytryptamine / 3-(2-aminoethyl)-1H-indol-5-ol<br />
|-<br />
|Chemical Name<br />
|3-(2-Amino-aethyl)-indol-5-ol<br />
|-<br />
|Molecular Formula<br />
|C<sub>10</sub>H<sub>12</sub>N<sub>2</sub>O<br />
|-<br />
|Molecular Mass<br />
|176.2182 gmol<sup>-1</sup><br />
|-<br />
|SMILES String<br />
|NCCC1=CNC2=C1C=C(O)C=C2<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==What is Serotonin==<br />
<br />
*Serotonin is a hormone manufactured by the brain that is associated with opiate-specific receptors - so helps maintain a happy feeling.<br />
*It is manufactured in the human brain using the essential amino acid tryptophan which is found in bananas, pineapples, plums, turkey and milk.<br />
*It is a neurotransmitter meaning that is a chemical messenger in the brain which allows the brain to communicate with nerve cells.<br />
*Lack of serotonin is often associated with depression. Restoring the normal or enhanced level of this neurotransmitter acts as mood enhancer. Prozac is a mood enhancing drug, which acts in the central nervous system by inhibiting the reuptake mechanism of serotonin into the synapse. Since serotonin is not degraded in the synaptic cleft, Prozac promotes a prolonged presence of serotonin keeping the post-synaptic membrane active.<br />
*The most effective way of increasing serotonin levels is vigorous exercise if the person only has very mild depression. This exercise increases the levels for many days after the exercise takes place. <br />
*Your diet will also effect the levels of serotonin. Low levels of omega 3 and vitamin C in the diet will cause a reduction in the amount of serotonin in the body.<br />
* In the central nervous system, serotonin is involved in fear and flight responses, an activity which is opposed by the aggression stimulating hormone adrenaline (epinephrine) and neurotransmitter dopamine.<br />
<br />
==Synthesis of Serotonin==<br />
[[Image:synthesisSerotonin.gif|thumb|synthesis of serotonin]]<br />
[http://www.chm.bris.ac.uk/motm/serotonin/synthesis.htm 1]<br />
<br />
==Reference==<br />
*[http://www.chemsoc.org/ExemplarChem/entries/2004/bristol_rosling/My%20Webs/synthesis.htm/ University of Bristol: Chemistry]-Synthesis of Serotonin</div>
Srs05
https://chemwiki.ch.ic.ac.uk/index.php?title=It:Serotonin&diff=3780
It:Serotonin
2006-10-24T12:43:09Z
<p>Srs05: </p>
<hr />
<div>==Structures==<br />
<br />
{| class="toccolours" border="0" style="fix: right; clear: left; margin: 0 0 1em 1em; border-collapse: collapse;"<br />
|- align="center"<br />
| bgcolor="lt blue"|'''2D Image''' <br />
| bgcolor="lt blue"|'''3D Image''' <br />
|-<br />
|[[image:Serotonin.gif]]<br />
|<jmol><br />
<jmolApplet><br />
<size>400</size><br />
<color>blue</color><br />
<script>zoom 80; ball and stick on;frame 1; move 10 -20 10 0 0 0 0 0 3; delay 1;</script><br />
<inlineContents>HEADER NONAME 24-Oct-06 NONE 1<br />
TITLE NONE 2<br />
AUTHOR WWW daemon apache NONE 3<br />
REVDAT 1 24-Oct-06 0 NONE 4<br />
ATOM 1 N 0 4.143 1.513 0.282 0.00 0.00 N+0<br />
ATOM 2 C 0 2.960 0.702 0.600 0.00 0.00 C+0<br />
ATOM 3 C 0 2.369 0.133 -0.691 0.00 0.00 C+0<br />
ATOM 4 C 0 1.156 -0.699 -0.365 0.00 0.00 C+0<br />
ATOM 5 C 0 1.124 -2.029 -0.185 0.00 0.00 C+0<br />
ATOM 6 N 0 -0.152 -2.432 0.097 0.00 0.00 N+0<br />
ATOM 7 C 0 -0.996 -1.341 0.105 0.00 0.00 C+0<br />
ATOM 8 C 0 -0.212 -0.209 -0.178 0.00 0.00 C+0<br />
ATOM 9 C 0 -0.805 1.055 -0.237 0.00 0.00 C+0<br />
ATOM 10 C 0 -2.162 1.182 -0.015 0.00 0.00 C+0<br />
ATOM 11 O 0 -2.745 2.409 -0.071 0.00 0.00 O+0<br />
ATOM 12 C 0 -2.936 0.058 0.265 0.00 0.00 C+0<br />
ATOM 13 C 0 -2.361 -1.191 0.330 0.00 0.00 C+0<br />
ATOM 14 H 0 3.815 2.311 -0.241 0.00 0.00 H+0<br />
ATOM 15 H 0 4.497 1.865 1.159 0.00 0.00 H+0<br />
ATOM 16 H 0 3.247 -0.117 1.260 0.00 0.00 H+0<br />
ATOM 17 H 0 2.215 1.324 1.097 0.00 0.00 H+0<br />
ATOM 18 H 0 2.082 0.952 -1.351 0.00 0.00 H+0<br />
ATOM 19 H 0 3.113 -0.490 -1.188 0.00 0.00 H+0<br />
ATOM 20 H 0 1.980 -2.684 -0.252 0.00 0.00 H+0<br />
ATOM 21 H 0 -0.424 -3.347 0.266 0.00 0.00 H+0<br />
ATOM 22 H 0 -0.206 1.926 -0.454 0.00 0.00 H+0<br />
ATOM 23 H 0 -3.024 2.545 -0.987 0.00 0.00 H+0<br />
ATOM 24 H 0 -3.996 0.169 0.437 0.00 0.00 H+0<br />
ATOM 25 H 0 -2.971 -2.055 0.547 0.00 0.00 H+0<br />
CONECT 1 2 14 15 0 NONE 30<br />
CONECT 2 1 3 16 17 NONE 31<br />
CONECT 3 2 4 18 19 NONE 32<br />
CONECT 4 3 8 5 0 NONE 33<br />
CONECT 5 4 6 20 0 NONE 34<br />
CONECT 6 5 7 21 0 NONE 35<br />
CONECT 7 6 13 8 0 NONE 36<br />
CONECT 8 7 4 9 0 NONE 37<br />
CONECT 9 8 10 22 0 NONE 38<br />
CONECT 10 9 11 12 0 NONE 39<br />
CONECT 11 10 23 0 0 NONE 40<br />
CONECT 12 10 13 24 0 NONE 41<br />
CONECT 13 12 7 25 0 NONE 42<br />
END NONE 43<br />
</inlineContents><br />
</jmolApplet><br />
</jmol><br />
|}<br />
==Chemical Information==<br />
{| border="1"<br />
|-<br />
|Systematic Name<br />
|5-Hydroxytryptamine / 3-(2-aminoethyl)-1H-indol-5-ol<br />
|-<br />
|Chemical Name<br />
|3-(2-Amino-aethyl)-indol-5-ol<br />
|-<br />
|Molecular Formula<br />
|C<sub>10</sub>H<sub>12</sub>N<sub>2</sub>O<br />
|-<br />
|Molecular Mass<br />
|176.2182 gmol<sup>-1</sup><br />
|-<br />
|SMILES String<br />
|NCCC1=CNC2=C1C=C(O)C=C2<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==What is Serotonin==<br />
*Serotonin is manufactured in the human brain using the essential amino acid tryptophan which is found in bananas, pineapples, plums, turkey and milk.<br />
*It is a neurotransmitter meaning that is a chemical messenger in the brain which allows the brain to communicate with nerve cells.<br />
*Lack of serotonin is often associated with depression. Restoring the normal or enhanced level of this neurotransmitter acts as mood enhancer. Prozac is a mood enhancing drug, which acts in the central nervous system by inhibiting the reuptake mechanism of serotonin into the synapse. Since serotonin is not degraded in the synaptic cleft, Prozac promotes a prolonged presence of serotonin keeping the post-synaptic membrane active.<br />
*The most effective way of increasing serotonin levels is vigorous exercise if the person only has very mild depression. This exercise increases the levels for many days after the exercise takes place. Your diet will also effect the leevels of serotonin. Low levels of omega 3 and vitamin C in the diet will cause a reduction in the amount of serotonin in the body.<br />
* In the central nervous system, serotonin is involved in fear and flight responses, an activity which is opposed by the aggression stimulating hormone adrenaline (epinephrine) and neurotransmitter dopamine.<br />
<br />
==Synthesis of Serotonin==<br />
[[Image:synthesisSerotonin.gif|thumb|synthesis of serotonin]]<br />
[http://www.chm.bris.ac.uk/motm/serotonin/synthesis.htm 1]<br />
<br />
==Reference==<br />
*[http://www.chemsoc.org/ExemplarChem/entries/2004/bristol_rosling/My%20Webs/synthesis.htm/ University of Bristol: Chemistry]-Synthesis of Serotonin</div>
Srs05
https://chemwiki.ch.ic.ac.uk/index.php?title=It:Serotonin&diff=3774
It:Serotonin
2006-10-24T12:34:30Z
<p>Srs05: /* Synthesis of Serotonin */</p>
<hr />
<div>==Structures==<br />
<br />
{| class="toccolours" border="0" style="fix: right; clear: left; margin: 0 0 1em 1em; border-collapse: collapse;"<br />
|- align="center"<br />
| bgcolor="lt blue"|'''2D Image''' <br />
| bgcolor="lt blue"|'''3D Image''' <br />
|-<br />
|[[image:Serotonin.gif]]<br />
|<jmol><br />
<jmolApplet><br />
<size>400</size><br />
<color>white</color><br />
<script>zoom 80; cpk on;frame 1; move 10 -20 10 0 0 0 0 0 3; delay 1;</script><br />
<inlineContents>HEADER NONAME 24-Oct-06 NONE 1<br />
TITLE NONE 2<br />
AUTHOR WWW daemon apache NONE 3<br />
REVDAT 1 24-Oct-06 0 NONE 4<br />
ATOM 1 N 0 4.143 1.513 0.282 0.00 0.00 N+0<br />
ATOM 2 C 0 2.960 0.702 0.600 0.00 0.00 C+0<br />
ATOM 3 C 0 2.369 0.133 -0.691 0.00 0.00 C+0<br />
ATOM 4 C 0 1.156 -0.699 -0.365 0.00 0.00 C+0<br />
ATOM 5 C 0 1.124 -2.029 -0.185 0.00 0.00 C+0<br />
ATOM 6 N 0 -0.152 -2.432 0.097 0.00 0.00 N+0<br />
ATOM 7 C 0 -0.996 -1.341 0.105 0.00 0.00 C+0<br />
