https://chemwiki.ch.ic.ac.uk/api.php?action=feedcontributions&feedformat=atom&user=Sbj06ChemWiki - User contributions [en]2026-04-07T11:15:45ZUser contributionsMediaWiki 1.43.0https://chemwiki.ch.ic.ac.uk/index.php?title=It07:Lactose&diff=14120It07:Lactose2007-12-07T16:55:04Z<p>Sbj06: </p>
<hr />
<div>== Introduction ==<br />
Lactose is the most important carbohydrate in milk for most species (including humans). It is a carbohydrate found in milk and every newborn mammal consumes this in significant amounts. It is biosynthesised in the mammary gland and is industrially produced from bovine milk. It is also known as milk sugar. Lactose is extensively used in the pharmaceutical industry because it is inert, non-toxic and in-expensive.<br />
<br />
{{Drug-Box |<br />
| Box_Name = Lactose<br />
| ImageFile = example_image.jpg<br />
| IUPACName = D-Glucose, 4-o-β-D-galactopyranosyl<br />
| CAS_No = 63-42-3<br />
| ATC_Code = <br />
| PubChem = <br />
| SMILES = surround in nowiki script code '<' nowiki'>' insert SMILE here'</'nowiki'>'<br />
| Formula = e.g.(C<sub>12</sub>H<sub>22</sub>O<sub>11)<br />
| MolarMass = 342<br />
| Bioavailability = <br />
| Protein_binding<br />
| Metabolism = <br />
| Half_life = <br />
| Excretion = <br />
| Pregnancy_cat = <br />
| Legal_status = <br />
| Routes = <br />
}}<br />
<br />
== 3D Model of Lactose ==<br />
<br />
<jmol><br />
<jmolApplet><br />
<size>400</size><br />
<title>Sibutramine</title><color>white</color><br />
<uploadedFileContents>lactose.pdb</uploadedFileContents><br />
</jmolApplet><br />
<br />
<jmolMenu><br />
<item><text>Start spinning</text><script>spin on</script></item><br />
<item><text>Stop spinning</text><script>spin off</script></item><br />
<menuHeight>-1</menuHeight><br />
</jmolMenu><br />
<br />
<br />
</jmol><br />
<br />
<br><br />
<br />
== Structure of Lactose ==<br />
<br />
[[Image:Structure of Lactose.jpg]]<br />
<br />
Lactose is present in two isomeric forms in milk - an α and β form. Both forms, however, interconvert frequently in a process called mutarotation. In solution the α and β forms strive for equilibrium commonly resulting in a ratio of α-lactose to β-lactose of 40:60. In its solid state it can exist either as a crystalline solid or amorphous. Crystalline lactose has two isomeric monohydrate forms which are both highly ordered arrangements. Amorphous lactose, however, lack this ordered structure with the lactose molecules arranged in a much more disordered way. Lactose monohydrate crystals are shown below - they are very brittle and hard. <br />
<br />
[[Image:Lactose monohydrate crystals.jpg]]<br />
<br />
β-lactose is produced when highly concentrated lactose solutions are crystallised at temperatures above 93.5°C. β-lactose does not contain crystal water and it is much softer than α-lactose. β-lactose crystals are shown below:<br />
<br />
[[Image:Beta Lactose crystals.jpg]]<br />
<br />
Amorphous lactose is produced by rapidly drying a highly concentrated solution of lactose. Amorphous lactose contains both isomeric forms of lactose - α and β forms.<br />
<br />
[[Image:Amorphous Lactose.jpg]]<br />
<br />
== Solubility ==<br />
Lactose is soluble in water but is it is not as soluble as other common sugars. β-lactose is more soluble than α-lactose but the eventual solobility of both forms is equal because of the mutarotation phenomenan which ensures that equilibrium is established. <br />
<br />
== Synthesis == <br />
<br />
Below is the synthesis of lactose<ref>Metabolic engineering of Agrobacterium sp. for UDP-galactose regeneration and oligosaccharide synthesis. Ruffing, Anne; Mao, Zichao; Ruizhen Chen, Rachel. School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA. Metabolic Engineering (2006), 8(5), 465-473.</ref>.<br />
<br />
[[Image:Lactose synthesis.jpg]]<br />
<br />
== Uses == <br />
<br />
Lactose alpha monohydrate products can be used for capsules and sachets. Lactose can also be used as an excipient for pellets because of the fact that it is inert, cheap and non-toxic. Milled Lactose products can be used for wet granulation as-well as direct compression.<br />
<br />
== Infrared Spectrum of Lactose ==<br />
<br />
<br />
[[Image:Infrared Spectrum of Lactose.jpg]]<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<br />
<references/><br />
<br />
2. http://www.lactose.com/index.html</div>Sbj06https://chemwiki.ch.ic.ac.uk/index.php?title=It07:Lactose&diff=14114It07:Lactose2007-12-07T16:51:07Z<p>Sbj06: </p>
<hr />
<div>== Introduction ==<br />
Lactose is the most important carbohydrate in milk for most species (including humans). It is a carbohydrate found in milk and every newborn mammal consumes this in significant amounts. It is biosynthesised in the mammary gland and is industrially produced from bovine milk. It is also known as milk sugar. Lactose is extensively used in the pharmaceutical industry because it is inert, non-toxic and in-expensive.<br />
<br />
{{Drug-Box |<br />
| Box_Name = Lactose<br />
| ImageFile = example_image.jpg<br />
| IUPACName = D-Glucose, 4-o-β-D-galactopyranosyl<br />
| CAS_No = 63-42-3<br />
| ATC_Code = <br />
| PubChem = <br />
| SMILES = surround in nowiki script code '<' nowiki'>' insert SMILE here'</'nowiki'>'<br />
| Formula = e.g.(C<sub>12</sub>H<sub>22</sub>O<sub>11)<br />
| MolarMass = 342<br />
| Bioavailability = <br />
| Protein_binding<br />
| Metabolism = <br />
| Half_life = <br />
| Excretion = <br />
| Pregnancy_cat = <br />
| Legal_status = <br />
| Routes = <br />
}}<br />
<br />
== 3D Model of Lactose ==<br />
<br />
<jmol><br />
<jmolApplet><br />
<size>400</size><br />
<title>Sibutramine</title><color>white</color><br />
<uploadedFileContents>lactose.pdb</uploadedFileContents><br />
</jmolApplet><br />
<br />
<jmolMenu><br />
<item><text>Start spinning</text><script>spin on</script></item><br />
<item><text>Stop spinning</text><script>spin off</script></item><br />
<menuHeight>-1</menuHeight><br />
</jmolMenu><br />
<br />
<br />
</jmol><br />
<br />
<br><br />
<br />
== Structure of Lactose ==<br />
<br />
[[Image:Structure of Lactose.jpg]]<br />
<br />
Lactose is present in two isomeric forms in milk - an α and β form. Both forms, however, interconvert frequently in a process called mutarotation. In solution the α and β forms strive for equilibrium commonly resulting in a ratio of α-lactose to β-lactose of 40:60. In its solid state it can exist either as a crystalline solid or amorphous. Crystalline lactose has two isomeric monohydrate forms which are both highly ordered arrangements. Amorphous lactose, however, lack this ordered structure with the lactose molecules arranged in a much more disordered way. Lactose monohydrate crystals are shown below - they are very brittle and hard. <br />
<br />
[[Image:Lactose monohydrate crystals.jpg]]<br />
<br />
β-lactose is produced when highly concentrated lactose solutions are crystallised at temperatures above 93.5°C. β-lactose does not contain crystal water and it is much softer than α-lactose. β-lactose crystals are shown below:<br />
<br />
[[Image:Beta Lactose crystals.jpg]]<br />
<br />
Amorphous lactose is produced by rapidly drying a highly concentrated solution of lactose. Amorphous lactose contains both isomeric forms of lactose - α and β forms.<br />
<br />
[[Image:Amorphous Lactose.jpg]]<br />
<br />
== Solubility ==<br />
Lactose is soluble in water but is it is not as soluble as other common sugars. β-lactose is more soluble than α-lactose but the eventual solobility of both forms is equal because of the mutarotation phenomenan which ensures that equilibrium is established. <br />
<br />
== Synthesis == <br />
<br />
Below is the synthesis of lactose<ref>Metabolic engineering of Agrobacterium sp. for UDP-galactose regeneration and oligosaccharide synthesis. Ruffing, Anne; Mao, Zichao; Ruizhen Chen, Rachel. School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA. Metabolic Engineering (2006), 8(5), 465-473.</ref>.<br />
<br />
[[Image:Lactose synthesis.jpg]]<br />
<br />
== Uses == <br />
<br />
Lactose alpha monohydrate products can be used for capsules and sachets. Lactose can also be used as an excipient for pellets because of the fact that it is inert, cheap and non-toxic. Milled Lactose products can be used for wet granulation as-well as direct compression.<br />
<br />
== Infrared Spectrum of Lactose ==<br />
<br />
<br />
[[Image:Infrared Spectrum of Lactose.jpg]]<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<br />
<references/></div>Sbj06https://chemwiki.ch.ic.ac.uk/index.php?title=It07:Lactose&diff=14092It07:Lactose2007-12-07T16:25:42Z<p>Sbj06: </p>
<hr />
<div>== Introduction ==<br />
Lactose is the most important carbohydrate in milk for most species (including humans). It is a carbohydrate found in milk and every newborn mammal consumes this in significant amounts. It is biosynthesised in the mammary gland and is industrially produced from bovine milk. It is also known as milk sugar. Lactose is extensively used in the pharmaceutical industry because it is inert, non-toxic and in-expensive.<br />
<br />
{{Drug-Box |<br />
| Box_Name = Lactose<br />
| ImageFile = example_image.jpg<br />
| IUPACName = D-Glucose, 4-o-β-D-galactopyranosyl<br />
| CAS_No = 63-42-3<br />
| ATC_Code = <br />
| PubChem = <br />
| SMILES = surround in nowiki script code '<' nowiki'>' insert SMILE here'</'nowiki'>'<br />
| Formula = e.g.(C<sub>12</sub>H<sub>22</sub>O<sub>11)<br />
| MolarMass = 342<br />
| Bioavailability = <br />
| Protein_binding<br />
| Metabolism = <br />
| Half_life = <br />
| Excretion = <br />
| Pregnancy_cat = <br />
| Legal_status = <br />
| Routes = <br />
}}<br />
<br />
== 3D Model of Lactose ==<br />
<br />
<jmol><br />
<jmolApplet><br />
<size>400</size><br />
<title>Sibutramine</title><color>white</color><br />
<uploadedFileContents>lactose.pdb</uploadedFileContents><br />
</jmolApplet><br />
<br />
<jmolMenu><br />
<item><text>Start spinning</text><script>spin on</script></item><br />
<item><text>Stop spinning</text><script>spin off</script></item><br />
<menuHeight>-1</menuHeight><br />
</jmolMenu><br />
<br />
<br />
</jmol><br />
<br />
<br><br />
<br />
== Structure of Lactose ==<br />
<br />
[[Image:Structure of Lactose.jpg]]<br />
<br />
Lactose is present in two isomeric forms in milk - an α and β form. Both forms, however, interconvert frequently in a process called mutarotation. In solution the α and β forms strive for equilibrium commonly resulting in a ratio of α-lactose to β-lactose of 40:60. In its solid state it can exist either as a crystalline solid or amorphous. Crystalline lactose has two isomeric monohydrate forms which are both highly ordered arrangements. Amorphous lactose, however, lack this ordered structure with the lactose molecules arranged in a much more disordered way. Lactose monohydrate crystals are shown below - they are very brittle and hard. <br />
<br />
[[Image:Lactose monohydrate crystals.jpg]]<br />
<br />
β-lactose is produced when highly concentrated lactose solutions are crystallised at temperatures above 93.5°C. β-lactose does not contain crystal water and it is much softer than α-lactose. β-lactose crystals are shown below:<br />
<br />
[[Image:Beta Lactose crystals.jpg]]<br />
<br />
Amorphous lactose is produced by rapidly drying a highly concentrated solution of lactose. Amorphous lactose contains both isomeric forms of lactose - α and β forms.<br />
<br />
[[Image:Amorphous Lactose.jpg]]<br />
<br />
== Solubility ==<br />
Lactose is soluble in water but is it is not as soluble as other common sugars. β-lactose is more soluble than α-lactose but the eventual solobility of both forms is equal because of the mutarotation phenomenan which ensures that equilibrium is established. <br />
<br />
== Synthesis == <br />
<br />
Below is the synthesis of lactose<ref>Metabolic engineering of Agrobacterium sp. for UDP-galactose regeneration and oligosaccharide synthesis. Ruffing, Anne; Mao, Zichao; Ruizhen Chen, Rachel. School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA. Metabolic Engineering (2006), 8(5), 465-473.</ref>.<br />
<br />
[[Image:Lactose synthesis.jpg]]<br />
<br />
== Infrared Spectrum of Lactose ==<br />
<br />
<br />
[[Image:Infrared Spectrum of Lactose.jpg]]<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<br />
<references/></div>Sbj06https://chemwiki.ch.ic.ac.uk/index.php?title=It07:Lactose&diff=14088It07:Lactose2007-12-07T16:21:26Z<p>Sbj06: /* Solubility */</p>
<hr />
<div>== Introduction ==<br />
Lactose is the most important carbohydrate in milk for most species (including humans). It is a carbohydrate found in milk and every newborn mammal consumes this in significant amounts. It is biosynthesised in the mammary gland and is industrially produced from bovine milk. It is also known as milk sugar. Lactose is extensively used in the pharmaceutical industry because it is inert, non-toxic and in-expensive.<br />
<br />
{{Drug-Box |<br />
| Box_Name = Lactose<br />
| ImageFile = example_image.jpg<br />
| IUPACName = D-Glucose, 4-o-β-D-galactopyranosyl<br />
| CAS_No = 63-42-3<br />
| ATC_Code = <br />
| PubChem = <br />
| SMILES = surround in nowiki script code '<' nowiki'>' insert SMILE here'</'nowiki'>'<br />
| Formula = e.g.(C<sub>12</sub>H<sub>22</sub>O<sub>11)<br />
| MolarMass = 342<br />
| Bioavailability = <br />
| Protein_binding<br />
| Metabolism = <br />
| Half_life = <br />
| Excretion = <br />
| Pregnancy_cat = <br />
| Legal_status = <br />
| Routes = <br />
}}<br />
<br />
== 3D Model of Lactose ==<br />
<br />
<jmol><br />
<jmolApplet><br />
<size>400</size><br />
<title>Sibutramine</title><color>white</color><br />
<uploadedFileContents>lactose.pdb</uploadedFileContents><br />
</jmolApplet><br />
<br />
<jmolMenu><br />
<item><text>Start spinning</text><script>spin on</script></item><br />
<item><text>Stop spinning</text><script>spin off</script></item><br />
<menuHeight>-1</menuHeight><br />
</jmolMenu><br />
<br />
<br />
</jmol><br />
<br />
<br><br />
<br />
== Structure of Lactose ==<br />
<br />
[[Image:Structure of Lactose.jpg]]<br />
<br />
Lactose is present in two isomeric forms in milk - an α and β form. Both forms, however, interconvert frequently in a process called mutarotation. In solution the α and β forms strive for equilibrium commonly resulting in a ratio of α-lactose to β-lactose of 40:60. In its solid state it can exist either as a crystalline solid or amorphous. Crystalline lactose has two isomeric monohydrate forms which are both highly ordered arrangements. Amorphous lactose, however, lack this ordered structure with the lactose molecules arranged in a much more disordered way. Lactose monohydrate crystals are shown below - they are very brittle and hard. <br />
<br />
[[Image:Lactose monohydrate crystals.jpg]]<br />
<br />
β-lactose is produced when highly concentrated lactose solutions are crystallised at temperatures above 93.5°C. β-lactose does not contain crystal water and it is much softer than α-lactose. β-lactose crystals are shown below:<br />
<br />
[[Image:Beta Lactose crystals.jpg]]<br />
<br />
Amorphous lactose is produced by rapidly drying a highly concentrated solution of lactose. Amorphous lactose contains both isomeric forms of lactose - α and β forms.<br />
<br />
[[Image:Amorphous Lactose.jpg]]<br />
<br />
== Solubility ==<br />
Lactose is soluble in water but is it is not as soluble as other common sugars. β-lactose is more soluble than α-lactose but the eventual solobility of both forms is equal because of the mutarotation phenomenan which ensures that equilibrium is established. <br />
<br />
== Synthesis ==<br />
<br />
[[Image:Lactose synthesis.jpg]]<br />
<br />
== Infrared Spectrum of Lactose ==<br />
<br />
<br />
[[Image:Infrared Spectrum of Lactose.jpg]]</div>Sbj06https://chemwiki.ch.ic.ac.uk/index.php?title=File:Lactose_synthesis.jpg&diff=14087File:Lactose synthesis.jpg2007-12-07T16:20:40Z<p>Sbj06: </p>
<hr />
<div></div>Sbj06https://chemwiki.ch.ic.ac.uk/index.php?title=It07:Lactose&diff=14085It07:Lactose2007-12-07T16:20:24Z<p>Sbj06: </p>
<hr />
<div>== Introduction ==<br />
Lactose is the most important carbohydrate in milk for most species (including humans). It is a carbohydrate found in milk and every newborn mammal consumes this in significant amounts. It is biosynthesised in the mammary gland and is industrially produced from bovine milk. It is also known as milk sugar. Lactose is extensively used in the pharmaceutical industry because it is inert, non-toxic and in-expensive.<br />
<br />
{{Drug-Box |<br />
| Box_Name = Lactose<br />
| ImageFile = example_image.jpg<br />
| IUPACName = D-Glucose, 4-o-β-D-galactopyranosyl<br />
| CAS_No = 63-42-3<br />
| ATC_Code = <br />
| PubChem = <br />
| SMILES = surround in nowiki script code '<' nowiki'>' insert SMILE here'</'nowiki'>'<br />
| Formula = e.g.(C<sub>12</sub>H<sub>22</sub>O<sub>11)<br />
| MolarMass = 342<br />
| Bioavailability = <br />
| Protein_binding<br />
| Metabolism = <br />
| Half_life = <br />
| Excretion = <br />
| Pregnancy_cat = <br />
| Legal_status = <br />
| Routes = <br />
}}<br />
<br />
== 3D Model of Lactose ==<br />
<br />
<jmol><br />
<jmolApplet><br />
<size>400</size><br />
<title>Sibutramine</title><color>white</color><br />
<uploadedFileContents>lactose.pdb</uploadedFileContents><br />
</jmolApplet><br />
<br />
<jmolMenu><br />
<item><text>Start spinning</text><script>spin on</script></item><br />
<item><text>Stop spinning</text><script>spin off</script></item><br />
<menuHeight>-1</menuHeight><br />
</jmolMenu><br />
<br />
<br />
</jmol><br />
<br />
<br><br />
<br />
== Structure of Lactose ==<br />
<br />
[[Image:Structure of Lactose.jpg]]<br />
<br />
Lactose is present in two isomeric forms in milk - an α and β form. Both forms, however, interconvert frequently in a process called mutarotation. In solution the α and β forms strive for equilibrium commonly resulting in a ratio of α-lactose to β-lactose of 40:60. In its solid state it can exist either as a crystalline solid or amorphous. Crystalline lactose has two isomeric monohydrate forms which are both highly ordered arrangements. Amorphous lactose, however, lack this ordered structure with the lactose molecules arranged in a much more disordered way. Lactose monohydrate crystals are shown below - they are very brittle and hard. <br />
<br />
[[Image:Lactose monohydrate crystals.jpg]]<br />
<br />
β-lactose is produced when highly concentrated lactose solutions are crystallised at temperatures above 93.5°C. β-lactose does not contain crystal water and it is much softer than α-lactose. β-lactose crystals are shown below:<br />
<br />
[[Image:Beta Lactose crystals.jpg]]<br />
<br />
Amorphous lactose is produced by rapidly drying a highly concentrated solution of lactose. Amorphous lactose contains both isomeric forms of lactose - α and β forms.<br />
<br />
[[Image:Amorphous Lactose.jpg]]<br />
<br />
== Solubility ==<br />
Lactose is soluble in water but is it is not as soluble as other common sugars. β-lactose is more soluble than α-lactose but the eventual solobility of both forms is equal because of the mutarotation phenomenan which ensures that equilibrium is established. <br />
<br />
== Solubility ==<br />
<br />
[[Image:Lactose synthesis.jpg]]<br />
<br />
<br />
== Infrared Spectrum of Lactose ==<br />
<br />
<br />
[[Image:Infrared Spectrum of Lactose.jpg]]</div>Sbj06https://chemwiki.ch.ic.ac.uk/index.php?title=File:Synthesis_of_Lactose.jpg&diff=14080File:Synthesis of Lactose.jpg2007-12-07T16:18:17Z<p>Sbj06: </p>
<hr />
<div></div>Sbj06https://chemwiki.ch.ic.ac.uk/index.php?title=It07:Lactose&diff=14055It07:Lactose2007-12-07T15:41:27Z<p>Sbj06: /* Structure of Lactose */</p>
<hr />
<div>== Introduction ==<br />
Lactose is the most important carbohydrate in milk for most species (including humans). It is a carbohydrate found in milk and every newborn mammal consumes this in significant amounts. It is biosynthesised in the mammary gland and is industrially produced from bovine milk. It is also known as milk sugar. Lactose is extensively used in the pharmaceutical industry because it is inert, non-toxic and in-expensive.<br />
<br />
{{Drug-Box |<br />
| Box_Name = Lactose<br />
| ImageFile = example_image.jpg<br />
| IUPACName = D-Glucose, 4-o-β-D-galactopyranosyl<br />
| CAS_No = 63-42-3<br />
| ATC_Code = <br />
| PubChem = <br />
| SMILES = surround in nowiki script code '<' nowiki'>' insert SMILE here'</'nowiki'>'<br />
| Formula = e.g.(C<sub>12</sub>H<sub>22</sub>O<sub>11)<br />
| MolarMass = 342<br />
| Bioavailability = <br />
| Protein_binding<br />
| Metabolism = <br />
| Half_life = <br />
| Excretion = <br />
| Pregnancy_cat = <br />
| Legal_status = <br />
| Routes = <br />
}}<br />
<br />
== 3D Model of Lactose ==<br />
<br />
<jmol><br />
<jmolApplet><br />
<size>400</size><br />
<title>Sibutramine</title><color>white</color><br />
<uploadedFileContents>lactose.pdb</uploadedFileContents><br />
</jmolApplet><br />
<br />
<jmolMenu><br />
<item><text>Start spinning</text><script>spin on</script></item><br />
<item><text>Stop spinning</text><script>spin off</script></item><br />
<menuHeight>-1</menuHeight><br />
</jmolMenu><br />
<br />
<br />
</jmol><br />
<br />
<br><br />
<br />
== Structure of Lactose ==<br />
<br />
[[Image:Structure of Lactose.jpg]]<br />
<br />
