ChemWiki - User contributions [en]

It:Furosemide

2006-10-26T15:18:34Z

Ls305: /* How Does Furosemide Work? */

=Furosemide=
[[Image:furosemide.png]]

<jmol>
<jmolApplet>
<size>300</size>
<color>black</color>
<script>zoom 100; cpk off;frame 1; move 10 -20 10 0 0 0 0 0 3; delay 1;</script>
<inlineContents>HEADER NONAME 26-Oct-06 NONE 1
TITLE NONE 2
AUTHOR WWW daemon apache NONE 3
REVDAT 1 26-Oct-06 0 NONE 4
ATOM 1 O 0 0.008 3.767 -0.058 0.00 0.00 O+0
ATOM 2 C 0 0.678 2.605 0.065 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 3 C 0 -0.056 1.328 0.063 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 4 C 0 -1.454 1.321 0.056 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 5 C 0 -2.135 0.125 0.055 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 6 S 0 -3.897 0.119 0.047 0.00 0.00 S+0
ATOM 7 N 0 -4.383 -0.552 -1.387 0.00 0.00 N+0
ATOM 8 O 0 -4.285 -0.804 1.056 0.00 0.00 O+0
ATOM 9 O 0 -4.287 1.484 -0.014 0.00 0.00 O+0
ATOM 10 C 0 -1.441 -1.077 0.058 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 11 Cl 0 -2.314 -2.578 0.055 0.00 0.00 Cl+0
ATOM 12 C 0 -0.060 -1.087 0.065 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 13 C 0 0.644 0.111 0.061 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 14 N 0 2.032 0.104 0.062 0.00 0.00 N+0
ATOM 15 C 0 2.759 -1.162 -0.061 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 16 C 0 4.242 -0.895 -0.034 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 17 C 0 5.015 -0.862 1.067 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 18 C 0 6.331 -0.580 0.634 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 19 C 0 6.284 -0.459 -0.705 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 20 O 0 5.016 -0.657 -1.104 0.00 0.00 O+0
ATOM 21 O 0 1.888 2.609 0.177 0.00 0.00 O+0
ATOM 22 H 0 0.490 4.606 -0.056 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 23 H 0 -2.000 2.253 0.053 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 24 H 0 -3.723 -0.852 -2.031 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 25 H 0 -5.329 -0.645 -1.583 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 26 H 0 0.473 -2.026 0.068 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 27 H 0 2.521 0.938 0.143 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 28 H 0 2.492 -1.816 0.770 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 29 H 0 2.493 -1.644 -1.002 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 30 H 0 4.692 -1.019 2.085 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 31 H 0 7.207 -0.481 1.258 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 32 H 0 7.123 -0.243 -1.350 0.00 0.00 H+0
CONECT 1 2 22 0 0 NONE 37
CONECT 2 1 3 21 0 NONE 38
CONECT 3 2 4 13 0 NONE 39
CONECT 4 3 5 23 0 NONE 40
CONECT 5 4 6 10 0 NONE 41
CONECT 6 5 7 8 9 NONE 42
CONECT 7 6 24 25 0 NONE 43
CONECT 8 6 0 0 0 NONE 44
CONECT 9 6 0 0 0 NONE 45
CONECT 10 5 11 12 0 NONE 46
CONECT 11 10 0 0 0 NONE 47
CONECT 12 10 13 26 0 NONE 48
CONECT 13 3 12 14 0 NONE 49
CONECT 14 13 15 27 0 NONE 50
CONECT 15 14 16 28 29 NONE 51
CONECT 16 15 20 17 0 NONE 52
CONECT 17 16 18 30 0 NONE 53
CONECT 18 17 19 31 0 NONE 54
CONECT 19 18 20 32 0 NONE 55
CONECT 20 19 16 0 0 NONE 56
CONECT 21 2 0 0 0 NONE 57
END</inlineContents>
</jmolApplet>
</jmol>
==Chemical Information==
{| border="1"
|-
!Systematic Name
|5-(aminosulfonyl)-4-chloro-2-[(2-furanylmethyl)amino]benzoic acid
|-
!Molecular Formula
|C12H11N2ClO5S
|-
!Brand names
|Aisemide®, Beronald®, Desdemin®, Discoid®, Diural®, Diurapid®, Dryptal®, Durafurid®, Errolon®, Eutensin®, Frusetic®, Frusid®, Fulsix®, Fuluvamide®, Furesis®, Furo-Puren®, Furosedon®, Hydro-rapid®, Impugan®, Katlex®, Lasilix®, Lasix®, Lowpston®, Macasirool®, Mirfat®, Nicorol®, Odemase®, Oedemex®, Profemin®, Rosemide®, Rusyde®, Trofurit®, and Urex®[http://www.furosemide.com/ [3]]
|}

==What is Furosemide==
Furosemide is a loop diuretic due to the fact that it leads to water loss. This is done by the drug increasing the urine production. It stops the body from absorbing to much salt. This means that the salt is then passed out of the body.

Furosemide can be used to treat:
*congestive heart failure
*fluid accumulation and swelling (edema)
*False pregancy (which occurs in female dogs)
*acute and chronic kidney failure
*cirrhosis
*nephrotic syndrome
It is a white tablet which is taken orally

==How Does Furosemide Work?==
Loop diuretics encourage the kidneys to remove more water from the blood and pass it into the urine therefore more urine is produced. This process reduces the volume of blood circulating in the body, which decreases the workload on the heart. At the same time, diuretics cause fluid to be drawn out of the tissues that are overloaded.

Loop diuretics cause the kidneys to filter out more sodium and potassium, which means that water is drawn out with them. The body automatically keeps the amount of water in the blood and in the tissues equal. This means that when water is removed from the blood, water is drawn out of the tissues to dilute the blood and the symptoms of fluid overload are relieved.

Furosemide causes a large increase in urine output (diuresis). This diuretic effect can cause depletion of water and electrolytes in the body. Careful medical supervision during treatment is therefore necessary.[http://www.bupa.co.uk/health_information/html/medicine/loop_diuretics.html#top 4]

==Side effects==
The common side effects for furosemide are:
*water and electrolyte depletion
*Increased sugar levels in blood[http://www.marvistavet.com/html/body_furosemide.html [1]]
*low blood pressure.
*It also reduces excretion of lithium so can cause lithium toxicity

Less common side effects are:
*jaundice
*ringing in ears (tinnitus)
*rash
*pancreatitis
*nausea
*abdominal pain
*dizziness
*anemia [http://www.medicinenet.com/furosemide/article.htm [2]]

==When should Furosemide not be taken?==
Furosemide should not be taken if you have any of the following:
* an allergy to sulfa medicines
* kidney disease
* liver disease
* diabetes mellitus
* gout
It is not known if an unborn baby would be affected by the drug. [http://health.yahoo.com/drug/d00070a1#d00070a1-nottake 5]

==References==
1.http://www.marvistavet.com/html/body_furosemide.html

2.http://www.medicinenet.com/furosemide/article.htm

3.http://www.furosemide.com/

4.http://www.bupa.co.uk/health_information/html/medicine/loop_diuretics.html#top

5.http://health.yahoo.com/drug/d00070a1#d00070a1-nottake

It:Furosemide

2006-10-26T15:16:13Z

Ls305: /* References */

=Furosemide=
[[Image:furosemide.png]]

<jmol>
<jmolApplet>
<size>300</size>
<color>black</color>
<script>zoom 100; cpk off;frame 1; move 10 -20 10 0 0 0 0 0 3; delay 1;</script>
<inlineContents>HEADER NONAME 26-Oct-06 NONE 1
TITLE NONE 2
AUTHOR WWW daemon apache NONE 3
REVDAT 1 26-Oct-06 0 NONE 4
ATOM 1 O 0 0.008 3.767 -0.058 0.00 0.00 O+0
ATOM 2 C 0 0.678 2.605 0.065 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 3 C 0 -0.056 1.328 0.063 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 4 C 0 -1.454 1.321 0.056 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 5 C 0 -2.135 0.125 0.055 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 6 S 0 -3.897 0.119 0.047 0.00 0.00 S+0
ATOM 7 N 0 -4.383 -0.552 -1.387 0.00 0.00 N+0
ATOM 8 O 0 -4.285 -0.804 1.056 0.00 0.00 O+0
ATOM 9 O 0 -4.287 1.484 -0.014 0.00 0.00 O+0
ATOM 10 C 0 -1.441 -1.077 0.058 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 11 Cl 0 -2.314 -2.578 0.055 0.00 0.00 Cl+0
ATOM 12 C 0 -0.060 -1.087 0.065 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 13 C 0 0.644 0.111 0.061 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 14 N 0 2.032 0.104 0.062 0.00 0.00 N+0
ATOM 15 C 0 2.759 -1.162 -0.061 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 16 C 0 4.242 -0.895 -0.034 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 17 C 0 5.015 -0.862 1.067 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 18 C 0 6.331 -0.580 0.634 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 19 C 0 6.284 -0.459 -0.705 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 20 O 0 5.016 -0.657 -1.104 0.00 0.00 O+0
ATOM 21 O 0 1.888 2.609 0.177 0.00 0.00 O+0
ATOM 22 H 0 0.490 4.606 -0.056 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 23 H 0 -2.000 2.253 0.053 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 24 H 0 -3.723 -0.852 -2.031 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 25 H 0 -5.329 -0.645 -1.583 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 26 H 0 0.473 -2.026 0.068 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 27 H 0 2.521 0.938 0.143 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 28 H 0 2.492 -1.816 0.770 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 29 H 0 2.493 -1.644 -1.002 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 30 H 0 4.692 -1.019 2.085 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 31 H 0 7.207 -0.481 1.258 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 32 H 0 7.123 -0.243 -1.350 0.00 0.00 H+0
CONECT 1 2 22 0 0 NONE 37
CONECT 2 1 3 21 0 NONE 38
CONECT 3 2 4 13 0 NONE 39
CONECT 4 3 5 23 0 NONE 40
CONECT 5 4 6 10 0 NONE 41
CONECT 6 5 7 8 9 NONE 42
CONECT 7 6 24 25 0 NONE 43
CONECT 8 6 0 0 0 NONE 44
CONECT 9 6 0 0 0 NONE 45
CONECT 10 5 11 12 0 NONE 46
CONECT 11 10 0 0 0 NONE 47
CONECT 12 10 13 26 0 NONE 48
CONECT 13 3 12 14 0 NONE 49
CONECT 14 13 15 27 0 NONE 50
CONECT 15 14 16 28 29 NONE 51
CONECT 16 15 20 17 0 NONE 52
CONECT 17 16 18 30 0 NONE 53
CONECT 18 17 19 31 0 NONE 54
CONECT 19 18 20 32 0 NONE 55
CONECT 20 19 16 0 0 NONE 56
CONECT 21 2 0 0 0 NONE 57
END</inlineContents>
</jmolApplet>
</jmol>
==Chemical Information==
{| border="1"
|-
!Systematic Name
|5-(aminosulfonyl)-4-chloro-2-[(2-furanylmethyl)amino]benzoic acid
|-
!Molecular Formula
|C12H11N2ClO5S
|-
!Brand names
|Aisemide®, Beronald®, Desdemin®, Discoid®, Diural®, Diurapid®, Dryptal®, Durafurid®, Errolon®, Eutensin®, Frusetic®, Frusid®, Fulsix®, Fuluvamide®, Furesis®, Furo-Puren®, Furosedon®, Hydro-rapid®, Impugan®, Katlex®, Lasilix®, Lasix®, Lowpston®, Macasirool®, Mirfat®, Nicorol®, Odemase®, Oedemex®, Profemin®, Rosemide®, Rusyde®, Trofurit®, and Urex®[http://www.furosemide.com/ [3]]
|}

==What is Furosemide==
Furosemide is a loop diuretic due to the fact that it leads to water loss. This is done by the drug increasing the urine production. It stops the body from absorbing to much salt. This means that the salt is then passed out of the body.