ATOM 8 C 0 -0.212 -0.209 -0.178 0.00 0.00 C+0<br />
ATOM 9 C 0 -0.805 1.055 -0.237 0.00 0.00 C+0<br />
ATOM 10 C 0 -2.162 1.182 -0.015 0.00 0.00 C+0<br />
ATOM 11 O 0 -2.745 2.409 -0.071 0.00 0.00 O+0<br />
ATOM 12 C 0 -2.936 0.058 0.265 0.00 0.00 C+0<br />
ATOM 13 C 0 -2.361 -1.191 0.330 0.00 0.00 C+0<br />
ATOM 14 H 0 3.815 2.311 -0.241 0.00 0.00 H+0<br />
ATOM 15 H 0 4.497 1.865 1.159 0.00 0.00 H+0<br />
ATOM 16 H 0 3.247 -0.117 1.260 0.00 0.00 H+0<br />
ATOM 17 H 0 2.215 1.324 1.097 0.00 0.00 H+0<br />
ATOM 18 H 0 2.082 0.952 -1.351 0.00 0.00 H+0<br />
ATOM 19 H 0 3.113 -0.490 -1.188 0.00 0.00 H+0<br />
ATOM 20 H 0 1.980 -2.684 -0.252 0.00 0.00 H+0<br />
ATOM 21 H 0 -0.424 -3.347 0.266 0.00 0.00 H+0<br />
ATOM 22 H 0 -0.206 1.926 -0.454 0.00 0.00 H+0<br />
ATOM 23 H 0 -3.024 2.545 -0.987 0.00 0.00 H+0<br />
ATOM 24 H 0 -3.996 0.169 0.437 0.00 0.00 H+0<br />
ATOM 25 H 0 -2.971 -2.055 0.547 0.00 0.00 H+0<br />
CONECT 1 2 14 15 0 NONE 30<br />
CONECT 2 1 3 16 17 NONE 31<br />
CONECT 3 2 4 18 19 NONE 32<br />
CONECT 4 3 8 5 0 NONE 33<br />
CONECT 5 4 6 20 0 NONE 34<br />
CONECT 6 5 7 21 0 NONE 35<br />
CONECT 7 6 13 8 0 NONE 36<br />
CONECT 8 7 4 9 0 NONE 37<br />
CONECT 9 8 10 22 0 NONE 38<br />
CONECT 10 9 11 12 0 NONE 39<br />
CONECT 11 10 23 0 0 NONE 40<br />
CONECT 12 10 13 24 0 NONE 41<br />
CONECT 13 12 7 25 0 NONE 42<br />
END NONE 43<br />
</inlineContents><br />
</jmolApplet><br />
</jmol><br />
|}<br />
==Chemical Information==<br />
{| border="1"<br />
|-<br />
|Systematic Name<br />
|5-Hydroxytryptamine / 3-(2-aminoethyl)-1H-indol-5-ol<br />
|-<br />
|Chemical Name<br />
|3-(2-Amino-aethyl)-indol-5-ol<br />
|-<br />
|Molecular Formula<br />
|C<sub>10</sub>H<sub>12</sub>N<sub>2</sub>O<br />
|-<br />
|Molecular Mass<br />
|176.2182 gmol<sup>-1</sup><br />
|-<br />
|SMILES String<br />
|NCCC1=CNC2=C1C=C(O)C=C2<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==What is Serotonin==<br />
*Serotonin is manufactured in the human brain using the essential amino acid tryptophan which is found in bananas, pineapples, plums, turkey and milk.<br />
*It is a neurotransmitter meaning that is a chemical messenger in the brain which allows the brain to communicate with nerve cells.<br />
*If you have low serotonin levels then you will show signs of depression.<br />
*The most effective way of increasing serotonin levels is vigorous exercise if the person only has very mild depression. This exercise increases the levels for many days after the exercise takes place. Your diet will also effect the leevels of serotonin. Low levels of omega 3 and vitamin C in the diet will cause a reduction in the amount of serotonin in the body.<br />
* In the central nervous system, serotonin is involved in fear and flight responses, an activity which is opposed by the aggression stimulating hormone adrenaline (epinephrine) and neurotransmitter dopamine.<br />
<br />
==Synthesis of Serotonin==<br />
[[Image:synthesisSerotonin.gif|thumb|synthesis of serotonin]]<br />
[http://www.chm.bris.ac.uk/motm/serotonin/synthesis.htm 1]<br />
<br />
==Reference==<br />
*[http://www.chemsoc.org/ExemplarChem/entries/2004/bristol_rosling/My%20Webs/synthesis.htm/ University of Bristol: Chemistry]-Synthesis of Serotonin</div>
Srs05
https://chemwiki.ch.ic.ac.uk/index.php?title=It:Serotonin&diff=3769
It:Serotonin
2006-10-24T12:33:46Z
<p>Srs05: /* Synthesis of Serotonin */</p>
<hr />
<div>==Structures==<br />
<br />
{| class="toccolours" border="0" style="fix: right; clear: left; margin: 0 0 1em 1em; border-collapse: collapse;"<br />
|- align="center"<br />
| bgcolor="lt blue"|'''2D Image''' <br />
| bgcolor="lt blue"|'''3D Image''' <br />
|-<br />
|[[image:Serotonin.gif]]<br />
|<jmol><br />
<jmolApplet><br />
<size>400</size><br />
<color>white</color><br />
<script>zoom 80; cpk on;frame 1; move 10 -20 10 0 0 0 0 0 3; delay 1;</script><br />
<inlineContents>HEADER NONAME 24-Oct-06 NONE 1<br />
TITLE NONE 2<br />
AUTHOR WWW daemon apache NONE 3<br />
REVDAT 1 24-Oct-06 0 NONE 4<br />
ATOM 1 N 0 4.143 1.513 0.282 0.00 0.00 N+0<br />
ATOM 2 C 0 2.960 0.702 0.600 0.00 0.00 C+0<br />
ATOM 3 C 0 2.369 0.133 -0.691 0.00 0.00 C+0<br />
ATOM 4 C 0 1.156 -0.699 -0.365 0.00 0.00 C+0<br />
ATOM 5 C 0 1.124 -2.029 -0.185 0.00 0.00 C+0<br />
ATOM 6 N 0 -0.152 -2.432 0.097 0.00 0.00 N+0<br />
ATOM 7 C 0 -0.996 -1.341 0.105 0.00 0.00 C+0<br />
ATOM 8 C 0 -0.212 -0.209 -0.178 0.00 0.00 C+0<br />
ATOM 9 C 0 -0.805 1.055 -0.237 0.00 0.00 C+0<br />
ATOM 10 C 0 -2.162 1.182 -0.015 0.00 0.00 C+0<br />
ATOM 11 O 0 -2.745 2.409 -0.071 0.00 0.00 O+0<br />
ATOM 12 C 0 -2.936 0.058 0.265 0.00 0.00 C+0<br />
ATOM 13 C 0 -2.361 -1.191 0.330 0.00 0.00 C+0<br />
ATOM 14 H 0 3.815 2.311 -0.241 0.00 0.00 H+0<br />
ATOM 15 H 0 4.497 1.865 1.159 0.00 0.00 H+0<br />
ATOM 16 H 0 3.247 -0.117 1.260 0.00 0.00 H+0<br />
ATOM 17 H 0 2.215 1.324 1.097 0.00 0.00 H+0<br />
ATOM 18 H 0 2.082 0.952 -1.351 0.00 0.00 H+0<br />
ATOM 19 H 0 3.113 -0.490 -1.188 0.00 0.00 H+0<br />
ATOM 20 H 0 1.980 -2.684 -0.252 0.00 0.00 H+0<br />
ATOM 21 H 0 -0.424 -3.347 0.266 0.00 0.00 H+0<br />
ATOM 22 H 0 -0.206 1.926 -0.454 0.00 0.00 H+0<br />
ATOM 23 H 0 -3.024 2.545 -0.987 0.00 0.00 H+0<br />
ATOM 24 H 0 -3.996 0.169 0.437 0.00 0.00 H+0<br />
ATOM 25 H 0 -2.971 -2.055 0.547 0.00 0.00 H+0<br />
CONECT 1 2 14 15 0 NONE 30<br />
CONECT 2 1 3 16 17 NONE 31<br />
CONECT 3 2 4 18 19 NONE 32<br />
CONECT 4 3 8 5 0 NONE 33<br />
CONECT 5 4 6 20 0 NONE 34<br />
CONECT 6 5 7 21 0 NONE 35<br />
CONECT 7 6 13 8 0 NONE 36<br />
CONECT 8 7 4 9 0 NONE 37<br />
CONECT 9 8 10 22 0 NONE 38<br />
CONECT 10 9 11 12 0 NONE 39<br />
CONECT 11 10 23 0 0 NONE 40<br />
CONECT 12 10 13 24 0 NONE 41<br />
CONECT 13 12 7 25 0 NONE 42<br />
END NONE 43<br />
</inlineContents><br />
</jmolApplet><br />
</jmol><br />
|}<br />
==Chemical Information==<br />
{| border="1"<br />
|-<br />
|Systematic Name<br />
|5-Hydroxytryptamine / 3-(2-aminoethyl)-1H-indol-5-ol<br />
|-<br />
|Chemical Name<br />
|3-(2-Amino-aethyl)-indol-5-ol<br />
|-<br />
|Molecular Formula<br />
|C<sub>10</sub>H<sub>12</sub>N<sub>2</sub>O<br />
|-<br />
|Molecular Mass<br />
|176.2182 gmol<sup>-1</sup><br />
|-<br />
|SMILES String<br />
|NCCC1=CNC2=C1C=C(O)C=C2<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==What is Serotonin==<br />
*Serotonin is manufactured in the human brain using the essential amino acid tryptophan which is found in bananas, pineapples, plums, turkey and milk.<br />
*It is a neurotransmitter meaning that is a chemical messenger in the brain which allows the brain to communicate with nerve cells.<br />
*If you have low serotonin levels then you will show signs of depression.<br />
*The most effective way of increasing serotonin levels is vigorous exercise if the person only has very mild depression. This exercise increases the levels for many days after the exercise takes place. Your diet will also effect the leevels of serotonin. Low levels of omega 3 and vitamin C in the diet will cause a reduction in the amount of serotonin in the body.<br />
* In the central nervous system, serotonin is involved in fear and flight responses, an activity which is opposed by the aggression stimulating hormone adrenaline (epinephrine) and neurotransmitter dopamine.<br />
<br />
==Synthesis of Serotonin==<br />
[[Image:synthesisSerotonin.gif|thumb|synthesis of serotonin]]<br />
[http://chm.bris.ac.uk/motm/serotonin/synthesis.htm 1]<br />
<br />
==Reference==<br />
*[http://www.chemsoc.org/ExemplarChem/entries/2004/bristol_rosling/My%20Webs/synthesis.htm/ University of Bristol: Chemistry]-Synthesis of Serotonin</div>
Srs05
https://chemwiki.ch.ic.ac.uk/index.php?title=It:Tamoxifen&diff=3766
It:Tamoxifen
2006-10-24T12:31:09Z
<p>Srs05: references</p>
<hr />
<div>=Tamoxifen=<br />
==Structures and 3D Image==<br />
[[Image:Tamoxifen.png|thumb|left|10|Structure of Tamoxifen]]<br />
Structure of Tamoxifen <sup>1,2</sup><br />
<jmol><br />
<jmolApplet><br />
<size>400</size><br />
<color>white</color><br />
<script>zoom 150; ball and stick on;frame 1; move 10 -20 10 0 0 0 0 0 3; delay 1;</script><br />