Lactose is present in two isomeric forms in milk - an α and β form. Both forms, however, interconvert frequently in a process called mutarotation. In solution the α and β forms strive for equilibrium commonly resulting in a ratio of α-lactose to β-lactose of 40:60. In its solid state it can exist either as a crystalline solid or amorphous. Crystalline lactose has two isomeric monohydrate forms which are both highly ordered arrangements. Amorphous lactose, however, lack this ordered structure with the lactose molecules arranged in a much more disordered way. Lactose monohydrate crystals are shown below - they are very brittle and hard. <br />
<br />
[[Image:Lactose monohydrate crystals.jpg]]<br />
<br />
β-lactose is produced when highly concentrated lactose solutions are crystallised at temperatures above 93.5°C. β-lactose does not contain crystal water and it is much softer than α-lactose. β-lactose crystals are shown below:<br />
<br />
[[Image:Beta Lactose crystals.jpg]]<br />
<br />
Amorphous lactose is produced by rapidly drying a highly concentrated solution of lactose. Amorphous lactose contains both isomeric forms of lactose - α and β forms.<br />
<br />
[[Image:Amorphous Lactose.jpg]]<br />
<br />
== Solubility ==<br />
Lactose is soluble in water but is it is not as soluble as other common sugars. β-lactose is more soluble than α-lactose but the eventual solobility of both forms is equal because of the mutarotation phenomenan which ensures that equilibrium is established. <br />
<br />
== Infrared Spectrum of Lactose ==<br />
<br />
<br />
[[Image:Infrared Spectrum of Lactose.jpg]]</div>Sbj06https://chemwiki.ch.ic.ac.uk/index.php?title=File:Amorphous_Lactose.jpg&diff=14054File:Amorphous Lactose.jpg2007-12-07T15:40:56Z<p>Sbj06: </p>
<hr />
<div></div>Sbj06https://chemwiki.ch.ic.ac.uk/index.php?title=It07:Lactose&diff=14039It07:Lactose2007-12-07T15:30:16Z<p>Sbj06: /* Structure of Lactose */</p>
<hr />
<div>== Introduction ==<br />
Lactose is the most important carbohydrate in milk for most species (including humans). It is a carbohydrate found in milk and every newborn mammal consumes this in significant amounts. It is biosynthesised in the mammary gland and is industrially produced from bovine milk. It is also known as milk sugar. Lactose is extensively used in the pharmaceutical industry because it is inert, non-toxic and in-expensive.<br />
<br />
{{Drug-Box |<br />
| Box_Name = Lactose<br />
| ImageFile = example_image.jpg<br />
| IUPACName = D-Glucose, 4-o-β-D-galactopyranosyl<br />
| CAS_No = 63-42-3<br />
| ATC_Code = <br />
| PubChem = <br />
| SMILES = surround in nowiki script code '<' nowiki'>' insert SMILE here'</'nowiki'>'<br />
| Formula = e.g.(C<sub>12</sub>H<sub>22</sub>O<sub>11)<br />
| MolarMass = 342<br />
| Bioavailability = <br />
| Protein_binding<br />
| Metabolism = <br />
| Half_life = <br />
| Excretion = <br />
| Pregnancy_cat = <br />
| Legal_status = <br />
| Routes = <br />
}}<br />
<br />
== 3D Model of Lactose ==<br />
<br />
<jmol><br />
<jmolApplet><br />
<size>400</size><br />
<title>Sibutramine</title><color>white</color><br />
<uploadedFileContents>lactose.pdb</uploadedFileContents><br />
</jmolApplet><br />
<br />
<jmolMenu><br />
<item><text>Start spinning</text><script>spin on</script></item><br />
<item><text>Stop spinning</text><script>spin off</script></item><br />
<menuHeight>-1</menuHeight><br />
</jmolMenu><br />
<br />
<br />
</jmol><br />
<br />
<br><br />
<br />
== Structure of Lactose ==<br />
<br />
[[Image:Structure of Lactose.jpg]]<br />
<br />
Lactose is present in two isomeric forms in milk - an α and β form. Both forms, however, interconvert frequently in a process called mutarotation. In solution the α and β forms strive for equilibrium commonly resulting in a ratio of α-lactose to β-lactose of 40:60. In its solid state it can exist either as a crystalline solid or amorphous. Crystalline lactose has two isomeric monohydrate forms which are both highly ordered arrangements. Amorphous lactose, however, lack this ordered structure with the lactose molecules arranged in a much more disordered way. Lactose monohydrate crystals are shown below - they are very brittle and hard. <br />
<br />
[[Image:Lactose monohydrate crystals.jpg]]<br />
<br />
β-lactose is produced when highly concentrated lactose solutions are crystallised at temperatures above 93.5°C. β-lactose does not contain crystal water and it is much softer than α-lactose. β-lactose crystals are shown below:<br />
<br />
[[Image:Beta Lactose crystals.jpg]]<br />
<br />
== Solubility ==<br />
Lactose is soluble in water but is it is not as soluble as other common sugars. β-lactose is more soluble than α-lactose but the eventual solobility of both forms is equal because of the mutarotation phenomenan which ensures that equilibrium is established. <br />
<br />
== Infrared Spectrum of Lactose ==<br />
<br />
<br />
[[Image:Infrared Spectrum of Lactose.jpg]]</div>Sbj06https://chemwiki.ch.ic.ac.uk/index.php?title=It07:Lactose&diff=14033It07:Lactose2007-12-07T15:27:37Z<p>Sbj06: /* Structure of Lactose */</p>
<hr />
<div>== Introduction ==<br />
Lactose is the most important carbohydrate in milk for most species (including humans). It is a carbohydrate found in milk and every newborn mammal consumes this in significant amounts. It is biosynthesised in the mammary gland and is industrially produced from bovine milk. It is also known as milk sugar. Lactose is extensively used in the pharmaceutical industry because it is inert, non-toxic and in-expensive.<br />
<br />
{{Drug-Box |<br />
| Box_Name = Lactose<br />
| ImageFile = example_image.jpg<br />
| IUPACName = D-Glucose, 4-o-β-D-galactopyranosyl<br />
| CAS_No = 63-42-3<br />
| ATC_Code = <br />
| PubChem = <br />
| SMILES = surround in nowiki script code '<' nowiki'>' insert SMILE here'</'nowiki'>'<br />
| Formula = e.g.(C<sub>12</sub>H<sub>22</sub>O<sub>11)<br />
| MolarMass = 342<br />
| Bioavailability = <br />
| Protein_binding<br />
| Metabolism = <br />
| Half_life = <br />
| Excretion = <br />
| Pregnancy_cat = <br />
| Legal_status = <br />
| Routes = <br />
}}<br />
<br />
== 3D Model of Lactose ==<br />
<br />
<jmol><br />
<jmolApplet><br />
<size>400</size><br />
<title>Sibutramine</title><color>white</color><br />
<uploadedFileContents>lactose.pdb</uploadedFileContents><br />
</jmolApplet><br />
<br />
<jmolMenu><br />
<item><text>Start spinning</text><script>spin on</script></item><br />
<item><text>Stop spinning</text><script>spin off</script></item><br />
<menuHeight>-1</menuHeight><br />
</jmolMenu><br />
<br />
<br />
</jmol><br />
<br />
<br><br />
<br />
== Structure of Lactose ==<br />
<br />
[[Image:Structure of Lactose.jpg]]<br />
<br />
Lactose is present in two isomeric forms in milk - an α and β form. Both forms, however, interconvert frequently in a process called mutarotation. In solution the α and β forms strive for equilibrium commonly resulting in a ratio of α-lactose to β-lactose of 40:60. In its solid state it can exist either as a crystalline solid or amorphous. Crystalline lactose has two isomeric monohydrate forms which are both highly ordered arrangements. Amorphous lactose, however, lack this ordered structure with the lactose molecules arranged in a much more disordered way. Lactose monohydrate crystals are shown below - they are very brittle and hard. <br />
<br />
[[Image:Lactose monohydrate crystals.jpg]]<br />
<br />
β-lactose is produced when highly concentrated lactose solutions are crystallised at temperatures above 93.5°C. β-lactose does not contain crystal water and it is much softer than α-lactose.<br />
<br />
[[Image:Beta Lactose crystals.jpg]]<br />
<br />
== Solubility ==<br />
Lactose is soluble in water but is it is not as soluble as other common sugars. β-lactose is more soluble than α-lactose but the eventual solobility of both forms is equal because of the mutarotation phenomenan which ensures that equilibrium is established. <br />
<br />
== Infrared Spectrum of Lactose ==<br />
<br />
<br />
[[Image:Infrared Spectrum of Lactose.jpg]]</div>Sbj06https://chemwiki.ch.ic.ac.uk/index.php?title=File:Beta_Lactose_crystals.jpg&diff=14031File:Beta Lactose crystals.jpg2007-12-07T15:27:28Z<p>Sbj06: </p>
<hr />
<div></div>Sbj06https://chemwiki.ch.ic.ac.uk/index.php?title=It07:Lactose&diff=14025It07:Lactose2007-12-07T15:20:36Z<p>Sbj06: /* Structure of Lactose */</p>
<hr />
<div>== Introduction ==<br />
Lactose is the most important carbohydrate in milk for most species (including humans). It is a carbohydrate found in milk and every newborn mammal consumes this in significant amounts. It is biosynthesised in the mammary gland and is industrially produced from bovine milk. It is also known as milk sugar. Lactose is extensively used in the pharmaceutical industry because it is inert, non-toxic and in-expensive.<br />
<br />
{{Drug-Box |<br />
| Box_Name = Lactose<br />
| ImageFile = example_image.jpg<br />
| IUPACName = D-Glucose, 4-o-β-D-galactopyranosyl<br />
| CAS_No = 63-42-3<br />
| ATC_Code = <br />
| PubChem = <br />
| SMILES = surround in nowiki script code '<' nowiki'>' insert SMILE here'</'nowiki'>'<br />
| Formula = e.g.(C<sub>12</sub>H<sub>22</sub>O<sub>11)<br />
| MolarMass = 342<br />
| Bioavailability = <br />
| Protein_binding<br />
| Metabolism = <br />
| Half_life = <br />
| Excretion = <br />
| Pregnancy_cat = <br />
| Legal_status = <br />
| Routes = <br />
}}<br />
<br />
== 3D Model of Lactose ==<br />
<br />
<jmol><br />
<jmolApplet><br />
<size>400</size><br />
<title>Sibutramine</title><color>white</color><br />
<uploadedFileContents>lactose.pdb</uploadedFileContents><br />
</jmolApplet><br />
<br />
<jmolMenu><br />
<item><text>Start spinning</text><script>spin on</script></item><br />
<item><text>Stop spinning</text><script>spin off</script></item><br />
<menuHeight>-1</menuHeight><br />
</jmolMenu><br />
<br />
<br />
</jmol><br />
<br />
<br><br />
<br />
== Structure of Lactose ==<br />
<br />
[[Image:Structure of Lactose.jpg]]<br />
<br />
Lactose is present in two isomeric forms in milk - an α and β form. Both forms, however, interconvert frequently in a process called mutarotation. In solution the α and β forms strive for equilibrium commonly resulting in a ratio of α-lactose to β-lactose of 40:60. In its solid state it can exist either as a crystalline solid or amorphous. Crystalline lactose has two isomeric monohydrate forms which are both highly ordered arrangements. Amorphous lactose, however, lack this ordered structure with the lactose molecules arranged in a much more disordered way. Lactose monohydrate crystals are shown below - they are very brittle and hard. <br />
<br />
[[Image:Lactose monohydrate crystals.jpg]]<br />
<br />
== Solubility ==<br />
Lactose is soluble in water but is it is not as soluble as other common sugars. β-lactose is more soluble than α-lactose but the eventual solobility of both forms is equal because of the mutarotation phenomenan which ensures that equilibrium is established. <br />
<br />
== Infrared Spectrum of Lactose ==<br />
<br />
<br />
[[Image:Infrared Spectrum of Lactose.jpg]]</div>Sbj06https://chemwiki.ch.ic.ac.uk/index.php?title=It07:Lactose&diff=14024It07:Lactose2007-12-07T15:19:00Z<p>Sbj06: /* Structure of Lactose */</p>
<hr />
<div>== Introduction ==<br />
Lactose is the most important carbohydrate in milk for most species (including humans). It is a carbohydrate found in milk and every newborn mammal consumes this in significant amounts. It is biosynthesised in the mammary gland and is industrially produced from bovine milk. It is also known as milk sugar. Lactose is extensively used in the pharmaceutical industry because it is inert, non-toxic and in-expensive.<br />
<br />
{{Drug-Box |<br />
| Box_Name = Lactose<br />
| ImageFile = example_image.jpg<br />
| IUPACName = D-Glucose, 4-o-β-D-galactopyranosyl<br />
| CAS_No = 63-42-3<br />
| ATC_Code = <br />
| PubChem = <br />
| SMILES = surround in nowiki script code '<' nowiki'>' insert SMILE here'</'nowiki'>'<br />
| Formula = e.g.(C<sub>12</sub>H<sub>22</sub>O<sub>11)<br />
| MolarMass = 342<br />
| Bioavailability = <br />
| Protein_binding<br />
| Metabolism = <br />
| Half_life = <br />
| Excretion = <br />
| Pregnancy_cat = <br />
| Legal_status = <br />
| Routes = <br />
}}<br />
<br />
== 3D Model of Lactose ==<br />
<br />
<jmol><br />
<jmolApplet><br />
<size>400</size><br />
<title>Sibutramine</title><color>white</color><br />
<uploadedFileContents>lactose.pdb</uploadedFileContents><br />
</jmolApplet><br />
<br />
<jmolMenu><br />
<item><text>Start spinning</text><script>spin on</script></item><br />
<item><text>Stop spinning</text><script>spin off</script></item><br />
<menuHeight>-1</menuHeight><br />
</jmolMenu><br />
<br />
<br />
</jmol><br />
<br />
<br><br />
<br />
== Structure of Lactose ==<br />
<br />
[[Image:Structure of Lactose.jpg]]<br />
<br />
Lactose is present in two isomeric forms in milk - an α and β form. Both forms, however, interconvert frequently in a process called mutarotation. In solution the α and β forms strive for equilibrium commonly resulting in a ratio of α-lactose to β-lactose of 40:60. In its solid state it can exist either as a crystalline solid or amorphous. Crystalline lactose has two isomeric monohydrate forms which are both highly ordered arrangements. Amorphous lactose, however, lack this ordered structure with the lactose molecules arranged in a much more disordered way.<br />
<br />
Lactose monohydrate crystals are shown below - they are very brittle and hard. <br />
[[Image:Lactose monohydrate crystals.jpg]]<br />
<br />
== Solubility ==<br />
Lactose is soluble in water but is it is not as soluble as other common sugars. β-lactose is more soluble than α-lactose but the eventual solobility of both forms is equal because of the mutarotation phenomenan which ensures that equilibrium is established. <br />
<br />
== Infrared Spectrum of Lactose ==<br />
<br />
<br />
[[Image:Infrared Spectrum of Lactose.jpg]]</div>Sbj06https://chemwiki.ch.ic.ac.uk/index.php?title=File:Lactose_monohydrate_crystals.jpg&diff=14023File:Lactose monohydrate crystals.jpg2007-12-07T15:18:48Z<p>Sbj06: </p>
<hr />
<div></div>Sbj06https://chemwiki.ch.ic.ac.uk/index.php?title=It07:Lactose&diff=13886It07:Lactose2007-12-07T12:39:51Z<p>Sbj06: </p>
<hr />
<div>== Introduction ==<br />
Lactose is the most important carbohydrate in milk for most species (including humans). It is a carbohydrate found in milk and every newborn mammal consumes this in significant amounts. It is biosynthesised in the mammary gland and is industrially produced from bovine milk. It is also known as milk sugar. Lactose is extensively used in the pharmaceutical industry because it is inert, non-toxic and in-expensive.<br />
<br />
{{Drug-Box |<br />
| Box_Name = Lactose<br />
| ImageFile = example_image.jpg<br />
| IUPACName = D-Glucose, 4-o-β-D-galactopyranosyl<br />
| CAS_No = 63-42-3<br />
| ATC_Code = <br />
| PubChem = <br />
| SMILES = surround in nowiki script code '<' nowiki'>' insert SMILE here'</'nowiki'>'<br />
| Formula = e.g.(C<sub>12</sub>H<sub>22</sub>O<sub>11)<br />
| MolarMass = 342<br />
| Bioavailability = <br />
| Protein_binding<br />
| Metabolism = <br />
| Half_life = <br />
| Excretion = <br />
| Pregnancy_cat = <br />
| Legal_status = <br />
| Routes = <br />
}}<br />
<br />
== 3D Model of Lactose ==<br />
<br />
<jmol><br />
<jmolApplet><br />
<size>400</size><br />
<title>Sibutramine</title><color>white</color><br />
<uploadedFileContents>lactose.pdb</uploadedFileContents><br />
</jmolApplet><br />
<br />
<jmolMenu><br />
<item><text>Start spinning</text><script>spin on</script></item><br />
<item><text>Stop spinning</text><script>spin off</script></item><br />
<menuHeight>-1</menuHeight><br />
</jmolMenu><br />
<br />
<br />
</jmol><br />
<br />
<br><br />
<br />
== Structure of Lactose ==<br />
<br />
[[Image:Structure of Lactose.jpg]]<br />
<br />
Lactose is present in two isomeric forms in milk - an α and β form. Both forms, however, interconvert frequently in a process called mutarotation. In solution the α and β forms strive for equilibrium commonly resulting in a ratio of α-lactose to β-lactose of 40:60.<br />
<br />
== Solubility ==<br />
Lactose is soluble in water but is it is not as soluble as other common sugars. β-lactose is more soluble than α-lactose but the eventual solobility of both forms is equal because of the mutarotation phenomenan which ensures that equilibrium is established. <br />
<br />
== Infrared Spectrum of Lactose ==<br />
<br />
<br />
[[Image:Infrared Spectrum of Lactose.jpg]]</div>Sbj06https://chemwiki.ch.ic.ac.uk/index.php?title=It07:Lactose&diff=13869It07:Lactose2007-12-07T12:27:52Z<p>Sbj06: /* Structure of Lactose */</p>
<hr />
<div>== Introduction ==<br />
Lactose is the most important carbohydrate in milk for most species (including humans). It is a carbohydrate found in milk and every newborn mammal consumes this in significant amounts. It is biosynthesised in the mammary gland and is industrially produced from bovine milk. It is also known as milk sugar. Lactose is extensively used in the pharmaceutical industry because it is inert, non-toxic and in-expensive.<br />
<br />
{{Drug-Box |<br />
| Box_Name = Lactose<br />
| ImageFile = example_image.jpg<br />
| IUPACName = D-Glucose, 4-o-β-D-galactopyranosyl<br />
| CAS_No = 63-42-3<br />
| ATC_Code = <br />
| PubChem = <br />
| SMILES = surround in nowiki script code '<' nowiki'>' insert SMILE here'</'nowiki'>'<br />
| Formula = e.g.(C<sub>12</sub>H<sub>22</sub>O<sub>11)<br />
| MolarMass = 342<br />
| Bioavailability = <br />
| Protein_binding<br />
| Metabolism = <br />
| Half_life = <br />
| Excretion = <br />
| Pregnancy_cat = <br />
| Legal_status = <br />
| Routes = <br />
}}<br />
<br />
== 3D Model of Lactose ==<br />
<br />
<jmol><br />
<jmolApplet><br />
<size>400</size><br />
<title>Sibutramine</title><color>white</color><br />
<uploadedFileContents>lactose.pdb</uploadedFileContents><br />
</jmolApplet><br />
<br />
<jmolMenu><br />
<item><text>Start spinning</text><script>spin on</script></item><br />
<item><text>Stop spinning</text><script>spin off</script></item><br />
<menuHeight>-1</menuHeight><br />
</jmolMenu><br />
<br />
<br />
</jmol><br />
<br />
<br><br />
<br />
== Structure of Lactose ==<br />
<br />
[[Image:Structure of Lactose.jpg]]<br />
<br />
Lactose is present in two isomeric forms in milk - an α and β form. Both forms, however, interconvert frequently in a process called mutarotation. In solution the α and β forms strive for equilibrium commonly resulting in a ratio of α-lactose to β-lactose of 40:60.<br />
<br />
== Infrared Spectrum of Lactose ==<br />
<br />
<br />
[[Image:Infrared Spectrum of Lactose.jpg]]</div>Sbj06https://chemwiki.ch.ic.ac.uk/index.php?title=It07:Lactose&diff=13857It07:Lactose2007-12-07T12:19:20Z<p>Sbj06: </p>
<hr />
<div>== Introduction ==<br />
Lactose is the most important carbohydrate in milk for most species (including humans). It is a carbohydrate found in milk and every newborn mammal consumes this in significant amounts. It is biosynthesised in the mammary gland and is industrially produced from bovine milk. It is also known as milk sugar. Lactose is extensively used in the pharmaceutical industry because it is inert, non-toxic and in-expensive.<br />
<br />
{{Drug-Box |<br />
| Box_Name = Lactose<br />
| ImageFile = example_image.jpg<br />
| IUPACName = D-Glucose, 4-o-β-D-galactopyranosyl<br />
| CAS_No = 63-42-3<br />
| ATC_Code = <br />
| PubChem = <br />
| SMILES = surround in nowiki script code '<' nowiki'>' insert SMILE here'</'nowiki'>'<br />
| Formula = e.g.(C<sub>12</sub>H<sub>22</sub>O<sub>11)<br />
| MolarMass = 342<br />
| Bioavailability = <br />
| Protein_binding<br />
| Metabolism = <br />
| Half_life = <br />
| Excretion = <br />
| Pregnancy_cat = <br />
| Legal_status = <br />
| Routes = <br />
}}<br />
<br />
== 3D Model of Lactose ==<br />
<br />
<jmol><br />
<jmolApplet><br />
<size>400</size><br />
<title>Sibutramine</title><color>white</color><br />
<uploadedFileContents>lactose.pdb</uploadedFileContents><br />
</jmolApplet><br />
<br />
<jmolMenu><br />
<item><text>Start spinning</text><script>spin on</script></item><br />
<item><text>Stop spinning</text><script>spin off</script></item><br />
<menuHeight>-1</menuHeight><br />
</jmolMenu><br />
<br />
<br />
</jmol><br />
<br />
<br><br />
<br />
== Structure of Lactose ==<br />
<br />
[[Image:Structure of Lactose.jpg]]<br />
<br />
Lactose is present in two isomeric forms in milk - an α and β form. Both forms, however, interconvert frequently in a process called mutarotation. <br />
<br />
== Infrared Spectrum of Lactose ==<br />
<br />
<br />
[[Image:Infrared Spectrum of Lactose.jpg]]</div>Sbj06https://chemwiki.ch.ic.ac.uk/index.php?title=It07:Lactose&diff=13839It07:Lactose2007-12-07T11:59:22Z<p>Sbj06: </p>
<hr />
<div>== Introduction ==<br />
<br />
Lactose is the most important carbohydrate in milk for most species (including humans). It is a carbohydrate found in milk and every newborn mammal consumes this in significant amounts. It is biosynthesised in the mammary gland and is industrially produced from bovine milk. It is also known as milk sugar. Lactose is extensively used in the pharmaceutical industry because it is inert, non-toxic and in-expensive.<br />
<br />
{{Drug-Box |<br />
| Box_Name = Lactose<br />
| ImageFile = example_image.jpg<br />
| IUPACName = D-Glucose, 4-o-β-D-galactopyranosyl<br />
| CAS_No = 63-42-3<br />