Furosemide can be used to treat:
*congestive heart failure
*fluid accumulation and swelling (edema)
*False pregancy (which occurs in female dogs)
*acute and chronic kidney failure
*cirrhosis
*nephrotic syndrome
It is a white tablet which is taken orally

==How Does Furosemide Work?==
Loop diuretics encourage the kidneys to remove more water from the blood and pass it into the urine therefore more urine is produced. This process reduces the volume of blood circulating in the body, which decreases the workload on the heart. At the same time, diuretics cause fluid to be drawn out of the tissues that are overloaded.

Loop diuretics cause the kidneys to filter out more sodium and potassium, which means that water is drawn out with them. The body automatically keeps the amount of water in the blood and in the tissues equal. This means that when water is removed from the blood, water is drawn out of the tissues to dilute the blood and the symptoms of fluid overload are relieved.

Furosemide causes a large increase in urine output (diuresis). This diuretic effect can cause depletion of water and electrolytes in the body. Careful medical supervision during treatment is therefore necessary.

==Side effects==
The common side effects for furosemide are:
*water and electrolyte depletion
*Increased sugar levels in blood[http://www.marvistavet.com/html/body_furosemide.html [1]]
*low blood pressure.
*It also reduces excretion of lithium so can cause lithium toxicity

Less common side effects are:
*jaundice
*ringing in ears (tinnitus)
*rash
*pancreatitis
*nausea
*abdominal pain
*dizziness
*anemia [http://www.medicinenet.com/furosemide/article.htm [2]]

==References==
1.http://www.marvistavet.com/html/body_furosemide.html

2.http://www.medicinenet.com/furosemide/article.htm

3.http://www.furosemide.com/

4.http://www.bupa.co.uk/health_information/html/medicine/loop_diuretics.html#top

It:Furosemide

2006-10-26T15:15:29Z

Ls305: /* How Does Furosemide Work? */

=Furosemide=
[[Image:furosemide.png]]

<jmol>
<jmolApplet>
<size>300</size>
<color>black</color>
<script>zoom 100; cpk off;frame 1; move 10 -20 10 0 0 0 0 0 3; delay 1;</script>
<inlineContents>HEADER NONAME 26-Oct-06 NONE 1
TITLE NONE 2
AUTHOR WWW daemon apache NONE 3
REVDAT 1 26-Oct-06 0 NONE 4
ATOM 1 O 0 0.008 3.767 -0.058 0.00 0.00 O+0
ATOM 2 C 0 0.678 2.605 0.065 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 3 C 0 -0.056 1.328 0.063 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 4 C 0 -1.454 1.321 0.056 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 5 C 0 -2.135 0.125 0.055 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 6 S 0 -3.897 0.119 0.047 0.00 0.00 S+0
ATOM 7 N 0 -4.383 -0.552 -1.387 0.00 0.00 N+0
ATOM 8 O 0 -4.285 -0.804 1.056 0.00 0.00 O+0
ATOM 9 O 0 -4.287 1.484 -0.014 0.00 0.00 O+0
ATOM 10 C 0 -1.441 -1.077 0.058 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 11 Cl 0 -2.314 -2.578 0.055 0.00 0.00 Cl+0
ATOM 12 C 0 -0.060 -1.087 0.065 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 13 C 0 0.644 0.111 0.061 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 14 N 0 2.032 0.104 0.062 0.00 0.00 N+0
ATOM 15 C 0 2.759 -1.162 -0.061 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 16 C 0 4.242 -0.895 -0.034 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 17 C 0 5.015 -0.862 1.067 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 18 C 0 6.331 -0.580 0.634 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 19 C 0 6.284 -0.459 -0.705 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 20 O 0 5.016 -0.657 -1.104 0.00 0.00 O+0
ATOM 21 O 0 1.888 2.609 0.177 0.00 0.00 O+0
ATOM 22 H 0 0.490 4.606 -0.056 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 23 H 0 -2.000 2.253 0.053 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 24 H 0 -3.723 -0.852 -2.031 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 25 H 0 -5.329 -0.645 -1.583 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 26 H 0 0.473 -2.026 0.068 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 27 H 0 2.521 0.938 0.143 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 28 H 0 2.492 -1.816 0.770 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 29 H 0 2.493 -1.644 -1.002 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 30 H 0 4.692 -1.019 2.085 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 31 H 0 7.207 -0.481 1.258 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 32 H 0 7.123 -0.243 -1.350 0.00 0.00 H+0
CONECT 1 2 22 0 0 NONE 37
CONECT 2 1 3 21 0 NONE 38
CONECT 3 2 4 13 0 NONE 39
CONECT 4 3 5 23 0 NONE 40
CONECT 5 4 6 10 0 NONE 41
CONECT 6 5 7 8 9 NONE 42
CONECT 7 6 24 25 0 NONE 43
CONECT 8 6 0 0 0 NONE 44
CONECT 9 6 0 0 0 NONE 45
CONECT 10 5 11 12 0 NONE 46
CONECT 11 10 0 0 0 NONE 47
CONECT 12 10 13 26 0 NONE 48
CONECT 13 3 12 14 0 NONE 49
CONECT 14 13 15 27 0 NONE 50
CONECT 15 14 16 28 29 NONE 51
CONECT 16 15 20 17 0 NONE 52
CONECT 17 16 18 30 0 NONE 53
CONECT 18 17 19 31 0 NONE 54
CONECT 19 18 20 32 0 NONE 55
CONECT 20 19 16 0 0 NONE 56
CONECT 21 2 0 0 0 NONE 57
END</inlineContents>
</jmolApplet>
</jmol>
==Chemical Information==
{| border="1"
|-
!Systematic Name
|5-(aminosulfonyl)-4-chloro-2-[(2-furanylmethyl)amino]benzoic acid
|-
!Molecular Formula
|C12H11N2ClO5S
|-
!Brand names
|Aisemide®, Beronald®, Desdemin®, Discoid®, Diural®, Diurapid®, Dryptal®, Durafurid®, Errolon®, Eutensin®, Frusetic®, Frusid®, Fulsix®, Fuluvamide®, Furesis®, Furo-Puren®, Furosedon®, Hydro-rapid®, Impugan®, Katlex®, Lasilix®, Lasix®, Lowpston®, Macasirool®, Mirfat®, Nicorol®, Odemase®, Oedemex®, Profemin®, Rosemide®, Rusyde®, Trofurit®, and Urex®[http://www.furosemide.com/ [3]]
|}

==What is Furosemide==
Furosemide is a loop diuretic due to the fact that it leads to water loss. This is done by the drug increasing the urine production. It stops the body from absorbing to much salt. This means that the salt is then passed out of the body.

Furosemide can be used to treat:
*congestive heart failure
*fluid accumulation and swelling (edema)
*False pregancy (which occurs in female dogs)
*acute and chronic kidney failure
*cirrhosis
*nephrotic syndrome
It is a white tablet which is taken orally

==How Does Furosemide Work?==
Loop diuretics encourage the kidneys to remove more water from the blood and pass it into the urine therefore more urine is produced. This process reduces the volume of blood circulating in the body, which decreases the workload on the heart. At the same time, diuretics cause fluid to be drawn out of the tissues that are overloaded.

Loop diuretics cause the kidneys to filter out more sodium and potassium, which means that water is drawn out with them. The body automatically keeps the amount of water in the blood and in the tissues equal. This means that when water is removed from the blood, water is drawn out of the tissues to dilute the blood and the symptoms of fluid overload are relieved.

Furosemide causes a large increase in urine output (diuresis). This diuretic effect can cause depletion of water and electrolytes in the body. Careful medical supervision during treatment is therefore necessary.

==Side effects==
The common side effects for furosemide are:
*water and electrolyte depletion
*Increased sugar levels in blood[http://www.marvistavet.com/html/body_furosemide.html [1]]
*low blood pressure.
*It also reduces excretion of lithium so can cause lithium toxicity

Less common side effects are:
*jaundice
*ringing in ears (tinnitus)
*rash
*pancreatitis
*nausea
*abdominal pain
*dizziness
*anemia [http://www.medicinenet.com/furosemide/article.htm [2]]

==References==
1.http://www.marvistavet.com/html/body_furosemide.html

2.http://www.medicinenet.com/furosemide/article.htm

3.http://www.furosemide.com/

It:Furosemide

2006-10-26T14:54:33Z

Ls305: /* Furosemide */

=Furosemide=
[[Image:furosemide.png]]