<inlineContents><br />
HEADER CSD ENTRY TTAMOX01<br />
COMPND UNNAMED<br />
AUTHOR GENERATED BY CONQUEST<br />
CRYST1 41.630 5.747 30.679 90.00 142.90 90.00 C 2/c 8<br />
ATOM 1 C1 UNK 0 1 16.197 1.751 16.833 1.00 0.00<br />
ATOM 2 C2 UNK 0 1 16.883 0.621 16.433 1.00 0.00<br />
ATOM 3 C3 UNK 0 1 17.319 0.512 15.121 1.00 0.00<br />
ATOM 4 C4 UNK 0 1 17.077 1.518 14.187 1.00 0.00<br />
ATOM 5 C5 UNK 0 1 16.413 2.654 14.620 1.00 0.00<br />
ATOM 6 C6 UNK 0 1 15.975 2.779 15.939 1.00 0.00<br />
ATOM 7 C7 UNK 0 1 17.558 1.390 12.775 1.00 0.00<br />
ATOM 8 C8 UNK 0 1 16.794 1.665 11.699 1.00 0.00<br />
ATOM 9 C9 UNK 0 1 17.353 1.702 10.291 1.00 0.00<br />
ATOM 10 C10 UNK 0 1 16.798 0.602 9.401 1.00 0.00<br />
ATOM 11 O1 UNK 0 1 15.777 1.765 18.145 1.00 0.00<br />
ATOM 12 C11 UNK 0 1 15.059 2.927 18.600 1.00 0.00<br />
ATOM 13 C12 UNK 0 1 14.568 2.659 20.001 1.00 0.00<br />
ATOM 14 C13 UNK 0 1 19.000 0.984 12.660 1.00 0.00<br />
ATOM 15 C14 UNK 0 1 19.386 -0.194 12.044 1.00 0.00<br />
ATOM 16 C15 UNK 0 1 20.751 -0.532 11.962 1.00 0.00<br />
ATOM 17 C16 UNK 0 1 21.691 0.304 12.504 1.00 0.00<br />
ATOM 18 C17 UNK 0 1 21.325 1.452 13.124 1.00 0.00<br />
ATOM 19 C18 UNK 0 1 19.975 1.802 13.217 1.00 0.00<br />
ATOM 20 C19 UNK 0 1 15.333 1.949 11.812 1.00 0.00<br />
ATOM 21 C20 UNK 0 1 14.487 1.049 12.430 1.00 0.00<br />
ATOM 22 C21 UNK 0 1 13.121 1.303 12.519 1.00 0.00<br />
ATOM 23 C22 UNK 0 1 12.602 2.459 11.992 1.00 0.00<br />
ATOM 24 C23 UNK 0 1 13.423 3.351 11.368 1.00 0.00<br />
ATOM 25 C24 UNK 0 1 14.781 3.099 11.270 1.00 0.00<br />
ATOM 26 C25 UNK 0 1 12.198 2.430 19.709 1.00 0.00<br />
ATOM 27 N1 UNK 0 1 13.355 1.779 19.870 1.00 0.00<br />
ATOM 28 C26 UNK 0 1 13.516 0.549 20.070 1.00 0.00<br />
CONECT 1 2 6 11<br />
CONECT 2 1 3<br />
CONECT 3 2 4<br />
CONECT 4 3 5 7<br />
CONECT 5 4 6<br />
CONECT 6 1 5<br />
CONECT 7 4 8 14<br />
CONECT 8 7 9 20<br />
CONECT 9 8 10<br />
CONECT 10 9<br />
CONECT 11 1 12<br />
CONECT 12 11 13<br />
CONECT 13 12 27<br />
CONECT 14 7 15 19<br />
CONECT 15 14 16<br />
CONECT 16 15 17<br />
CONECT 17 16 18<br />
CONECT 18 17 19<br />
CONECT 19 14 18<br />
CONECT 20 8 21 25<br />
CONECT 21 20 22<br />
CONECT 22 21 23<br />
CONECT 23 22 24<br />
CONECT 24 23 25<br />
CONECT 25 20 24<br />
CONECT 26 27<br />
CONECT 27 13 26 28<br />
CONECT 28 27<br />
MASTER 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 28 0 28 0<br />
END<br />
</inlineContents><br />
</jmolApplet><br />
</jmol><br />
==Chemical Information==<br />
{| border="1" <br />
|-<br />
! IUPAC name<br />
|(Z) 2-[4-(1,2-diphenylbut-1-enyl)phenoxy]-N,N-dimethyl-ethanamine.<br />
|-<br />
! Chemical Formula<br />
|C<sub>26</sub>H<sub>29</sub>NO<br />
|-<br />
!Molecular Weight<br />
|371.52 g mol<sup>-1</sup><br />
|-<br />
!Melting Point<br />
|96-98<sup>o</sup>C<br />
|-<br />
! Type of Substance<br />
|White, Odourless Crystals<br />
|}<br />
==What is Tamoxifen Used For?==<br />
Tamoxifen is currently the most popular drug used for the treatment of breast cancer in women. It has been found to have nearly as good a success rate as chemotherapy, but without some of the severe side effects such as hair loss. It has also been found that Tamoxifen can be used to treat other ailments, such as osteoporosis and gynecomastia in men.<br />
<br />
==How Does Tamoxifen Work?==<br />
The primary function of Tamoxifen is as an anti-oestrogen drug, which means it reduces or stops the action of oestrogen.[http://www.cancer-info.com/tamoxifen.htm/ 3]<br />
<br />
Breast cancer is hormone-related and relies on the supply of sex hormones, particularly oestrogen, to grow. Cancers with oestrogen receptors on the surface of their cells are called `oestrogen receptor positive' (ER positive). Oestrogen can fit directly into the active site on these receptors and causes the cells to divide and the tumour to grow (see Figure 1)[http://www.fareston.com/d_living/d3.html 4]. <br />
<br />
Tamoxifen has a similar structure to oestrogen and works by imitating the action of oestrogen and fits into the active sites of the receptors. However, tamoxifen does not cause the cells to divide, but remains in place and prevents the oestrogen from getting to the cancer cells, therefore they either grow more slowly or stop growing altogether (see Figure 2).<br />
[[Image:Figure_1.jpg|thumb|Action of oestrogen binding to oestrogen receptor]] [[Image:Figure_2.jpg|thumb|Action of Tamoxifen blocking oestrogen binding to cancer cell]]<br />
<br />
==How is Tamoxifen made?==<br />
===Synthesis of Tamoxifen via a carbometalation of alkynylsilanes===<br />
====Step 1====<br />
[[Image:step1tamoxifen.PNG|thumb|1st step in reaction path for tamoxifen]]<br />
This is the 1st step in this synthesis. The reagents are Et<sub>2</sub>AlCl, Cp<sub>2</sub>TiCl<sub>2</sub>, CH<sub>2</sub>Cl<sub>2</sub>. The product of this step in the reaction is then cleaved with NBS (N-bromosuccinimide)at -78<sup>o</sup>C or 195.15K. The yield for this step is shown below the arrow.<br />
====Step 2====<br />
[[Image:step2tamoxifen.PNG|thumb|2nd step in reaction path for tamoxifen]]<br />
This is the next step in the synthesis of tamoxifen. The reagents are PhZnCl, Pd(PPh<sub>3</sub>)<sub>4</sub> (this is the catalyst), THF, and this is under reflux.<br />
====Step 3====<br />
[[Image:step3tamoxifen.PNG|thumb|3rd step in reaction path for tamoxifen]]<br />
The reagents for the step are Br<sub>2</sub>, CH<sub>2</sub>Cl, NaOMe/MeOH, Temperature is -78<sup>o</sup>C to Room Temperature<br />
====Step 4====<br />
[[Image:step4tamoxifen.PNG|thumb|4th step in reaction path for tamoxifen]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
*1 - MDS Crossfire Commander Beilstein: Structure<br />
*2 - Conquest (Cambridge Crystal Structure Database): 3D image<br />
*3 - www.cancer-info.com/tamoxifen.htm<br />
*4 - www.fareston.com/d_living/d3.html</div>
Srs05
https://chemwiki.ch.ic.ac.uk/index.php?title=It:Serotonin&diff=3753
It:Serotonin
2006-10-24T12:16:15Z
<p>Srs05: /* What is Serotonin */</p>
<hr />
<div>==Structures==<br />
<br />
{| class="toccolours" border="0" style="fix: right; clear: left; margin: 0 0 1em 1em; border-collapse: collapse;"<br />
|- align="center"<br />
| bgcolor="lt blue"|'''2D Image''' <br />
| bgcolor="lt blue"|'''3D Image''' <br />
|-<br />
|[[image:Serotonin.gif]]<br />
|<jmol><br />
<jmolApplet><br />
<size>400</size><br />
<color>white</color><br />
<script>zoom 80; cpk on;frame 1; move 10 -20 10 0 0 0 0 0 3; delay 1;</script><br />
<inlineContents>HEADER NONAME 24-Oct-06 NONE 1<br />
TITLE NONE 2<br />
AUTHOR WWW daemon apache NONE 3<br />
REVDAT 1 24-Oct-06 0 NONE 4<br />
ATOM 1 N 0 4.143 1.513 0.282 0.00 0.00 N+0<br />
ATOM 2 C 0 2.960 0.702 0.600 0.00 0.00 C+0<br />
ATOM 3 C 0 2.369 0.133 -0.691 0.00 0.00 C+0<br />
ATOM 4 C 0 1.156 -0.699 -0.365 0.00 0.00 C+0<br />
ATOM 5 C 0 1.124 -2.029 -0.185 0.00 0.00 C+0<br />
ATOM 6 N 0 -0.152 -2.432 0.097 0.00 0.00 N+0<br />
ATOM 7 C 0 -0.996 -1.341 0.105 0.00 0.00 C+0<br />
ATOM 8 C 0 -0.212 -0.209 -0.178 0.00 0.00 C+0<br />
ATOM 9 C 0 -0.805 1.055 -0.237 0.00 0.00 C+0<br />
ATOM 10 C 0 -2.162 1.182 -0.015 0.00 0.00 C+0<br />
ATOM 11 O 0 -2.745 2.409 -0.071 0.00 0.00 O+0<br />
ATOM 12 C 0 -2.936 0.058 0.265 0.00 0.00 C+0<br />
ATOM 13 C 0 -2.361 -1.191 0.330 0.00 0.00 C+0<br />
ATOM 14 H 0 3.815 2.311 -0.241 0.00 0.00 H+0<br />
ATOM 15 H 0 4.497 1.865 1.159 0.00 0.00 H+0<br />
ATOM 16 H 0 3.247 -0.117 1.260 0.00 0.00 H+0<br />
ATOM 17 H 0 2.215 1.324 1.097 0.00 0.00 H+0<br />
ATOM 18 H 0 2.082 0.952 -1.351 0.00 0.00 H+0<br />
ATOM 19 H 0 3.113 -0.490 -1.188 0.00 0.00 H+0<br />
ATOM 20 H 0 1.980 -2.684 -0.252 0.00 0.00 H+0<br />
ATOM 21 H 0 -0.424 -3.347 0.266 0.00 0.00 H+0<br />
ATOM 22 H 0 -0.206 1.926 -0.454 0.00 0.00 H+0<br />
ATOM 23 H 0 -3.024 2.545 -0.987 0.00 0.00 H+0<br />
ATOM 24 H 0 -3.996 0.169 0.437 0.00 0.00 H+0<br />
ATOM 25 H 0 -2.971 -2.055 0.547 0.00 0.00 H+0<br />
CONECT 1 2 14 15 0 NONE 30<br />
CONECT 2 1 3 16 17 NONE 31<br />
CONECT 3 2 4 18 19 NONE 32<br />
CONECT 4 3 8 5 0 NONE 33<br />
CONECT 5 4 6 20 0 NONE 34<br />
CONECT 6 5 7 21 0 NONE 35<br />