| ATC_Code = <br />
| PubChem = <br />
| SMILES = surround in nowiki script code '<' nowiki'>' insert SMILE here'</'nowiki'>'<br />
| Formula = e.g.(C<sub>12</sub>H<sub>22</sub>O<sub>11)<br />
| MolarMass = 342<br />
| Bioavailability = <br />
| Protein_binding<br />
| Metabolism = <br />
| Half_life = <br />
| Excretion = <br />
| Pregnancy_cat = <br />
| Legal_status = <br />
| Routes = <br />
}}<br />
<br />
== 3D Model of Lactose ==<br />
<br />
<br />
<jmol><br />
<jmolApplet><br />
<size>400</size><br />
<title>Sibutramine</title><color>white</color><br />
<uploadedFileContents>lactose.pdb</uploadedFileContents><br />
</jmolApplet><br />
<br />
<jmolMenu><br />
<item><text>Start spinning</text><script>spin on</script></item><br />
<item><text>Stop spinning</text><script>spin off</script></item><br />
<menuHeight>-1</menuHeight><br />
</jmolMenu><br />
<br />
<br />
</jmol><br />
<br />
<br><br />
<br />
== Structure of Lactose ==<br />
<br />
[[Image:Structure of Lactose.jpg]]<br />
<br />
== Infrared Spectrum of Lactose ==<br />
<br />
<br />
[[Image:Infrared Spectrum of Lactose.jpg]]</div>Sbj06https://chemwiki.ch.ic.ac.uk/index.php?title=It07:Lactose&diff=13825It07:Lactose2007-12-07T11:44:24Z<p>Sbj06: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Drug-Box |<br />
| Box_Name = Lactose<br />
| ImageFile = example_image.jpg<br />
| IUPACName = D-Glucose, 4-o-β-D-galactopyranosyl<br />
| CAS_No = 63-42-3<br />
| ATC_Code = <br />
| PubChem = <br />
| SMILES = surround in nowiki script code '<' nowiki'>' insert SMILE here'</'nowiki'>'<br />
| Formula = e.g.(C<sub>12</sub>H<sub>22</sub>O<sub>11)<br />
| MolarMass = 342<br />
| Bioavailability = <br />
| Protein_binding<br />
| Metabolism = <br />
| Half_life = <br />
| Excretion = <br />
| Pregnancy_cat = <br />
| Legal_status = <br />
| Routes = <br />
}}<br />
<br />
== 3D Model of Lactose ==<br />
<br />
<br />
<jmol><br />
<jmolApplet><br />
<size>400</size><br />
<title>Sibutramine</title><color>white</color><br />
<uploadedFileContents>lactose.pdb</uploadedFileContents><br />
</jmolApplet><br />
<br />
<jmolMenu><br />
<item><text>Start spinning</text><script>spin on</script></item><br />
<item><text>Stop spinning</text><script>spin off</script></item><br />
<menuHeight>-1</menuHeight><br />
</jmolMenu><br />
<br />
<br />
</jmol><br />
<br />
<br><br />
<br />
== Structure of Lactose ==<br />
<br />
[[Image:Structure of Lactose.jpg]]<br />
<br />
== Infrared Spectrum of Lactose ==<br />
<br />
<br />
[[Image:Infrared Spectrum of Lactose.jpg]]</div>Sbj06https://chemwiki.ch.ic.ac.uk/index.php?title=File:Infrared_Spectrum_of_Lactose.jpg&diff=13823File:Infrared Spectrum of Lactose.jpg2007-12-07T11:43:33Z<p>Sbj06: </p>
<hr />
<div></div>Sbj06https://chemwiki.ch.ic.ac.uk/index.php?title=It07:Lactose&diff=13819It07:Lactose2007-12-07T11:42:07Z<p>Sbj06: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Drug-Box |<br />
| Box_Name = Lactose<br />
| ImageFile = example_image.jpg<br />
| IUPACName = D-Glucose, 4-o-β-D-galactopyranosyl<br />
| CAS_No = 63-42-3<br />
| ATC_Code = <br />
| PubChem = <br />
| SMILES = surround in nowiki script code '<' nowiki'>' insert SMILE here'</'nowiki'>'<br />
| Formula = e.g.(C<sub>12</sub>H<sub>22</sub>O<sub>11)<br />
| MolarMass = 342<br />
| Bioavailability = <br />
| Protein_binding<br />
| Metabolism = <br />
| Half_life = <br />
| Excretion = <br />
| Pregnancy_cat = <br />
| Legal_status = <br />
| Routes = <br />
}}<br />
<br />
== 3D Model of Lactose ==<br />
<br />
<br />
<jmol><br />
<jmolApplet><br />
<size>400</size><br />
<title>Sibutramine</title><color>white</color><br />
<uploadedFileContents>lactose.pdb</uploadedFileContents><br />
</jmolApplet><br />
<br />
<jmolMenu><br />
<item><text>Start spinning</text><script>spin on</script></item><br />
<item><text>Stop spinning</text><script>spin off</script></item><br />
<menuHeight>-1</menuHeight><br />
</jmolMenu><br />
<br />
<br />
</jmol><br />
<br />
<br><br />
<br />
== Structure of Lactose ==<br />
<br />
[[Image:Structure of Lactose.jpg]]</div>Sbj06https://chemwiki.ch.ic.ac.uk/index.php?title=File:Structure_of_Lactose.jpg&diff=13801File:Structure of Lactose.jpg2007-12-07T11:32:41Z<p>Sbj06: </p>
<hr />
<div></div>Sbj06https://chemwiki.ch.ic.ac.uk/index.php?title=It07:Lactose&diff=13799It07:Lactose2007-12-07T11:32:11Z<p>Sbj06: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Drug-Box |<br />
| Box_Name = Lactose<br />
| ImageFile = example_image.jpg<br />
| IUPACName = D-Glucose, 4-o-β-D-galactopyranosyl<br />
| CAS_No = 63-42-3<br />
| ATC_Code = <br />
| PubChem = <br />
| SMILES = surround in nowiki script code '<' nowiki'>' insert SMILE here'</'nowiki'>'<br />
| Formula = e.g.(C<sub>12</sub>H<sub>22</sub>O<sub>11)<br />
| MolarMass = 342<br />
| Bioavailability = <br />
| Protein_binding<br />
| Metabolism = <br />
| Half_life = <br />
| Excretion = <br />
| Pregnancy_cat = <br />
| Legal_status = <br />
| Routes = <br />
}}<br />
<br />
== 3D Model of Lactose ==<br />
<br />
<br />
<jmol><br />
<jmolApplet><br />
<size>400</size><br />
<title>Sibutramine</title><color>white</color><br />
<uploadedFileContents>lactose.pdb</uploadedFileContents><br />
</jmolApplet><br />
<br />
<jmolMenu><br />
<item><text>Start spinning</text><script>spin on</script></item><br />
<item><text>Stop spinning</text><script>spin off</script></item><br />
<menuHeight>-1</menuHeight><br />
</jmolMenu><br />
<br />
<br />
</jmol><br />
<br />
<br><br />
<br />
[[Image:Structure of Lactose.jpg]]</div>Sbj06https://chemwiki.ch.ic.ac.uk/index.php?title=It07:Lactose&diff=12563It07:Lactose2007-12-02T17:15:00Z<p>Sbj06: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Drug-Box |<br />
| Box_Name = Lactose<br />
| ImageFile = example_image.jpg<br />
| IUPACName = D-Glucose, 4-o-β-D-galactopyranosyl<br />
| CAS_No = 63-42-3<br />
| ATC_Code = <br />
| PubChem = <br />
| SMILES = surround in nowiki script code '<' nowiki'>' insert SMILE here'</'nowiki'>'<br />
| Formula = e.g.(C<sub>12</sub>H<sub>22</sub>O<sub>11)<br />
| MolarMass = 342<br />
| Bioavailability = <br />
| Protein_binding<br />
| Metabolism = <br />
| Half_life = <br />
| Excretion = <br />
| Pregnancy_cat = <br />
| Legal_status = <br />
| Routes = <br />
}}<br />
<br />
== 3D Model of Lactose ==<br />
<br />
<br />
<jmol><br />
<jmolApplet><br />
<size>400</size><br />
<title>Sibutramine</title><color>white</color><br />
<uploadedFileContents>lactose.pdb</uploadedFileContents><br />
</jmolApplet><br />
<br />
<jmolMenu><br />
<item><text>Start spinning</text><script>spin on</script></item><br />
<item><text>Stop spinning</text><script>spin off</script></item><br />
<menuHeight>-1</menuHeight><br />
</jmolMenu><br />
<br />
<br />
</jmol><br />
<br />
<br></div>Sbj06https://chemwiki.ch.ic.ac.uk/index.php?title=It07:Lactose&diff=12562It07:Lactose2007-12-02T17:11:29Z<p>Sbj06: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Drug-Box |<br />
| Box_Name = Lactose<br />
| ImageFile = example_image.jpg<br />
| IUPACName = D-Glucose, 4-o-β-D-galactopyranosyl<br />
| CAS_No = <br />
| ATC_Code = <br />
| PubChem = <br />
| SMILES = surround in nowiki script code '<' nowiki'>' insert SMILE here'</'nowiki'>'<br />
| Formula = e.g.(C<sub>12</sub>H<sub>22</sub>O<sub>11)<br />
| MolarMass = 342<br />
| Bioavailability = <br />
| Protein_binding<br />
| Metabolism = <br />
| Half_life = <br />
| Excretion = <br />
| Pregnancy_cat = <br />
| Legal_status = <br />
| Routes = <br />
}}<br />
<br />
== 3D Model of Lactose ==<br />
<br />
<br />
<jmol><br />
<jmolApplet><br />
<size>400</size><br />
<title>Sibutramine</title><color>white</color><br />
<uploadedFileContents>lactose.pdb</uploadedFileContents><br />
</jmolApplet><br />
<br />
<jmolMenu><br />
<item><text>Start spinning</text><script>spin on</script></item><br />
<item><text>Stop spinning</text><script>spin off</script></item><br />
<menuHeight>-1</menuHeight><br />
</jmolMenu><br />
<br />
<br />
</jmol><br />
<br />
<br></div>Sbj06https://chemwiki.ch.ic.ac.uk/index.php?title=It07:Lactose&diff=12561It07:Lactose2007-12-02T17:08:47Z<p>Sbj06: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Drug-Box |<br />
| Box_Name = Lactose<br />
| ImageFile = example_image.jpg<br />
| IUPACName = D-Glucose, 4-o-β-D-galactopyranosyl<br />
| CAS_No = <br />
| ATC_Code = <br />
| PubChem = <br />
| SMILES = surround in nowiki script code '<' nowiki'>' insert SMILE here'</'nowiki'>'<br />
| Formula = e.g.(C<sub>12</sub>H<sub>22</sub>O<sub>11)<br />
| MolarMass = <br />
| Bioavailability = <br />
| Protein_binding<br />
| Metabolism = <br />
| Half_life = <br />
| Excretion = <br />
| Pregnancy_cat = <br />
| Legal_status = <br />
| Routes = <br />
}}<br />
<br />
== 3D Model of Lactose ==<br />
<br />
<br />
<jmol><br />
<jmolApplet><br />
<size>400</size><br />
<title>Sibutramine</title><color>white</color><br />
<uploadedFileContents>lactose.pdb</uploadedFileContents><br />
</jmolApplet><br />
<br />
<jmolMenu><br />
<item><text>Start spinning</text><script>spin on</script></item><br />
<item><text>Stop spinning</text><script>spin off</script></item><br />
<menuHeight>-1</menuHeight><br />
</jmolMenu><br />
<br />
<br />
</jmol><br />
<br />
<br></div>Sbj06https://chemwiki.ch.ic.ac.uk/index.php?title=It07:Lactose&diff=12560It07:Lactose2007-12-02T17:02:53Z<p>Sbj06: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Drug-Box |<br />
| Box_Name = Lactose<br />
| ImageFile = example_image.jpg<br />
| IUPACName = D-Glucose, 4-o-β-D-galactopyranosyl<br />
| CAS_No = <br />
| ATC_Code = <br />
| PubChem = <br />
| SMILES = surround in nowiki script code '<' nowiki'>' insert SMILE here'</'nowiki'>'<br />
| Formula = e.g.(C<sub>2</sub>H<sub>4</sub>)<br />
| MolarMass = Molecular mass <br />
| Bioavailability = <br />
| Protein_binding<br />
| Metabolism = <br />
| Half_life = <br />
| Excretion = <br />
| Pregnancy_cat = <br />
| Legal_status = <br />
| Routes = <br />
}}<br />
<br />
== 3D Model of Lactose ==<br />
<br />
<br />
<jmol><br />
<jmolApplet><br />
<size>400</size><br />
<title>Sibutramine</title><color>white</color><br />
<uploadedFileContents>lactose.pdb</uploadedFileContents><br />
</jmolApplet><br />
<br />
<jmolMenu><br />
<item><text>Start spinning</text><script>spin on</script></item><br />
<item><text>Stop spinning</text><script>spin off</script></item><br />
<menuHeight>-1</menuHeight><br />
</jmolMenu><br />
<br />
<br />
</jmol><br />
<br />
<br></div>Sbj06https://chemwiki.ch.ic.ac.uk/index.php?title=File:Lactose.pdb&diff=12559File:Lactose.pdb2007-12-02T17:00:50Z<p>Sbj06: </p>
<hr />
<div></div>Sbj06https://chemwiki.ch.ic.ac.uk/index.php?title=It07:Cyameluric_Acid&diff=12558It07:Cyameluric Acid2007-12-02T16:25:18Z<p>Sbj06: </p>
<hr />
<div></noinclude>{| class="toccolours" border="1" style="float: right; clear: right; margin: 0 0 1em 1em; border-collapse: collapse; width: 280px"<br />
! {{chembox header}} | {{PAGENAME}} <!-- replace if not identical with the article name --><br />
|-<br />
| align="center" colspan="2" bgcolor="#ffffff" | [[Image:{{PAGENAME}}.jpg|200px|{{PAGENAME}}]] <!-- replace if not identical with the pagename --><br />
|-<br />
! {{chembox header}} | General<br />
|- <br />
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IUPAC Systematic name]<br />
| 1,3,4,6,7,9,9b-heptaaza-phenalene-2,5,8-triol<br />
<br />
|-<br />
| Other names<br />
| 1(9)H,3(4)H,6(7)H-1,3,4,6,7,9,9b-heptaaza-phenalene-2,5,8-trione<br />
|-<br />
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_formula Molecular formula]<br />
| C<sub>6</sub>H<sub>3</sub>N<sub>7</sub>O<sub>3</sub><br />
|-<br />
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_file_format SMILES] <!-- mostly for organic compounds, omit otherwise --><br />
| OC3=NC1=[N]2C(N=C(O)N=C2=N3)=NC(O)=N1<br />
|-<br />
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molar_mass Molar mass]<br />
| 221.13<br />
|-<br />
| Appearance<br />
| {{{Appearance}}}<br />
|-<br />
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CAS_registry_number CAS number]<br />
| 1502-46-1<br />
|-<br />
! {{chembox header}} | Properties<br />
|-<br />
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Density Density] & [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phase_%28matter%29 phase]<br />
| 0.935g/cm³ <!-- ? g/cm³, solid / ? g/ml, liquid / ? g/l, gas --><br />
|-<br />
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solubility Solubility in water]<br />
| {{{Sol_Water}}} g/100 ml (25°C) <!-- at least put miscible with, not soluble in --><br />
|-<br />
<!-- | Other solvents e.g. [[ethanol]], [[acetone]] --><br />
<!-- | solubility info on other solvents --><br />
<!-- |- --><br />
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melting_point Melting point]<br />
| {{{Mp}}} K <!-- (mention any decomposition) --><br />
|-<br />
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boiling_point Boiling point]<br />
| {{{Bp}}} K<br />
|-<br />
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acid_dissociation_constant Acidity] (p''K''<sub>a</sub>) <!-- omit if not an acid or a base. If several values, be clear --><br />
| {{{pKa}}}<br />
|-<br />
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acid_dissociation_constant Basicity] (p''K''<sub>b</sub>) <!-- omit if not a base. If several values, be clear --><br />
| {{{pKb}}}<br />
|-<br />
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Specific_rotation Chiral rotation <nowiki>[α]</nowiki><sub>D</sub>] <!-- (Only include this for chiral compounds, indicate direction/enantiomer combo if known) --><br />
| {{{Rotation}}}°<br />
|-<br />
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viscosity Viscosity]<br />
| {{{Viscosity}}} [[Poise|cP]] at 25°C <!-- Liquids only, omit if data unavailable. You may use [[Pascal second|Pa.s]] if you prefer --><br />
|-<br />
! {{chembox header}} | Structure<br />
|-<br />
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orbital_hybridisation Molecular shape] <!-- for simple covalent molecules (omit for most large molecules, ionics and complexes) --><br />
| {{{Mol_Shape}}} <!-- e.g. trigonal bipyramidal --><br />
|-<br />
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coordination_geometry Coordination<br />geometry] <!-- for a metal complex or an ionic crystal, otherwise omit --><br />
| {{{Coordination}}} <!-- e.g. trigonal bipyramidal --><br />
|-<br />
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crystal_structure Crystal structure] <!-- omit if not a solid --><br />
| {{{Crystal_Structure}}} <!-- e.g. [[triclinic]], [[monoclinic]], [[orthorhombic]], [[hexagonal]], [[rhombohedral|trigonal]], [[tetragonal]], [[cubic]], and mention "close packed" or similar. You may also cite what class it belongs to, e.g. [[Cadmium_chloride#Crystal_structure|CdCl<sub>2</sub>]] --><br />
|-<br />
| [[Dipole#Molecular_dipoles|Dipole moment]]<br />
| {{{DM}}} [[Debye|D]]<br />
|-<br />
! {{chembox header}} | Hazards <!-- Summary only- MSDS entry provides more complete information --><br />
|-<br />
| [[Material safety data sheet|MSDS]]<br />
| [[{{PAGENAME}} (data page)#Material Safety Data Sheet|External MSDS]] <!-- please replace with proper link--><br />
|-<br />
| Main [[Worker safety and health|hazard]]s<br />
| {{{Hazards}}} <!-- e.g. highly toxic, explosive, flammable, corrosive --><br />
|-<br />
| [[NFPA 704]]<br />
| {{{NFPA}}}<!-- {{NFPA 704 | Health=4 | Flammability=4 | Reactivity=4 | Other=OX }} These are set on "very dangerous" as default- adjust according to actual values --><br />
|-<br />
| [[Flash point]]<br />
| {{{Fp}}}°C<br />
|-<br />
| [[Risk and Safety Statements|R/S statement]]<br />
| [[List of R-phrases|R]]: {{{R-S}}} <br /> [[List of S-phrases|S]]: ?<br />
|-<br />
| [[RTECS]] number<br />
| {{{RTECS}}}<br />
|-<br />
! {{chembox header}} | [[{{PAGENAME}} (data page)|Supplementary data page]]<br />
|-<br />
| [[{{PAGENAME}} (data page)#Structure and properties|Structure and<br />properties]] <br />
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refractive_index ''n''], [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dielectric_constant ε<sub>r</sub>], etc. <br />
|-<br />
| [[{{PAGENAME}} (data page)#Thermodynamic properties|Thermodynamic<br />data]] <br />
| Phase behaviour<br />Solid, liquid, gas <br />
|-<br />
| [[{{PAGENAME}} (data page)#Spectral data|Spectral data]]<br />
| [[UV/VIS spectroscopy|UV]], [[Infrared spectroscopy|IR]], [[nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy|NMR]], [[Mass spectrometry|MS]]<br />
|-<br />
! {{chembox header}} | Related compounds<br />
|-<br />
| Other [[Ion|anion]]s <!-- please omit if not applicable --><br />
| {{{Other_anion}}} <!-- Put in related anions e.g, iron(II) fluoride & iron(II) bromide if compound is iron(II) chloride --><br />
|-<br />
| Other [[Ion|cation]]s <!-- please omit if not applicable --><br />
| {{{Ohter_cation}}} <!-- Put in other oxidation states of same element e.g. [[iron(III) chloride]], also for related metals such as [[manganese(II) chloride]], [[cobalt(II) chloride]], ruthenium(III) chloride--><br />
|-<br />
| Related compounds <br />
<!-- A miscellaneous heading - use for covalent inorganics; e.g. for PCl<sub>3</sub> you would list PCl<sub>5</sub>, POCl<sub>3</sub>, PF<sub>3</sub>, PBr<sub>3</sub>, NCl<sub>3</sub> and AsCl<sub>3</sub>. <br />
Please omit if not applicable --><br />
| {{{Relative_Compounds}}}<br />
|-<br />
| {{chembox header}} | <small>Except where noted otherwise, data are given for<br /> materials in their [[standard state|standard state (at 25&nbsp;°C, 100&nbsp;kPa)]]<br />[[wikipedia:Chemical infobox|Infobox disclaimer and references]]</small><br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
{{Chem-Data_Structure}}<br />
== Structure of Cyameluric Acid ==<br />
[[Image:cyameluric_acid_Sachin.gif]]<ref>E Horvath-Bordon et Al, Alkalicyamelurates, M<sub>3</sub>[C<sub>6</sub>N<sub>7</sub>O<sub>3</sub>].H<sub>2</sub>O, M=Li, K, Na, Rb, Cs: UV-Luminescent and thermally very stable ionic tri-s-triazine derivatives http://pubs.rsc.org/ej/DT/2004/b412517g/<br />
</ref> There are in fact 17 tautomeric forms in total of this substance. The structure shown is the most stable tautomer (the Trioxo 2,5,8 form). Cyameluricacid is commonly drawn as its less stable tautomer[[Image:Tri-OH_cyameluric_acid_Sachin.gif]]<br />
<br />
== 3D Model of Cyameluric Acid ==<br />
<br />
<br />
<jmol><br />
<jmolApplet><br />
<size>400</size><br />
<title>Sibutramine</title><color>white</color><br />
<uploadedFileContents>cyameluric acid 3d.pdb</uploadedFileContents><br />
</jmolApplet><br />
<br />
<jmolMenu><br />
<item><text>Start spinning</text><script>spin on</script></item><br />
<item><text>Stop spinning</text><script>spin off</script></item><br />
<menuHeight>-1</menuHeight><br />
</jmolMenu><br />
<br />
<br />
</jmol><br />
<br />
<br> <br />
<br />
== Synthesis ==<br />
<br />
The following diagram shows a possible synthesis for the the Trioxo 2,5,8 tautomer of cyameluric acid<sup>4</sup>: <br />
<br />
[[Image:synthesis cyameluric acid.gif]]<br />
<br />
== History and Origin ==<br />
A derivative of Cyameluric acid was the last molecule to be worked on by Linus Pauling before he died death in 1994. The structure of a Cyameluric acid with a hydroxy group replaced by an azide was found on his chalkboard after his death[[Image:Paulingmolecule.gif]]<ref>Theoretical study of cyameluric acid and related compounds http://www.arkat-usa.org/?VIEW=MANUSCRIPT&MSID=917</ref><br />
<br />
Pauling et al first postulated the existence of a cyamleuric nucleas in 1937. In 1940 Redeman and Lucas made several attempts to prepare cyameluric esters and amides and in the 1960's and 1970's cyameluric salts and other s-heptazine derivatives such as melem (C6N7(NH2)3) were investigated by Finkelstein.<sup>3</sup><br />
<br />
==Uses==<br />
Cyameluric acid can be used as an adsorbent for the analysis of certain gas-chromotography analyses.<br />
Interests arose in cyameluric acid and its related structures because of its potential use as building blocks for graphitic carbon nitrides. Cohen predicted that C3N4 materials may exist that are harder than diamond.<br />
<br />
Another potential use is that of burn rate supressants for solid rock propellants and flame retardernts. This use is due to the very high thermal stablity of the C6N7 nucleas (~500°C). Also the UV, luminescence and NLO properties may be used in a fashion to develop photo stabilisers and sensitisers.<sup>3</sup><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<references/><br />
3. [http://http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/cgi-bin/fulltext/113471326/PDFSTART The Tautomeric Forms of Cyameluric Acid Derivatives]<br />
4. Alkalicyamelurates, M3[C6N7O3]xH2O, M = Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs: UV-luminescent and thermally very stable ionic tri-s-triazine derivatives.</div>Sbj06https://chemwiki.ch.ic.ac.uk/index.php?title=It07:Schwartz&diff=12557It07:Schwartz2007-12-02T16:03:16Z<p>Sbj06: </p>
<hr />
<div><noinclude><br />
<!-- This template has been defined after elaborate discussion in the Chemicals Wikiproject. Please do not add, deleted or otherwise change it unless after due discussion in [[wikipedia talk:WikiProject Chemicals]] --><br />
</noinclude>{| class="toccolours" border="1" style="float: right; clear: right; margin: 0 0 1em 1em; border-collapse: collapse; width: 280px"<br />