<jmol>
<jmolApplet>
<size>300</size>
<color>black</color>
<script>zoom 100; cpk off;frame 1; move 10 -20 10 0 0 0 0 0 3; delay 1;</script>
<inlineContents>HEADER NONAME 26-Oct-06 NONE 1
TITLE NONE 2
AUTHOR WWW daemon apache NONE 3
REVDAT 1 26-Oct-06 0 NONE 4
ATOM 1 O 0 0.008 3.767 -0.058 0.00 0.00 O+0
ATOM 2 C 0 0.678 2.605 0.065 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 3 C 0 -0.056 1.328 0.063 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 4 C 0 -1.454 1.321 0.056 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 5 C 0 -2.135 0.125 0.055 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 6 S 0 -3.897 0.119 0.047 0.00 0.00 S+0
ATOM 7 N 0 -4.383 -0.552 -1.387 0.00 0.00 N+0
ATOM 8 O 0 -4.285 -0.804 1.056 0.00 0.00 O+0
ATOM 9 O 0 -4.287 1.484 -0.014 0.00 0.00 O+0
ATOM 10 C 0 -1.441 -1.077 0.058 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 11 Cl 0 -2.314 -2.578 0.055 0.00 0.00 Cl+0
ATOM 12 C 0 -0.060 -1.087 0.065 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 13 C 0 0.644 0.111 0.061 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 14 N 0 2.032 0.104 0.062 0.00 0.00 N+0
ATOM 15 C 0 2.759 -1.162 -0.061 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 16 C 0 4.242 -0.895 -0.034 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 17 C 0 5.015 -0.862 1.067 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 18 C 0 6.331 -0.580 0.634 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 19 C 0 6.284 -0.459 -0.705 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 20 O 0 5.016 -0.657 -1.104 0.00 0.00 O+0
ATOM 21 O 0 1.888 2.609 0.177 0.00 0.00 O+0
ATOM 22 H 0 0.490 4.606 -0.056 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 23 H 0 -2.000 2.253 0.053 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 24 H 0 -3.723 -0.852 -2.031 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 25 H 0 -5.329 -0.645 -1.583 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 26 H 0 0.473 -2.026 0.068 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 27 H 0 2.521 0.938 0.143 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 28 H 0 2.492 -1.816 0.770 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 29 H 0 2.493 -1.644 -1.002 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 30 H 0 4.692 -1.019 2.085 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 31 H 0 7.207 -0.481 1.258 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 32 H 0 7.123 -0.243 -1.350 0.00 0.00 H+0
CONECT 1 2 22 0 0 NONE 37
CONECT 2 1 3 21 0 NONE 38
CONECT 3 2 4 13 0 NONE 39
CONECT 4 3 5 23 0 NONE 40
CONECT 5 4 6 10 0 NONE 41
CONECT 6 5 7 8 9 NONE 42
CONECT 7 6 24 25 0 NONE 43
CONECT 8 6 0 0 0 NONE 44
CONECT 9 6 0 0 0 NONE 45
CONECT 10 5 11 12 0 NONE 46
CONECT 11 10 0 0 0 NONE 47
CONECT 12 10 13 26 0 NONE 48
CONECT 13 3 12 14 0 NONE 49
CONECT 14 13 15 27 0 NONE 50
CONECT 15 14 16 28 29 NONE 51
CONECT 16 15 20 17 0 NONE 52
CONECT 17 16 18 30 0 NONE 53
CONECT 18 17 19 31 0 NONE 54
CONECT 19 18 20 32 0 NONE 55
CONECT 20 19 16 0 0 NONE 56
CONECT 21 2 0 0 0 NONE 57
END</inlineContents>
</jmolApplet>
</jmol>
==Chemical Information==
{| border="1"
|-
!Systematic Name
|5-(aminosulfonyl)-4-chloro-2-[(2-furanylmethyl)amino]benzoic acid
|-
!Molecular Formula
|C12H11N2ClO5S
|-
!Brand names
|Aisemide®, Beronald®, Desdemin®, Discoid®, Diural®, Diurapid®, Dryptal®, Durafurid®, Errolon®, Eutensin®, Frusetic®, Frusid®, Fulsix®, Fuluvamide®, Furesis®, Furo-Puren®, Furosedon®, Hydro-rapid®, Impugan®, Katlex®, Lasilix®, Lasix®, Lowpston®, Macasirool®, Mirfat®, Nicorol®, Odemase®, Oedemex®, Profemin®, Rosemide®, Rusyde®, Trofurit®, and Urex®[http://www.furosemide.com/ [3]]
|}

==What is Furosemide==
Furosemide is seen as a diuretic due to the fact that it leads to water loss. This is done by the drug increasing the urine production.
Furosemide can be used to treat:
*congestive heart failure
*fluid accumulation and swelling (edema)
*False pregancy (which occurs in female dogs)
*acute and chronic kidney failure
*cirrhosis
*nephrotic syndrome
===Side effects===
The common side effects for furosemide are:
*water and electrolyte depletion
*Increased sugar levels in blood[http://www.marvistavet.com/html/body_furosemide.html [1]]
*low blood pressure.
*It also reduces excretion of lithium so can cause lithium toxicity

Less common side effects are:
*jaundice
*ringing in ears (tinnitus)
*rash
*pancreatitis
*nausea
*abdominal pain
*dizziness
*anemia [http://www.medicinenet.com/furosemide/article.htm [2]]

==How Does Furosemide Work?==
Furosemide works by blocking the absorption of salt and fluid in the kidney tubules which causes a large increase in urine output (diuresis). This diuretic effect of furosemide can cause depletion of water and electrolytes in the body. Careful medical supervision during treatment is therefore necessary.

==References==
1.http://www.marvistavet.com/html/body_furosemide.html

2.http://www.medicinenet.com/furosemide/article.htm

3.http://www.furosemide.com/

It:Furosemide

2006-10-26T14:42:34Z

Ls305: /* Furosemide */

It:Pelargonidin

2006-10-26T14:20:47Z

Ls305: Added Reference Section and added hyperlink

== '''Pelargonidin, Colouring in nature''' ==

Flavonids are responsible for many bright colours in nature.

[[Image:Flavonid_MJL.gif|thumb|Flavonid 2D structure]]

In this basic structure only the two end rings are aromatic.

Various different colours can be formed by varying the basic flavonid structure in three main ways. They are by attaching different groups (mainly OH) at different points around the rings, bonding to different sugars (to form glycosides) or adjusting the acidity of their surroundings.

==Structures of Pelargonidin==

Pelargonidin is a simple anthocyanidin (a class of flavonid) with the following structure:

[[Image:Pelargonidin_MJL.gif|thumb|Pelargonidin 2D structure]]
<jmol>
<jmolApplet>
<size>400</size>
<color>white</color>
<script>zoom 100; ball and stick on;frame 1; move 10 -20 10 0 0 0 0 0 3; delay 1;</script>
<inlineContents>Pelargonidin
WLViewer 3D 0

31 33 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0999 V2000
12.7970 11.6294 -0.0062 O 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1
12.8081 13.0150 -0.0035 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2
14.0814 13.7220 -0.0005 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3
11.6669 13.6981 -0.0023 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4
14.1264 15.0524 0.0007 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5
15.2970 12.9728 0.0000 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6
11.7024 15.1646 0.0013 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 7
15.3425 15.7179 -0.0003 O 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 8
12.8708 15.8096 0.0023 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 9
16.4460 13.6215 -0.0000 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 10
10.5177 15.8822 0.0031 O 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 11
16.4345 15.1110 -0.0011 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 12
17.6205 12.8810 0.0001 O 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 13
17.7180 15.8874 0.0001 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 14
17.7048 17.2205 -0.0046 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 15
19.0118 15.1908 0.0061 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 16
18.9809 17.9651 -0.0043 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 17
20.1571 15.8606 0.0066 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 18
20.1435 17.3097 0.0015 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 19
21.3451 18.0059 0.0037 O 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 20
11.8518 11.3031 -0.0080 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
10.7910 13.2155 -0.0039 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
15.2778 11.9730 0.0004 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
12.8899 16.8094 0.0041 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
10.7206 16.8614 0.0055 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
18.4056 13.5003 0.0000 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
16.8352 17.7142 -0.0083 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
19.0295 14.1910 0.0098 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
18.9735 18.9651 -0.0085 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
21.0268 15.3671 0.0106 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
22.1065 17.3577 0.0081 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
1 2 1 0 0 0
2 3 1 0 0 0
2 4 2 0 0 0
3 5 2 0 0 0
3 6 1 0 0 0
4 7 1 0 0 0
5 8 1 0 0 0
5 9 1 0 0 0
6 10 2 0 0 0
7 9 2 0 0 0
7 11 1 0 0 0
8 12 2 0 0 0
10 12 1 0 0 0
10 13 1 0 0 0
12 14 1 0 0 0
14 15 2 0 0 0
14 16 1 0 0 0
15 17 1 0 0 0
16 18 2 0 0 0
17 19 2 0 0 0
18 19 1 0 0 0
19 20 1 0 0 0
1 21 1 0 0 0
4 22 1 0 0 0
6 23 1 0 0 0
9 24 1 0 0 0
11 25 1 0 0 0
13 26 1 0 0 0
15 27 1 0 0 0
16 28 1 0 0 0
17 29 1 0 0 0
18 30 1 0 0 0
20 31 1 0 0 0
M END</inlineContents>
</jmolApplet>
</jmol>

All three rings here are aromatic and the ‘central’ oxygen has a formal charge of +1 (and thus this molecule is sometimes shown with a counter anion such as Cl-).

A very similar molecule, Cyanidin, is also responsible for some colour in nature and its structure is shown below:
<jmol>
<jmolApplet>
<size>400</size>
<color>white</color>
<script>zoom 100; ball and stick on;frame 1; move 10 -20 10 0 0 0 0 0 3; delay 1;</script>
<inlineContents>Cyanidin
WLViewer 3D 0

32 34 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0999 V2000
17.6462 12.9341 -0.0048 O 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1
16.4712 13.6724 -0.0037 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2
16.4573 15.1648 -0.0041 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3
15.3249 13.0194 -0.0026 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4
15.3617 15.7682 -0.0043 O 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5
17.7481 15.9415 -0.0008 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6
14.1090 13.7632 -0.0012 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 7
14.1463 15.0937 -0.0028 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 8
17.7468 17.2747 -0.0026 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 9
19.0378 15.2374 0.0036 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 10
12.8456 13.0514 0.0031 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 11
12.8832 15.8411 -0.0027 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 12
19.0340 18.0081 -0.0009 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 13
20.1893 15.8964 0.0046 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 14
12.8461 11.6662 0.0050 O 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 15
11.6989 13.7247 0.0062 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 16
11.7207 15.1880 0.0026 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 17
19.0389 19.3912 -0.0027 O 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 18
20.1898 17.3428 0.0025 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 19
10.5307 15.8963 0.0041 O 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 20
21.3969 18.0288 0.0047 O 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 21
17.4273 11.9584 -0.0043 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
15.3094 12.0196 -0.0027 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
16.8820 17.7767 -0.0051 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
19.0479 14.2375 0.0060 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
12.8944 16.8410 -0.0066 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
21.0542 15.3946 0.0068 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
11.9036 11.3321 0.0080 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
10.8274 13.2344 0.0110 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
19.9827 19.7216 -0.0012 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
9.7618 15.2570 0.0082 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
22.1528 17.3742 0.0071 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
1 2 1 0 0 0
2 3 1 0 0 0
2 4 2 0 0 0
3 5 2 0 0 0
3 6 1 0 0 0
4 7 1 0 0 0
5 8 1 0 0 0
6 9 2 0 0 0
6 10 1 0 0 0
7 8 2 0 0 0
7 11 1 0 0 0
8 12 1 0 0 0
9 13 1 0 0 0
10 14 2 0 0 0
11 15 1 0 0 0
11 16 2 0 0 0
12 17 2 0 0 0
13 18 1 0 0 0
13 19 2 0 0 0
14 19 1 0 0 0
16 17 1 0 0 0
17 20 1 0 0 0
19 21 1 0 0 0
1 22 1 0 0 0
4 23 1 0 0 0
9 24 1 0 0 0
10 25 1 0 0 0
12 26 1 0 0 0
14 27 1 0 0 0
15 28 1 0 0 0
16 29 1 0 0 0
18 30 1 0 0 0
20 31 1 0 0 0
21 32 1 0 0 0
M END</inlineContents>
</jmolApplet>
</jmol>

==What is Pelargonidin?==
Pelargonidin and Cyanidin are both types of anthocyanidins. These are antioxidants that have been found to help improve blood vessel function in humans and animals.[http://www.5aday.com/html/phytochem/anthocyanidins.php 1] Anthocyanidins are found in blue, purple and red fruits and vegetables such as:
* blueberries
* blackberries
* plums
* cranberries
* raspberries
* strawberries.

Anthocyanidins have the general structure:

[[Image:Anthocyanidin.gif|thumb|anthocynaidin structure]]

The different R-groups determine the different types of anthocyanidin. Pelargonidin has a characteristic orange colour and Cyanidin has a characteristic orange-red colour.

==References==
*1 - http://www.5aday.com/html/phytochem/anthocyanidins.php

It:Pelargonidin

2006-10-26T14:16:28Z

Ls305: /* What is Pelargonidin? */

== '''Pelargonidin, Colouring in nature''' ==

Flavonids are responsible for many bright colours in nature.