CONECT 7 6 13 8 0 NONE 36<br />
CONECT 8 7 4 9 0 NONE 37<br />
CONECT 9 8 10 22 0 NONE 38<br />
CONECT 10 9 11 12 0 NONE 39<br />
CONECT 11 10 23 0 0 NONE 40<br />
CONECT 12 10 13 24 0 NONE 41<br />
CONECT 13 12 7 25 0 NONE 42<br />
END NONE 43<br />
</inlineContents><br />
</jmolApplet><br />
</jmol><br />
|}<br />
==Chemical Information==<br />
{| border="1"<br />
|-<br />
|Systematic Name<br />
|5-Hydroxytryptamine / 3-(2-aminoethyl)-1H-indol-5-ol<br />
|-<br />
|Chemical Name<br />
|3-(2-Amino-aethyl)-indol-5-ol<br />
|-<br />
|Molecular Formula<br />
|C<sub>10</sub>H<sub>12</sub>N<sub>2</sub>O<br />
|-<br />
|Molecular Mass<br />
|176.2182 gmol<sup>-1</sup><br />
|-<br />
|SMILES String<br />
|NCCC1=CNC2=C1C=C(O)C=C2<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==What is Serotonin==<br />
*Serotonin is manufactured in the human brain using the essential amino acid tryptophan which is found in bananas, pineapples, plums, turkey and milk.<br />
*It is a neurotransmitter meaning that is a chemical messenger in the brain which allows the brain to communicate with nerve cells.<br />
*If you have low serotonin levels then you will show signs of depression.<br />
*The most effective way of increasing serotonin levels is vigorous exercise if the person only has very mild depression. This exercise increases the levels for many days after the exercise takes place. Your diet will also effect the leevels of serotonin. Low levels of omega 3 and vitamin C in the diet will cause a reduction in the amount of serotonin in the body.<br />
<br />
==Synthesis of Serotonin==<br />
[[Image:synthesisSerotonin.gif|thumb|synthesis of serotonin]]</div>
Srs05
https://chemwiki.ch.ic.ac.uk/index.php?title=It:Serotonin&diff=3735
It:Serotonin
2006-10-24T12:01:13Z
<p>Srs05: what is serotonin and the synthesis</p>
<hr />
<div>==Structures==<br />
<br />
{| class="toccolours" border="0" style="fix: right; clear: left; margin: 0 0 1em 1em; border-collapse: collapse;"<br />
|- align="center"<br />
| bgcolor="lt blue"|'''2D Image''' <br />
| bgcolor="lt blue"|'''3D Image''' <br />
|-<br />
|[[image:Serotonin.gif]]<br />
|<jmol><br />
<jmolApplet><br />
<size>400</size><br />
<color>white</color><br />
<script>zoom 80; cpk on;frame 1; move 10 -20 10 0 0 0 0 0 3; delay 1;</script><br />
<inlineContents>HEADER NONAME 24-Oct-06 NONE 1<br />
TITLE NONE 2<br />
AUTHOR WWW daemon apache NONE 3<br />
REVDAT 1 24-Oct-06 0 NONE 4<br />
ATOM 1 N 0 4.143 1.513 0.282 0.00 0.00 N+0<br />
ATOM 2 C 0 2.960 0.702 0.600 0.00 0.00 C+0<br />
ATOM 3 C 0 2.369 0.133 -0.691 0.00 0.00 C+0<br />
ATOM 4 C 0 1.156 -0.699 -0.365 0.00 0.00 C+0<br />
ATOM 5 C 0 1.124 -2.029 -0.185 0.00 0.00 C+0<br />
ATOM 6 N 0 -0.152 -2.432 0.097 0.00 0.00 N+0<br />
ATOM 7 C 0 -0.996 -1.341 0.105 0.00 0.00 C+0<br />
ATOM 8 C 0 -0.212 -0.209 -0.178 0.00 0.00 C+0<br />
ATOM 9 C 0 -0.805 1.055 -0.237 0.00 0.00 C+0<br />
ATOM 10 C 0 -2.162 1.182 -0.015 0.00 0.00 C+0<br />
ATOM 11 O 0 -2.745 2.409 -0.071 0.00 0.00 O+0<br />
ATOM 12 C 0 -2.936 0.058 0.265 0.00 0.00 C+0<br />
ATOM 13 C 0 -2.361 -1.191 0.330 0.00 0.00 C+0<br />
ATOM 14 H 0 3.815 2.311 -0.241 0.00 0.00 H+0<br />
ATOM 15 H 0 4.497 1.865 1.159 0.00 0.00 H+0<br />
ATOM 16 H 0 3.247 -0.117 1.260 0.00 0.00 H+0<br />
ATOM 17 H 0 2.215 1.324 1.097 0.00 0.00 H+0<br />
ATOM 18 H 0 2.082 0.952 -1.351 0.00 0.00 H+0<br />
ATOM 19 H 0 3.113 -0.490 -1.188 0.00 0.00 H+0<br />
ATOM 20 H 0 1.980 -2.684 -0.252 0.00 0.00 H+0<br />
ATOM 21 H 0 -0.424 -3.347 0.266 0.00 0.00 H+0<br />
ATOM 22 H 0 -0.206 1.926 -0.454 0.00 0.00 H+0<br />
ATOM 23 H 0 -3.024 2.545 -0.987 0.00 0.00 H+0<br />
ATOM 24 H 0 -3.996 0.169 0.437 0.00 0.00 H+0<br />
ATOM 25 H 0 -2.971 -2.055 0.547 0.00 0.00 H+0<br />
CONECT 1 2 14 15 0 NONE 30<br />
CONECT 2 1 3 16 17 NONE 31<br />
CONECT 3 2 4 18 19 NONE 32<br />
CONECT 4 3 8 5 0 NONE 33<br />
CONECT 5 4 6 20 0 NONE 34<br />
CONECT 6 5 7 21 0 NONE 35<br />
CONECT 7 6 13 8 0 NONE 36<br />
CONECT 8 7 4 9 0 NONE 37<br />
CONECT 9 8 10 22 0 NONE 38<br />
CONECT 10 9 11 12 0 NONE 39<br />
CONECT 11 10 23 0 0 NONE 40<br />
CONECT 12 10 13 24 0 NONE 41<br />
CONECT 13 12 7 25 0 NONE 42<br />
END NONE 43<br />
</inlineContents><br />
</jmolApplet><br />
</jmol><br />
|}<br />
==Chemical Information==<br />
{| border="1"<br />
|-<br />
!Systematic Name<br />
|5-Hydroxytryptamine / 3-(2-aminoethyl)-1H-indol-5-ol<br />
|-<br />
!Molecular Formula<br />
|N<sub>2</sub>OC<sub>10</sub>H<sub>12</sub><br />
|-<br />
!Molecular Mass<br />
|176.2182 gmol<sup>-1</sup><br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
==What is Serotonin==<br />
Serotonin is manufactured in the human brain using the essential amino acid tryptophan which is found in bananas, pineapples, plums, turkey and milk. <br />
==Synthesis of Serotonin==<br />
[[Image:synthesisSerotonin.gif|thumb|synthesis of serotonin]]</div>
Srs05
https://chemwiki.ch.ic.ac.uk/index.php?title=File:SynthesisSerotonin.gif&diff=3729
File:SynthesisSerotonin.gif
2006-10-24T11:58:13Z
<p>Srs05: Synthesis of serotonin</p>
<hr />
<div>Synthesis of serotonin</div>
Srs05
https://chemwiki.ch.ic.ac.uk/index.php?title=It:Tamoxifen&diff=3704
It:Tamoxifen
2006-10-24T11:41:42Z
<p>Srs05: /* How is Tamoxifen made? */</p>
<hr />
<div>=Tamoxifen=<br />
==Structures and 3D Image==<br />
[[Image:Tamoxifen.png|thumb|left|10|Structure of Tamoxifen]]<br />
Structure of Tamoxifen <sup>1,2</sup><br />
<jmol><br />
<jmolApplet><br />
<size>400</size><br />
<color>white</color><br />
<script>zoom 150; ball and stick on;frame 1; move 10 -20 10 0 0 0 0 0 3; delay 1;</script><br />
<inlineContents><br />
HEADER CSD ENTRY TTAMOX01<br />
COMPND UNNAMED<br />
AUTHOR GENERATED BY CONQUEST<br />
CRYST1 41.630 5.747 30.679 90.00 142.90 90.00 C 2/c 8<br />
ATOM 1 C1 UNK 0 1 16.197 1.751 16.833 1.00 0.00<br />
ATOM 2 C2 UNK 0 1 16.883 0.621 16.433 1.00 0.00<br />
ATOM 3 C3 UNK 0 1 17.319 0.512 15.121 1.00 0.00<br />
ATOM 4 C4 UNK 0 1 17.077 1.518 14.187 1.00 0.00<br />
ATOM 5 C5 UNK 0 1 16.413 2.654 14.620 1.00 0.00<br />
ATOM 6 C6 UNK 0 1 15.975 2.779 15.939 1.00 0.00<br />
ATOM 7 C7 UNK 0 1 17.558 1.390 12.775 1.00 0.00<br />
ATOM 8 C8 UNK 0 1 16.794 1.665 11.699 1.00 0.00<br />
ATOM 9 C9 UNK 0 1 17.353 1.702 10.291 1.00 0.00<br />
ATOM 10 C10 UNK 0 1 16.798 0.602 9.401 1.00 0.00<br />
ATOM 11 O1 UNK 0 1 15.777 1.765 18.145 1.00 0.00<br />
ATOM 12 C11 UNK 0 1 15.059 2.927 18.600 1.00 0.00<br />
ATOM 13 C12 UNK 0 1 14.568 2.659 20.001 1.00 0.00<br />
ATOM 14 C13 UNK 0 1 19.000 0.984 12.660 1.00 0.00<br />
ATOM 15 C14 UNK 0 1 19.386 -0.194 12.044 1.00 0.00<br />
ATOM 16 C15 UNK 0 1 20.751 -0.532 11.962 1.00 0.00<br />
ATOM 17 C16 UNK 0 1 21.691 0.304 12.504 1.00 0.00<br />
ATOM 18 C17 UNK 0 1 21.325 1.452 13.124 1.00 0.00<br />
ATOM 19 C18 UNK 0 1 19.975 1.802 13.217 1.00 0.00<br />
ATOM 20 C19 UNK 0 1 15.333 1.949 11.812 1.00 0.00<br />
ATOM 21 C20 UNK 0 1 14.487 1.049 12.430 1.00 0.00<br />
ATOM 22 C21 UNK 0 1 13.121 1.303 12.519 1.00 0.00<br />
ATOM 23 C22 UNK 0 1 12.602 2.459 11.992 1.00 0.00<br />
ATOM 24 C23 UNK 0 1 13.423 3.351 11.368 1.00 0.00<br />
ATOM 25 C24 UNK 0 1 14.781 3.099 11.270 1.00 0.00<br />
ATOM 26 C25 UNK 0 1 12.198 2.430 19.709 1.00 0.00<br />
ATOM 27 N1 UNK 0 1 13.355 1.779 19.870 1.00 0.00<br />
ATOM 28 C26 UNK 0 1 13.516 0.549 20.070 1.00 0.00<br />
CONECT 1 2 6 11<br />
CONECT 2 1 3<br />
CONECT 3 2 4<br />
CONECT 4 3 5 7<br />
CONECT 5 4 6<br />
CONECT 6 1 5<br />
CONECT 7 4 8 14<br />
CONECT 8 7 9 20<br />
CONECT 9 8 10<br />
CONECT 10 9<br />
CONECT 11 1 12<br />
CONECT 12 11 13<br />
CONECT 13 12 27<br />
CONECT 14 7 15 19<br />
CONECT 15 14 16<br />
CONECT 16 15 17<br />
CONECT 17 16 18<br />
CONECT 18 17 19<br />
CONECT 19 14 18<br />
CONECT 20 8 21 25<br />
CONECT 21 20 22<br />
CONECT 22 21 23<br />
CONECT 23 22 24<br />
CONECT 24 23 25<br />
CONECT 25 20 24<br />
CONECT 26 27<br />
CONECT 27 13 26 28<br />
CONECT 28 27<br />
MASTER 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 28 0 28 0<br />
END<br />
</inlineContents><br />
</jmolApplet><br />
</jmol><br />
==Chemical Information==<br />