! {{chembox header}} | {{PAGENAME}} <!-- replace if not identical with the article name --><br />
|-<br />
| align="center" colspan="2" bgcolor="#ffffff" |[[Image:Schwartz's_Reagent.png|thumb|center|200|Schwartz's_Reagent]] <br />
|-<br />
! {{chembox header}} | General<br />
|- <br />
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IUPAC Systematic name]<br />
| Bis(η5-cyclopentadienyl)- zirconium(IV) chloride hydride<br />
<br />
|-<br />
| Other names<br />
| Cp2ZrClH, zirconocene chloride hydride<br />
|-<br />
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_formula Molecular formula]<br />
| C<sub>54</sub>H<sub>45</sub>ClP<sub>3</sub>Rh C<sub>10</sub>H<sub>11</sub>ClZr<br />
|-<br />
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molar_mass Molar mass]<br />
| 257.87 g/mol<sup>-1</sup><br />
|-<br />
! {{chembox header}} | Identifier<br />
|-<br />
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CAS_registry_number CAS number]<br />
| 37342-97-5<br />
|-<br />
! {{chembox header}} | Properties<br />
|-<br />
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Appearance]<br />
| White Solid<br />
|-<br />
| {{chembox header}} | <small>Except where noted otherwise, data are given for<br /> materials in their [[standard state|standard state (at 25&nbsp;°C, 100&nbsp;kPa)]]<br />[[wikipedia:Chemical infobox|Infobox disclaimer and references]]</small><br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Schwartz reagent==<br />
Schwartz's reagent is the common name for the chemical compound with the formula (C<sub>5</sub>H<sub>5</sub>)<sub>2</sub>ZrHCl. This metallocene is used in organic synthesis for various transformations of alkenes and alkynes. Schwartz's Reagent is an air, moisture, and moderately light sensitive compound that should be dried in the dark, and protected from moisture and light during storage.<br />
<br />
== 3D Model of Schwartz reagent ==<br />
<br />
<br />
<jmol><br />
<jmolApplet><br />
<size>400</size><br />
<title>Sibutramine</title><color>white</color><br />
<uploadedFileContents>schwartz reagent.pdb</uploadedFileContents><br />
</jmolApplet><br />
<br />
<jmolMenu><br />
<item><text>Start spinning</text><script>spin on</script></item><br />
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<menuHeight>-1</menuHeight><br />
</jmolMenu><br />
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<br />
</jmol><br />
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<br><br />
<br />
<br />
==Hydrozirconation reaction==<br />
Schwartz's reagent reacts with alkenes and alkynes via the process called hydrozirconation which formally results in the addition of the Zr-H bond across the C=C or C≡C bond. The selectivity of the hydrozirconation of alkynes has been studied in detail.[4][5] The rate of addition to unsaturated carbon-carbon bonds is terminal alkyne > terminal alkene ~ internal alkyne > disubstituted alkene.[6] Acyl complexes can be generated by insertion of CO into the C-Zr bond resulting from hydrozirconation.<br />
<br />
The Hydrozirconation reaction describes the reaction of an olefin (alkene) with Cp2ZrHCl, A, which is commonly referred to as Schwartz's reagent. In this reaction the insertion of either a terminal or internal olefin gives the same product, B. This isomerization occurs through a series of beta-hydride elimination and olefin insertion reactions as shown below. <br />
[[Image:Hydrozirconation.jpg|thumb|center|500|Hydrozirconation]]</div>Sbj06https://chemwiki.ch.ic.ac.uk/index.php?title=File:Schwartz_reagent.pdb&diff=12556File:Schwartz reagent.pdb2007-12-02T15:59:29Z<p>Sbj06: </p>
<hr />
<div></div>Sbj06https://chemwiki.ch.ic.ac.uk/index.php?title=It07:Cyameluric_Acid&diff=12555It07:Cyameluric Acid2007-12-02T15:24:33Z<p>Sbj06: </p>
<hr />
<div></noinclude>{| class="toccolours" border="1" style="float: right; clear: right; margin: 0 0 1em 1em; border-collapse: collapse; width: 280px"<br />
! {{chembox header}} | {{PAGENAME}} <!-- replace if not identical with the article name --><br />
|-<br />
| align="center" colspan="2" bgcolor="#ffffff" | [[Image:{{PAGENAME}}.jpg|200px|{{PAGENAME}}]] <!-- replace if not identical with the pagename --><br />
|-<br />
! {{chembox header}} | General<br />
|- <br />
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IUPAC Systematic name]<br />
| 1,3,4,6,7,9,9b-heptaaza-phenalene-2,5,8-triol<br />
<br />
|-<br />
| Other names<br />
| 1(9)H,3(4)H,6(7)H-1,3,4,6,7,9,9b-heptaaza-phenalene-2,5,8-trione<br />
|-<br />
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_formula Molecular formula]<br />
| C<sub>6</sub>H<sub>3</sub>N<sub>7</sub>O<sub>3</sub><br />
|-<br />
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_file_format SMILES] <!-- mostly for organic compounds, omit otherwise --><br />
| OC3=NC1=[N]2C(N=C(O)N=C2=N3)=NC(O)=N1<br />
|-<br />
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molar_mass Molar mass]<br />
| 221.13<br />
|-<br />
| Appearance<br />
| {{{Appearance}}}<br />
|-<br />
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CAS_registry_number CAS number]<br />
| 1502-46-1<br />
|-<br />
! {{chembox header}} | Properties<br />
|-<br />
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Density Density] & [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phase_%28matter%29 phase]<br />
| 0.935g/cm³ <!-- ? g/cm³, solid / ? g/ml, liquid / ? g/l, gas --><br />
|-<br />
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solubility Solubility in water]<br />
| {{{Sol_Water}}} g/100 ml (25°C) <!-- at least put miscible with, not soluble in --><br />
|-<br />
<!-- | Other solvents e.g. [[ethanol]], [[acetone]] --><br />
<!-- | solubility info on other solvents --><br />
<!-- |- --><br />
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melting_point Melting point]<br />
| {{{Mp}}} K <!-- (mention any decomposition) --><br />
|-<br />
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boiling_point Boiling point]<br />
| {{{Bp}}} K<br />
|-<br />
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acid_dissociation_constant Acidity] (p''K''<sub>a</sub>) <!-- omit if not an acid or a base. If several values, be clear --><br />
| {{{pKa}}}<br />
|-<br />
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acid_dissociation_constant Basicity] (p''K''<sub>b</sub>) <!-- omit if not a base. If several values, be clear --><br />
| {{{pKb}}}<br />
|-<br />
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Specific_rotation Chiral rotation <nowiki>[α]</nowiki><sub>D</sub>] <!-- (Only include this for chiral compounds, indicate direction/enantiomer combo if known) --><br />
| {{{Rotation}}}°<br />
|-<br />
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viscosity Viscosity]<br />
| {{{Viscosity}}} [[Poise|cP]] at 25°C <!-- Liquids only, omit if data unavailable. You may use [[Pascal second|Pa.s]] if you prefer --><br />
|-<br />
! {{chembox header}} | Structure<br />
|-<br />
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orbital_hybridisation Molecular shape] <!-- for simple covalent molecules (omit for most large molecules, ionics and complexes) --><br />
| {{{Mol_Shape}}} <!-- e.g. trigonal bipyramidal --><br />
|-<br />
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coordination_geometry Coordination<br />geometry] <!-- for a metal complex or an ionic crystal, otherwise omit --><br />
| {{{Coordination}}} <!-- e.g. trigonal bipyramidal --><br />
|-<br />
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crystal_structure Crystal structure] <!-- omit if not a solid --><br />
| {{{Crystal_Structure}}} <!-- e.g. [[triclinic]], [[monoclinic]], [[orthorhombic]], [[hexagonal]], [[rhombohedral|trigonal]], [[tetragonal]], [[cubic]], and mention "close packed" or similar. You may also cite what class it belongs to, e.g. [[Cadmium_chloride#Crystal_structure|CdCl<sub>2</sub>]] --><br />
|-<br />
| [[Dipole#Molecular_dipoles|Dipole moment]]<br />
| {{{DM}}} [[Debye|D]]<br />
|-<br />
! {{chembox header}} | Hazards <!-- Summary only- MSDS entry provides more complete information --><br />
|-<br />
| [[Material safety data sheet|MSDS]]<br />
| [[{{PAGENAME}} (data page)#Material Safety Data Sheet|External MSDS]] <!-- please replace with proper link--><br />
|-<br />
| Main [[Worker safety and health|hazard]]s<br />
| {{{Hazards}}} <!-- e.g. highly toxic, explosive, flammable, corrosive --><br />
|-<br />
| [[NFPA 704]]<br />
| {{{NFPA}}}<!-- {{NFPA 704 | Health=4 | Flammability=4 | Reactivity=4 | Other=OX }} These are set on "very dangerous" as default- adjust according to actual values --><br />
|-<br />
| [[Flash point]]<br />
| {{{Fp}}}°C<br />
|-<br />
| [[Risk and Safety Statements|R/S statement]]<br />
| [[List of R-phrases|R]]: {{{R-S}}} <br /> [[List of S-phrases|S]]: ?<br />
|-<br />
| [[RTECS]] number<br />
| {{{RTECS}}}<br />
|-<br />
! {{chembox header}} | [[{{PAGENAME}} (data page)|Supplementary data page]]<br />
|-<br />
| [[{{PAGENAME}} (data page)#Structure and properties|Structure and<br />properties]] <br />
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refractive_index ''n''], [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dielectric_constant ε<sub>r</sub>], etc. <br />
|-<br />
| [[{{PAGENAME}} (data page)#Thermodynamic properties|Thermodynamic<br />data]] <br />
| Phase behaviour<br />Solid, liquid, gas <br />
|-<br />
| [[{{PAGENAME}} (data page)#Spectral data|Spectral data]]<br />
| [[UV/VIS spectroscopy|UV]], [[Infrared spectroscopy|IR]], [[nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy|NMR]], [[Mass spectrometry|MS]]<br />
|-<br />
! {{chembox header}} | Related compounds<br />
|-<br />
| Other [[Ion|anion]]s <!-- please omit if not applicable --><br />
| {{{Other_anion}}} <!-- Put in related anions e.g, iron(II) fluoride & iron(II) bromide if compound is iron(II) chloride --><br />
|-<br />
| Other [[Ion|cation]]s <!-- please omit if not applicable --><br />
| {{{Ohter_cation}}} <!-- Put in other oxidation states of same element e.g. [[iron(III) chloride]], also for related metals such as [[manganese(II) chloride]], [[cobalt(II) chloride]], ruthenium(III) chloride--><br />
|-<br />
| Related compounds <br />
<!-- A miscellaneous heading - use for covalent inorganics; e.g. for PCl<sub>3</sub> you would list PCl<sub>5</sub>, POCl<sub>3</sub>, PF<sub>3</sub>, PBr<sub>3</sub>, NCl<sub>3</sub> and AsCl<sub>3</sub>. <br />
Please omit if not applicable --><br />
| {{{Relative_Compounds}}}<br />
|-<br />
| {{chembox header}} | <small>Except where noted otherwise, data are given for<br /> materials in their [[standard state|standard state (at 25&nbsp;°C, 100&nbsp;kPa)]]<br />[[wikipedia:Chemical infobox|Infobox disclaimer and references]]</small><br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
{{Chem-Data_Structure}}<br />
== Structure of Cyameluric Acid ==<br />
[[Image:cyameluric_acid_Sachin.gif]]<ref>E Horvath-Bordon et Al, Alkalicyamelurates, M<sub>3</sub>[C<sub>6</sub>N<sub>7</sub>O<sub>3</sub>].H<sub>2</sub>O, M=Li, K, Na, Rb, Cs: UV-Luminescent and thermally very stable ionic tri-s-triazine derivatives http://pubs.rsc.org/ej/DT/2004/b412517g/<br />
</ref> There are in fact 17 tautomeric forms in total of this substance. The structure shown is the most stable tautomer (the Trioxo 2,5,8 form). Cyameluricacid is commonly drawn as its less stable tautomer[[Image:Tri-OH_cyameluric_acid_Sachin.gif]]<br />
<br />
== 3D Model of Cyameluric Acid ==<br />
<br />
<br />
<jmol><br />
<jmolApplet><br />
<size>400</size><br />
<title>Sibutramine</title><color>white</color><br />
<uploadedFileContents>cyameluric acid 3d.pdb</uploadedFileContents><br />
</jmolApplet><br />
<br />
<jmolMenu><br />
<item><text>Start spinning</text><script>spin on</script></item><br />
<item><text>Stop spinning</text><script>spin off</script></item><br />
<menuHeight>-1</menuHeight><br />
</jmolMenu><br />
<br />
<br />
</jmol><br />
<br />
<br> <br />
<br />
== Synthesis ==<br />
<br />
The following diagram shows a possible synthesis for the the Trioxo 2,5,8 tautomer of cyameluric acid: <br />
<br />
[[Image:synthesis cyameluric acid.gif]]<br />
<br />
== History and Origin ==<br />
A derivative of Cyameluric acid was the last molecule to be worked on by Linus Pauling before he died death in 1994. The structure of a Cyameluric acid with a hydroxy group replaced by an azide was found on his chalkboard after his death[[Image:Paulingmolecule.gif]]<ref>Theoretical study of cyameluric acid and related compounds http://www.arkat-usa.org/?VIEW=MANUSCRIPT&MSID=917</ref><br />
<br />
Pauling et al first postulated the existence of a cyamleuric nucleas in 1937. In 1940 Redeman and Lucas made several attempts to prepare cyameluric esters and amides and in the 1960's and 1970's cyameluric salts and other s-heptazine derivatives such as melem (C6N7(NH2)3) were investigated by Finkelstein.<sup>3</sup><br />
<br />
==Uses==<br />
Cyameluric acid can be used as an adsorbent for the analysis of certain gas-chromotography analyses.<br />
Interests arose in cyameluric acid and its related structures because of its potential use as building blocks for graphitic carbon nitrides. Cohen predicted that C3N4 materials may exist that are harder than diamond.<br />
<br />
Another potential use is that of burn rate supressants for solid rock propellants and flame retardernts. This use is due to the very high thermal stablity of the C6N7 nucleas (~500°C). Also the UV, luminescence and NLO properties may be used in a fashion to develop photo stabilisers and sensitisers.<sup>3</sup><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<references/><br />
3. [http://http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/cgi-bin/fulltext/113471326/PDFSTART The Tautomeric Forms of Cyameluric Acid Derivatives]</div>Sbj06https://chemwiki.ch.ic.ac.uk/index.php?title=File:Cyameluric_acid_3d.pdb&diff=12554File:Cyameluric acid 3d.pdb2007-12-02T15:23:27Z<p>Sbj06: </p>
<hr />
<div></div>Sbj06https://chemwiki.ch.ic.ac.uk/index.php?title=It07:Cyameluric_Acid&diff=12553It07:Cyameluric Acid2007-12-02T15:15:44Z<p>Sbj06: </p>
<hr />
<div></noinclude>{| class="toccolours" border="1" style="float: right; clear: right; margin: 0 0 1em 1em; border-collapse: collapse; width: 280px"<br />
! {{chembox header}} | {{PAGENAME}} <!-- replace if not identical with the article name --><br />
|-<br />
| align="center" colspan="2" bgcolor="#ffffff" | [[Image:{{PAGENAME}}.jpg|200px|{{PAGENAME}}]] <!-- replace if not identical with the pagename --><br />
|-<br />
! {{chembox header}} | General<br />
|- <br />
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IUPAC Systematic name]<br />
| 1,3,4,6,7,9,9b-heptaaza-phenalene-2,5,8-triol<br />
<br />
|-<br />
| Other names<br />
| 1(9)H,3(4)H,6(7)H-1,3,4,6,7,9,9b-heptaaza-phenalene-2,5,8-trione<br />
|-<br />
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_formula Molecular formula]<br />
| C<sub>6</sub>H<sub>3</sub>N<sub>7</sub>O<sub>3</sub><br />
|-<br />
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_file_format SMILES] <!-- mostly for organic compounds, omit otherwise --><br />
| OC3=NC1=[N]2C(N=C(O)N=C2=N3)=NC(O)=N1<br />
|-<br />
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molar_mass Molar mass]<br />
| 221.13<br />
|-<br />
| Appearance<br />
| {{{Appearance}}}<br />
|-<br />
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CAS_registry_number CAS number]<br />
| 1502-46-1<br />
|-<br />
! {{chembox header}} | Properties<br />
|-<br />
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Density Density] & [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phase_%28matter%29 phase]<br />
| 0.935g/cm³ <!-- ? g/cm³, solid / ? g/ml, liquid / ? g/l, gas --><br />
|-<br />
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solubility Solubility in water]<br />
| {{{Sol_Water}}} g/100 ml (25°C) <!-- at least put miscible with, not soluble in --><br />
|-<br />
<!-- | Other solvents e.g. [[ethanol]], [[acetone]] --><br />
<!-- | solubility info on other solvents --><br />
<!-- |- --><br />
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melting_point Melting point]<br />
| {{{Mp}}} K <!-- (mention any decomposition) --><br />
|-<br />
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boiling_point Boiling point]<br />
| {{{Bp}}} K<br />
|-<br />
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acid_dissociation_constant Acidity] (p''K''<sub>a</sub>) <!-- omit if not an acid or a base. If several values, be clear --><br />
| {{{pKa}}}<br />
|-<br />
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acid_dissociation_constant Basicity] (p''K''<sub>b</sub>) <!-- omit if not a base. If several values, be clear --><br />
| {{{pKb}}}<br />
|-<br />
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Specific_rotation Chiral rotation <nowiki>[α]</nowiki><sub>D</sub>] <!-- (Only include this for chiral compounds, indicate direction/enantiomer combo if known) --><br />
| {{{Rotation}}}°<br />
|-<br />
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viscosity Viscosity]<br />
| {{{Viscosity}}} [[Poise|cP]] at 25°C <!-- Liquids only, omit if data unavailable. You may use [[Pascal second|Pa.s]] if you prefer --><br />
|-<br />
! {{chembox header}} | Structure<br />
|-<br />
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orbital_hybridisation Molecular shape] <!-- for simple covalent molecules (omit for most large molecules, ionics and complexes) --><br />
| {{{Mol_Shape}}} <!-- e.g. trigonal bipyramidal --><br />
|-<br />
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coordination_geometry Coordination<br />geometry] <!-- for a metal complex or an ionic crystal, otherwise omit --><br />
| {{{Coordination}}} <!-- e.g. trigonal bipyramidal --><br />
|-<br />
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crystal_structure Crystal structure] <!-- omit if not a solid --><br />
| {{{Crystal_Structure}}} <!-- e.g. [[triclinic]], [[monoclinic]], [[orthorhombic]], [[hexagonal]], [[rhombohedral|trigonal]], [[tetragonal]], [[cubic]], and mention "close packed" or similar. You may also cite what class it belongs to, e.g. [[Cadmium_chloride#Crystal_structure|CdCl<sub>2</sub>]] --><br />
|-<br />
| [[Dipole#Molecular_dipoles|Dipole moment]]<br />
| {{{DM}}} [[Debye|D]]<br />
|-<br />
! {{chembox header}} | Hazards <!-- Summary only- MSDS entry provides more complete information --><br />
|-<br />
| [[Material safety data sheet|MSDS]]<br />
| [[{{PAGENAME}} (data page)#Material Safety Data Sheet|External MSDS]] <!-- please replace with proper link--><br />
|-<br />
| Main [[Worker safety and health|hazard]]s<br />
| {{{Hazards}}} <!-- e.g. highly toxic, explosive, flammable, corrosive --><br />
|-<br />
| [[NFPA 704]]<br />
| {{{NFPA}}}<!-- {{NFPA 704 | Health=4 | Flammability=4 | Reactivity=4 | Other=OX }} These are set on "very dangerous" as default- adjust according to actual values --><br />
|-<br />
| [[Flash point]]<br />
| {{{Fp}}}°C<br />
|-<br />
| [[Risk and Safety Statements|R/S statement]]<br />
| [[List of R-phrases|R]]: {{{R-S}}} <br /> [[List of S-phrases|S]]: ?<br />
|-<br />
| [[RTECS]] number<br />
| {{{RTECS}}}<br />
|-<br />
! {{chembox header}} | [[{{PAGENAME}} (data page)|Supplementary data page]]<br />
|-<br />
| [[{{PAGENAME}} (data page)#Structure and properties|Structure and<br />properties]] <br />
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refractive_index ''n''], [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dielectric_constant ε<sub>r</sub>], etc. <br />
|-<br />
| [[{{PAGENAME}} (data page)#Thermodynamic properties|Thermodynamic<br />data]] <br />
| Phase behaviour<br />Solid, liquid, gas <br />
|-<br />
| [[{{PAGENAME}} (data page)#Spectral data|Spectral data]]<br />
| [[UV/VIS spectroscopy|UV]], [[Infrared spectroscopy|IR]], [[nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy|NMR]], [[Mass spectrometry|MS]]<br />
|-<br />
! {{chembox header}} | Related compounds<br />
|-<br />
| Other [[Ion|anion]]s <!-- please omit if not applicable --><br />
| {{{Other_anion}}} <!-- Put in related anions e.g, iron(II) fluoride & iron(II) bromide if compound is iron(II) chloride --><br />
|-<br />
| Other [[Ion|cation]]s <!-- please omit if not applicable --><br />
| {{{Ohter_cation}}} <!-- Put in other oxidation states of same element e.g. [[iron(III) chloride]], also for related metals such as [[manganese(II) chloride]], [[cobalt(II) chloride]], ruthenium(III) chloride--><br />
|-<br />
| Related compounds <br />
<!-- A miscellaneous heading - use for covalent inorganics; e.g. for PCl<sub>3</sub> you would list PCl<sub>5</sub>, POCl<sub>3</sub>, PF<sub>3</sub>, PBr<sub>3</sub>, NCl<sub>3</sub> and AsCl<sub>3</sub>. <br />
Please omit if not applicable --><br />
| {{{Relative_Compounds}}}<br />
|-<br />
| {{chembox header}} | <small>Except where noted otherwise, data are given for<br /> materials in their [[standard state|standard state (at 25&nbsp;°C, 100&nbsp;kPa)]]<br />[[wikipedia:Chemical infobox|Infobox disclaimer and references]]</small><br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
{{Chem-Data_Structure}}<br />
== Structure of Cyameluric Acid ==<br />
[[Image:cyameluric_acid_Sachin.gif]]<ref>E Horvath-Bordon et Al, Alkalicyamelurates, M<sub>3</sub>[C<sub>6</sub>N<sub>7</sub>O<sub>3</sub>].H<sub>2</sub>O, M=Li, K, Na, Rb, Cs: UV-Luminescent and thermally very stable ionic tri-s-triazine derivatives http://pubs.rsc.org/ej/DT/2004/b412517g/<br />