[[Image:Flavonid_MJL.gif]]

In this basic structure only the two end rings are aromatic.

Various different colours can be formed by varying the basic flavonid structure in three main ways. They are by attaching different groups (mainly OH) at different points around the rings, bonding to different sugars (to form glycosides) or adjusting the acidity of their surroundings.

==Structures of Pelargonidin==

Pelargonidin is a simple anthocyanidin (a class of flavonid) with the following structure:

[[Image:Pelargonidin_MJL.gif|thumb|Pelargonidin 2D structure]]
<jmol>
<jmolApplet>
<size>400</size>
<color>white</color>
<script>zoom 100; ball and stick on;frame 1; move 10 -20 10 0 0 0 0 0 3; delay 1;</script>
<inlineContents>Pelargonidin
WLViewer 3D 0

31 33 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0999 V2000
12.7970 11.6294 -0.0062 O 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1
12.8081 13.0150 -0.0035 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2
14.0814 13.7220 -0.0005 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3
11.6669 13.6981 -0.0023 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4
14.1264 15.0524 0.0007 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5
15.2970 12.9728 0.0000 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6
11.7024 15.1646 0.0013 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 7
15.3425 15.7179 -0.0003 O 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 8
12.8708 15.8096 0.0023 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 9
16.4460 13.6215 -0.0000 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 10
10.5177 15.8822 0.0031 O 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 11
16.4345 15.1110 -0.0011 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 12
17.6205 12.8810 0.0001 O 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 13
17.7180 15.8874 0.0001 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 14
17.7048 17.2205 -0.0046 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 15
19.0118 15.1908 0.0061 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 16
18.9809 17.9651 -0.0043 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 17
20.1571 15.8606 0.0066 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 18
20.1435 17.3097 0.0015 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 19
21.3451 18.0059 0.0037 O 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 20
11.8518 11.3031 -0.0080 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
10.7910 13.2155 -0.0039 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
15.2778 11.9730 0.0004 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
12.8899 16.8094 0.0041 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
10.7206 16.8614 0.0055 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
18.4056 13.5003 0.0000 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
16.8352 17.7142 -0.0083 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
19.0295 14.1910 0.0098 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
18.9735 18.9651 -0.0085 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
21.0268 15.3671 0.0106 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
22.1065 17.3577 0.0081 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
1 2 1 0 0 0
2 3 1 0 0 0
2 4 2 0 0 0
3 5 2 0 0 0
3 6 1 0 0 0
4 7 1 0 0 0
5 8 1 0 0 0
5 9 1 0 0 0
6 10 2 0 0 0
7 9 2 0 0 0
7 11 1 0 0 0
8 12 2 0 0 0
10 12 1 0 0 0
10 13 1 0 0 0
12 14 1 0 0 0
14 15 2 0 0 0
14 16 1 0 0 0
15 17 1 0 0 0
16 18 2 0 0 0
17 19 2 0 0 0
18 19 1 0 0 0
19 20 1 0 0 0
1 21 1 0 0 0
4 22 1 0 0 0
6 23 1 0 0 0
9 24 1 0 0 0
11 25 1 0 0 0
13 26 1 0 0 0
15 27 1 0 0 0
16 28 1 0 0 0
17 29 1 0 0 0
18 30 1 0 0 0
20 31 1 0 0 0
M END</inlineContents>
</jmolApplet>
</jmol>

All three rings here are aromatic and the ‘central’ oxygen has a formal charge of +1 (and thus this molecule is sometimes shown with a counter anion such as Cl-).

A very similar molecule, Cyanidin, is also responsible for some colour in nature and its structure is shown below:
<jmol>
<jmolApplet>
<size>400</size>
<color>white</color>
<script>zoom 100; ball and stick on;frame 1; move 10 -20 10 0 0 0 0 0 3; delay 1;</script>
<inlineContents>Cyanidin
WLViewer 3D 0

32 34 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0999 V2000
17.6462 12.9341 -0.0048 O 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1
16.4712 13.6724 -0.0037 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2
16.4573 15.1648 -0.0041 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3
15.3249 13.0194 -0.0026 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4
15.3617 15.7682 -0.0043 O 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5
17.7481 15.9415 -0.0008 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6
14.1090 13.7632 -0.0012 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 7
14.1463 15.0937 -0.0028 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 8
17.7468 17.2747 -0.0026 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 9
19.0378 15.2374 0.0036 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 10
12.8456 13.0514 0.0031 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 11
12.8832 15.8411 -0.0027 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 12
19.0340 18.0081 -0.0009 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 13
20.1893 15.8964 0.0046 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 14
12.8461 11.6662 0.0050 O 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 15
11.6989 13.7247 0.0062 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 16
11.7207 15.1880 0.0026 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 17
19.0389 19.3912 -0.0027 O 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 18
20.1898 17.3428 0.0025 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 19
10.5307 15.8963 0.0041 O 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 20
21.3969 18.0288 0.0047 O 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 21
17.4273 11.9584 -0.0043 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
15.3094 12.0196 -0.0027 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
16.8820 17.7767 -0.0051 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
19.0479 14.2375 0.0060 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
12.8944 16.8410 -0.0066 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
21.0542 15.3946 0.0068 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
11.9036 11.3321 0.0080 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
10.8274 13.2344 0.0110 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
19.9827 19.7216 -0.0012 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
9.7618 15.2570 0.0082 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
22.1528 17.3742 0.0071 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
1 2 1 0 0 0
2 3 1 0 0 0
2 4 2 0 0 0
3 5 2 0 0 0
3 6 1 0 0 0
4 7 1 0 0 0
5 8 1 0 0 0
6 9 2 0 0 0
6 10 1 0 0 0
7 8 2 0 0 0
7 11 1 0 0 0
8 12 1 0 0 0
9 13 1 0 0 0
10 14 2 0 0 0
11 15 1 0 0 0
11 16 2 0 0 0
12 17 2 0 0 0
13 18 1 0 0 0
13 19 2 0 0 0
14 19 1 0 0 0
16 17 1 0 0 0
17 20 1 0 0 0
19 21 1 0 0 0
1 22 1 0 0 0
4 23 1 0 0 0
9 24 1 0 0 0
10 25 1 0 0 0
12 26 1 0 0 0
14 27 1 0 0 0
15 28 1 0 0 0
16 29 1 0 0 0
18 30 1 0 0 0
20 31 1 0 0 0
21 32 1 0 0 0
M END</inlineContents>
</jmolApplet>
</jmol>

==What is Pelargonidin?==
Pelargonidin and Cyanidin are both types of anthocyanidins. These are antioxidants that have been found to help improve blood vessel function in humans and animals. Anthocyanidins are found in blue, purple and red fruits and vegetables such as:
* blueberries
* blackberries
* plums
* cranberries
* raspberries
* strawberries.

Anthocyanidins have the general structure:

[[Image:Anthocyanidin.gif|thumb|anthocynaidin structure]]

The different R-groups determine the different types of anthocyanidin. Pelargonidin has a characteristic orange colour and Cyanidin has a characteristic orange-red colour.

It:Pelargonidin

2006-10-26T14:06:08Z

Ls305: Added titles

== '''Pelargonidin, Colouring in nature''' ==
==Structures of Pelargonidin==
[[Image:Pelargonidin_MJL.gif|thumb|Pelargonidin 2D structure]]
<jmol>
<jmolApplet>
<size>400</size>
<color>white</color>
<script>zoom 100; ball and stick on;frame 1; move 10 -20 10 0 0 0 0 0 3; delay 1;</script>
<inlineContents>Pelargonidin
WLViewer 3D 0

31 33 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0999 V2000
12.7970 11.6294 -0.0062 O 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1
12.8081 13.0150 -0.0035 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2
14.0814 13.7220 -0.0005 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3
11.6669 13.6981 -0.0023 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4
14.1264 15.0524 0.0007 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5
15.2970 12.9728 0.0000 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6
11.7024 15.1646 0.0013 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 7
15.3425 15.7179 -0.0003 O 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 8
12.8708 15.8096 0.0023 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 9
16.4460 13.6215 -0.0000 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 10
10.5177 15.8822 0.0031 O 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 11
16.4345 15.1110 -0.0011 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 12
17.6205 12.8810 0.0001 O 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 13
17.7180 15.8874 0.0001 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 14
17.7048 17.2205 -0.0046 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 15
19.0118 15.1908 0.0061 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 16
18.9809 17.9651 -0.0043 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 17
20.1571 15.8606 0.0066 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 18
20.1435 17.3097 0.0015 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 19
21.3451 18.0059 0.0037 O 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 20
11.8518 11.3031 -0.0080 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
10.7910 13.2155 -0.0039 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
15.2778 11.9730 0.0004 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
12.8899 16.8094 0.0041 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
10.7206 16.8614 0.0055 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
18.4056 13.5003 0.0000 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
16.8352 17.7142 -0.0083 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
19.0295 14.1910 0.0098 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
18.9735 18.9651 -0.0085 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
21.0268 15.3671 0.0106 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
22.1065 17.3577 0.0081 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
1 2 1 0 0 0
2 3 1 0 0 0
2 4 2 0 0 0
3 5 2 0 0 0
3 6 1 0 0 0
4 7 1 0 0 0
5 8 1 0 0 0
5 9 1 0 0 0
6 10 2 0 0 0
7 9 2 0 0 0
7 11 1 0 0 0
8 12 2 0 0 0
10 12 1 0 0 0
10 13 1 0 0 0
12 14 1 0 0 0
14 15 2 0 0 0
14 16 1 0 0 0
15 17 1 0 0 0
16 18 2 0 0 0
17 19 2 0 0 0
18 19 1 0 0 0
19 20 1 0 0 0
1 21 1 0 0 0
4 22 1 0 0 0
6 23 1 0 0 0
9 24 1 0 0 0
11 25 1 0 0 0
13 26 1 0 0 0
15 27 1 0 0 0
16 28 1 0 0 0
17 29 1 0 0 0
18 30 1 0 0 0
20 31 1 0 0 0
M END</inlineContents>
</jmolApplet>
</jmol>

A very similar molecule, Cyanidin, is also responsible for some colour in nature and its structure is shown below:
<jmol>
<jmolApplet>
<size>400</size>
<color>white</color>
<script>zoom 100; ball and stick on;frame 1; move 10 -20 10 0 0 0 0 0 3; delay 1;</script>
<inlineContents>Cyanidin
WLViewer 3D 0