{| border="1" <br />
|-<br />
! IUPAC name<br />
|(Z) 2-[4-(1,2-diphenylbut-1-enyl)phenoxy]-N,N-dimethyl-ethanamine.<br />
|-<br />
! Chemical Formula<br />
|C<sub>26</sub>H<sub>29</sub>NO<br />
|-<br />
!Molecular Weight<br />
|371.52 g mol<sup>-1</sup><br />
|-<br />
!Melting Point<br />
|96-98<sup>o</sup>C<br />
|-<br />
! Type of Substance<br />
|White, Odourless Crystals<br />
|}<br />
==What is Tamoxifen Used For?==<br />
Tamoxifen is currently the most popular drug used for the treatment of breast cancer in women. It has been found to have nearly as good a success rate as chemotherapy, but without some of the severe side effects such as hair loss. It has also been found that Tamoxifen can be used to treat other ailments, such as osteoporosis and gynecomastia in men.<br />
<br />
==How Does Tamoxifen Work?==<br />
The primary function of Tamoxifen is as an anti-oestrogen drug, which means it reduces or stops the action of oestrogen<sup>3</sup>. <br />
<br />
Breast cancer is hormone-related and relies on the supply of sex hormones, particularly oestrogen, to grow. Cancers with oestrogen receptors on the surface of their cells are called `oestrogen receptor positive' (ER positive). Oestrogen can fit directly into the active site on these receptors and causes the cells to divide and the tumour to grow (see Figure 1)<sup>4</sup>. <br />
<br />
Tamoxifen has a similar structure to oestrogen and works by imitating the action of oestrogen and fits into the active sites of the receptors. However, tamoxifen does not cause the cells to divide, but remains in place and prevents the oestrogen from getting to the cancer cells, therefore they either grow more slowly or stop growing altogether (see Figure 2).<br />
[[Image:Figure_1.jpg|thumb|Action of oestrogen binding to oestrogen receptor]] [[Image:Figure_2.jpg|thumb|Action of Tamoxifen blocking oestrogen binding to cancer cell]]<br />
<br />
==How is Tamoxifen made?==<br />
===Synthesis of Tamoxifen via a carbometalation of alkynylsilanes===<br />
====Step 1====<br />
[[Image:step1tamoxifen.PNG|thumb|1st step in reaction path for tamoxifen]]<br />
This is the 1st step in this synthesis. The reagents are Et<sub>2</sub>AlCl, Cp<sub>2</sub>TiCl<sub>2</sub>, CH<sub>2</sub>Cl<sub>2</sub>. The product of this step in the reaction is then cleaved with NBS (N-bromosuccinimide)at -78<sup>o</sup>C or 195.15K. The yield for this step is shown below the arrow.<br />
====Step 2====<br />
[[Image:step2tamoxifen.PNG|thumb|2nd step in reaction path for tamoxifen]]<br />
This is the next step in the synthesis of tamoxifen. The reagents are PhZnCl, Pd(PPh<sub>3</sub>)<sub>4</sub> (this is the catalyst), THF, and this is under reflux.<br />
====Step 3====<br />
[[Image:step3tamoxifen.PNG|thumb|3rd step in reaction path for tamoxifen]]<br />
The reagents for the step are Br<sub>2</sub>, CH<sub>2</sub>Cl, NaOMe/MeOH, Temperature is -78<sup>o</sup>C to Room Temperature<br />
====Step 4====<br />
[[Image:step4tamoxifen.PNG|thumb|4th step in reaction path for tamoxifen]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
*1 - MDS Crossfire Commander Beilstein: Structure<br />
*2 - Conquest (Cambridge Crystal Structure Database): 3D image<br />
*3 - www.cancer-info.com/tamoxifen.htm<br />
*4 - www.fareston.com/d_living/d3.html</div>
Srs05
https://chemwiki.ch.ic.ac.uk/index.php?title=File:Step4tamoxifen.PNG&diff=3697
File:Step4tamoxifen.PNG
2006-10-24T11:33:55Z
<p>Srs05: Step 4 in the synthesis of tamoxifen</p>
<hr />
<div>Step 4 in the synthesis of tamoxifen</div>
Srs05
https://chemwiki.ch.ic.ac.uk/index.php?title=It:Tamoxifen&diff=3693
It:Tamoxifen
2006-10-24T11:31:54Z
<p>Srs05: /* Synthesis of Tamoxifen via a carbometalation of alkynylsilanes */step 2 and 3</p>
<hr />
<div>=Tamoxifen=<br />
==Structures and 3D Image==<br />
[[Image:Tamoxifen.png|thumb|left|10|Structure of Tamoxifen]]<br />
Structure of Tamoxifen <sup>1,2</sup><br />
<jmol><br />
<jmolApplet><br />
<size>400</size><br />
<color>white</color><br />
<script>zoom 150; ball and stick on;frame 1; move 10 -20 10 0 0 0 0 0 3; delay 1;</script><br />
<inlineContents><br />
HEADER CSD ENTRY TTAMOX01<br />
COMPND UNNAMED<br />
AUTHOR GENERATED BY CONQUEST<br />
CRYST1 41.630 5.747 30.679 90.00 142.90 90.00 C 2/c 8<br />
ATOM 1 C1 UNK 0 1 16.197 1.751 16.833 1.00 0.00<br />
ATOM 2 C2 UNK 0 1 16.883 0.621 16.433 1.00 0.00<br />
ATOM 3 C3 UNK 0 1 17.319 0.512 15.121 1.00 0.00<br />
ATOM 4 C4 UNK 0 1 17.077 1.518 14.187 1.00 0.00<br />
ATOM 5 C5 UNK 0 1 16.413 2.654 14.620 1.00 0.00<br />
ATOM 6 C6 UNK 0 1 15.975 2.779 15.939 1.00 0.00<br />
ATOM 7 C7 UNK 0 1 17.558 1.390 12.775 1.00 0.00<br />
ATOM 8 C8 UNK 0 1 16.794 1.665 11.699 1.00 0.00<br />
ATOM 9 C9 UNK 0 1 17.353 1.702 10.291 1.00 0.00<br />
ATOM 10 C10 UNK 0 1 16.798 0.602 9.401 1.00 0.00<br />
ATOM 11 O1 UNK 0 1 15.777 1.765 18.145 1.00 0.00<br />
ATOM 12 C11 UNK 0 1 15.059 2.927 18.600 1.00 0.00<br />
ATOM 13 C12 UNK 0 1 14.568 2.659 20.001 1.00 0.00<br />
ATOM 14 C13 UNK 0 1 19.000 0.984 12.660 1.00 0.00<br />
ATOM 15 C14 UNK 0 1 19.386 -0.194 12.044 1.00 0.00<br />
ATOM 16 C15 UNK 0 1 20.751 -0.532 11.962 1.00 0.00<br />
ATOM 17 C16 UNK 0 1 21.691 0.304 12.504 1.00 0.00<br />
ATOM 18 C17 UNK 0 1 21.325 1.452 13.124 1.00 0.00<br />
ATOM 19 C18 UNK 0 1 19.975 1.802 13.217 1.00 0.00<br />
ATOM 20 C19 UNK 0 1 15.333 1.949 11.812 1.00 0.00<br />
ATOM 21 C20 UNK 0 1 14.487 1.049 12.430 1.00 0.00<br />
ATOM 22 C21 UNK 0 1 13.121 1.303 12.519 1.00 0.00<br />
ATOM 23 C22 UNK 0 1 12.602 2.459 11.992 1.00 0.00<br />
ATOM 24 C23 UNK 0 1 13.423 3.351 11.368 1.00 0.00<br />
ATOM 25 C24 UNK 0 1 14.781 3.099 11.270 1.00 0.00<br />
ATOM 26 C25 UNK 0 1 12.198 2.430 19.709 1.00 0.00<br />
ATOM 27 N1 UNK 0 1 13.355 1.779 19.870 1.00 0.00<br />
ATOM 28 C26 UNK 0 1 13.516 0.549 20.070 1.00 0.00<br />
CONECT 1 2 6 11<br />
CONECT 2 1 3<br />
CONECT 3 2 4<br />
CONECT 4 3 5 7<br />
CONECT 5 4 6<br />
CONECT 6 1 5<br />
CONECT 7 4 8 14<br />
CONECT 8 7 9 20<br />
CONECT 9 8 10<br />
CONECT 10 9<br />
CONECT 11 1 12<br />
CONECT 12 11 13<br />
CONECT 13 12 27<br />
CONECT 14 7 15 19<br />
CONECT 15 14 16<br />
CONECT 16 15 17<br />
CONECT 17 16 18<br />
CONECT 18 17 19<br />
CONECT 19 14 18<br />
CONECT 20 8 21 25<br />
CONECT 21 20 22<br />
CONECT 22 21 23<br />
CONECT 23 22 24<br />
CONECT 24 23 25<br />
CONECT 25 20 24<br />
CONECT 26 27<br />
CONECT 27 13 26 28<br />
CONECT 28 27<br />
MASTER 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 28 0 28 0<br />
END<br />
</inlineContents><br />
</jmolApplet><br />
</jmol><br />
==Chemical Information==<br />
{| border="1" <br />
|-<br />
! IUPAC name<br />
|(Z) 2-[4-(1,2-diphenylbut-1-enyl)phenoxy]-N,N-dimethyl-ethanamine.<br />
|-<br />
! Chemical Formula<br />
|C<sub>26</sub>H<sub>29</sub>NO<br />
|-<br />
!Molecular Weight<br />
|371.52 g mol<sup>-1</sup><br />
|-<br />
!Melting Point<br />
|96-98<sup>o</sup>C<br />
|-<br />
! Type of Substance<br />
|White, Odourless Crystals<br />
|}<br />
==What is Tamoxifen Used For?==<br />
Tamoxifen is currently the most popular drug used for the treatment of breast cancer in women. It has been found to have nearly as good a success rate as chemotherapy, but without some of the severe side effects such as hair loss. It has also been found that Tamoxifen can be used to treat other ailments, such as osteoporosis and gynecomastia in men.<br />
<br />
==How Does Tamoxifen Work?==<br />
The primary function of Tamoxifen is as an anti-oestrogen drug, which means it reduces or stops the action of oestrogen<sup>3</sup>. <br />
<br />
Breast cancer is hormone-related and relies on the supply of sex hormones, particularly oestrogen, to grow. Cancers with oestrogen receptors on the surface of their cells are called `oestrogen receptor positive' (ER positive). Oestrogen can fit directly into the active site on these receptors and causes the cells to divide and the tumour to grow (see Figure 1)<sup>4</sup>. <br />
<br />