</ref> There are in fact 17 tautomeric forms in total of this substance. The structure shown is the most stable tautomer (the Trioxo 2,5,8 form). Cyameluricacid is commonly drawn as its less stable tautomer[[Image:Tri-OH_cyameluric_acid_Sachin.gif]]<br />
<br />
== 3D Model of Cyameluric Acid ==<br />
<br />
<br />
<jmol><br />
<jmolApplet><br />
<size>400</size><br />
<title>Sibutramine</title><color>white</color><br />
<uploadedFileContents>Cyameluric_Acid.MOL</uploadedFileContents><br />
</jmolApplet><br />
<br />
<jmolMenu><br />
<item><text>Start spinning</text><script>spin on</script></item><br />
<item><text>Stop spinning</text><script>spin off</script></item><br />
<menuHeight>-1</menuHeight><br />
</jmolMenu><br />
<br />
<br />
</jmol><br />
<br />
<br> <br />
<br />
== Synthesis ==<br />
<br />
The following diagram shows a possible synthesis for the the Trioxo 2,5,8 tautomer of cyameluric acid: <br />
<br />
[[Image:synthesis cyameluric acid.gif]]<br />
<br />
== History and Origin ==<br />
A derivative of Cyameluric acid was the last molecule to be worked on by Linus Pauling before he died death in 1994. The structure of a Cyameluric acid with a hydroxy group replaced by an azide was found on his chalkboard after his death[[Image:Paulingmolecule.gif]]<ref>Theoretical study of cyameluric acid and related compounds http://www.arkat-usa.org/?VIEW=MANUSCRIPT&MSID=917</ref><br />
<br />
Pauling et al first postulated the existence of a cyamleuric nucleas in 1937. In 1940 Redeman and Lucas made several attempts to prepare cyameluric esters and amides and in the 1960's and 1970's cyameluric salts and other s-heptazine derivatives such as melem (C6N7(NH2)3) were investigated by Finkelstein.<sup>3</sup><br />
<br />
==Uses==<br />
Cyameluric acid can be used as an adsorbent for the analysis of certain gas-chromotography analyses.<br />
Interests arose in cyameluric acid and its related structures because of its potential use as building blocks for graphitic carbon nitrides. Cohen predicted that C3N4 materials may exist that are harder than diamond.<br />
<br />
Another potential use is that of burn rate supressants for solid rock propellants and flame retardernts. This use is due to the very high thermal stablity of the C6N7 nucleas (~500°C). Also the UV, luminescence and NLO properties may be used in a fashion to develop photo stabilisers and sensitisers.<sup>3</sup><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<references/><br />
3. [http://http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/cgi-bin/fulltext/113471326/PDFSTART The Tautomeric Forms of Cyameluric Acid Derivatives]</div>Sbj06https://chemwiki.ch.ic.ac.uk/index.php?title=File:Synthesis_cyameluric_acid.gif&diff=12552File:Synthesis cyameluric acid.gif2007-12-02T15:12:17Z<p>Sbj06: </p>
<hr />
<div></div>Sbj06https://chemwiki.ch.ic.ac.uk/index.php?title=It07:Cyameluric_Acid&diff=12551It07:Cyameluric Acid2007-12-02T14:41:36Z<p>Sbj06: </p>
<hr />
<div></noinclude>{| class="toccolours" border="1" style="float: right; clear: right; margin: 0 0 1em 1em; border-collapse: collapse; width: 280px"<br />
! {{chembox header}} | {{PAGENAME}} <!-- replace if not identical with the article name --><br />
|-<br />
| align="center" colspan="2" bgcolor="#ffffff" | [[Image:{{PAGENAME}}.jpg|200px|{{PAGENAME}}]] <!-- replace if not identical with the pagename --><br />
|-<br />
! {{chembox header}} | General<br />
|- <br />
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IUPAC Systematic name]<br />
| 1,3,4,6,7,9,9b-heptaaza-phenalene-2,5,8-triol<br />
<br />
|-<br />
| Other names<br />
| 1(9)H,3(4)H,6(7)H-1,3,4,6,7,9,9b-heptaaza-phenalene-2,5,8-trione<br />
|-<br />
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_formula Molecular formula]<br />
| C<sub>6</sub>H<sub>3</sub>N<sub>7</sub>O<sub>3</sub><br />
|-<br />
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_file_format SMILES] <!-- mostly for organic compounds, omit otherwise --><br />
| OC3=NC1=[N]2C(N=C(O)N=C2=N3)=NC(O)=N1<br />
|-<br />
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molar_mass Molar mass]<br />
| 221.13<br />
|-<br />
| Appearance<br />
| {{{Appearance}}}<br />
|-<br />
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CAS_registry_number CAS number]<br />
| 1502-46-1<br />
|-<br />
! {{chembox header}} | Properties<br />
|-<br />
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Density Density] & [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phase_%28matter%29 phase]<br />
| 0.935g/cm³ <!-- ? g/cm³, solid / ? g/ml, liquid / ? g/l, gas --><br />
|-<br />
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solubility Solubility in water]<br />
| {{{Sol_Water}}} g/100 ml (25°C) <!-- at least put miscible with, not soluble in --><br />
|-<br />
<!-- | Other solvents e.g. [[ethanol]], [[acetone]] --><br />
<!-- | solubility info on other solvents --><br />
<!-- |- --><br />
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melting_point Melting point]<br />
| {{{Mp}}} K <!-- (mention any decomposition) --><br />
|-<br />
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boiling_point Boiling point]<br />
| {{{Bp}}} K<br />
|-<br />
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acid_dissociation_constant Acidity] (p''K''<sub>a</sub>) <!-- omit if not an acid or a base. If several values, be clear --><br />
| {{{pKa}}}<br />
|-<br />
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acid_dissociation_constant Basicity] (p''K''<sub>b</sub>) <!-- omit if not a base. If several values, be clear --><br />
| {{{pKb}}}<br />
|-<br />
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Specific_rotation Chiral rotation <nowiki>[α]</nowiki><sub>D</sub>] <!-- (Only include this for chiral compounds, indicate direction/enantiomer combo if known) --><br />
| {{{Rotation}}}°<br />
|-<br />
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viscosity Viscosity]<br />
| {{{Viscosity}}} [[Poise|cP]] at 25°C <!-- Liquids only, omit if data unavailable. You may use [[Pascal second|Pa.s]] if you prefer --><br />
|-<br />
! {{chembox header}} | Structure<br />
|-<br />
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orbital_hybridisation Molecular shape] <!-- for simple covalent molecules (omit for most large molecules, ionics and complexes) --><br />
| {{{Mol_Shape}}} <!-- e.g. trigonal bipyramidal --><br />
|-<br />
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coordination_geometry Coordination<br />geometry] <!-- for a metal complex or an ionic crystal, otherwise omit --><br />
| {{{Coordination}}} <!-- e.g. trigonal bipyramidal --><br />
|-<br />
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crystal_structure Crystal structure] <!-- omit if not a solid --><br />
| {{{Crystal_Structure}}} <!-- e.g. [[triclinic]], [[monoclinic]], [[orthorhombic]], [[hexagonal]], [[rhombohedral|trigonal]], [[tetragonal]], [[cubic]], and mention "close packed" or similar. You may also cite what class it belongs to, e.g. [[Cadmium_chloride#Crystal_structure|CdCl<sub>2</sub>]] --><br />
|-<br />
| [[Dipole#Molecular_dipoles|Dipole moment]]<br />
| {{{DM}}} [[Debye|D]]<br />
|-<br />
! {{chembox header}} | Hazards <!-- Summary only- MSDS entry provides more complete information --><br />
|-<br />
| [[Material safety data sheet|MSDS]]<br />
| [[{{PAGENAME}} (data page)#Material Safety Data Sheet|External MSDS]] <!-- please replace with proper link--><br />
|-<br />
| Main [[Worker safety and health|hazard]]s<br />
| {{{Hazards}}} <!-- e.g. highly toxic, explosive, flammable, corrosive --><br />
|-<br />
| [[NFPA 704]]<br />
| {{{NFPA}}}<!-- {{NFPA 704 | Health=4 | Flammability=4 | Reactivity=4 | Other=OX }} These are set on "very dangerous" as default- adjust according to actual values --><br />
|-<br />
| [[Flash point]]<br />
| {{{Fp}}}°C<br />
|-<br />
| [[Risk and Safety Statements|R/S statement]]<br />
| [[List of R-phrases|R]]: {{{R-S}}} <br /> [[List of S-phrases|S]]: ?<br />
|-<br />
| [[RTECS]] number<br />
| {{{RTECS}}}<br />
|-<br />
! {{chembox header}} | [[{{PAGENAME}} (data page)|Supplementary data page]]<br />
|-<br />
| [[{{PAGENAME}} (data page)#Structure and properties|Structure and<br />properties]] <br />
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refractive_index ''n''], [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dielectric_constant ε<sub>r</sub>], etc. <br />
|-<br />
| [[{{PAGENAME}} (data page)#Thermodynamic properties|Thermodynamic<br />data]] <br />
| Phase behaviour<br />Solid, liquid, gas <br />
|-<br />
| [[{{PAGENAME}} (data page)#Spectral data|Spectral data]]<br />
| [[UV/VIS spectroscopy|UV]], [[Infrared spectroscopy|IR]], [[nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy|NMR]], [[Mass spectrometry|MS]]<br />
|-<br />
! {{chembox header}} | Related compounds<br />
|-<br />
| Other [[Ion|anion]]s <!-- please omit if not applicable --><br />
| {{{Other_anion}}} <!-- Put in related anions e.g, iron(II) fluoride & iron(II) bromide if compound is iron(II) chloride --><br />
|-<br />
| Other [[Ion|cation]]s <!-- please omit if not applicable --><br />
| {{{Ohter_cation}}} <!-- Put in other oxidation states of same element e.g. [[iron(III) chloride]], also for related metals such as [[manganese(II) chloride]], [[cobalt(II) chloride]], ruthenium(III) chloride--><br />
|-<br />
| Related compounds <br />
<!-- A miscellaneous heading - use for covalent inorganics; e.g. for PCl<sub>3</sub> you would list PCl<sub>5</sub>, POCl<sub>3</sub>, PF<sub>3</sub>, PBr<sub>3</sub>, NCl<sub>3</sub> and AsCl<sub>3</sub>. <br />
Please omit if not applicable --><br />
| {{{Relative_Compounds}}}<br />
|-<br />
| {{chembox header}} | <small>Except where noted otherwise, data are given for<br /> materials in their [[standard state|standard state (at 25&nbsp;°C, 100&nbsp;kPa)]]<br />[[wikipedia:Chemical infobox|Infobox disclaimer and references]]</small><br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
{{Chem-Data_Structure}}<br />
== Structure of Cyameluric Acid ==<br />
[[Image:cyameluric_acid_Sachin.gif]]<ref>E Horvath-Bordon et Al, Alkalicyamelurates, M<sub>3</sub>[C<sub>6</sub>N<sub>7</sub>O<sub>3</sub>].H<sub>2</sub>O, M=Li, K, Na, Rb, Cs: UV-Luminescent and thermally very stable ionic tri-s-triazine derivatives http://pubs.rsc.org/ej/DT/2004/b412517g/<br />
</ref> There are in fact 17 tautomeric forms in total of this substance. The structure shown is the most stable tautomer (the Trioxo 2,5,8 form). Cyameluricacid is commonly drawn as its less stable tautomer[[Image:Tri-OH_cyameluric_acid_Sachin.gif]]<br />
<br />
== 3D Model of Cyameluric Acid ==<br />
<br />
<br />
<jmol><br />
<jmolApplet><br />
<size>400</size><br />
<title>Sibutramine</title><color>white</color><br />
<uploadedFileContents>Cyameluric_Acid.MOL</uploadedFileContents><br />
</jmolApplet><br />
<br />
<jmolMenu><br />
<item><text>Start spinning</text><script>spin on</script></item><br />
<item><text>Stop spinning</text><script>spin off</script></item><br />
<menuHeight>-1</menuHeight><br />
</jmolMenu><br />
<br />
<br />
</jmol><br />
<br />
<br> <br />
<br />
== History and Origin ==<br />
A derivative of Cyameluric acid was the last molecule to be worked on by Linus Pauling before he died death in 1994. The structure of a Cyameluric acid with a hydroxy group replaced by an azide was found on his chalkboard after his death[[Image:Paulingmolecule.gif]]<ref>Theoretical study of cyameluric acid and related compounds http://www.arkat-usa.org/?VIEW=MANUSCRIPT&MSID=917</ref><br />
<br />
Pauling et al first postulated the existence of a cyamleuric nucleas in 1937. In 1940 Redeman and Lucas made several attempts to prepare cyameluric esters and amides and in the 1960's and 1970's cyameluric salts and other s-heptazine derivatives such as melem (C6N7(NH2)3) were investigated by Finkelstein.<sup>3</sup><br />
<br />
==Uses==<br />
Cyameluric acid can be used as an adsorbent for the analysis of certain gas-chromotography analyses.<br />
Interests arose in cyameluric acid and its related structures because of its potential use as building blocks for graphitic carbon nitrides. Cohen predicted that C3N4 materials may exist that are harder than diamond.<br />
<br />
Another potential use is that of burn rate supressants for solid rock propellants and flame retardernts. This use is due to the very high thermal stablity of the C6N7 nucleas (~500°C). Also the UV, luminescence and NLO properties may be used in a fashion to develop photo stabilisers and sensitisers.<sup>3</sup><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<references/><br />
3. [http://http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/cgi-bin/fulltext/113471326/PDFSTART The Tautomeric Forms of Cyameluric Acid Derivatives]</div>Sbj06https://chemwiki.ch.ic.ac.uk/index.php?title=It07:Cyameluric_Acid&diff=12550It07:Cyameluric Acid2007-12-02T14:35:51Z<p>Sbj06: </p>
<hr />
<div></noinclude>{| class="toccolours" border="1" style="float: right; clear: right; margin: 0 0 1em 1em; border-collapse: collapse; width: 280px"<br />
! {{chembox header}} | {{PAGENAME}} <!-- replace if not identical with the article name --><br />
|-<br />
| align="center" colspan="2" bgcolor="#ffffff" | [[Image:{{PAGENAME}}.jpg|200px|{{PAGENAME}}]] <!-- replace if not identical with the pagename --><br />
|-<br />
! {{chembox header}} | General<br />
|- <br />
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IUPAC Systematic name]<br />
| 1,3,4,6,7,9,9b-heptaaza-phenalene-2,5,8-triol<br />
<br />
|-<br />
| Other names<br />
| 1(9)H,3(4)H,6(7)H-1,3,4,6,7,9,9b-heptaaza-phenalene-2,5,8-trione<br />
|-<br />
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_formula Molecular formula]<br />
| C<sub>6</sub>H<sub>3</sub>N<sub>7</sub>O<sub>3</sub><br />
|-<br />
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_file_format SMILES] <!-- mostly for organic compounds, omit otherwise --><br />
| OC3=NC1=[N]2C(N=C(O)N=C2=N3)=NC(O)=N1<br />
|-<br />
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molar_mass Molar mass]<br />
| 221.13<br />
|-<br />
| Appearance<br />
| {{{Appearance}}}<br />
|-<br />
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CAS_registry_number CAS number]<br />
| 1502-46-1<br />
|-<br />
! {{chembox header}} | Properties<br />
|-<br />
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Density Density] & [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phase_%28matter%29 phase]<br />
| 0.935g/cm³ <!-- ? g/cm³, solid / ? g/ml, liquid / ? g/l, gas --><br />
|-<br />
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solubility Solubility in water]<br />
| {{{Sol_Water}}} g/100 ml (25°C) <!-- at least put miscible with, not soluble in --><br />
|-<br />
<!-- | Other solvents e.g. [[ethanol]], [[acetone]] --><br />
<!-- | solubility info on other solvents --><br />
<!-- |- --><br />
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melting_point Melting point]<br />
| {{{Mp}}} K <!-- (mention any decomposition) --><br />
|-<br />
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boiling_point Boiling point]<br />
| {{{Bp}}} K<br />
|-<br />
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acid_dissociation_constant Acidity] (p''K''<sub>a</sub>) <!-- omit if not an acid or a base. If several values, be clear --><br />
| {{{pKa}}}<br />
|-<br />
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acid_dissociation_constant Basicity] (p''K''<sub>b</sub>) <!-- omit if not a base. If several values, be clear --><br />
| {{{pKb}}}<br />
|-<br />
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Specific_rotation Chiral rotation <nowiki>[α]</nowiki><sub>D</sub>] <!-- (Only include this for chiral compounds, indicate direction/enantiomer combo if known) --><br />
| {{{Rotation}}}°<br />
|-<br />
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viscosity Viscosity]<br />
| {{{Viscosity}}} [[Poise|cP]] at 25°C <!-- Liquids only, omit if data unavailable. You may use [[Pascal second|Pa.s]] if you prefer --><br />
|-<br />
! {{chembox header}} | Structure<br />
|-<br />
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orbital_hybridisation Molecular shape] <!-- for simple covalent molecules (omit for most large molecules, ionics and complexes) --><br />
| {{{Mol_Shape}}} <!-- e.g. trigonal bipyramidal --><br />
|-<br />
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coordination_geometry Coordination<br />geometry] <!-- for a metal complex or an ionic crystal, otherwise omit --><br />
| {{{Coordination}}} <!-- e.g. trigonal bipyramidal --><br />
|-<br />
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crystal_structure Crystal structure] <!-- omit if not a solid --><br />
| {{{Crystal_Structure}}} <!-- e.g. [[triclinic]], [[monoclinic]], [[orthorhombic]], [[hexagonal]], [[rhombohedral|trigonal]], [[tetragonal]], [[cubic]], and mention "close packed" or similar. You may also cite what class it belongs to, e.g. [[Cadmium_chloride#Crystal_structure|CdCl<sub>2</sub>]] --><br />
|-<br />
| [[Dipole#Molecular_dipoles|Dipole moment]]<br />
| {{{DM}}} [[Debye|D]]<br />
|-<br />
! {{chembox header}} | Hazards <!-- Summary only- MSDS entry provides more complete information --><br />
|-<br />
| [[Material safety data sheet|MSDS]]<br />
| [[{{PAGENAME}} (data page)#Material Safety Data Sheet|External MSDS]] <!-- please replace with proper link--><br />
|-<br />
| Main [[Worker safety and health|hazard]]s<br />
| {{{Hazards}}} <!-- e.g. highly toxic, explosive, flammable, corrosive --><br />
|-<br />
| [[NFPA 704]]<br />
| {{{NFPA}}}<!-- {{NFPA 704 | Health=4 | Flammability=4 | Reactivity=4 | Other=OX }} These are set on "very dangerous" as default- adjust according to actual values --><br />
|-<br />
| [[Flash point]]<br />
| {{{Fp}}}°C<br />
|-<br />
| [[Risk and Safety Statements|R/S statement]]<br />
| [[List of R-phrases|R]]: {{{R-S}}} <br /> [[List of S-phrases|S]]: ?<br />
|-<br />
| [[RTECS]] number<br />
| {{{RTECS}}}<br />
|-<br />
! {{chembox header}} | [[{{PAGENAME}} (data page)|Supplementary data page]]<br />
|-<br />
| [[{{PAGENAME}} (data page)#Structure and properties|Structure and<br />properties]] <br />
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refractive_index ''n''], [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dielectric_constant ε<sub>r</sub>], etc. <br />
|-<br />
| [[{{PAGENAME}} (data page)#Thermodynamic properties|Thermodynamic<br />data]] <br />
| Phase behaviour<br />Solid, liquid, gas <br />
|-<br />
| [[{{PAGENAME}} (data page)#Spectral data|Spectral data]]<br />
| [[UV/VIS spectroscopy|UV]], [[Infrared spectroscopy|IR]], [[nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy|NMR]], [[Mass spectrometry|MS]]<br />
|-<br />
! {{chembox header}} | Related compounds<br />
|-<br />
| Other [[Ion|anion]]s <!-- please omit if not applicable --><br />
| {{{Other_anion}}} <!-- Put in related anions e.g, iron(II) fluoride & iron(II) bromide if compound is iron(II) chloride --><br />
|-<br />
| Other [[Ion|cation]]s <!-- please omit if not applicable --><br />
| {{{Ohter_cation}}} <!-- Put in other oxidation states of same element e.g. [[iron(III) chloride]], also for related metals such as [[manganese(II) chloride]], [[cobalt(II) chloride]], ruthenium(III) chloride--><br />
|-<br />
| Related compounds <br />
<!-- A miscellaneous heading - use for covalent inorganics; e.g. for PCl<sub>3</sub> you would list PCl<sub>5</sub>, POCl<sub>3</sub>, PF<sub>3</sub>, PBr<sub>3</sub>, NCl<sub>3</sub> and AsCl<sub>3</sub>. <br />
Please omit if not applicable --><br />
| {{{Relative_Compounds}}}<br />
|-<br />
| {{chembox header}} | <small>Except where noted otherwise, data are given for<br /> materials in their [[standard state|standard state (at 25&nbsp;°C, 100&nbsp;kPa)]]<br />[[wikipedia:Chemical infobox|Infobox disclaimer and references]]</small><br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
{{Chem-Data_Structure}}<br />
== Structure of Cyameluric Acid ==<br />
[[Image:cyameluric_acid_Sachin.gif]]<ref>E Horvath-Bordon et Al, Alkalicyamelurates, M<sub>3</sub>[C<sub>6</sub>N<sub>7</sub>O<sub>3</sub>].H<sub>2</sub>O, M=Li, K, Na, Rb, Cs: UV-Luminescent and thermally very stable ionic tri-s-triazine derivatives http://pubs.rsc.org/ej/DT/2004/b412517g/<br />
</ref> There are in fact 17 tautomeric forms in total of this substance. The structure shown is the most stable tautomer (the Trioxo 2,5,8 form). Cyameluricacid is commonly drawn as its less stable tautomer[[Image:Tri-OH_cyameluric_acid_Sachin.gif]]<br />
<br />
== 3D Model of Cyameluric Acid ==<br />
<br />
<br />
<jmol><br />
<jmolApplet><br />
<size>400</size><br />
<title>Sibutramine</title><color>white</color><br />
<uploadedFileContents>Cyameluric_Acid.MOL</uploadedFileContents><br />
</jmolApplet><br />
<br />
<jmolMenu><br />
<item><text>Start spinning</text><script>spin on</script></item><br />
<item><text>Stop spinning</text><script>spin off</script></item><br />
<menuHeight>-1</menuHeight><br />
</jmolMenu><br />
<br />
<br />
</jmol><br />
<br />
<br> <br />
<br />
== History and Origin ==<br />
A derivative of Cyameluric acid was the last molecule to be worked on by Linus Pauling before he died death in 1994. The structure of a Cyameluric acid with a hydroxy group replaced by an azide was found on his chalkboard after his death[[Image:Paulingmolecule.gif]]<ref>Theoretical study of cyameluric acid and related compounds http://www.arkat-usa.org/?VIEW=MANUSCRIPT&MSID=917</ref><br />