32 34 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0999 V2000
17.6462 12.9341 -0.0048 O 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1
16.4712 13.6724 -0.0037 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2
16.4573 15.1648 -0.0041 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3
15.3249 13.0194 -0.0026 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4
15.3617 15.7682 -0.0043 O 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5
17.7481 15.9415 -0.0008 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6
14.1090 13.7632 -0.0012 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 7
14.1463 15.0937 -0.0028 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 8
17.7468 17.2747 -0.0026 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 9
19.0378 15.2374 0.0036 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 10
12.8456 13.0514 0.0031 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 11
12.8832 15.8411 -0.0027 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 12
19.0340 18.0081 -0.0009 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 13
20.1893 15.8964 0.0046 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 14
12.8461 11.6662 0.0050 O 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 15
11.6989 13.7247 0.0062 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 16
11.7207 15.1880 0.0026 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 17
19.0389 19.3912 -0.0027 O 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 18
20.1898 17.3428 0.0025 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 19
10.5307 15.8963 0.0041 O 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 20
21.3969 18.0288 0.0047 O 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 21
17.4273 11.9584 -0.0043 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
15.3094 12.0196 -0.0027 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
16.8820 17.7767 -0.0051 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
19.0479 14.2375 0.0060 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
12.8944 16.8410 -0.0066 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
21.0542 15.3946 0.0068 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
11.9036 11.3321 0.0080 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
10.8274 13.2344 0.0110 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
19.9827 19.7216 -0.0012 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
9.7618 15.2570 0.0082 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
22.1528 17.3742 0.0071 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
1 2 1 0 0 0
2 3 1 0 0 0
2 4 2 0 0 0
3 5 2 0 0 0
3 6 1 0 0 0
4 7 1 0 0 0
5 8 1 0 0 0
6 9 2 0 0 0
6 10 1 0 0 0
7 8 2 0 0 0
7 11 1 0 0 0
8 12 1 0 0 0
9 13 1 0 0 0
10 14 2 0 0 0
11 15 1 0 0 0
11 16 2 0 0 0
12 17 2 0 0 0
13 18 1 0 0 0
13 19 2 0 0 0
14 19 1 0 0 0
16 17 1 0 0 0
17 20 1 0 0 0
19 21 1 0 0 0
1 22 1 0 0 0
4 23 1 0 0 0
9 24 1 0 0 0
10 25 1 0 0 0
12 26 1 0 0 0
14 27 1 0 0 0
15 28 1 0 0 0
16 29 1 0 0 0
18 30 1 0 0 0
20 31 1 0 0 0
21 32 1 0 0 0
M END</inlineContents>
</jmolApplet>
</jmol>
==What is Pelargonidin?==
Pelargonidin and Cyanidin are both types of anthocyanidins. These are antioxidants that have been found to help improve blood vessel function in humans and animals. Anthocyanidins are found in blue, purple and red fruits and vegetables such as:
* blueberries
* blackberries
* plums
* cranberries
* raspberries
* strawberries.

Anthocyanidins have the general structure:

[[Image:Anthocyanidin.gif|thumb|anthocynaidin structure]]

The different R-groups determine the different types of anthocyanidin.

It:Pelargonidin

2006-10-26T14:04:47Z

Ls305: /* What is Pelargonidin? */

== '''Pelargonidin, Colouring in nature''' ==
[[Image:Pelargonidin_MJL.gif|thumb|Pelargonidin 2D structure]]
<jmol>
<jmolApplet>
<size>400</size>
<color>white</color>
<script>zoom 100; ball and stick on;frame 1; move 10 -20 10 0 0 0 0 0 3; delay 1;</script>
<inlineContents>Pelargonidin
WLViewer 3D 0

31 33 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0999 V2000
12.7970 11.6294 -0.0062 O 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1
12.8081 13.0150 -0.0035 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2
14.0814 13.7220 -0.0005 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3
11.6669 13.6981 -0.0023 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4
14.1264 15.0524 0.0007 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5
15.2970 12.9728 0.0000 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6
11.7024 15.1646 0.0013 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 7
15.3425 15.7179 -0.0003 O 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 8
12.8708 15.8096 0.0023 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 9
16.4460 13.6215 -0.0000 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 10
10.5177 15.8822 0.0031 O 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 11
16.4345 15.1110 -0.0011 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 12
17.6205 12.8810 0.0001 O 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 13
17.7180 15.8874 0.0001 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 14
17.7048 17.2205 -0.0046 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 15
19.0118 15.1908 0.0061 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 16
18.9809 17.9651 -0.0043 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 17
20.1571 15.8606 0.0066 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 18
20.1435 17.3097 0.0015 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 19
21.3451 18.0059 0.0037 O 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 20
11.8518 11.3031 -0.0080 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
10.7910 13.2155 -0.0039 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
15.2778 11.9730 0.0004 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
12.8899 16.8094 0.0041 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
10.7206 16.8614 0.0055 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
18.4056 13.5003 0.0000 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
16.8352 17.7142 -0.0083 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
19.0295 14.1910 0.0098 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
18.9735 18.9651 -0.0085 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
21.0268 15.3671 0.0106 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
22.1065 17.3577 0.0081 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
1 2 1 0 0 0
2 3 1 0 0 0
2 4 2 0 0 0
3 5 2 0 0 0
3 6 1 0 0 0
4 7 1 0 0 0
5 8 1 0 0 0
5 9 1 0 0 0
6 10 2 0 0 0
7 9 2 0 0 0
7 11 1 0 0 0
8 12 2 0 0 0
10 12 1 0 0 0
10 13 1 0 0 0
12 14 1 0 0 0
14 15 2 0 0 0
14 16 1 0 0 0
15 17 1 0 0 0
16 18 2 0 0 0
17 19 2 0 0 0
18 19 1 0 0 0
19 20 1 0 0 0
1 21 1 0 0 0
4 22 1 0 0 0
6 23 1 0 0 0
9 24 1 0 0 0
11 25 1 0 0 0
13 26 1 0 0 0
15 27 1 0 0 0
16 28 1 0 0 0
17 29 1 0 0 0
18 30 1 0 0 0
20 31 1 0 0 0
M END</inlineContents>
</jmolApplet>
</jmol>

A very similar molecule, Cyanidin, is also responsible for some colour in nature.
<jmol>
<jmolApplet>
<size>400</size>
<color>white</color>
<script>zoom 100; ball and stick on;frame 1; move 10 -20 10 0 0 0 0 0 3; delay 1;</script>
<inlineContents>Cyanidin
WLViewer 3D 0

32 34 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0999 V2000
17.6462 12.9341 -0.0048 O 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1
16.4712 13.6724 -0.0037 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2
16.4573 15.1648 -0.0041 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3
15.3249 13.0194 -0.0026 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4
15.3617 15.7682 -0.0043 O 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5
17.7481 15.9415 -0.0008 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6
14.1090 13.7632 -0.0012 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 7
14.1463 15.0937 -0.0028 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 8
17.7468 17.2747 -0.0026 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 9
19.0378 15.2374 0.0036 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 10
12.8456 13.0514 0.0031 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 11
12.8832 15.8411 -0.0027 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 12
19.0340 18.0081 -0.0009 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 13
20.1893 15.8964 0.0046 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 14
12.8461 11.6662 0.0050 O 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 15
11.6989 13.7247 0.0062 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 16
11.7207 15.1880 0.0026 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 17
19.0389 19.3912 -0.0027 O 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 18
20.1898 17.3428 0.0025 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 19
10.5307 15.8963 0.0041 O 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 20
21.3969 18.0288 0.0047 O 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 21
17.4273 11.9584 -0.0043 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
15.3094 12.0196 -0.0027 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
16.8820 17.7767 -0.0051 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
19.0479 14.2375 0.0060 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
12.8944 16.8410 -0.0066 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
21.0542 15.3946 0.0068 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
11.9036 11.3321 0.0080 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
10.8274 13.2344 0.0110 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
19.9827 19.7216 -0.0012 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
9.7618 15.2570 0.0082 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
22.1528 17.3742 0.0071 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
1 2 1 0 0 0
2 3 1 0 0 0
2 4 2 0 0 0
3 5 2 0 0 0
3 6 1 0 0 0
4 7 1 0 0 0
5 8 1 0 0 0
6 9 2 0 0 0
6 10 1 0 0 0
7 8 2 0 0 0
7 11 1 0 0 0
8 12 1 0 0 0
9 13 1 0 0 0
10 14 2 0 0 0
11 15 1 0 0 0
11 16 2 0 0 0
12 17 2 0 0 0
13 18 1 0 0 0
13 19 2 0 0 0
14 19 1 0 0 0
16 17 1 0 0 0
17 20 1 0 0 0
19 21 1 0 0 0
1 22 1 0 0 0
4 23 1 0 0 0
9 24 1 0 0 0
10 25 1 0 0 0
12 26 1 0 0 0
14 27 1 0 0 0
15 28 1 0 0 0
16 29 1 0 0 0
18 30 1 0 0 0
20 31 1 0 0 0
21 32 1 0 0 0
M END</inlineContents>
</jmolApplet>
</jmol>
==What is Pelargonidin?==
Pelargonidin and Cyanidin are both types of anthocyanidins. These are antioxidants that have been found to help improve blood vessel function in humans and animals. Anthocyanidins are found in blue, purple and red fruits and vegetables such as:
* blueberries
* blackberries
* plums
* cranberries
* raspberries
* strawberries.

Anthocyanidins have the general structure:

[[Image:Anthocyanidin.gif|thumb|anthocynaidin structure]]

The different R-groups determine the different types of anthocyanidin.

File:Anthocyanidin.gif

2006-10-26T14:00:35Z

Ls305: What is an Anthocyanidin

What is an Anthocyanidin

It:Pelargonidin

2006-10-26T13:59:10Z

Ls305: What is Pelargonin?