Tamoxifen has a similar structure to oestrogen and works by imitating the action of oestrogen and fits into the active sites of the receptors. However, tamoxifen does not cause the cells to divide, but remains in place and prevents the oestrogen from getting to the cancer cells, therefore they either grow more slowly or stop growing altogether (see Figure 2).<br />
[[Image:Figure_1.jpg|thumb|Action of oestrogen binding to oestrogen receptor]] [[Image:Figure_2.jpg|thumb|Action of Tamoxifen blocking oestrogen binding to cancer cell]]<br />
<br />
==How is Tamoxifen made?==<br />
===Synthesis of Tamoxifen via a carbometalation of alkynylsilanes===<br />
====Step 1====<br />
[[Image:step1tamoxifen.PNG|thumb|1st step in reaction path for tamoxifen]]<br />
This is the 1st step in this synthesis. The reagents are Et<sub>2</sub>AlCl, Cp<sub>2</sub>TiCl<sub>2</sub>, CH<sub>2</sub>Cl<sub>2</sub>. The product of this step in the reaction is then cleaved with NBS (N-bromosuccinimide)at -78<sup>o</sup>C or 195.15K. The yield for this step is shown below the arrow.<br />
====Step 2====<br />
[[Image:step2tamoxifen.PNG|thumb|2nd step in reaction path for tamoxifen]]<br />
This is the next step in the synthesis of tamoxifen. The reagents are PhZnCl, Pd(PPh<sub>3</sub>)<sub>4</sub> (this is the catalyst), THF, and this is under reflux.<br />
====Step 3====<br />
[[Image:step3tamoxifen.PNG|thumb|3rd step in reaction path for tamoxifen]]<br />
The reagents for the step are Br<sub>2</sub>, CH<sub>2</sub>Cl, NaOMe/MeOH, Temperature is -78<sup>o</sup>C to Room Temperature<br />
====Step 4====<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
*1 - MDS Crossfire Commander Beilstein: Structure<br />
*2 - Conquest (Cambridge Crystal Structure Database): 3D image<br />
*3 - www.cancer-info.com/tamoxifen.htm<br />
*4 - www.fareston.com/d_living/d3.html</div>
Srs05
https://chemwiki.ch.ic.ac.uk/index.php?title=File:Step3tamoxifen.PNG&diff=3674
File:Step3tamoxifen.PNG
2006-10-24T11:08:25Z
<p>Srs05: The 3rd step in the synthesis of tamoxifen</p>
<hr />
<div>The 3rd step in the synthesis of tamoxifen</div>
Srs05
https://chemwiki.ch.ic.ac.uk/index.php?title=It:Tamoxifen&diff=3673
It:Tamoxifen
2006-10-24T11:07:52Z
<p>Srs05: added step 2</p>
<hr />
<div>=Tamoxifen=<br />
==Structures and 3D Image==<br />
[[Image:Tamoxifen.png|thumb|left|10|Structure of Tamoxifen]]<br />
Structure of Tamoxifen <sup>1,2</sup><br />
<jmol><br />
<jmolApplet><br />
<size>400</size><br />
<color>white</color><br />
<script>zoom 150; ball and stick on;frame 1; move 10 -20 10 0 0 0 0 0 3; delay 1;</script><br />
<inlineContents><br />
HEADER CSD ENTRY TTAMOX01<br />
COMPND UNNAMED<br />
AUTHOR GENERATED BY CONQUEST<br />
CRYST1 41.630 5.747 30.679 90.00 142.90 90.00 C 2/c 8<br />
ATOM 1 C1 UNK 0 1 16.197 1.751 16.833 1.00 0.00<br />
ATOM 2 C2 UNK 0 1 16.883 0.621 16.433 1.00 0.00<br />
ATOM 3 C3 UNK 0 1 17.319 0.512 15.121 1.00 0.00<br />
ATOM 4 C4 UNK 0 1 17.077 1.518 14.187 1.00 0.00<br />
ATOM 5 C5 UNK 0 1 16.413 2.654 14.620 1.00 0.00<br />
ATOM 6 C6 UNK 0 1 15.975 2.779 15.939 1.00 0.00<br />
ATOM 7 C7 UNK 0 1 17.558 1.390 12.775 1.00 0.00<br />
ATOM 8 C8 UNK 0 1 16.794 1.665 11.699 1.00 0.00<br />
ATOM 9 C9 UNK 0 1 17.353 1.702 10.291 1.00 0.00<br />
ATOM 10 C10 UNK 0 1 16.798 0.602 9.401 1.00 0.00<br />
ATOM 11 O1 UNK 0 1 15.777 1.765 18.145 1.00 0.00<br />
ATOM 12 C11 UNK 0 1 15.059 2.927 18.600 1.00 0.00<br />
ATOM 13 C12 UNK 0 1 14.568 2.659 20.001 1.00 0.00<br />
ATOM 14 C13 UNK 0 1 19.000 0.984 12.660 1.00 0.00<br />
ATOM 15 C14 UNK 0 1 19.386 -0.194 12.044 1.00 0.00<br />
ATOM 16 C15 UNK 0 1 20.751 -0.532 11.962 1.00 0.00<br />
ATOM 17 C16 UNK 0 1 21.691 0.304 12.504 1.00 0.00<br />
ATOM 18 C17 UNK 0 1 21.325 1.452 13.124 1.00 0.00<br />
ATOM 19 C18 UNK 0 1 19.975 1.802 13.217 1.00 0.00<br />
ATOM 20 C19 UNK 0 1 15.333 1.949 11.812 1.00 0.00<br />
ATOM 21 C20 UNK 0 1 14.487 1.049 12.430 1.00 0.00<br />
ATOM 22 C21 UNK 0 1 13.121 1.303 12.519 1.00 0.00<br />
ATOM 23 C22 UNK 0 1 12.602 2.459 11.992 1.00 0.00<br />
ATOM 24 C23 UNK 0 1 13.423 3.351 11.368 1.00 0.00<br />
ATOM 25 C24 UNK 0 1 14.781 3.099 11.270 1.00 0.00<br />
ATOM 26 C25 UNK 0 1 12.198 2.430 19.709 1.00 0.00<br />
ATOM 27 N1 UNK 0 1 13.355 1.779 19.870 1.00 0.00<br />
ATOM 28 C26 UNK 0 1 13.516 0.549 20.070 1.00 0.00<br />
CONECT 1 2 6 11<br />
CONECT 2 1 3<br />
CONECT 3 2 4<br />
CONECT 4 3 5 7<br />
CONECT 5 4 6<br />
CONECT 6 1 5<br />
CONECT 7 4 8 14<br />
CONECT 8 7 9 20<br />
CONECT 9 8 10<br />
CONECT 10 9<br />
CONECT 11 1 12<br />
CONECT 12 11 13<br />
CONECT 13 12 27<br />
CONECT 14 7 15 19<br />
CONECT 15 14 16<br />
CONECT 16 15 17<br />
CONECT 17 16 18<br />
CONECT 18 17 19<br />
CONECT 19 14 18<br />
CONECT 20 8 21 25<br />
CONECT 21 20 22<br />
CONECT 22 21 23<br />
CONECT 23 22 24<br />
CONECT 24 23 25<br />
CONECT 25 20 24<br />
CONECT 26 27<br />
CONECT 27 13 26 28<br />
CONECT 28 27<br />
MASTER 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 28 0 28 0<br />
END<br />
</inlineContents><br />
</jmolApplet><br />
</jmol><br />
==Chemical Information==<br />
{| border="1" <br />
|-<br />
! IUPAC name<br />
|(Z) 2-[4-(1,2-diphenylbut-1-enyl)phenoxy]-N,N-dimethyl-ethanamine.<br />
|-<br />
! Chemical Formula<br />
|C<sub>26</sub>H<sub>29</sub>NO<br />
|-<br />
!Molecular Weight<br />
|371.52 g mol<sup>-1</sup><br />
|-<br />
! Type of Substance<br />
|Isocyclic<br />
|}<br />
==What is Tamoxifen Used For?==<br />
Tamoxifen is currently the most popular drug used for the treatment of breast cancer in women. It has been found to have nearly as good a success rate as chemotherapy, but without some of the severe side effects such as hair loss. It has also been found that Tamoxifen can be used to treat other ailments, such as osteoporosis and gynecomastia in men.<br />
<br />
==How Does Tamoxifen Work?==<br />
The primary function of Tamoxifen is as an anti-oestrogen drug, which means it reduces or stops the action of oestrogen<sup>3</sup>. <br />
<br />
Breast cancer is hormone-related and relies on the supply of sex hormones, particularly oestrogen, to grow. Cancers with oestrogen receptors on the surface of their cells are called `oestrogen receptor positive' (ER positive). Oestrogen can fit directly into the active site on these receptors and causes the cells to divide and the tumour to grow (see Figure 1)<sup>4</sup>. <br />
<br />
Tamoxifen has a similar structure to oestrogen and works by imitating the action of oestrogen and fits into the active sites of the receptors. However, tamoxifen does not cause the cells to divide, but remains in place and prevents the oestrogen from getting to the cancer cells, therefore they either grow more slowly or stop growing altogether (see Figure 2).<br />
[[Image:Figure_1.jpg|thumb|Action of oestrogen binding to oestrogen receptor]] [[Image:Figure_2.jpg|thumb|Action of Tamoxifen blocking oestrogen binding to cancer cell]]<br />
<br />
==How is Tamoxifen made?==<br />
===Synthesis of Tamoxifen via a carbometalation of alkynylsilanes===<br />
====Step 1====<br />
[[Image:step1tamoxifen.PNG|thumb|1st step in reaction path for tamoxifen]]<br />
This is the 1st step in this synthesis. The reagents are Et<sub>2</sub>AlCl, Cp<sub>2</sub>TiCl<sub>2</sub>, CH<sub>2</sub>Cl<sub>2</sub>. The product of this step in the reaction is then cleaved with NBS (N-bromosuccinimide)at -78<sup>o</sup>C or 195.15K. The yield for this step is shown below the arrow.<br />
====Step 2====<br />
[[Image:step2tamoxifen.PNG|thumb|2nd step in reaction path for tamoxifen]]<br />
This is the next step in the synthesis of tamoxifen. The reagents are PhZnCl, Pd(PPh<sub>3</sub>)<sub>4</sub> (this is the catalyst), THF, and this is under reflux.<br />
====Step 3====<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
*1 - MDS Crossfire Commander Beilstein: Structure<br />
*2 - Conquest (Cambridge Crystal Structure Database): 3D image<br />
*3 - www.cancer-info.com/tamoxifen.htm<br />
*4 - www.fareston.com/d_living/d3.html</div>
Srs05
https://chemwiki.ch.ic.ac.uk/index.php?title=File:Step2tamoxifen.PNG&diff=3669
File:Step2tamoxifen.PNG
2006-10-24T11:02:41Z
<p>Srs05: 2nd step in the synthesis of tamoxifen</p>