<br />
Pauling et al first postulated the existence of a cyamleuric nucleas in 1937. In 1940 Redeman and Lucas made several attempts to prepare cyameluric esters and amides and in the 1960's and 1970's cyameluric salts and other s-heptazine derivatives such as melem (C6N7(NH2)3) were investigated by Finkelstein.<br />
<br />
==Uses==<br />
Cyameluric acid can be used as an adsorbent for the analysis of certain gas-chromotography analyses.<br />
Interests arose in cyameluric acid and its related structures because of its potential use as building blocks for graphitic carbon nitrides. Cohen predicted that C3N4 materials may exist that are harder than diamond.<br />
<br />
Another potential use is that of burn rate supressants for solid rock propellants and flame retardernts. This use is due to the very high thermal stablity of the C6N7 nucleas (~500°C). Also the UV, luminescence and NLO properties may be used in a fashion to develop photo stabilisers and sensitisers.<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<references/></div>Sbj06https://chemwiki.ch.ic.ac.uk/index.php?title=It07:Cyameluric_Acid&diff=12504It07:Cyameluric Acid2007-11-30T15:37:28Z<p>Sbj06: /* Uses */</p>
<hr />
<div></noinclude>{| class="toccolours" border="1" style="float: right; clear: right; margin: 0 0 1em 1em; border-collapse: collapse; width: 280px"<br />
! {{chembox header}} | {{PAGENAME}} <!-- replace if not identical with the article name --><br />
|-<br />
| align="center" colspan="2" bgcolor="#ffffff" | [[Image:{{PAGENAME}}.jpg|200px|{{PAGENAME}}]] <!-- replace if not identical with the pagename --><br />
|-<br />
! {{chembox header}} | General<br />
|- <br />
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IUPAC Systematic name]<br />
| 1,3,4,6,7,9,9b-heptaaza-phenalene-2,5,8-triol<br />
<br />
|-<br />
| Other names<br />
| 1(9)H,3(4)H,6(7)H-1,3,4,6,7,9,9b-heptaaza-phenalene-2,5,8-trione<br />
|-<br />
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_formula Molecular formula]<br />
| C<sub>6</sub>H<sub>3</sub>N<sub>7</sub>O<sub>3</sub><br />
|-<br />
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_file_format SMILES] <!-- mostly for organic compounds, omit otherwise --><br />
| OC3=NC1=[N]2C(N=C(O)N=C2=N3)=NC(O)=N1<br />
|-<br />
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molar_mass Molar mass]<br />
| 221.13<br />
|-<br />
| Appearance<br />
| {{{Appearance}}}<br />
|-<br />
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CAS_registry_number CAS number]<br />
| 1502-46-1<br />
|-<br />
! {{chembox header}} | Properties<br />
|-<br />
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Density Density] & [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phase_%28matter%29 phase]<br />
| 0.935g/cm³ <!-- ? g/cm³, solid / ? g/ml, liquid / ? g/l, gas --><br />
|-<br />
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solubility Solubility in water]<br />
| {{{Sol_Water}}} g/100 ml (25°C) <!-- at least put miscible with, not soluble in --><br />
|-<br />
<!-- | Other solvents e.g. [[ethanol]], [[acetone]] --><br />
<!-- | solubility info on other solvents --><br />
<!-- |- --><br />
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melting_point Melting point]<br />
| {{{Mp}}} K <!-- (mention any decomposition) --><br />
|-<br />
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boiling_point Boiling point]<br />
| {{{Bp}}} K<br />
|-<br />
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acid_dissociation_constant Acidity] (p''K''<sub>a</sub>) <!-- omit if not an acid or a base. If several values, be clear --><br />
| {{{pKa}}}<br />
|-<br />
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acid_dissociation_constant Basicity] (p''K''<sub>b</sub>) <!-- omit if not a base. If several values, be clear --><br />
| {{{pKb}}}<br />
|-<br />
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Specific_rotation Chiral rotation <nowiki>[α]</nowiki><sub>D</sub>] <!-- (Only include this for chiral compounds, indicate direction/enantiomer combo if known) --><br />
| {{{Rotation}}}°<br />
|-<br />
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viscosity Viscosity]<br />
| {{{Viscosity}}} [[Poise|cP]] at 25°C <!-- Liquids only, omit if data unavailable. You may use [[Pascal second|Pa.s]] if you prefer --><br />
|-<br />
! {{chembox header}} | Structure<br />
|-<br />
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orbital_hybridisation Molecular shape] <!-- for simple covalent molecules (omit for most large molecules, ionics and complexes) --><br />
| {{{Mol_Shape}}} <!-- e.g. trigonal bipyramidal --><br />
|-<br />
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coordination_geometry Coordination<br />geometry] <!-- for a metal complex or an ionic crystal, otherwise omit --><br />
| {{{Coordination}}} <!-- e.g. trigonal bipyramidal --><br />
|-<br />
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crystal_structure Crystal structure] <!-- omit if not a solid --><br />
| {{{Crystal_Structure}}} <!-- e.g. [[triclinic]], [[monoclinic]], [[orthorhombic]], [[hexagonal]], [[rhombohedral|trigonal]], [[tetragonal]], [[cubic]], and mention "close packed" or similar. You may also cite what class it belongs to, e.g. [[Cadmium_chloride#Crystal_structure|CdCl<sub>2</sub>]] --><br />
|-<br />
| [[Dipole#Molecular_dipoles|Dipole moment]]<br />
| {{{DM}}} [[Debye|D]]<br />
|-<br />
! {{chembox header}} | Hazards <!-- Summary only- MSDS entry provides more complete information --><br />
|-<br />
| [[Material safety data sheet|MSDS]]<br />
| [[{{PAGENAME}} (data page)#Material Safety Data Sheet|External MSDS]] <!-- please replace with proper link--><br />
|-<br />
| Main [[Worker safety and health|hazard]]s<br />
| {{{Hazards}}} <!-- e.g. highly toxic, explosive, flammable, corrosive --><br />
|-<br />
| [[NFPA 704]]<br />
| {{{NFPA}}}<!-- {{NFPA 704 | Health=4 | Flammability=4 | Reactivity=4 | Other=OX }} These are set on "very dangerous" as default- adjust according to actual values --><br />
|-<br />
| [[Flash point]]<br />
| {{{Fp}}}°C<br />
|-<br />
| [[Risk and Safety Statements|R/S statement]]<br />
| [[List of R-phrases|R]]: {{{R-S}}} <br /> [[List of S-phrases|S]]: ?<br />
|-<br />
| [[RTECS]] number<br />
| {{{RTECS}}}<br />
|-<br />
! {{chembox header}} | [[{{PAGENAME}} (data page)|Supplementary data page]]<br />
|-<br />
| [[{{PAGENAME}} (data page)#Structure and properties|Structure and<br />properties]] <br />
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refractive_index ''n''], [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dielectric_constant ε<sub>r</sub>], etc. <br />
|-<br />
| [[{{PAGENAME}} (data page)#Thermodynamic properties|Thermodynamic<br />data]] <br />
| Phase behaviour<br />Solid, liquid, gas <br />
|-<br />
| [[{{PAGENAME}} (data page)#Spectral data|Spectral data]]<br />
| [[UV/VIS spectroscopy|UV]], [[Infrared spectroscopy|IR]], [[nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy|NMR]], [[Mass spectrometry|MS]]<br />
|-<br />
! {{chembox header}} | Related compounds<br />
|-<br />
| Other [[Ion|anion]]s <!-- please omit if not applicable --><br />
| {{{Other_anion}}} <!-- Put in related anions e.g, iron(II) fluoride & iron(II) bromide if compound is iron(II) chloride --><br />
|-<br />
| Other [[Ion|cation]]s <!-- please omit if not applicable --><br />
| {{{Ohter_cation}}} <!-- Put in other oxidation states of same element e.g. [[iron(III) chloride]], also for related metals such as [[manganese(II) chloride]], [[cobalt(II) chloride]], ruthenium(III) chloride--><br />
|-<br />
| Related compounds <br />
<!-- A miscellaneous heading - use for covalent inorganics; e.g. for PCl<sub>3</sub> you would list PCl<sub>5</sub>, POCl<sub>3</sub>, PF<sub>3</sub>, PBr<sub>3</sub>, NCl<sub>3</sub> and AsCl<sub>3</sub>. <br />
Please omit if not applicable --><br />
| {{{Relative_Compounds}}}<br />
|-<br />
| {{chembox header}} | <small>Except where noted otherwise, data are given for<br /> materials in their [[standard state|standard state (at 25&nbsp;°C, 100&nbsp;kPa)]]<br />[[wikipedia:Chemical infobox|Infobox disclaimer and references]]</small><br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
{{Chem-Data_Structure}}<br />
== Structure of Cyameluric Acid ==<br />
[[Image:cyameluric_acid_Sachin.gif]]<ref>E Horvath-Bordon et Al, Alkalicyamelurates, M<sub>3</sub>[C<sub>6</sub>N<sub>7</sub>O<sub>3</sub>].H<sub>2</sub>O, M=Li, K, Na, Rb, Cs: UV-Luminescent and thermally very stable ionic tri-s-triazine derivatives http://pubs.rsc.org/ej/DT/2004/b412517g/<br />
</ref> There are in fact 17 tautomeric forms in total of this substance. The structure shown is the most stable tautomer (the Trioxo 2,5,8 form). Cyameluricacid is commonly drawn as its less stable tautomer[[Image:Tri-OH_cyameluric_acid_Sachin.gif]]<br />
<br />
== 3D Model of Cyameluric Acid ==<br />
<br />
<br />
<jmol><br />
<jmolApplet><br />
<size>400</size><br />
<title>Sibutramine</title><color>white</color><br />
<uploadedFileContents>Cyameluric_Acid.MOL</uploadedFileContents><br />
</jmolApplet><br />
<br />
<jmolMenu><br />
<item><text>Start spinning</text><script>spin on</script></item><br />
<item><text>Stop spinning</text><script>spin off</script></item><br />
<menuHeight>-1</menuHeight><br />
</jmolMenu><br />
<br />
<br />
</jmol><br />
<br />
<br> <br />
<br />
== History and Origin ==<br />
A derivative of Cyameluric acid was the last molecule to be worked on by Linus Pauling before he died death in 1994. The structure of a Cyameluric acid with a hydroxy group replaced by an azide was found on his chalkboard after his death[[Image:Paulingmolecule.gif]]<ref>Theoretical study of cyameluric acid and related compounds http://www.arkat-usa.org/?VIEW=MANUSCRIPT&MSID=917</ref><br />
<br />
Pauling et al first postulated the existence of a cyamleuric nucleas in 1937. In 1940 Redeman and Lucas made several attempts to prepare cyameluric esters and amides and in the 1960's and 1970's cyameluric salts and other s-heptazine derivatives such as melem (C6N7(NH2)3) were investigated by Finkelstein.<br />
<br />
==Uses==<br />
Cyameluric acid can be used as an adsorbent for the analysis of certain gas-chromotography analyses.<br />
Interests arose in cyameluric acid and its related structures because of its potential use as building blocks for graphitic carbon nitrides. Cohen predicted that C3N4 materials may exist that are harder than diamond.<br />
<br />
Another potential use is that of burn rate supressants for solid rock propellants and flame retardernts. This use is due to the very high thermal stablity of the C6N7 nucleas (~500οC). Also the UV, luminescence and NLO properties may be used in a fashion to develop photo stabilisers and sensitisers.<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<references/></div>Sbj06https://chemwiki.ch.ic.ac.uk/index.php?title=It07:Cyameluric_Acid&diff=12497It07:Cyameluric Acid2007-11-30T15:10:57Z<p>Sbj06: /* History and Origin */</p>
<hr />
<div></noinclude>{| class="toccolours" border="1" style="float: right; clear: right; margin: 0 0 1em 1em; border-collapse: collapse; width: 280px"<br />
! {{chembox header}} | {{PAGENAME}} <!-- replace if not identical with the article name --><br />
|-<br />
| align="center" colspan="2" bgcolor="#ffffff" | [[Image:{{PAGENAME}}.jpg|200px|{{PAGENAME}}]] <!-- replace if not identical with the pagename --><br />
|-<br />
! {{chembox header}} | General<br />
|- <br />
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IUPAC Systematic name]<br />
| 1,3,4,6,7,9,9b-heptaaza-phenalene-2,5,8-triol<br />
<br />
|-<br />
| Other names<br />
| 1(9)H,3(4)H,6(7)H-1,3,4,6,7,9,9b-heptaaza-phenalene-2,5,8-trione<br />
|-<br />
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_formula Molecular formula]<br />
| C<sub>6</sub>H<sub>3</sub>N<sub>7</sub>O<sub>3</sub><br />
|-<br />
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_file_format SMILES] <!-- mostly for organic compounds, omit otherwise --><br />
| OC3=NC1=[N]2C(N=C(O)N=C2=N3)=NC(O)=N1<br />
|-<br />
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molar_mass Molar mass]<br />
| 221.13<br />
|-<br />
| Appearance<br />
| {{{Appearance}}}<br />
|-<br />
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CAS_registry_number CAS number]<br />
| 1502-46-1<br />
|-<br />
! {{chembox header}} | Properties<br />
|-<br />
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Density Density] & [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phase_%28matter%29 phase]<br />
| 0.935g/cm³ <!-- ? g/cm³, solid / ? g/ml, liquid / ? g/l, gas --><br />
|-<br />
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solubility Solubility in water]<br />
| {{{Sol_Water}}} g/100 ml (25°C) <!-- at least put miscible with, not soluble in --><br />
|-<br />
<!-- | Other solvents e.g. [[ethanol]], [[acetone]] --><br />
<!-- | solubility info on other solvents --><br />
<!-- |- --><br />
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melting_point Melting point]<br />
| {{{Mp}}} K <!-- (mention any decomposition) --><br />
|-<br />
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boiling_point Boiling point]<br />
| {{{Bp}}} K<br />
|-<br />
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acid_dissociation_constant Acidity] (p''K''<sub>a</sub>) <!-- omit if not an acid or a base. If several values, be clear --><br />
| {{{pKa}}}<br />
|-<br />
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acid_dissociation_constant Basicity] (p''K''<sub>b</sub>) <!-- omit if not a base. If several values, be clear --><br />
| {{{pKb}}}<br />
|-<br />
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Specific_rotation Chiral rotation <nowiki>[α]</nowiki><sub>D</sub>] <!-- (Only include this for chiral compounds, indicate direction/enantiomer combo if known) --><br />
| {{{Rotation}}}°<br />
|-<br />
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viscosity Viscosity]<br />
| {{{Viscosity}}} [[Poise|cP]] at 25°C <!-- Liquids only, omit if data unavailable. You may use [[Pascal second|Pa.s]] if you prefer --><br />
|-<br />
! {{chembox header}} | Structure<br />
|-<br />
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orbital_hybridisation Molecular shape] <!-- for simple covalent molecules (omit for most large molecules, ionics and complexes) --><br />
| {{{Mol_Shape}}} <!-- e.g. trigonal bipyramidal --><br />
|-<br />
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coordination_geometry Coordination<br />geometry] <!-- for a metal complex or an ionic crystal, otherwise omit --><br />
| {{{Coordination}}} <!-- e.g. trigonal bipyramidal --><br />
|-<br />
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crystal_structure Crystal structure] <!-- omit if not a solid --><br />
| {{{Crystal_Structure}}} <!-- e.g. [[triclinic]], [[monoclinic]], [[orthorhombic]], [[hexagonal]], [[rhombohedral|trigonal]], [[tetragonal]], [[cubic]], and mention "close packed" or similar. You may also cite what class it belongs to, e.g. [[Cadmium_chloride#Crystal_structure|CdCl<sub>2</sub>]] --><br />
|-<br />
| [[Dipole#Molecular_dipoles|Dipole moment]]<br />
| {{{DM}}} [[Debye|D]]<br />
|-<br />
! {{chembox header}} | Hazards <!-- Summary only- MSDS entry provides more complete information --><br />
|-<br />
| [[Material safety data sheet|MSDS]]<br />
| [[{{PAGENAME}} (data page)#Material Safety Data Sheet|External MSDS]] <!-- please replace with proper link--><br />
|-<br />
| Main [[Worker safety and health|hazard]]s<br />
| {{{Hazards}}} <!-- e.g. highly toxic, explosive, flammable, corrosive --><br />
|-<br />
| [[NFPA 704]]<br />
| {{{NFPA}}}<!-- {{NFPA 704 | Health=4 | Flammability=4 | Reactivity=4 | Other=OX }} These are set on "very dangerous" as default- adjust according to actual values --><br />
|-<br />
| [[Flash point]]<br />
| {{{Fp}}}°C<br />
|-<br />
| [[Risk and Safety Statements|R/S statement]]<br />
| [[List of R-phrases|R]]: {{{R-S}}} <br /> [[List of S-phrases|S]]: ?<br />
|-<br />
| [[RTECS]] number<br />
| {{{RTECS}}}<br />
|-<br />
! {{chembox header}} | [[{{PAGENAME}} (data page)|Supplementary data page]]<br />
|-<br />
| [[{{PAGENAME}} (data page)#Structure and properties|Structure and<br />properties]] <br />
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refractive_index ''n''], [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dielectric_constant ε<sub>r</sub>], etc. <br />
|-<br />
| [[{{PAGENAME}} (data page)#Thermodynamic properties|Thermodynamic<br />data]] <br />
| Phase behaviour<br />Solid, liquid, gas <br />
|-<br />
| [[{{PAGENAME}} (data page)#Spectral data|Spectral data]]<br />
| [[UV/VIS spectroscopy|UV]], [[Infrared spectroscopy|IR]], [[nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy|NMR]], [[Mass spectrometry|MS]]<br />
|-<br />
! {{chembox header}} | Related compounds<br />
|-<br />
| Other [[Ion|anion]]s <!-- please omit if not applicable --><br />
| {{{Other_anion}}} <!-- Put in related anions e.g, iron(II) fluoride & iron(II) bromide if compound is iron(II) chloride --><br />
|-<br />
| Other [[Ion|cation]]s <!-- please omit if not applicable --><br />
| {{{Ohter_cation}}} <!-- Put in other oxidation states of same element e.g. [[iron(III) chloride]], also for related metals such as [[manganese(II) chloride]], [[cobalt(II) chloride]], ruthenium(III) chloride--><br />
|-<br />
| Related compounds <br />
<!-- A miscellaneous heading - use for covalent inorganics; e.g. for PCl<sub>3</sub> you would list PCl<sub>5</sub>, POCl<sub>3</sub>, PF<sub>3</sub>, PBr<sub>3</sub>, NCl<sub>3</sub> and AsCl<sub>3</sub>. <br />
Please omit if not applicable --><br />
| {{{Relative_Compounds}}}<br />
|-<br />
| {{chembox header}} | <small>Except where noted otherwise, data are given for<br /> materials in their [[standard state|standard state (at 25&nbsp;°C, 100&nbsp;kPa)]]<br />[[wikipedia:Chemical infobox|Infobox disclaimer and references]]</small><br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
{{Chem-Data_Structure}}<br />
== Structure of Cyameluric Acid ==<br />
[[Image:cyameluric_acid_Sachin.gif]]<ref>E Horvath-Bordon et Al, Alkalicyamelurates, M<sub>3</sub>[C<sub>6</sub>N<sub>7</sub>O<sub>3</sub>].H<sub>2</sub>O, M=Li, K, Na, Rb, Cs: UV-Luminescent and thermally very stable ionic tri-s-triazine derivatives http://pubs.rsc.org/ej/DT/2004/b412517g/<br />
</ref> There are in fact 17 tautomeric forms in total of this substance. The structure shown is the most stable tautomer (the Trioxo 2,5,8 form). Cyameluricacid is commonly drawn as its less stable tautomer[[Image:Tri-OH_cyameluric_acid_Sachin.gif]]<br />
<br />
== 3D Model of Cyameluric Acid ==<br />
<br />
<br />
<jmol><br />
<jmolApplet><br />
<size>400</size><br />
<title>Sibutramine</title><color>white</color><br />
<uploadedFileContents>Cyameluric_Acid.MOL</uploadedFileContents><br />
</jmolApplet><br />
<br />
<jmolMenu><br />
<item><text>Start spinning</text><script>spin on</script></item><br />
<item><text>Stop spinning</text><script>spin off</script></item><br />
<menuHeight>-1</menuHeight><br />
</jmolMenu><br />
<br />
<br />
</jmol><br />
<br />
<br> <br />
<br />
== History and Origin ==<br />
A derivative of Cyameluric acid was the last molecule to be worked on by Linus Pauling before he died death in 1994. The structure of a Cyameluric acid with a hydroxy group replaced by an azide was found on his chalkboard after his death[[Image:Paulingmolecule.gif]]<ref>Theoretical study of cyameluric acid and related compounds http://www.arkat-usa.org/?VIEW=MANUSCRIPT&MSID=917</ref><br />
<br />
Pauling et al first postulated the existence of a cyamleuric nucleas in 1937. In 1940 Redeman and Lucas made several attempts to prepare cyameluric esters and amides and in the 1960's and 1970's cyameluric salts and other s-heptazine derivatives such as melem (C6N7(NH2)3) were investigated by Finkelstein.<br />
<br />
==Uses==<br />
Cyameluric acid can be used as an adsorbent for the analysis of certain gas-chromotography analyses.<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<references/></div>Sbj06https://chemwiki.ch.ic.ac.uk/index.php?title=It07:Cyameluric_Acid&diff=11580It07:Cyameluric Acid2007-11-20T16:14:46Z<p>Sbj06: </p>
<hr />
<div></noinclude>{| class="toccolours" border="1" style="float: right; clear: right; margin: 0 0 1em 1em; border-collapse: collapse; width: 280px"<br />
! {{chembox header}} | {{PAGENAME}} <!-- replace if not identical with the article name --><br />
|-<br />
| align="center" colspan="2" bgcolor="#ffffff" | [[Image:{{PAGENAME}}.jpg|200px|{{PAGENAME}}]] <!-- replace if not identical with the pagename --><br />
|-<br />
! {{chembox header}} | General<br />
|- <br />
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IUPAC Systematic name]<br />
| 1,3,4,6,7,9,9b-heptaaza-phenalene-2,5,8-triol<br />
<br />
|-<br />
| Other names<br />
| 1(9)H,3(4)H,6(7)H-1,3,4,6,7,9,9b-heptaaza-phenalene-2,5,8-trione<br />
|-<br />
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_formula Molecular formula]<br />
| C<sub>6</sub>H<sub>3</sub>N<sub>7</sub>O<sub>3</sub><br />
|-<br />
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_file_format SMILES] <!-- mostly for organic compounds, omit otherwise --><br />
| OC3=NC1=[N]2C(N=C(O)N=C2=N3)=NC(O)=N1<br />
|-<br />
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molar_mass Molar mass]<br />
| 221.13<br />
|-<br />
| Appearance<br />
| {{{Appearance}}}<br />