It:Tamoxifen

2006-10-26T13:28:16Z

Ls305: Moved text around and added a hyperlink

=Tamoxifen=
==Structures and 3D Image==
[[Image:Tamoxifen.png|thumb|left|10|Structure of Tamoxifen]]
Structure of Tamoxifen 1,2
<jmol>
<jmolApplet>
<size>400</size>
<color>white</color>
<script>zoom 150; ball and stick on;frame 1; move 10 -20 10 0 0 0 0 0 3; delay 1;</script>
<inlineContents>
HEADER CSD ENTRY TTAMOX01
COMPND UNNAMED
AUTHOR GENERATED BY CONQUEST
CRYST1 41.630 5.747 30.679 90.00 142.90 90.00 C 2/c 8
ATOM 1 C1 UNK 0 1 16.197 1.751 16.833 1.00 0.00
ATOM 2 C2 UNK 0 1 16.883 0.621 16.433 1.00 0.00
ATOM 3 C3 UNK 0 1 17.319 0.512 15.121 1.00 0.00
ATOM 4 C4 UNK 0 1 17.077 1.518 14.187 1.00 0.00
ATOM 5 C5 UNK 0 1 16.413 2.654 14.620 1.00 0.00
ATOM 6 C6 UNK 0 1 15.975 2.779 15.939 1.00 0.00
ATOM 7 C7 UNK 0 1 17.558 1.390 12.775 1.00 0.00
ATOM 8 C8 UNK 0 1 16.794 1.665 11.699 1.00 0.00
ATOM 9 C9 UNK 0 1 17.353 1.702 10.291 1.00 0.00
ATOM 10 C10 UNK 0 1 16.798 0.602 9.401 1.00 0.00
ATOM 11 O1 UNK 0 1 15.777 1.765 18.145 1.00 0.00
ATOM 12 C11 UNK 0 1 15.059 2.927 18.600 1.00 0.00
ATOM 13 C12 UNK 0 1 14.568 2.659 20.001 1.00 0.00
ATOM 14 C13 UNK 0 1 19.000 0.984 12.660 1.00 0.00
ATOM 15 C14 UNK 0 1 19.386 -0.194 12.044 1.00 0.00
ATOM 16 C15 UNK 0 1 20.751 -0.532 11.962 1.00 0.00
ATOM 17 C16 UNK 0 1 21.691 0.304 12.504 1.00 0.00
ATOM 18 C17 UNK 0 1 21.325 1.452 13.124 1.00 0.00
ATOM 19 C18 UNK 0 1 19.975 1.802 13.217 1.00 0.00
ATOM 20 C19 UNK 0 1 15.333 1.949 11.812 1.00 0.00
ATOM 21 C20 UNK 0 1 14.487 1.049 12.430 1.00 0.00
ATOM 22 C21 UNK 0 1 13.121 1.303 12.519 1.00 0.00
ATOM 23 C22 UNK 0 1 12.602 2.459 11.992 1.00 0.00
ATOM 24 C23 UNK 0 1 13.423 3.351 11.368 1.00 0.00
ATOM 25 C24 UNK 0 1 14.781 3.099 11.270 1.00 0.00
ATOM 26 C25 UNK 0 1 12.198 2.430 19.709 1.00 0.00
ATOM 27 N1 UNK 0 1 13.355 1.779 19.870 1.00 0.00
ATOM 28 C26 UNK 0 1 13.516 0.549 20.070 1.00 0.00
CONECT 1 2 6 11
CONECT 2 1 3
CONECT 3 2 4
CONECT 4 3 5 7
CONECT 5 4 6
CONECT 6 1 5
CONECT 7 4 8 14
CONECT 8 7 9 20
CONECT 9 8 10
CONECT 10 9
CONECT 11 1 12
CONECT 12 11 13
CONECT 13 12 27
CONECT 14 7 15 19
CONECT 15 14 16
CONECT 16 15 17
CONECT 17 16 18
CONECT 18 17 19
CONECT 19 14 18
CONECT 20 8 21 25
CONECT 21 20 22
CONECT 22 21 23
CONECT 23 22 24
CONECT 24 23 25
CONECT 25 20 24
CONECT 26 27
CONECT 27 13 26 28
CONECT 28 27
MASTER 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 28 0 28 0
END
</inlineContents>
</jmolApplet>
</jmol>
==Chemical Information==
{| border="1"
|-
! IUPAC name
|(Z) 2-[4-(1,2-diphenylbut-1-enyl)phenoxy]-N,N-dimethyl-ethanamine.
|-
! Chemical Formula
|C26H29NO
|-
!Molecular Weight
|371.52 g mol-1
|-
!Melting Point
|96-98oC
|-
! Type of Substance
|White, Odourless Crystals
|}
==What is Tamoxifen Used For?==
Tamoxifen is currently the most popular drug used for the treatment of breast cancer in women. Tamoxifen was discovered by AstraZeneca (formally known as ICI Pharmaceuticals) and is commercially known as Nolvadex, Istubal and Valodex.

It has also been found that Tamoxifen can be used to treat other ailments, such as osteoporosis and gynecomastia in men.

==How Does Tamoxifen Work?==
The primary function of Tamoxifen is as an anti-oestrogen drug, which means it reduces or stops the action of oestrogen.[http://www.cancer-info.com/tamoxifen.htm 3]

Breast cancer is hormone-related and relies on the supply of sex hormones, particularly oestrogen, to grow. Cancers with oestrogen receptors on the surface of their cells are called `oestrogen receptor positive' (ER positive). Oestrogen can fit directly into the active site on these receptors and causes the cells to divide and the tumour to grow (see Figure 1).[http://www.fareston.com/d_living/d3.html 4]

Tamoxifen has a similar structure to oestrogen and works by imitating the action of oestrogen and fits into the active sites of the receptors. However, tamoxifen does not cause the cells to divide, but remains in place and prevents the oestrogen from getting to the cancer cells, therefore they either grow more slowly or stop growing altogether (see Figure 2).
[[Image:Figure_1.jpg|thumb|Action of oestrogen binding to oestrogen receptor]] [[Image:Figure_2.jpg|thumb|Action of Tamoxifen blocking oestrogen binding to cancer cell]]

==How is Tamoxifen made?==
===Synthesis of Tamoxifen via a carbometalation of alkynylsilanes===
====Step 1====
[[Image:step1tamoxifen.PNG|thumb|1st step in reaction path for tamoxifen]]
This is the 1st step in this synthesis. The reagents are Et2AlCl, Cp2TiCl2, CH2Cl2. The product of this step in the reaction is then cleaved with NBS (N-bromosuccinimide)at -78oC or 195.15K. The yield for this step is shown below the arrow.
====Step 2====
[[Image:step2tamoxifen.PNG|thumb|2nd step in reaction path for tamoxifen]]
This is the next step in the synthesis of tamoxifen. The reagents are PhZnCl, Pd(PPh3)4 (this is the catalyst), THF, and this is under reflux.
====Step 3====
[[Image:step3tamoxifen.PNG|thumb|3rd step in reaction path for tamoxifen]]
The reagents for the step are Br2, CH2Cl, NaOMe/MeOH, Temperature is -78oC to Room Temperature
====Step 4====
[[Image:step4tamoxifen.PNG|thumb|4th step in reaction path for tamoxifen]]

==Side Effects of using Tamoxifen==
The most common side-effects of taking Tamoxifen in pre-menopausal women are nausea, hot flushes and sweats and some less common side-effects include headaches, tiredness and dizziness.

For post-menopausal women who take Tamoxifen over a long period of time, there is a slightly increased risk of developing endometrial cancer, however, if detected early, treatment for this is usually successful and the benefits of taking Tamoxifen in treating breast-cancer far outweigh this small risk.[http://www.cancerbackup.org.uk/Treatments/Hormonaltherapies/Individualhormonaltherapies/Tamoxifen 5]

==References==
*1 - MDS Crossfire Commander Beilstein: Structure
*2 - Conquest (Cambridge Crystal Structure Database): 3D image
*3 - www.cancer-info.com/tamoxifen.htm
*4 - www.fareston.com/d_living/d3.html
*5 - www.cancerbackup.org.uk/Treatments/Hormonaltherapies/Individualhormonaltherapies/Tamoxifen

It:Tamoxifen

2006-10-26T13:22:26Z

Ls305: /* What is Tamoxifen Used For? */

=Tamoxifen=
==Structures and 3D Image==
[[Image:Tamoxifen.png|thumb|left|10|Structure of Tamoxifen]]
Structure of Tamoxifen 1,2
<jmol>
<jmolApplet>
<size>400</size>
<color>white</color>
<script>zoom 150; ball and stick on;frame 1; move 10 -20 10 0 0 0 0 0 3; delay 1;</script>
<inlineContents>
HEADER CSD ENTRY TTAMOX01
COMPND UNNAMED
AUTHOR GENERATED BY CONQUEST
CRYST1 41.630 5.747 30.679 90.00 142.90 90.00 C 2/c 8
ATOM 1 C1 UNK 0 1 16.197 1.751 16.833 1.00 0.00
ATOM 2 C2 UNK 0 1 16.883 0.621 16.433 1.00 0.00
ATOM 3 C3 UNK 0 1 17.319 0.512 15.121 1.00 0.00
ATOM 4 C4 UNK 0 1 17.077 1.518 14.187 1.00 0.00
ATOM 5 C5 UNK 0 1 16.413 2.654 14.620 1.00 0.00
ATOM 6 C6 UNK 0 1 15.975 2.779 15.939 1.00 0.00
ATOM 7 C7 UNK 0 1 17.558 1.390 12.775 1.00 0.00
ATOM 8 C8 UNK 0 1 16.794 1.665 11.699 1.00 0.00
ATOM 9 C9 UNK 0 1 17.353 1.702 10.291 1.00 0.00
ATOM 10 C10 UNK 0 1 16.798 0.602 9.401 1.00 0.00
ATOM 11 O1 UNK 0 1 15.777 1.765 18.145 1.00 0.00
ATOM 12 C11 UNK 0 1 15.059 2.927 18.600 1.00 0.00
ATOM 13 C12 UNK 0 1 14.568 2.659 20.001 1.00 0.00
ATOM 14 C13 UNK 0 1 19.000 0.984 12.660 1.00 0.00
ATOM 15 C14 UNK 0 1 19.386 -0.194 12.044 1.00 0.00
ATOM 16 C15 UNK 0 1 20.751 -0.532 11.962 1.00 0.00
ATOM 17 C16 UNK 0 1 21.691 0.304 12.504 1.00 0.00
ATOM 18 C17 UNK 0 1 21.325 1.452 13.124 1.00 0.00
ATOM 19 C18 UNK 0 1 19.975 1.802 13.217 1.00 0.00
ATOM 20 C19 UNK 0 1 15.333 1.949 11.812 1.00 0.00
ATOM 21 C20 UNK 0 1 14.487 1.049 12.430 1.00 0.00
ATOM 22 C21 UNK 0 1 13.121 1.303 12.519 1.00 0.00
ATOM 23 C22 UNK 0 1 12.602 2.459 11.992 1.00 0.00
ATOM 24 C23 UNK 0 1 13.423 3.351 11.368 1.00 0.00
ATOM 25 C24 UNK 0 1 14.781 3.099 11.270 1.00 0.00
ATOM 26 C25 UNK 0 1 12.198 2.430 19.709 1.00 0.00
ATOM 27 N1 UNK 0 1 13.355 1.779 19.870 1.00 0.00
ATOM 28 C26 UNK 0 1 13.516 0.549 20.070 1.00 0.00
CONECT 1 2 6 11
CONECT 2 1 3
CONECT 3 2 4
CONECT 4 3 5 7
CONECT 5 4 6
CONECT 6 1 5
CONECT 7 4 8 14
CONECT 8 7 9 20
CONECT 9 8 10
CONECT 10 9
CONECT 11 1 12
CONECT 12 11 13
CONECT 13 12 27
CONECT 14 7 15 19
CONECT 15 14 16
CONECT 16 15 17
CONECT 17 16 18
CONECT 18 17 19
CONECT 19 14 18
CONECT 20 8 21 25
CONECT 21 20 22
CONECT 22 21 23
CONECT 23 22 24
CONECT 24 23 25
CONECT 25 20 24
CONECT 26 27
CONECT 27 13 26 28
CONECT 28 27
MASTER 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 28 0 28 0
END
</inlineContents>
</jmolApplet>
</jmol>
==Chemical Information==
{| border="1"
|-
! IUPAC name
|(Z) 2-[4-(1,2-diphenylbut-1-enyl)phenoxy]-N,N-dimethyl-ethanamine.
|-
! Chemical Formula
|C26H29NO
|-
!Molecular Weight
|371.52 g mol-1
|-
!Melting Point
|96-98oC
|-
! Type of Substance
|White, Odourless Crystals
|}
==What is Tamoxifen Used For?==
Tamoxifen is currently the most popular drug used for the treatment of breast cancer in women. Tamoxifen was discovered by AstraZeneca (formally known as ICI Pharmaceuticals) and is commercially known as Nolvadex, Istubal and Valodex.

The most common side-effects of taking Tamoxifen in pre-menopausal women are nausea, hot flushes and sweats and some less common side-effects include headaches, tiredness and dizziness. For post-menopausal women who take Tamoxifen over a long period of time, there is a slightly increased risk of developing endometrial cancer, however, if detected early, treatment for this is usually successful and the benefits of taking Tamoxifen in treating breast-cancer far outweigh this small risk.