<hr />
<div>2nd step in the synthesis of tamoxifen</div>
Srs05
https://chemwiki.ch.ic.ac.uk/index.php?title=It:Tamoxifen&diff=3663
It:Tamoxifen
2006-10-24T10:51:48Z
<p>Srs05: /* How is Tamoxifen made? */ wrote up step 1</p>
<hr />
<div>=Tamoxifen=<br />
==Structures and 3D Image==<br />
[[Image:Tamoxifen.png|thumb|left|10|Structure of Tamoxifen]]<br />
Structure of Tamoxifen <sup>1,2</sup><br />
<jmol><br />
<jmolApplet><br />
<size>400</size><br />
<color>white</color><br />
<script>zoom 150; ball and stick on;frame 1; move 10 -20 10 0 0 0 0 0 3; delay 1;</script><br />
<inlineContents><br />
HEADER CSD ENTRY TTAMOX01<br />
COMPND UNNAMED<br />
AUTHOR GENERATED BY CONQUEST<br />
CRYST1 41.630 5.747 30.679 90.00 142.90 90.00 C 2/c 8<br />
ATOM 1 C1 UNK 0 1 16.197 1.751 16.833 1.00 0.00<br />
ATOM 2 C2 UNK 0 1 16.883 0.621 16.433 1.00 0.00<br />
ATOM 3 C3 UNK 0 1 17.319 0.512 15.121 1.00 0.00<br />
ATOM 4 C4 UNK 0 1 17.077 1.518 14.187 1.00 0.00<br />
ATOM 5 C5 UNK 0 1 16.413 2.654 14.620 1.00 0.00<br />
ATOM 6 C6 UNK 0 1 15.975 2.779 15.939 1.00 0.00<br />
ATOM 7 C7 UNK 0 1 17.558 1.390 12.775 1.00 0.00<br />
ATOM 8 C8 UNK 0 1 16.794 1.665 11.699 1.00 0.00<br />
ATOM 9 C9 UNK 0 1 17.353 1.702 10.291 1.00 0.00<br />
ATOM 10 C10 UNK 0 1 16.798 0.602 9.401 1.00 0.00<br />
ATOM 11 O1 UNK 0 1 15.777 1.765 18.145 1.00 0.00<br />
ATOM 12 C11 UNK 0 1 15.059 2.927 18.600 1.00 0.00<br />
ATOM 13 C12 UNK 0 1 14.568 2.659 20.001 1.00 0.00<br />
ATOM 14 C13 UNK 0 1 19.000 0.984 12.660 1.00 0.00<br />
ATOM 15 C14 UNK 0 1 19.386 -0.194 12.044 1.00 0.00<br />
ATOM 16 C15 UNK 0 1 20.751 -0.532 11.962 1.00 0.00<br />
ATOM 17 C16 UNK 0 1 21.691 0.304 12.504 1.00 0.00<br />
ATOM 18 C17 UNK 0 1 21.325 1.452 13.124 1.00 0.00<br />
ATOM 19 C18 UNK 0 1 19.975 1.802 13.217 1.00 0.00<br />
ATOM 20 C19 UNK 0 1 15.333 1.949 11.812 1.00 0.00<br />
ATOM 21 C20 UNK 0 1 14.487 1.049 12.430 1.00 0.00<br />
ATOM 22 C21 UNK 0 1 13.121 1.303 12.519 1.00 0.00<br />
ATOM 23 C22 UNK 0 1 12.602 2.459 11.992 1.00 0.00<br />
ATOM 24 C23 UNK 0 1 13.423 3.351 11.368 1.00 0.00<br />
ATOM 25 C24 UNK 0 1 14.781 3.099 11.270 1.00 0.00<br />
ATOM 26 C25 UNK 0 1 12.198 2.430 19.709 1.00 0.00<br />
ATOM 27 N1 UNK 0 1 13.355 1.779 19.870 1.00 0.00<br />
ATOM 28 C26 UNK 0 1 13.516 0.549 20.070 1.00 0.00<br />
CONECT 1 2 6 11<br />
CONECT 2 1 3<br />
CONECT 3 2 4<br />
CONECT 4 3 5 7<br />
CONECT 5 4 6<br />
CONECT 6 1 5<br />
CONECT 7 4 8 14<br />
CONECT 8 7 9 20<br />
CONECT 9 8 10<br />
CONECT 10 9<br />
CONECT 11 1 12<br />
CONECT 12 11 13<br />
CONECT 13 12 27<br />
CONECT 14 7 15 19<br />
CONECT 15 14 16<br />
CONECT 16 15 17<br />
CONECT 17 16 18<br />
CONECT 18 17 19<br />
CONECT 19 14 18<br />
CONECT 20 8 21 25<br />
CONECT 21 20 22<br />
CONECT 22 21 23<br />
CONECT 23 22 24<br />
CONECT 24 23 25<br />
CONECT 25 20 24<br />
CONECT 26 27<br />
CONECT 27 13 26 28<br />
CONECT 28 27<br />
MASTER 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 28 0 28 0<br />
END<br />
</inlineContents><br />
</jmolApplet><br />
</jmol><br />
==Chemical Information==<br />
{| border="1" <br />
|-<br />
! IUPAC name<br />
|(Z) 2-[4-(1,2-diphenylbut-1-enyl)phenoxy]-N,N-dimethyl-ethanamine.<br />
|-<br />
! Chemical Formula<br />
|C<sub>26</sub>H<sub>29</sub>NO<br />
|-<br />
!Molecular Weight<br />
|371.52 g mol<sup>-1</sup><br />
|-<br />
! Type of Substance<br />
|Isocyclic<br />
|}<br />
==What is Tamoxifen Used For?==<br />
Tamoxifen is currently the most popular drug used for the treatment of breast cancer in women. It has been found to have nearly as good a success rate as chemotherapy, but without some of the severe side effects such as hair loss. It has also been found that Tamoxifen can be used to treat other ailments, such as osteoporosis and gynecomastia in men.<br />
<br />
==How Does Tamoxifen Work?==<br />
The primary function of Tamoxifen is as an anti-oestrogen drug, which means it reduces or stops the action of oestrogen<sup>3</sup>. <br />
<br />
Breast cancer is hormone-related and relies on the supply of sex hormones, particularly oestrogen, to grow. Cancers with oestrogen receptors on the surface of their cells are called `oestrogen receptor positive' (ER positive). Oestrogen can fit directly into the active site on these receptors and causes the cells to divide and the tumour to grow (see Figure 1)<sup>4</sup>. <br />
<br />
Tamoxifen has a similar structure to oestrogen and works by imitating the action of oestrogen and fits into the active sites of the receptors. However, tamoxifen does not cause the cells to divide, but remains in place and prevents the oestrogen from getting to the cancer cells, therefore they either grow more slowly or stop growing altogether (see Figure 2).<br />
[[Image:Figure_1.jpg|thumb|Action of oestrogen binding to oestrogen receptor]] [[Image:Figure_2.jpg|thumb|Action of Tamoxifen blocking oestrogen binding to cancer cell]]<br />
<br />
==How is Tamoxifen made?==<br />
===Synthesis of Tamoxifen via a carbometalation of alkynylsilanes===<br />
====Step 1====<br />
[[Image:step1tamoxifen.PNG|thumb|1st step in reaction path for tamoxifen]]<br />
This is the 1st step in this synthesis. The reagents are Et<sub>2</sub>AlCl, Cp<sub>2</sub>TiCl<sub>2</sub>, CH<sub>2</sub>Cl<sub>2</sub>. The product of this step in the reaction is then cleaved with NBS (N-bromosuccinimide)at -78<sup>o</sup>C or 195.15K. The yield for this step is shown below the arrow.<br />
====Step 2====<br />
==References==<br />
*1 - MDS Crossfire Commander Beilstein: Structure<br />
*2 - Conquest (Cambridge Crystal Structure Database): 3D image<br />
*3 - www.cancer-info.com/tamoxifen.htm<br />
*4 - www.fareston.com/d_living/d3.html</div>
Srs05
https://chemwiki.ch.ic.ac.uk/index.php?title=File:Step1tamoxifen.PNG&diff=3643
File:Step1tamoxifen.PNG
2006-10-24T10:33:37Z
<p>Srs05: 1st step in the synthesis of tamoxifen</p>
<hr />
<div>1st step in the synthesis of tamoxifen</div>
Srs05
https://chemwiki.ch.ic.ac.uk/index.php?title=File:Tamoxifen_path.PNG&diff=3629
File:Tamoxifen path.PNG
2006-10-24T10:16:45Z
<p>Srs05: </p>
<hr />
<div>The reaction path for (Z) tamoxifen</div>
Srs05
https://chemwiki.ch.ic.ac.uk/index.php?title=It:Tamoxifen&diff=3624
It:Tamoxifen
2006-10-24T09:57:25Z
<p>Srs05: </p>
<hr />
<div>=Tamoxifen=<br />
==Structures and 3D Image==<br />
[[Image:Tamoxifen.png|thumb|left|10|Structure of Tamoxifen]]<br />
Structure of Tamoxifen <sup>1,2</sup><br />
<jmol><br />
<jmolApplet><br />
<size>400</size><br />
<color>white</color><br />
<script>zoom 150; ball and stick on;frame 1; move 10 -20 10 0 0 0 0 0 3; delay 1;</script><br />
<inlineContents><br />
HEADER CSD ENTRY TTAMOX01<br />
COMPND UNNAMED<br />
AUTHOR GENERATED BY CONQUEST<br />
CRYST1 41.630 5.747 30.679 90.00 142.90 90.00 C 2/c 8<br />
ATOM 1 C1 UNK 0 1 16.197 1.751 16.833 1.00 0.00<br />
ATOM 2 C2 UNK 0 1 16.883 0.621 16.433 1.00 0.00<br />
ATOM 3 C3 UNK 0 1 17.319 0.512 15.121 1.00 0.00<br />
ATOM 4 C4 UNK 0 1 17.077 1.518 14.187 1.00 0.00<br />
ATOM 5 C5 UNK 0 1 16.413 2.654 14.620 1.00 0.00<br />
ATOM 6 C6 UNK 0 1 15.975 2.779 15.939 1.00 0.00<br />
ATOM 7 C7 UNK 0 1 17.558 1.390 12.775 1.00 0.00<br />
ATOM 8 C8 UNK 0 1 16.794 1.665 11.699 1.00 0.00<br />
ATOM 9 C9 UNK 0 1 17.353 1.702 10.291 1.00 0.00<br />
ATOM 10 C10 UNK 0 1 16.798 0.602 9.401 1.00 0.00<br />
ATOM 11 O1 UNK 0 1 15.777 1.765 18.145 1.00 0.00<br />
ATOM 12 C11 UNK 0 1 15.059 2.927 18.600 1.00 0.00<br />
ATOM 13 C12 UNK 0 1 14.568 2.659 20.001 1.00 0.00<br />
ATOM 14 C13 UNK 0 1 19.000 0.984 12.660 1.00 0.00<br />
ATOM 15 C14 UNK 0 1 19.386 -0.194 12.044 1.00 0.00<br />
ATOM 16 C15 UNK 0 1 20.751 -0.532 11.962 1.00 0.00<br />
ATOM 17 C16 UNK 0 1 21.691 0.304 12.504 1.00 0.00<br />
ATOM 18 C17 UNK 0 1 21.325 1.452 13.124 1.00 0.00<br />
ATOM 19 C18 UNK 0 1 19.975 1.802 13.217 1.00 0.00<br />
ATOM 20 C19 UNK 0 1 15.333 1.949 11.812 1.00 0.00<br />
ATOM 21 C20 UNK 0 1 14.487 1.049 12.430 1.00 0.00<br />
ATOM 22 C21 UNK 0 1 13.121 1.303 12.519 1.00 0.00<br />
ATOM 23 C22 UNK 0 1 12.602 2.459 11.992 1.00 0.00<br />