|-<br />
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CAS_registry_number CAS number]<br />
| 1502-46-1<br />
|-<br />
! {{chembox header}} | Properties<br />
|-<br />
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Density Density] & [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phase_%28matter%29 phase]<br />
| 0.935g/cm³ <!-- ? g/cm³, solid / ? g/ml, liquid / ? g/l, gas --><br />
|-<br />
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solubility Solubility in water]<br />
| {{{Sol_Water}}} g/100 ml (25°C) <!-- at least put miscible with, not soluble in --><br />
|-<br />
<!-- | Other solvents e.g. [[ethanol]], [[acetone]] --><br />
<!-- | solubility info on other solvents --><br />
<!-- |- --><br />
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melting_point Melting point]<br />
| {{{Mp}}} K <!-- (mention any decomposition) --><br />
|-<br />
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boiling_point Boiling point]<br />
| {{{Bp}}} K<br />
|-<br />
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acid_dissociation_constant Acidity] (p''K''<sub>a</sub>) <!-- omit if not an acid or a base. If several values, be clear --><br />
| {{{pKa}}}<br />
|-<br />
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acid_dissociation_constant Basicity] (p''K''<sub>b</sub>) <!-- omit if not a base. If several values, be clear --><br />
| {{{pKb}}}<br />
|-<br />
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Specific_rotation Chiral rotation <nowiki>[α]</nowiki><sub>D</sub>] <!-- (Only include this for chiral compounds, indicate direction/enantiomer combo if known) --><br />
| {{{Rotation}}}°<br />
|-<br />
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viscosity Viscosity]<br />
| {{{Viscosity}}} [[Poise|cP]] at 25°C <!-- Liquids only, omit if data unavailable. You may use [[Pascal second|Pa.s]] if you prefer --><br />
|-<br />
! {{chembox header}} | Structure<br />
|-<br />
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orbital_hybridisation Molecular shape] <!-- for simple covalent molecules (omit for most large molecules, ionics and complexes) --><br />
| {{{Mol_Shape}}} <!-- e.g. trigonal bipyramidal --><br />
|-<br />
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coordination_geometry Coordination<br />geometry] <!-- for a metal complex or an ionic crystal, otherwise omit --><br />
| {{{Coordination}}} <!-- e.g. trigonal bipyramidal --><br />
|-<br />
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crystal_structure Crystal structure] <!-- omit if not a solid --><br />
| {{{Crystal_Structure}}} <!-- e.g. [[triclinic]], [[monoclinic]], [[orthorhombic]], [[hexagonal]], [[rhombohedral|trigonal]], [[tetragonal]], [[cubic]], and mention "close packed" or similar. You may also cite what class it belongs to, e.g. [[Cadmium_chloride#Crystal_structure|CdCl<sub>2</sub>]] --><br />
|-<br />
| [[Dipole#Molecular_dipoles|Dipole moment]]<br />
| {{{DM}}} [[Debye|D]]<br />
|-<br />
! {{chembox header}} | Hazards <!-- Summary only- MSDS entry provides more complete information --><br />
|-<br />
| [[Material safety data sheet|MSDS]]<br />
| [[{{PAGENAME}} (data page)#Material Safety Data Sheet|External MSDS]] <!-- please replace with proper link--><br />
|-<br />
| Main [[Worker safety and health|hazard]]s<br />
| {{{Hazards}}} <!-- e.g. highly toxic, explosive, flammable, corrosive --><br />
|-<br />
| [[NFPA 704]]<br />
| {{{NFPA}}}<!-- {{NFPA 704 | Health=4 | Flammability=4 | Reactivity=4 | Other=OX }} These are set on "very dangerous" as default- adjust according to actual values --><br />
|-<br />
| [[Flash point]]<br />
| {{{Fp}}}°C<br />
|-<br />
| [[Risk and Safety Statements|R/S statement]]<br />
| [[List of R-phrases|R]]: {{{R-S}}} <br /> [[List of S-phrases|S]]: ?<br />
|-<br />
| [[RTECS]] number<br />
| {{{RTECS}}}<br />
|-<br />
! {{chembox header}} | [[{{PAGENAME}} (data page)|Supplementary data page]]<br />
|-<br />
| [[{{PAGENAME}} (data page)#Structure and properties|Structure and<br />properties]] <br />
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refractive_index ''n''], [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dielectric_constant ε<sub>r</sub>], etc. <br />
|-<br />
| [[{{PAGENAME}} (data page)#Thermodynamic properties|Thermodynamic<br />data]] <br />
| Phase behaviour<br />Solid, liquid, gas <br />
|-<br />
| [[{{PAGENAME}} (data page)#Spectral data|Spectral data]]<br />
| [[UV/VIS spectroscopy|UV]], [[Infrared spectroscopy|IR]], [[nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy|NMR]], [[Mass spectrometry|MS]]<br />
|-<br />
! {{chembox header}} | Related compounds<br />
|-<br />
| Other [[Ion|anion]]s <!-- please omit if not applicable --><br />
| {{{Other_anion}}} <!-- Put in related anions e.g, iron(II) fluoride & iron(II) bromide if compound is iron(II) chloride --><br />
|-<br />
| Other [[Ion|cation]]s <!-- please omit if not applicable --><br />
| {{{Ohter_cation}}} <!-- Put in other oxidation states of same element e.g. [[iron(III) chloride]], also for related metals such as [[manganese(II) chloride]], [[cobalt(II) chloride]], ruthenium(III) chloride--><br />
|-<br />
| Related compounds <br />
<!-- A miscellaneous heading - use for covalent inorganics; e.g. for PCl<sub>3</sub> you would list PCl<sub>5</sub>, POCl<sub>3</sub>, PF<sub>3</sub>, PBr<sub>3</sub>, NCl<sub>3</sub> and AsCl<sub>3</sub>. <br />
Please omit if not applicable --><br />
| {{{Relative_Compounds}}}<br />
|-<br />
| {{chembox header}} | <small>Except where noted otherwise, data are given for<br /> materials in their [[standard state|standard state (at 25&nbsp;°C, 100&nbsp;kPa)]]<br />[[wikipedia:Chemical infobox|Infobox disclaimer and references]]</small><br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
{{Chem-Data_Structure}}<br />
== Structure of Cyameluric Acid ==<br />
[[Image:cyameluric_acid_Sachin.gif]]<ref>E Horvath-Bordon et Al, Alkalicyamelurates, M<sub>3</sub>[C<sub>6</sub>N<sub>7</sub>O<sub>3</sub>].H<sub>2</sub>O, M=Li, K, Na, Rb, Cs: UV-Luminescent and thermally very stable ionic tri-s-triazine derivatives http://pubs.rsc.org/ej/DT/2004/b412517g/<br />
</ref> There are in fact 17 tautomeric forms in total of this substance. The structure shown is the most stable tautomer (the Trioxo 2,5,8 form). Cyameluricacid is commonly drawn as its less stable tautomer[[Image:Tri-OH_cyameluric_acid_Sachin.gif]]<br />
<br />
== 3D Model of Cyameluric Acid ==<br />
<br />
<br />
<jmol><br />
<jmolApplet><br />
<size>400</size><br />
<title>Sibutramine</title><color>white</color><br />
<uploadedFileContents>Cyameluric_Acid.MOL</uploadedFileContents><br />
</jmolApplet><br />
<br />
<jmolMenu><br />
<item><text>Start spinning</text><script>spin on</script></item><br />
<item><text>Stop spinning</text><script>spin off</script></item><br />
<menuHeight>-1</menuHeight><br />
</jmolMenu><br />
<br />
<br />
</jmol><br />
<br />
<br> <br />
<br />
== History and Origin ==<br />
A derivative of Cyameluric acid was the last molecule to be worked on by Linus Pauling before he died death in 1994. The structure of a Cyameluric acid with a hydroxy group replaced by an azide was found on his chalkboard after his death[[Image:Paulingmolecule.gif]]<ref>Theoretical study of cyameluric acid and related compounds http://www.arkat-usa.org/?VIEW=MANUSCRIPT&MSID=917</ref><br />
<br />
==Uses==<br />
Cyameluric acid can be used as an adsorbent for the analysis of certain gas-chromotography analyses.<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<references/></div>Sbj06https://chemwiki.ch.ic.ac.uk/index.php?title=File:Tri-OH_cyameluric_acid_Sachin.gif&diff=11574File:Tri-OH cyameluric acid Sachin.gif2007-11-20T16:00:06Z<p>Sbj06: </p>
<hr />
<div></div>Sbj06https://chemwiki.ch.ic.ac.uk/index.php?title=File:Tri-OH_cyameluric_acid_Sachin.cdx&diff=11569File:Tri-OH cyameluric acid Sachin.cdx2007-11-20T15:53:09Z<p>Sbj06: </p>
<hr />
<div></div>Sbj06https://chemwiki.ch.ic.ac.uk/index.php?title=It07:Cyameluric_Acid&diff=11560It07:Cyameluric Acid2007-11-20T15:41:18Z<p>Sbj06: </p>
<hr />
<div></noinclude>{| class="toccolours" border="1" style="float: right; clear: right; margin: 0 0 1em 1em; border-collapse: collapse; width: 280px"<br />
! {{chembox header}} | {{PAGENAME}} <!-- replace if not identical with the article name --><br />
|-<br />
| align="center" colspan="2" bgcolor="#ffffff" | [[Image:{{PAGENAME}}.jpg|200px|{{PAGENAME}}]] <!-- replace if not identical with the pagename --><br />
|-<br />
! {{chembox header}} | General<br />
|- <br />
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IUPAC Systematic name]<br />
| 1,3,4,6,7,9,9b-heptaaza-phenalene-2,5,8-triol<br />
<br />
|-<br />
| Other names<br />
| 1(9)H,3(4)H,6(7)H-1,3,4,6,7,9,9b-heptaaza-phenalene-2,5,8-trione<br />
|-<br />
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_formula Molecular formula]<br />
| C<sub>6</sub>H<sub>3</sub>N<sub>7</sub>O<sub>3</sub><br />
|-<br />
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_file_format SMILES] <!-- mostly for organic compounds, omit otherwise --><br />
| OC3=NC1=[N]2C(N=C(O)N=C2=N3)=NC(O)=N1<br />
|-<br />
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molar_mass Molar mass]<br />
| 221.13<br />
|-<br />
| Appearance<br />
| {{{Appearance}}}<br />
|-<br />
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CAS_registry_number CAS number]<br />
| 1502-46-1<br />
|-<br />
! {{chembox header}} | Properties<br />
|-<br />
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Density Density] & [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phase_%28matter%29 phase]<br />
| 0.935g/cm³ <!-- ? g/cm³, solid / ? g/ml, liquid / ? g/l, gas --><br />
|-<br />
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solubility Solubility in water]<br />
| {{{Sol_Water}}} g/100 ml (25°C) <!-- at least put miscible with, not soluble in --><br />
|-<br />
<!-- | Other solvents e.g. [[ethanol]], [[acetone]] --><br />
<!-- | solubility info on other solvents --><br />
<!-- |- --><br />
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melting_point Melting point]<br />
| {{{Mp}}} K <!-- (mention any decomposition) --><br />
|-<br />
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boiling_point Boiling point]<br />
| {{{Bp}}} K<br />
|-<br />
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acid_dissociation_constant Acidity] (p''K''<sub>a</sub>) <!-- omit if not an acid or a base. If several values, be clear --><br />
| {{{pKa}}}<br />
|-<br />
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acid_dissociation_constant Basicity] (p''K''<sub>b</sub>) <!-- omit if not a base. If several values, be clear --><br />
| {{{pKb}}}<br />
|-<br />
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Specific_rotation Chiral rotation <nowiki>[α]</nowiki><sub>D</sub>] <!-- (Only include this for chiral compounds, indicate direction/enantiomer combo if known) --><br />
| {{{Rotation}}}°<br />
|-<br />
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viscosity Viscosity]<br />
| {{{Viscosity}}} [[Poise|cP]] at 25°C <!-- Liquids only, omit if data unavailable. You may use [[Pascal second|Pa.s]] if you prefer --><br />
|-<br />
! {{chembox header}} | Structure<br />
|-<br />
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orbital_hybridisation Molecular shape] <!-- for simple covalent molecules (omit for most large molecules, ionics and complexes) --><br />
| {{{Mol_Shape}}} <!-- e.g. trigonal bipyramidal --><br />
|-<br />
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coordination_geometry Coordination<br />geometry] <!-- for a metal complex or an ionic crystal, otherwise omit --><br />
| {{{Coordination}}} <!-- e.g. trigonal bipyramidal --><br />
|-<br />
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crystal_structure Crystal structure] <!-- omit if not a solid --><br />
| {{{Crystal_Structure}}} <!-- e.g. [[triclinic]], [[monoclinic]], [[orthorhombic]], [[hexagonal]], [[rhombohedral|trigonal]], [[tetragonal]], [[cubic]], and mention "close packed" or similar. You may also cite what class it belongs to, e.g. [[Cadmium_chloride#Crystal_structure|CdCl<sub>2</sub>]] --><br />
|-<br />
| [[Dipole#Molecular_dipoles|Dipole moment]]<br />
| {{{DM}}} [[Debye|D]]<br />
|-<br />
! {{chembox header}} | Hazards <!-- Summary only- MSDS entry provides more complete information --><br />
|-<br />
| [[Material safety data sheet|MSDS]]<br />
| [[{{PAGENAME}} (data page)#Material Safety Data Sheet|External MSDS]] <!-- please replace with proper link--><br />
|-<br />
| Main [[Worker safety and health|hazard]]s<br />
| {{{Hazards}}} <!-- e.g. highly toxic, explosive, flammable, corrosive --><br />
|-<br />
| [[NFPA 704]]<br />
| {{{NFPA}}}<!-- {{NFPA 704 | Health=4 | Flammability=4 | Reactivity=4 | Other=OX }} These are set on "very dangerous" as default- adjust according to actual values --><br />
|-<br />
| [[Flash point]]<br />
| {{{Fp}}}°C<br />
|-<br />
| [[Risk and Safety Statements|R/S statement]]<br />
| [[List of R-phrases|R]]: {{{R-S}}} <br /> [[List of S-phrases|S]]: ?<br />
|-<br />
| [[RTECS]] number<br />
| {{{RTECS}}}<br />
|-<br />
! {{chembox header}} | [[{{PAGENAME}} (data page)|Supplementary data page]]<br />
|-<br />
| [[{{PAGENAME}} (data page)#Structure and properties|Structure and<br />properties]] <br />
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refractive_index ''n''], [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dielectric_constant ε<sub>r</sub>], etc. <br />
|-<br />
| [[{{PAGENAME}} (data page)#Thermodynamic properties|Thermodynamic<br />data]] <br />
| Phase behaviour<br />Solid, liquid, gas <br />
|-<br />
| [[{{PAGENAME}} (data page)#Spectral data|Spectral data]]<br />
| [[UV/VIS spectroscopy|UV]], [[Infrared spectroscopy|IR]], [[nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy|NMR]], [[Mass spectrometry|MS]]<br />
|-<br />
! {{chembox header}} | Related compounds<br />
|-<br />
| Other [[Ion|anion]]s <!-- please omit if not applicable --><br />
| {{{Other_anion}}} <!-- Put in related anions e.g, iron(II) fluoride & iron(II) bromide if compound is iron(II) chloride --><br />
|-<br />
| Other [[Ion|cation]]s <!-- please omit if not applicable --><br />
| {{{Ohter_cation}}} <!-- Put in other oxidation states of same element e.g. [[iron(III) chloride]], also for related metals such as [[manganese(II) chloride]], [[cobalt(II) chloride]], ruthenium(III) chloride--><br />
|-<br />
| Related compounds <br />
<!-- A miscellaneous heading - use for covalent inorganics; e.g. for PCl<sub>3</sub> you would list PCl<sub>5</sub>, POCl<sub>3</sub>, PF<sub>3</sub>, PBr<sub>3</sub>, NCl<sub>3</sub> and AsCl<sub>3</sub>. <br />
Please omit if not applicable --><br />
| {{{Relative_Compounds}}}<br />
|-<br />
| {{chembox header}} | <small>Except where noted otherwise, data are given for<br /> materials in their [[standard state|standard state (at 25&nbsp;°C, 100&nbsp;kPa)]]<br />[[wikipedia:Chemical infobox|Infobox disclaimer and references]]</small><br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
{{Chem-Data_Structure}}<br />
== Structure of Cyameluric Acid ==<br />
[[Image:cyameluric_acid_Sachin.gif]]<ref>E Horvath-Bordon et Al, Alkalicyamelurates, M<sub>3</sub>[C<sub>6</sub>N<sub>7</sub>O<sub>3</sub>].H<sub>2</sub>O, M=Li, K, Na, Rb, Cs: UV-Luminescent and thermally very stable ionic tri-s-triazine derivatives http://pubs.rsc.org/ej/DT/2004/b412517g/<br />
</ref> There are in fact 17 tautomeric forms in total of this substance. The structure shown is the most stable tautomer (the Trioxo 2,5,8 form)<br />
<br />
== 3D Model of Cyameluric Acid ==<br />
<br />
<br />
<jmol><br />
<jmolApplet><br />
<size>400</size><br />
<title>Sibutramine</title><color>white</color><br />
<uploadedFileContents>Cyameluric_Acid.MOL</uploadedFileContents><br />
</jmolApplet><br />
<br />
<jmolMenu><br />
<item><text>Start spinning</text><script>spin on</script></item><br />
<item><text>Stop spinning</text><script>spin off</script></item><br />
<menuHeight>-1</menuHeight><br />
</jmolMenu><br />
<br />
<br />
</jmol><br />
<br />
<br> <br />
<br />
== History and Origin ==<br />
A derivative of Cyameluric acid was the last molecule to be worked on by Linus Pauling before he died death in 1994. The structure of a Cyameluric acid with a hydroxy group replaced by an azide was found on his chalkboard after his death[[Image:Paulingmolecule.gif]]<ref>Theoretical study of cyameluric acid and related compounds http://www.arkat-usa.org/?VIEW=MANUSCRIPT&MSID=917</ref><br />
<br />
==Uses==<br />
Cyameluric acid can be used as an adsorbent for the analysis of certain gas-chromotography analyses.<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<references/></div>Sbj06https://chemwiki.ch.ic.ac.uk/index.php?title=It07:Cyameluric_Acid&diff=11555It07:Cyameluric Acid2007-11-20T15:30:28Z<p>Sbj06: </p>
<hr />
<div></noinclude>{| class="toccolours" border="1" style="float: right; clear: right; margin: 0 0 1em 1em; border-collapse: collapse; width: 280px"<br />
! {{chembox header}} | {{PAGENAME}} <!-- replace if not identical with the article name --><br />
|-<br />
| align="center" colspan="2" bgcolor="#ffffff" | [[Image:{{PAGENAME}}.jpg|200px|{{PAGENAME}}]] <!-- replace if not identical with the pagename --><br />
|-<br />
! {{chembox header}} | General<br />
|- <br />
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IUPAC Systematic name]<br />
| 1,3,4,6,7,9,9b-heptaaza-phenalene-2,5,8-triol<br />
<br />
|-<br />
| Other names<br />
| 1(9)H,3(4)H,6(7)H-1,3,4,6,7,9,9b-heptaaza-phenalene-2,5,8-trione<br />
|-<br />
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_formula Molecular formula]<br />
| C<sub>6</sub>H<sub>3</sub>N<sub>7</sub>O<sub>3</sub><br />
|-<br />
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_file_format SMILES] <!-- mostly for organic compounds, omit otherwise --><br />
| OC3=NC1=[N]2C(N=C(O)N=C2=N3)=NC(O)=N1<br />
|-<br />
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molar_mass Molar mass]<br />
| 221.13<br />
|-<br />
| Appearance<br />
| {{{Appearance}}}<br />
|-<br />
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CAS_registry_number CAS number]<br />
| 1502-46-1<br />
|-<br />
! {{chembox header}} | Properties<br />
|-<br />
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Density Density] & [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phase_%28matter%29 phase]<br />
| 0.935g/cm³ <!-- ? g/cm³, solid / ? g/ml, liquid / ? g/l, gas --><br />
|-<br />
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solubility Solubility in water]<br />
| {{{Sol_Water}}} g/100 ml (25°C) <!-- at least put miscible with, not soluble in --><br />
|-<br />
<!-- | Other solvents e.g. [[ethanol]], [[acetone]] --><br />
<!-- | solubility info on other solvents --><br />
<!-- |- --><br />
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melting_point Melting point]<br />
| {{{Mp}}} K <!-- (mention any decomposition) --><br />
|-<br />
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boiling_point Boiling point]<br />
| {{{Bp}}} K<br />
|-<br />
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acid_dissociation_constant Acidity] (p''K''<sub>a</sub>) <!-- omit if not an acid or a base. If several values, be clear --><br />
| {{{pKa}}}<br />
|-<br />
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acid_dissociation_constant Basicity] (p''K''<sub>b</sub>) <!-- omit if not a base. If several values, be clear --><br />
| {{{pKb}}}<br />
|-<br />
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Specific_rotation Chiral rotation <nowiki>[α]</nowiki><sub>D</sub>] <!-- (Only include this for chiral compounds, indicate direction/enantiomer combo if known) --><br />
| {{{Rotation}}}°<br />
|-<br />
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viscosity Viscosity]<br />
| {{{Viscosity}}} [[Poise|cP]] at 25°C <!-- Liquids only, omit if data unavailable. You may use [[Pascal second|Pa.s]] if you prefer --><br />
|-<br />
! {{chembox header}} | Structure<br />
|-<br />
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orbital_hybridisation Molecular shape] <!-- for simple covalent molecules (omit for most large molecules, ionics and complexes) --><br />
| {{{Mol_Shape}}} <!-- e.g. trigonal bipyramidal --><br />
|-<br />
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coordination_geometry Coordination<br />geometry] <!-- for a metal complex or an ionic crystal, otherwise omit --><br />
| {{{Coordination}}} <!-- e.g. trigonal bipyramidal --><br />
|-<br />
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crystal_structure Crystal structure] <!-- omit if not a solid --><br />
| {{{Crystal_Structure}}} <!-- e.g. [[triclinic]], [[monoclinic]], [[orthorhombic]], [[hexagonal]], [[rhombohedral|trigonal]], [[tetragonal]], [[cubic]], and mention "close packed" or similar. You may also cite what class it belongs to, e.g. [[Cadmium_chloride#Crystal_structure|CdCl<sub>2</sub>]] --><br />
|-<br />
| [[Dipole#Molecular_dipoles|Dipole moment]]<br />
| {{{DM}}} [[Debye|D]]<br />
|-<br />
! {{chembox header}} | Hazards <!-- Summary only- MSDS entry provides more complete information --><br />
|-<br />
| [[Material safety data sheet|MSDS]]<br />
| [[{{PAGENAME}} (data page)#Material Safety Data Sheet|External MSDS]] <!-- please replace with proper link--><br />
|-<br />
| Main [[Worker safety and health|hazard]]s<br />