It has also been found that Tamoxifen can be used to treat other ailments, such as osteoporosis and gynecomastia in men.

==How Does Tamoxifen Work?==
The primary function of Tamoxifen is as an anti-oestrogen drug, which means it reduces or stops the action of oestrogen.[http://www.cancer-info.com/tamoxifen.htm 3]

Breast cancer is hormone-related and relies on the supply of sex hormones, particularly oestrogen, to grow. Cancers with oestrogen receptors on the surface of their cells are called `oestrogen receptor positive' (ER positive). Oestrogen can fit directly into the active site on these receptors and causes the cells to divide and the tumour to grow (see Figure 1)[http://www.fareston.com/d_living/d3.html 4].

Tamoxifen has a similar structure to oestrogen and works by imitating the action of oestrogen and fits into the active sites of the receptors. However, tamoxifen does not cause the cells to divide, but remains in place and prevents the oestrogen from getting to the cancer cells, therefore they either grow more slowly or stop growing altogether (see Figure 2).
[[Image:Figure_1.jpg|thumb|Action of oestrogen binding to oestrogen receptor]] [[Image:Figure_2.jpg|thumb|Action of Tamoxifen blocking oestrogen binding to cancer cell]]

==How is Tamoxifen made?==
===Synthesis of Tamoxifen via a carbometalation of alkynylsilanes===
====Step 1====
[[Image:step1tamoxifen.PNG|thumb|1st step in reaction path for tamoxifen]]
This is the 1st step in this synthesis. The reagents are Et2AlCl, Cp2TiCl2, CH2Cl2. The product of this step in the reaction is then cleaved with NBS (N-bromosuccinimide)at -78oC or 195.15K. The yield for this step is shown below the arrow.
====Step 2====
[[Image:step2tamoxifen.PNG|thumb|2nd step in reaction path for tamoxifen]]
This is the next step in the synthesis of tamoxifen. The reagents are PhZnCl, Pd(PPh3)4 (this is the catalyst), THF, and this is under reflux.
====Step 3====
[[Image:step3tamoxifen.PNG|thumb|3rd step in reaction path for tamoxifen]]
The reagents for the step are Br2, CH2Cl, NaOMe/MeOH, Temperature is -78oC to Room Temperature
====Step 4====
[[Image:step4tamoxifen.PNG|thumb|4th step in reaction path for tamoxifen]]

==References==
*1 - MDS Crossfire Commander Beilstein: Structure
*2 - Conquest (Cambridge Crystal Structure Database): 3D image
*3 - www.cancer-info.com/tamoxifen.htm
*4 - www.fareston.com/d_living/d3.html

It:Tamoxifen

2006-10-24T12:34:01Z

Ls305:

=Tamoxifen=
==Structures and 3D Image==
[[Image:Tamoxifen.png|thumb|left|10|Structure of Tamoxifen]]
Structure of Tamoxifen 1,2
<jmol>
<jmolApplet>
<size>400</size>
<color>white</color>
<script>zoom 150; ball and stick on;frame 1; move 10 -20 10 0 0 0 0 0 3; delay 1;</script>
<inlineContents>
HEADER CSD ENTRY TTAMOX01
COMPND UNNAMED
AUTHOR GENERATED BY CONQUEST
CRYST1 41.630 5.747 30.679 90.00 142.90 90.00 C 2/c 8
ATOM 1 C1 UNK 0 1 16.197 1.751 16.833 1.00 0.00
ATOM 2 C2 UNK 0 1 16.883 0.621 16.433 1.00 0.00
ATOM 3 C3 UNK 0 1 17.319 0.512 15.121 1.00 0.00
ATOM 4 C4 UNK 0 1 17.077 1.518 14.187 1.00 0.00
ATOM 5 C5 UNK 0 1 16.413 2.654 14.620 1.00 0.00
ATOM 6 C6 UNK 0 1 15.975 2.779 15.939 1.00 0.00
ATOM 7 C7 UNK 0 1 17.558 1.390 12.775 1.00 0.00
ATOM 8 C8 UNK 0 1 16.794 1.665 11.699 1.00 0.00
ATOM 9 C9 UNK 0 1 17.353 1.702 10.291 1.00 0.00
ATOM 10 C10 UNK 0 1 16.798 0.602 9.401 1.00 0.00
ATOM 11 O1 UNK 0 1 15.777 1.765 18.145 1.00 0.00
ATOM 12 C11 UNK 0 1 15.059 2.927 18.600 1.00 0.00
ATOM 13 C12 UNK 0 1 14.568 2.659 20.001 1.00 0.00
ATOM 14 C13 UNK 0 1 19.000 0.984 12.660 1.00 0.00
ATOM 15 C14 UNK 0 1 19.386 -0.194 12.044 1.00 0.00
ATOM 16 C15 UNK 0 1 20.751 -0.532 11.962 1.00 0.00
ATOM 17 C16 UNK 0 1 21.691 0.304 12.504 1.00 0.00
ATOM 18 C17 UNK 0 1 21.325 1.452 13.124 1.00 0.00
ATOM 19 C18 UNK 0 1 19.975 1.802 13.217 1.00 0.00
ATOM 20 C19 UNK 0 1 15.333 1.949 11.812 1.00 0.00
ATOM 21 C20 UNK 0 1 14.487 1.049 12.430 1.00 0.00
ATOM 22 C21 UNK 0 1 13.121 1.303 12.519 1.00 0.00
ATOM 23 C22 UNK 0 1 12.602 2.459 11.992 1.00 0.00
ATOM 24 C23 UNK 0 1 13.423 3.351 11.368 1.00 0.00
ATOM 25 C24 UNK 0 1 14.781 3.099 11.270 1.00 0.00
ATOM 26 C25 UNK 0 1 12.198 2.430 19.709 1.00 0.00
ATOM 27 N1 UNK 0 1 13.355 1.779 19.870 1.00 0.00
ATOM 28 C26 UNK 0 1 13.516 0.549 20.070 1.00 0.00
CONECT 1 2 6 11
CONECT 2 1 3
CONECT 3 2 4
CONECT 4 3 5 7
CONECT 5 4 6
CONECT 6 1 5
CONECT 7 4 8 14
CONECT 8 7 9 20
CONECT 9 8 10
CONECT 10 9
CONECT 11 1 12
CONECT 12 11 13
CONECT 13 12 27
CONECT 14 7 15 19
CONECT 15 14 16
CONECT 16 15 17
CONECT 17 16 18
CONECT 18 17 19
CONECT 19 14 18
CONECT 20 8 21 25
CONECT 21 20 22
CONECT 22 21 23
CONECT 23 22 24
CONECT 24 23 25
CONECT 25 20 24
CONECT 26 27
CONECT 27 13 26 28
CONECT 28 27
MASTER 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 28 0 28 0
END
</inlineContents>
</jmolApplet>
</jmol>
==Chemical Information==
{| border="1"
|-
! IUPAC name
|(Z) 2-[4-(1,2-diphenylbut-1-enyl)phenoxy]-N,N-dimethyl-ethanamine.
|-
! Chemical Formula
|C26H29NO
|-
!Molecular Weight
|371.52 g mol-1
|-
!Melting Point
|96-98oC
|-
! Type of Substance
|White, Odourless Crystals
|}
==What is Tamoxifen Used For?==
Tamoxifen is currently the most popular drug used for the treatment of breast cancer in women. It has been found to have nearly as good a success rate as chemotherapy, but without some of the severe side effects such as hair loss. It has also been found that Tamoxifen can be used to treat other ailments, such as osteoporosis and gynecomastia in men.

==How Does Tamoxifen Work?==
The primary function of Tamoxifen is as an anti-oestrogen drug, which means it reduces or stops the action of oestrogen.[http://www.cancer-info.com/tamoxifen.htm 3]

Breast cancer is hormone-related and relies on the supply of sex hormones, particularly oestrogen, to grow. Cancers with oestrogen receptors on the surface of their cells are called `oestrogen receptor positive' (ER positive). Oestrogen can fit directly into the active site on these receptors and causes the cells to divide and the tumour to grow (see Figure 1)[http://www.fareston.com/d_living/d3.html 4].

Tamoxifen has a similar structure to oestrogen and works by imitating the action of oestrogen and fits into the active sites of the receptors. However, tamoxifen does not cause the cells to divide, but remains in place and prevents the oestrogen from getting to the cancer cells, therefore they either grow more slowly or stop growing altogether (see Figure 2).
[[Image:Figure_1.jpg|thumb|Action of oestrogen binding to oestrogen receptor]] [[Image:Figure_2.jpg|thumb|Action of Tamoxifen blocking oestrogen binding to cancer cell]]

==How is Tamoxifen made?==
===Synthesis of Tamoxifen via a carbometalation of alkynylsilanes===
====Step 1====
[[Image:step1tamoxifen.PNG|thumb|1st step in reaction path for tamoxifen]]
This is the 1st step in this synthesis. The reagents are Et2AlCl, Cp2TiCl2, CH2Cl2. The product of this step in the reaction is then cleaved with NBS (N-bromosuccinimide)at -78oC or 195.15K. The yield for this step is shown below the arrow.
====Step 2====
[[Image:step2tamoxifen.PNG|thumb|2nd step in reaction path for tamoxifen]]
This is the next step in the synthesis of tamoxifen. The reagents are PhZnCl, Pd(PPh3)4 (this is the catalyst), THF, and this is under reflux.
====Step 3====
[[Image:step3tamoxifen.PNG|thumb|3rd step in reaction path for tamoxifen]]
The reagents for the step are Br2, CH2Cl, NaOMe/MeOH, Temperature is -78oC to Room Temperature
====Step 4====
[[Image:step4tamoxifen.PNG|thumb|4th step in reaction path for tamoxifen]]

==References==
*1 - MDS Crossfire Commander Beilstein: Structure
*2 - Conquest (Cambridge Crystal Structure Database): 3D image
*3 - www.cancer-info.com/tamoxifen.htm
*4 - www.fareston.com/d_living/d3.html

It:Serotonin

2006-10-24T11:54:57Z

Ls305: Added chemical information

==Structures==
[[image:Serotonin.gif]]