ATOM 24 C23 UNK 0 1 13.423 3.351 11.368 1.00 0.00<br />
ATOM 25 C24 UNK 0 1 14.781 3.099 11.270 1.00 0.00<br />
ATOM 26 C25 UNK 0 1 12.198 2.430 19.709 1.00 0.00<br />
ATOM 27 N1 UNK 0 1 13.355 1.779 19.870 1.00 0.00<br />
ATOM 28 C26 UNK 0 1 13.516 0.549 20.070 1.00 0.00<br />
CONECT 1 2 6 11<br />
CONECT 2 1 3<br />
CONECT 3 2 4<br />
CONECT 4 3 5 7<br />
CONECT 5 4 6<br />
CONECT 6 1 5<br />
CONECT 7 4 8 14<br />
CONECT 8 7 9 20<br />
CONECT 9 8 10<br />
CONECT 10 9<br />
CONECT 11 1 12<br />
CONECT 12 11 13<br />
CONECT 13 12 27<br />
CONECT 14 7 15 19<br />
CONECT 15 14 16<br />
CONECT 16 15 17<br />
CONECT 17 16 18<br />
CONECT 18 17 19<br />
CONECT 19 14 18<br />
CONECT 20 8 21 25<br />
CONECT 21 20 22<br />
CONECT 22 21 23<br />
CONECT 23 22 24<br />
CONECT 24 23 25<br />
CONECT 25 20 24<br />
CONECT 26 27<br />
CONECT 27 13 26 28<br />
CONECT 28 27<br />
MASTER 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 28 0 28 0<br />
END<br />
</inlineContents><br />
</jmolApplet><br />
</jmol><br />
==Chemical Information==<br />
{| border="1" <br />
|-<br />
! IUPAC name<br />
|(Z) 2-[4-(1,2-diphenylbut-1-enyl)phenoxy]-N,N-dimethyl-ethanamine.<br />
|-<br />
! Chemical Formula<br />
|C<sub>26</sub>H<sub>29</sub>NO<br />
|-<br />
!Molecular Weight<br />
|371.52 g mol<sup>-1</sup><br />
|-<br />
! Type of Substance<br />
|Isocyclic<br />
|}<br />
==What is Tamoxifen Used For?==<br />
Tamoxifen is currently the most popular drug used for the treatment of breast cancer in women. It has been found to have nearly as good a success rate as chemotherapy, but without some of the severe side effects such as hair loss. It has also been found that Tamoxifen can be used to treat other ailments, such as osteoporosis and gynecomastia in men.<br />
<br />
==How Does Tamoxifen Work?==<br />
The primary function of Tamoxifen is as an anti-oestrogen drug, which means it reduces or stops the action of oestrogen. <br />
<br />
Breast cancer is hormone-related and relies on the supply of sex hormones, particularly oestrogen, to grow. Cancers with oestrogen receptors on the surface of their cells are called `oestrogen receptor positive' (ER positive). Oestrogen can fit directly into the active site on these receptors and causes the cells to divide and the tumour to grow. <br />
<br />
Tamoxifen has a similar structure to oestrogen and works by imitating the action of oestrogen and fits into the active sites of the receptors. However, tamoxifen does not cause the cells to divide, but remains in place and prevents the oestrogen from getting to the cancer cells, therefore they either grow more slowly or stop growing altogether.<sup>3</sup><br />
<br />
==How is Tamoxifen made?==<br />
[[Image:Tamoxifen path.PNG|thumb|reaction path for tamoxifen]]<br />
==References==<br />
*1 - MDS Crossfire Commander Beilstein: Structure<br />
*2 - Conquest (Cambridge Crystal Structure Database): 3D image<br />
*3 - www.cancer-info.com/tamoxifen.htm</div>
Srs05
https://chemwiki.ch.ic.ac.uk/index.php?title=It:Tamoxifen&diff=3546
It:Tamoxifen
2006-10-23T15:40:50Z
<p>Srs05: /* Tamoxifen */</p>
<hr />
<div>=Tamoxifen=<br />
==Structures and 3D Image==<br />
[[Image:Tamoxifen.png|thumb|left|10|Structure of Tamoxifen]]<br />
Structure of Tamoxifen <sup>1,2</sup><br />
<jmol><br />
<jmolApplet><br />
<size>400</size><br />
<color>white</color><br />
<script>zoom 150; cpk off;frame 1; move 10 -20 10 0 0 0 0 0 3; delay 1;</script><br />
<inlineContents><br />
HEADER CSD ENTRY TTAMOX01<br />
COMPND UNNAMED<br />
AUTHOR GENERATED BY CONQUEST<br />
CRYST1 41.630 5.747 30.679 90.00 142.90 90.00 C 2/c 8<br />
ATOM 1 C1 UNK 0 1 16.197 1.751 16.833 1.00 0.00<br />
ATOM 2 C2 UNK 0 1 16.883 0.621 16.433 1.00 0.00<br />
ATOM 3 C3 UNK 0 1 17.319 0.512 15.121 1.00 0.00<br />
ATOM 4 C4 UNK 0 1 17.077 1.518 14.187 1.00 0.00<br />
ATOM 5 C5 UNK 0 1 16.413 2.654 14.620 1.00 0.00<br />
ATOM 6 C6 UNK 0 1 15.975 2.779 15.939 1.00 0.00<br />
ATOM 7 C7 UNK 0 1 17.558 1.390 12.775 1.00 0.00<br />
ATOM 8 C8 UNK 0 1 16.794 1.665 11.699 1.00 0.00<br />
ATOM 9 C9 UNK 0 1 17.353 1.702 10.291 1.00 0.00<br />
ATOM 10 C10 UNK 0 1 16.798 0.602 9.401 1.00 0.00<br />
ATOM 11 O1 UNK 0 1 15.777 1.765 18.145 1.00 0.00<br />
ATOM 12 C11 UNK 0 1 15.059 2.927 18.600 1.00 0.00<br />
ATOM 13 C12 UNK 0 1 14.568 2.659 20.001 1.00 0.00<br />
ATOM 14 C13 UNK 0 1 19.000 0.984 12.660 1.00 0.00<br />
ATOM 15 C14 UNK 0 1 19.386 -0.194 12.044 1.00 0.00<br />
ATOM 16 C15 UNK 0 1 20.751 -0.532 11.962 1.00 0.00<br />
ATOM 17 C16 UNK 0 1 21.691 0.304 12.504 1.00 0.00<br />
ATOM 18 C17 UNK 0 1 21.325 1.452 13.124 1.00 0.00<br />
ATOM 19 C18 UNK 0 1 19.975 1.802 13.217 1.00 0.00<br />
ATOM 20 C19 UNK 0 1 15.333 1.949 11.812 1.00 0.00<br />
ATOM 21 C20 UNK 0 1 14.487 1.049 12.430 1.00 0.00<br />
ATOM 22 C21 UNK 0 1 13.121 1.303 12.519 1.00 0.00<br />
ATOM 23 C22 UNK 0 1 12.602 2.459 11.992 1.00 0.00<br />
ATOM 24 C23 UNK 0 1 13.423 3.351 11.368 1.00 0.00<br />
ATOM 25 C24 UNK 0 1 14.781 3.099 11.270 1.00 0.00<br />
ATOM 26 C25 UNK 0 1 12.198 2.430 19.709 1.00 0.00<br />
ATOM 27 N1 UNK 0 1 13.355 1.779 19.870 1.00 0.00<br />
ATOM 28 C26 UNK 0 1 13.516 0.549 20.070 1.00 0.00<br />
CONECT 1 2 6 11<br />
CONECT 2 1 3<br />
CONECT 3 2 4<br />
CONECT 4 3 5 7<br />
CONECT 5 4 6<br />
CONECT 6 1 5<br />
CONECT 7 4 8 14<br />
CONECT 8 7 9 20<br />
CONECT 9 8 10<br />
CONECT 10 9<br />
CONECT 11 1 12<br />
CONECT 12 11 13<br />
CONECT 13 12 27<br />
CONECT 14 7 15 19<br />
CONECT 15 14 16<br />
CONECT 16 15 17<br />
CONECT 17 16 18<br />
CONECT 18 17 19<br />
CONECT 19 14 18<br />
CONECT 20 8 21 25<br />
CONECT 21 20 22<br />
CONECT 22 21 23<br />
CONECT 23 22 24<br />
CONECT 24 23 25<br />
CONECT 25 20 24<br />
CONECT 26 27<br />
CONECT 27 13 26 28<br />
CONECT 28 27<br />
MASTER 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 28 0 28 0<br />
END<br />
</inlineContents><br />
</jmolApplet><br />
</jmol><br />
==Chemical Information==<br />
{| border="1" <br />
|-<br />
! IUPAC name<br />
|(Z) 2-[4-(1,2-diphenylbut-1-enyl)phenoxy]-N,N-dimethyl-ethanamine.<br />
|-<br />
! Chemical Formula<br />
|C<sub>26</sub>H<sub>29</sub>NO<br />
|-<br />
!Molecular Weight<br />
|371.52 g mol<sup>-1</sup><br />
|-<br />
! Type of Substance<br />
|Isocyclic<br />
|}<br />
==What is Tamoxifen Used For?==<br />
Tamoxifen is currently the most popular drug used for the treatment of breast cancer in women. It has been found to have nearly as good a success rate as chemotherapy, but without some of the severe side effects such as hair loss. It has also been found that Tamoxifen can be used to treat other ailments, such as osteoporosis and gynecomastia in men.<br />
<br />
==How Does Tamoxifen Work?==<br />
The primary function of Tamoxifen is as an anti-oestrogen drug, which means it reduces or stops the action of oestrogen. <br />
<br />
Breast cancer is hormone-related and relies on the supply of sex hormones, particularly oestrogen, to grow. Cancers with oestrogen receptors on the surface of their cells are called `oestrogen receptor positive' (ER positive). Oestrogen can fit directly into the active site on these receptors and causes the cells to divide and the tumour to grow. <br />
<br />
Tamoxifen has a similar structure to oestrogen and works by imitating the action of oestrogen and fits into the active sites of the receptors. However, tamoxifen does not cause the cells to divide, but remains in place and prevents the oestrogen from getting to the cancer cells, therefore they either grow more slowly or stop growing altogether.<sup>3</sup><br />
<br />
==How is Tamoxifen made?==<br />
[[Image:Tamoxifen path.PNG|thumb|reaction path for tamoxifen]]<br />
==References==<br />
*1 - MDS Crossfire Commander Beilstein: Structure<br />
*2 - Conquest (Cambridge Crystal Structure Database): 3D image<br />
*3 - www.cancer-info.com/tamoxifen.htm</div>
Srs05
https://chemwiki.ch.ic.ac.uk/index.php?title=File:Tamoxifen_path.PNG&diff=3462
File:Tamoxifen path.PNG
2006-10-23T15:04:04Z
<p>Srs05: The reazction path for (Z) tamoxifen</p>
<hr />
<div>The reazction path for (Z) tamoxifen</div>
Srs05