| {{{Hazards}}} <!-- e.g. highly toxic, explosive, flammable, corrosive --><br />
|-<br />
| [[NFPA 704]]<br />
| {{{NFPA}}}<!-- {{NFPA 704 | Health=4 | Flammability=4 | Reactivity=4 | Other=OX }} These are set on "very dangerous" as default- adjust according to actual values --><br />
|-<br />
| [[Flash point]]<br />
| {{{Fp}}}°C<br />
|-<br />
| [[Risk and Safety Statements|R/S statement]]<br />
| [[List of R-phrases|R]]: {{{R-S}}} <br /> [[List of S-phrases|S]]: ?<br />
|-<br />
| [[RTECS]] number<br />
| {{{RTECS}}}<br />
|-<br />
! {{chembox header}} | [[{{PAGENAME}} (data page)|Supplementary data page]]<br />
|-<br />
| [[{{PAGENAME}} (data page)#Structure and properties|Structure and<br />properties]] <br />
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refractive_index ''n''], [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dielectric_constant ε<sub>r</sub>], etc. <br />
|-<br />
| [[{{PAGENAME}} (data page)#Thermodynamic properties|Thermodynamic<br />data]] <br />
| Phase behaviour<br />Solid, liquid, gas <br />
|-<br />
| [[{{PAGENAME}} (data page)#Spectral data|Spectral data]]<br />
| [[UV/VIS spectroscopy|UV]], [[Infrared spectroscopy|IR]], [[nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy|NMR]], [[Mass spectrometry|MS]]<br />
|-<br />
! {{chembox header}} | Related compounds<br />
|-<br />
| Other [[Ion|anion]]s <!-- please omit if not applicable --><br />
| {{{Other_anion}}} <!-- Put in related anions e.g, iron(II) fluoride & iron(II) bromide if compound is iron(II) chloride --><br />
|-<br />
| Other [[Ion|cation]]s <!-- please omit if not applicable --><br />
| {{{Ohter_cation}}} <!-- Put in other oxidation states of same element e.g. [[iron(III) chloride]], also for related metals such as [[manganese(II) chloride]], [[cobalt(II) chloride]], ruthenium(III) chloride--><br />
|-<br />
| Related compounds <br />
<!-- A miscellaneous heading - use for covalent inorganics; e.g. for PCl<sub>3</sub> you would list PCl<sub>5</sub>, POCl<sub>3</sub>, PF<sub>3</sub>, PBr<sub>3</sub>, NCl<sub>3</sub> and AsCl<sub>3</sub>. <br />
Please omit if not applicable --><br />
| {{{Relative_Compounds}}}<br />
|-<br />
| {{chembox header}} | <small>Except where noted otherwise, data are given for<br /> materials in their [[standard state|standard state (at 25&nbsp;°C, 100&nbsp;kPa)]]<br />[[wikipedia:Chemical infobox|Infobox disclaimer and references]]</small><br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
{{Chem-Data_Structure}}<br />
== Structure of Cyameluric Acid ==<br />
[[Image:cyameluric_acid_Sachin.gif]]<ref>E Horvath-Bordon et Al, Alkalicyamelurates, M<sub>3</sub>[C<sub>6</sub>N<sub>7</sub>O<sub>3</sub>].H<sub>2</sub>O, M=Li, K, Na, Rb, Cs: UV-Luminescent and thermally very stable ionic tri-s-triazine derivatives http://pubs.rsc.org/ej/DT/2004/b412517g/<br />
</ref> There are in fact 17 tautomeric forms in total of this substance. The structure shown is the most stable tautomer (the tri oxo form)<br />
<br />
== 3D Model of Cyameluric Acid ==<br />
<br />
<br />
<jmol><br />
<jmolApplet><br />
<size>400</size><br />
<title>Sibutramine</title><color>white</color><br />
<uploadedFileContents>Cyameluric_Acid.MOL</uploadedFileContents><br />
</jmolApplet><br />
<br />
<jmolMenu><br />
<item><text>Start spinning</text><script>spin on</script></item><br />
<item><text>Stop spinning</text><script>spin off</script></item><br />
<menuHeight>-1</menuHeight><br />
</jmolMenu><br />
<br />
<br />
</jmol><br />
<br />
<br> <br />
<br />
== History and Origin ==<br />
A derivative of Cyameluric acid was the last molecule to be worked on by Linus Pauling before he died death in 1994. The structure of a Cyameluric acid with a hydroxy group replaced by an azide was found on his chalkboard after his death[[Image:Paulingmolecule.gif]]<ref>Theoretical study of cyameluric acid and related compounds http://www.arkat-usa.org/?VIEW=MANUSCRIPT&MSID=917</ref><br />
<br />
==Uses==<br />
Cyameluric acid can be used as an adsorbent for the analysis of certain gas-chromotography analyses.<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<references/></div>Sbj06https://chemwiki.ch.ic.ac.uk/index.php?title=Infrared_spectroscopy&diff=11450Infrared spectroscopy2007-11-19T16:20:56Z<p>Sbj06: /* IR of Capreomycin IA */</p>
<hr />
<div>==IR of Capreomycin IA==<br />
[[Image:IR_cyameluric_acid_Sachin.gif]]</div>Sbj06https://chemwiki.ch.ic.ac.uk/index.php?title=File:IR_cyameluric_acid_Sachin.gif&diff=11448File:IR cyameluric acid Sachin.gif2007-11-19T16:18:36Z<p>Sbj06: </p>
<hr />
<div></div>Sbj06https://chemwiki.ch.ic.ac.uk/index.php?title=It07:Cyameluric_Acid&diff=11442It07:Cyameluric Acid2007-11-19T16:09:25Z<p>Sbj06: </p>
<hr />
<div></noinclude>{| class="toccolours" border="1" style="float: right; clear: right; margin: 0 0 1em 1em; border-collapse: collapse; width: 280px"<br />
! {{chembox header}} | {{PAGENAME}} <!-- replace if not identical with the article name --><br />
|-<br />
| align="center" colspan="2" bgcolor="#ffffff" | [[Image:{{PAGENAME}}.jpg|200px|{{PAGENAME}}]] <!-- replace if not identical with the pagename --><br />
|-<br />
! {{chembox header}} | General<br />
|- <br />
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IUPAC Systematic name]<br />
| 1,3,4,6,7,9,9b-heptaaza-phenalene-2,5,8-triol<br />
<br />
|-<br />
| Other names<br />
| 1(9)H,3(4)H,6(7)H-1,3,4,6,7,9,9b-heptaaza-phenalene-2,5,8-trione<br />
|-<br />
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_formula Molecular formula]<br />
| C<sub>6</sub>H<sub>3</sub>N<sub>7</sub>O<sub>3</sub><br />
|-<br />
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_file_format SMILES] <!-- mostly for organic compounds, omit otherwise --><br />
| OC3=NC1=[N]2C(N=C(O)N=C2=N3)=NC(O)=N1<br />
|-<br />
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molar_mass Molar mass]<br />
| 221.13<br />
|-<br />
| Appearance<br />
| {{{Appearance}}}<br />
|-<br />
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CAS_registry_number CAS number]<br />
| 1502-46-1<br />
|-<br />
! {{chembox header}} | Properties<br />
|-<br />
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Density Density] & [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phase_%28matter%29 phase]<br />
| 0.935g/cm³ <!-- ? g/cm³, solid / ? g/ml, liquid / ? g/l, gas --><br />
|-<br />
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solubility Solubility in water]<br />
| {{{Sol_Water}}} g/100 ml (25°C) <!-- at least put miscible with, not soluble in --><br />
|-<br />
<!-- | Other solvents e.g. [[ethanol]], [[acetone]] --><br />
<!-- | solubility info on other solvents --><br />
<!-- |- --><br />
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melting_point Melting point]<br />
| {{{Mp}}} K <!-- (mention any decomposition) --><br />
|-<br />
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boiling_point Boiling point]<br />
| {{{Bp}}} K<br />
|-<br />
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acid_dissociation_constant Acidity] (p''K''<sub>a</sub>) <!-- omit if not an acid or a base. If several values, be clear --><br />
| {{{pKa}}}<br />
|-<br />
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acid_dissociation_constant Basicity] (p''K''<sub>b</sub>) <!-- omit if not a base. If several values, be clear --><br />
| {{{pKb}}}<br />
|-<br />
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Specific_rotation Chiral rotation <nowiki>[α]</nowiki><sub>D</sub>] <!-- (Only include this for chiral compounds, indicate direction/enantiomer combo if known) --><br />
| {{{Rotation}}}°<br />
|-<br />
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viscosity Viscosity]<br />
| {{{Viscosity}}} [[Poise|cP]] at 25°C <!-- Liquids only, omit if data unavailable. You may use [[Pascal second|Pa.s]] if you prefer --><br />
|-<br />
! {{chembox header}} | Structure<br />
|-<br />
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orbital_hybridisation Molecular shape] <!-- for simple covalent molecules (omit for most large molecules, ionics and complexes) --><br />
| {{{Mol_Shape}}} <!-- e.g. trigonal bipyramidal --><br />
|-<br />
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coordination_geometry Coordination<br />geometry] <!-- for a metal complex or an ionic crystal, otherwise omit --><br />
| {{{Coordination}}} <!-- e.g. trigonal bipyramidal --><br />
|-<br />
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crystal_structure Crystal structure] <!-- omit if not a solid --><br />
| {{{Crystal_Structure}}} <!-- e.g. [[triclinic]], [[monoclinic]], [[orthorhombic]], [[hexagonal]], [[rhombohedral|trigonal]], [[tetragonal]], [[cubic]], and mention "close packed" or similar. You may also cite what class it belongs to, e.g. [[Cadmium_chloride#Crystal_structure|CdCl<sub>2</sub>]] --><br />
|-<br />
| [[Dipole#Molecular_dipoles|Dipole moment]]<br />
| {{{DM}}} [[Debye|D]]<br />
|-<br />
! {{chembox header}} | Hazards <!-- Summary only- MSDS entry provides more complete information --><br />
|-<br />
| [[Material safety data sheet|MSDS]]<br />
| [[{{PAGENAME}} (data page)#Material Safety Data Sheet|External MSDS]] <!-- please replace with proper link--><br />
|-<br />
| Main [[Worker safety and health|hazard]]s<br />
| {{{Hazards}}} <!-- e.g. highly toxic, explosive, flammable, corrosive --><br />
|-<br />
| [[NFPA 704]]<br />
| {{{NFPA}}}<!-- {{NFPA 704 | Health=4 | Flammability=4 | Reactivity=4 | Other=OX }} These are set on "very dangerous" as default- adjust according to actual values --><br />
|-<br />
| [[Flash point]]<br />
| {{{Fp}}}°C<br />
|-<br />
| [[Risk and Safety Statements|R/S statement]]<br />
| [[List of R-phrases|R]]: {{{R-S}}} <br /> [[List of S-phrases|S]]: ?<br />
|-<br />
| [[RTECS]] number<br />
| {{{RTECS}}}<br />
|-<br />
! {{chembox header}} | [[{{PAGENAME}} (data page)|Supplementary data page]]<br />
|-<br />
| [[{{PAGENAME}} (data page)#Structure and properties|Structure and<br />properties]] <br />
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refractive_index ''n''], [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dielectric_constant ε<sub>r</sub>], etc. <br />
|-<br />
| [[{{PAGENAME}} (data page)#Thermodynamic properties|Thermodynamic<br />data]] <br />
| Phase behaviour<br />Solid, liquid, gas <br />
|-<br />
| [[{{PAGENAME}} (data page)#Spectral data|Spectral data]]<br />
| [[UV/VIS spectroscopy|UV]], [[Infrared spectroscopy|IR]], [[nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy|NMR]], [[Mass spectrometry|MS]]<br />
|-<br />
! {{chembox header}} | Related compounds<br />
|-<br />
| Other [[Ion|anion]]s <!-- please omit if not applicable --><br />
| {{{Other_anion}}} <!-- Put in related anions e.g, iron(II) fluoride & iron(II) bromide if compound is iron(II) chloride --><br />
|-<br />
| Other [[Ion|cation]]s <!-- please omit if not applicable --><br />
| {{{Ohter_cation}}} <!-- Put in other oxidation states of same element e.g. [[iron(III) chloride]], also for related metals such as [[manganese(II) chloride]], [[cobalt(II) chloride]], ruthenium(III) chloride--><br />
|-<br />
| Related compounds <br />
<!-- A miscellaneous heading - use for covalent inorganics; e.g. for PCl<sub>3</sub> you would list PCl<sub>5</sub>, POCl<sub>3</sub>, PF<sub>3</sub>, PBr<sub>3</sub>, NCl<sub>3</sub> and AsCl<sub>3</sub>. <br />
Please omit if not applicable --><br />
| {{{Relative_Compounds}}}<br />
|-<br />
| {{chembox header}} | <small>Except where noted otherwise, data are given for<br /> materials in their [[standard state|standard state (at 25&nbsp;°C, 100&nbsp;kPa)]]<br />[[wikipedia:Chemical infobox|Infobox disclaimer and references]]</small><br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
{{Chem-Data_Structure}}<br />
== Structure of Cyameluric Acid ==<br />
[[Image:cyameluric_acid_Sachin.gif]]<ref>E Horvath-Bordon et Al, Alkalicyamelurates, M<sub>3</sub>[C<sub>6</sub>N<sub>7</sub>O<sub>3</sub>].H<sub>2</sub>O, M=Li, K, Na, Rb, Cs: UV-Luminescent and thermally very stable ionic tri-s-triazine derivatives http://pubs.rsc.org/ej/DT/2004/b412517g/<br />
</ref><br />
<br />
== 3D Model of Cyameluric Acid ==<br />
<br />
<br />
<jmol><br />
<jmolApplet><br />
<size>400</size><br />
<title>Sibutramine</title><color>white</color><br />
<uploadedFileContents>Cyameluric_Acid.MOL</uploadedFileContents><br />
</jmolApplet><br />
<br />
<jmolMenu><br />
<item><text>Start spinning</text><script>spin on</script></item><br />
<item><text>Stop spinning</text><script>spin off</script></item><br />
<menuHeight>-1</menuHeight><br />
</jmolMenu><br />
<br />
<br />
</jmol><br />
<br />
<br> <br />
<br />
== History and Origin ==<br />
A derivative of Cyameluric acid was the last molecule to be worked on by Linus Pauling before he died death in 1994. The structure of a Cyameluric acid with a hydroxy group replaced by an azide was found on his chalkboard after his death[[Image:Paulingmolecule.gif]]<ref>Theoretical study of cyameluric acid and related compounds http://www.arkat-usa.org/?VIEW=MANUSCRIPT&MSID=917</ref><br />
<br />
==Uses==<br />
Cyameluric acid can be used as an adsorbent for the analysis of certain gas-chromotography analyses.<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<references/></div>Sbj06https://chemwiki.ch.ic.ac.uk/index.php?title=It07:Cyameluric_Acid&diff=11363It07:Cyameluric Acid2007-11-19T15:31:52Z<p>Sbj06: </p>
<hr />
<div></noinclude>{| class="toccolours" border="1" style="float: right; clear: right; margin: 0 0 1em 1em; border-collapse: collapse; width: 280px"<br />
! {{chembox header}} | {{PAGENAME}} <!-- replace if not identical with the article name --><br />
|-<br />
| align="center" colspan="2" bgcolor="#ffffff" | [[Image:{{PAGENAME}}.jpg|200px|{{PAGENAME}}]] <!-- replace if not identical with the pagename --><br />
|-<br />
! {{chembox header}} | General<br />
|- <br />
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IUPAC Systematic name]<br />
| 1,3,4,6,7,9,9b-heptaaza-phenalene-2,5,8-triol<br />
<br />
|-<br />
| Other names<br />
| 1(9)H,3(4)H,6(7)H-1,3,4,6,7,9,9b-heptaaza-phenalene-2,5,8-trione<br />
|-<br />
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_formula Molecular formula]<br />
| C<sub>6</sub>H<sub>3</sub>N<sub>7</sub>O<sub>3</sub><br />
|-<br />
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_file_format SMILES] <!-- mostly for organic compounds, omit otherwise --><br />
| OC3=NC1=[N]2C(N=C(O)N=C2=N3)=NC(O)=N1<br />
|-<br />
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molar_mass Molar mass]<br />
| 221.13<br />
|-<br />
| Appearance<br />
| {{{Appearance}}}<br />
|-<br />
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CAS_registry_number CAS number]<br />
| 1502-46-1<br />
|-<br />
! {{chembox header}} | Properties<br />
|-<br />
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Density Density] & [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phase_%28matter%29 phase]<br />
| {{{0.935}}} g/cm³ <!-- ? g/cm³, solid / ? g/ml, liquid / ? g/l, gas --><br />
|-<br />
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solubility Solubility in water]<br />
| {{{Sol_Water}}} g/100 ml (25°C) <!-- at least put miscible with, not soluble in --><br />
|-<br />
<!-- | Other solvents e.g. [[ethanol]], [[acetone]] --><br />
<!-- | solubility info on other solvents --><br />
<!-- |- --><br />
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melting_point Melting point]<br />
| {{{Mp}}} K <!-- (mention any decomposition) --><br />
|-<br />
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boiling_point Boiling point]<br />
| {{{Bp}}} K<br />
|-<br />
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acid_dissociation_constant Acidity] (p''K''<sub>a</sub>) <!-- omit if not an acid or a base. If several values, be clear --><br />
| {{{pKa}}}<br />
|-<br />
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acid_dissociation_constant Basicity] (p''K''<sub>b</sub>) <!-- omit if not a base. If several values, be clear --><br />
| {{{pKb}}}<br />
|-<br />
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Specific_rotation Chiral rotation <nowiki>[α]</nowiki><sub>D</sub>] <!-- (Only include this for chiral compounds, indicate direction/enantiomer combo if known) --><br />
| {{{Rotation}}}°<br />
|-<br />
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viscosity Viscosity]<br />
| {{{Viscosity}}} [[Poise|cP]] at 25°C <!-- Liquids only, omit if data unavailable. You may use [[Pascal second|Pa.s]] if you prefer --><br />
|-<br />
! {{chembox header}} | Structure<br />
|-<br />
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orbital_hybridisation Molecular shape] <!-- for simple covalent molecules (omit for most large molecules, ionics and complexes) --><br />
| {{{Mol_Shape}}} <!-- e.g. trigonal bipyramidal --><br />
|-<br />
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coordination_geometry Coordination<br />geometry] <!-- for a metal complex or an ionic crystal, otherwise omit --><br />
| {{{Coordination}}} <!-- e.g. trigonal bipyramidal --><br />
|-<br />
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crystal_structure Crystal structure] <!-- omit if not a solid --><br />
| {{{Crystal_Structure}}} <!-- e.g. [[triclinic]], [[monoclinic]], [[orthorhombic]], [[hexagonal]], [[rhombohedral|trigonal]], [[tetragonal]], [[cubic]], and mention "close packed" or similar. You may also cite what class it belongs to, e.g. [[Cadmium_chloride#Crystal_structure|CdCl<sub>2</sub>]] --><br />
|-<br />
| [[Dipole#Molecular_dipoles|Dipole moment]]<br />
| {{{DM}}} [[Debye|D]]<br />
|-<br />
! {{chembox header}} | Hazards <!-- Summary only- MSDS entry provides more complete information --><br />
|-<br />
| [[Material safety data sheet|MSDS]]<br />
| [[{{PAGENAME}} (data page)#Material Safety Data Sheet|External MSDS]] <!-- please replace with proper link--><br />
|-<br />
| Main [[Worker safety and health|hazard]]s<br />
| {{{Hazards}}} <!-- e.g. highly toxic, explosive, flammable, corrosive --><br />
|-<br />
| [[NFPA 704]]<br />
| {{{NFPA}}}<!-- {{NFPA 704 | Health=4 | Flammability=4 | Reactivity=4 | Other=OX }} These are set on "very dangerous" as default- adjust according to actual values --><br />
|-<br />
| [[Flash point]]<br />
| {{{Fp}}}°C<br />
|-<br />
| [[Risk and Safety Statements|R/S statement]]<br />
| [[List of R-phrases|R]]: {{{R-S}}} <br /> [[List of S-phrases|S]]: ?<br />
|-<br />
| [[RTECS]] number<br />
| {{{RTECS}}}<br />
|-<br />
! {{chembox header}} | [[{{PAGENAME}} (data page)|Supplementary data page]]<br />
|-<br />
| [[{{PAGENAME}} (data page)#Structure and properties|Structure and<br />properties]] <br />
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refractive_index ''n''], [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dielectric_constant ε<sub>r</sub>], etc. <br />
|-<br />
| [[{{PAGENAME}} (data page)#Thermodynamic properties|Thermodynamic<br />data]] <br />
| Phase behaviour<br />Solid, liquid, gas <br />
|-<br />
| [[{{PAGENAME}} (data page)#Spectral data|Spectral data]]<br />
| [[UV/VIS spectroscopy|UV]], [[Infrared spectroscopy|IR]], [[nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy|NMR]], [[Mass spectrometry|MS]]<br />
|-<br />
! {{chembox header}} | Related compounds<br />
|-<br />
| Other [[Ion|anion]]s <!-- please omit if not applicable --><br />
| {{{Other_anion}}} <!-- Put in related anions e.g, iron(II) fluoride & iron(II) bromide if compound is iron(II) chloride --><br />
|-<br />
| Other [[Ion|cation]]s <!-- please omit if not applicable --><br />
| {{{Ohter_cation}}} <!-- Put in other oxidation states of same element e.g. [[iron(III) chloride]], also for related metals such as [[manganese(II) chloride]], [[cobalt(II) chloride]], ruthenium(III) chloride--><br />
|-<br />
| Related compounds <br />
<!-- A miscellaneous heading - use for covalent inorganics; e.g. for PCl<sub>3</sub> you would list PCl<sub>5</sub>, POCl<sub>3</sub>, PF<sub>3</sub>, PBr<sub>3</sub>, NCl<sub>3</sub> and AsCl<sub>3</sub>. <br />
Please omit if not applicable --><br />
| {{{Relative_Compounds}}}<br />
|-<br />
| {{chembox header}} | <small>Except where noted otherwise, data are given for<br /> materials in their [[standard state|standard state (at 25&nbsp;°C, 100&nbsp;kPa)]]<br />[[wikipedia:Chemical infobox|Infobox disclaimer and references]]</small><br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
{{Chem-Data_Structure}}<br />
== Structure of Cyameluric Acid ==<br />
[[Image:cyameluric_acid_Sachin.gif]]<br />
<br />
== 3D Model of Cyameluric Acid ==<br />
<br />
<br />
<jmol><br />
<jmolApplet><br />
<size>400</size><br />
<title>Sibutramine</title><color>white</color><br />
<uploadedFileContents>Cyameluric_Acid.MOL</uploadedFileContents><br />
</jmolApplet><br />
<br />
<jmolMenu><br />
<item><text>Start spinning</text><script>spin on</script></item><br />
<item><text>Stop spinning</text><script>spin off</script></item><br />
<menuHeight>-1</menuHeight><br />
</jmolMenu><br />
<br />
<br />
</jmol><br />
<br />
<br> <br />
<br />
== History and Origin ==<br />
A derivative of Cyameluric acid was the last molecule to be worked on by Linus Pauling before he died death in 1994. The structure of a Cyameluric acid with a hydroxy group replaced by an azide was found on his chalkboard after his death[[Image:Paulingmolecule.gif]]</div>Sbj06https://chemwiki.ch.ic.ac.uk/index.php?title=File:Cyameluric_acid_Sachin.gif&diff=11360File:Cyameluric acid Sachin.gif2007-11-19T15:30:15Z<p>Sbj06: </p>
<hr />
<div></div>Sbj06