<jmol>
<jmolApplet>
<size>400</size>
<color>white</color>
<script>zoom 80; cpk on;frame 1; move 10 -20 10 0 0 0 0 0 3; delay 1;</script>
<inlineContents>HEADER NONAME 24-Oct-06 NONE 1
TITLE NONE 2
AUTHOR WWW daemon apache NONE 3
REVDAT 1 24-Oct-06 0 NONE 4
ATOM 1 N 0 4.143 1.513 0.282 0.00 0.00 N+0
ATOM 2 C 0 2.960 0.702 0.600 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 3 C 0 2.369 0.133 -0.691 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 4 C 0 1.156 -0.699 -0.365 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 5 C 0 1.124 -2.029 -0.185 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 6 N 0 -0.152 -2.432 0.097 0.00 0.00 N+0
ATOM 7 C 0 -0.996 -1.341 0.105 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 8 C 0 -0.212 -0.209 -0.178 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 9 C 0 -0.805 1.055 -0.237 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 10 C 0 -2.162 1.182 -0.015 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 11 O 0 -2.745 2.409 -0.071 0.00 0.00 O+0
ATOM 12 C 0 -2.936 0.058 0.265 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 13 C 0 -2.361 -1.191 0.330 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 14 H 0 3.815 2.311 -0.241 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 15 H 0 4.497 1.865 1.159 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 16 H 0 3.247 -0.117 1.260 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 17 H 0 2.215 1.324 1.097 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 18 H 0 2.082 0.952 -1.351 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 19 H 0 3.113 -0.490 -1.188 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 20 H 0 1.980 -2.684 -0.252 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 21 H 0 -0.424 -3.347 0.266 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 22 H 0 -0.206 1.926 -0.454 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 23 H 0 -3.024 2.545 -0.987 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 24 H 0 -3.996 0.169 0.437 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 25 H 0 -2.971 -2.055 0.547 0.00 0.00 H+0
CONECT 1 2 14 15 0 NONE 30
CONECT 2 1 3 16 17 NONE 31
CONECT 3 2 4 18 19 NONE 32
CONECT 4 3 8 5 0 NONE 33
CONECT 5 4 6 20 0 NONE 34
CONECT 6 5 7 21 0 NONE 35
CONECT 7 6 13 8 0 NONE 36
CONECT 8 7 4 9 0 NONE 37
CONECT 9 8 10 22 0 NONE 38
CONECT 10 9 11 12 0 NONE 39
CONECT 11 10 23 0 0 NONE 40
CONECT 12 10 13 24 0 NONE 41
CONECT 13 12 7 25 0 NONE 42
END NONE 43
</inlineContents>
</jmolApplet>
</jmol>

==Chemical Information==
{| border="1"
|-
!Systematic Name
|5-Hydroxytryptamine / 3-(2-aminoethyl)-1H-indol-5-ol
|-
!Molecular Formula
|N2OC10H12
|-
!Molecular Mass
|176.2182 gmol-1
|-
|}

It:Serotonin

2006-10-24T11:46:54Z

Ls305: Edited Titles

It:Tamoxifen

2006-10-24T11:29:40Z

Ls305: edited chemical information

=Tamoxifen=
==Structures and 3D Image==
[[Image:Tamoxifen.png|thumb|left|10|Structure of Tamoxifen]]
Structure of Tamoxifen 1,2
<jmol>
<jmolApplet>
<size>400</size>
<color>white</color>
<script>zoom 150; ball and stick on;frame 1; move 10 -20 10 0 0 0 0 0 3; delay 1;</script>
<inlineContents>
HEADER CSD ENTRY TTAMOX01
COMPND UNNAMED
AUTHOR GENERATED BY CONQUEST
CRYST1 41.630 5.747 30.679 90.00 142.90 90.00 C 2/c 8
ATOM 1 C1 UNK 0 1 16.197 1.751 16.833 1.00 0.00
ATOM 2 C2 UNK 0 1 16.883 0.621 16.433 1.00 0.00
ATOM 3 C3 UNK 0 1 17.319 0.512 15.121 1.00 0.00
ATOM 4 C4 UNK 0 1 17.077 1.518 14.187 1.00 0.00
ATOM 5 C5 UNK 0 1 16.413 2.654 14.620 1.00 0.00
ATOM 6 C6 UNK 0 1 15.975 2.779 15.939 1.00 0.00
ATOM 7 C7 UNK 0 1 17.558 1.390 12.775 1.00 0.00
ATOM 8 C8 UNK 0 1 16.794 1.665 11.699 1.00 0.00
ATOM 9 C9 UNK 0 1 17.353 1.702 10.291 1.00 0.00
ATOM 10 C10 UNK 0 1 16.798 0.602 9.401 1.00 0.00
ATOM 11 O1 UNK 0 1 15.777 1.765 18.145 1.00 0.00
ATOM 12 C11 UNK 0 1 15.059 2.927 18.600 1.00 0.00
ATOM 13 C12 UNK 0 1 14.568 2.659 20.001 1.00 0.00
ATOM 14 C13 UNK 0 1 19.000 0.984 12.660 1.00 0.00
ATOM 15 C14 UNK 0 1 19.386 -0.194 12.044 1.00 0.00
ATOM 16 C15 UNK 0 1 20.751 -0.532 11.962 1.00 0.00
ATOM 17 C16 UNK 0 1 21.691 0.304 12.504 1.00 0.00
ATOM 18 C17 UNK 0 1 21.325 1.452 13.124 1.00 0.00
ATOM 19 C18 UNK 0 1 19.975 1.802 13.217 1.00 0.00
ATOM 20 C19 UNK 0 1 15.333 1.949 11.812 1.00 0.00
ATOM 21 C20 UNK 0 1 14.487 1.049 12.430 1.00 0.00
ATOM 22 C21 UNK 0 1 13.121 1.303 12.519 1.00 0.00
ATOM 23 C22 UNK 0 1 12.602 2.459 11.992 1.00 0.00
ATOM 24 C23 UNK 0 1 13.423 3.351 11.368 1.00 0.00
ATOM 25 C24 UNK 0 1 14.781 3.099 11.270 1.00 0.00
ATOM 26 C25 UNK 0 1 12.198 2.430 19.709 1.00 0.00
ATOM 27 N1 UNK 0 1 13.355 1.779 19.870 1.00 0.00
ATOM 28 C26 UNK 0 1 13.516 0.549 20.070 1.00 0.00
CONECT 1 2 6 11
CONECT 2 1 3
CONECT 3 2 4
CONECT 4 3 5 7
CONECT 5 4 6
CONECT 6 1 5
CONECT 7 4 8 14
CONECT 8 7 9 20
CONECT 9 8 10
CONECT 10 9
CONECT 11 1 12
CONECT 12 11 13
CONECT 13 12 27
CONECT 14 7 15 19
CONECT 15 14 16
CONECT 16 15 17
CONECT 17 16 18
CONECT 18 17 19
CONECT 19 14 18
CONECT 20 8 21 25
CONECT 21 20 22
CONECT 22 21 23
CONECT 23 22 24
CONECT 24 23 25
CONECT 25 20 24
CONECT 26 27
CONECT 27 13 26 28
CONECT 28 27
MASTER 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 28 0 28 0
END
</inlineContents>
</jmolApplet>
</jmol>
==Chemical Information==
{| border="1"
|-
! IUPAC name
|(Z) 2-[4-(1,2-diphenylbut-1-enyl)phenoxy]-N,N-dimethyl-ethanamine.
|-
! Chemical Formula
|C26H29NO
|-
!Molecular Weight
|371.52 g mol-1
|-
!Melting Point
|96-98oC
|-
! Type of Substance
|White, Odourless Crystals
|}
==What is Tamoxifen Used For?==
Tamoxifen is currently the most popular drug used for the treatment of breast cancer in women. It has been found to have nearly as good a success rate as chemotherapy, but without some of the severe side effects such as hair loss. It has also been found that Tamoxifen can be used to treat other ailments, such as osteoporosis and gynecomastia in men.

==How Does Tamoxifen Work?==
The primary function of Tamoxifen is as an anti-oestrogen drug, which means it reduces or stops the action of oestrogen3.

Breast cancer is hormone-related and relies on the supply of sex hormones, particularly oestrogen, to grow. Cancers with oestrogen receptors on the surface of their cells are called `oestrogen receptor positive' (ER positive). Oestrogen can fit directly into the active site on these receptors and causes the cells to divide and the tumour to grow (see Figure 1)4.

Tamoxifen has a similar structure to oestrogen and works by imitating the action of oestrogen and fits into the active sites of the receptors. However, tamoxifen does not cause the cells to divide, but remains in place and prevents the oestrogen from getting to the cancer cells, therefore they either grow more slowly or stop growing altogether (see Figure 2).
[[Image:Figure_1.jpg|thumb|Action of oestrogen binding to oestrogen receptor]] [[Image:Figure_2.jpg|thumb|Action of Tamoxifen blocking oestrogen binding to cancer cell]]

==How is Tamoxifen made?==
===Synthesis of Tamoxifen via a carbometalation of alkynylsilanes===
====Step 1====
[[Image:step1tamoxifen.PNG|thumb|1st step in reaction path for tamoxifen]]
This is the 1st step in this synthesis. The reagents are Et2AlCl, Cp2TiCl2, CH2Cl2. The product of this step in the reaction is then cleaved with NBS (N-bromosuccinimide)at -78oC or 195.15K. The yield for this step is shown below the arrow.
====Step 2====
[[Image:step2tamoxifen.PNG|thumb|2nd step in reaction path for tamoxifen]]
This is the next step in the synthesis of tamoxifen. The reagents are PhZnCl, Pd(PPh3)4 (this is the catalyst), THF, and this is under reflux.
====Step 3====

==References==
*1 - MDS Crossfire Commander Beilstein: Structure
*2 - Conquest (Cambridge Crystal Structure Database): 3D image
*3 - www.cancer-info.com/tamoxifen.htm
*4 - www.fareston.com/d_living/d3.html

It:Tamoxifen

2006-10-24T10:39:10Z

Ls305:

=Tamoxifen=
==Structures and 3D Image==
[[Image:Tamoxifen.png|thumb|left|10|Structure of Tamoxifen]]
Structure of Tamoxifen 1,2
<jmol>
<jmolApplet>
<size>400</size>
<color>white</color>
<script>zoom 150; ball and stick on;frame 1; move 10 -20 10 0 0 0 0 0 3; delay 1;</script>
<inlineContents>
HEADER CSD ENTRY TTAMOX01
COMPND UNNAMED
AUTHOR GENERATED BY CONQUEST
CRYST1 41.630 5.747 30.679 90.00 142.90 90.00 C 2/c 8
ATOM 1 C1 UNK 0 1 16.197 1.751 16.833 1.00 0.00
ATOM 2 C2 UNK 0 1 16.883 0.621 16.433 1.00 0.00
ATOM 3 C3 UNK 0 1 17.319 0.512 15.121 1.00 0.00
ATOM 4 C4 UNK 0 1 17.077 1.518 14.187 1.00 0.00
ATOM 5 C5 UNK 0 1 16.413 2.654 14.620 1.00 0.00
ATOM 6 C6 UNK 0 1 15.975 2.779 15.939 1.00 0.00
ATOM 7 C7 UNK 0 1 17.558 1.390 12.775 1.00 0.00
ATOM 8 C8 UNK 0 1 16.794 1.665 11.699 1.00 0.00
ATOM 9 C9 UNK 0 1 17.353 1.702 10.291 1.00 0.00
ATOM 10 C10 UNK 0 1 16.798 0.602 9.401 1.00 0.00
ATOM 11 O1 UNK 0 1 15.777 1.765 18.145 1.00 0.00
ATOM 12 C11 UNK 0 1 15.059 2.927 18.600 1.00 0.00
ATOM 13 C12 UNK 0 1 14.568 2.659 20.001 1.00 0.00
ATOM 14 C13 UNK 0 1 19.000 0.984 12.660 1.00 0.00
ATOM 15 C14 UNK 0 1 19.386 -0.194 12.044 1.00 0.00
ATOM 16 C15 UNK 0 1 20.751 -0.532 11.962 1.00 0.00
ATOM 17 C16 UNK 0 1 21.691 0.304 12.504 1.00 0.00
ATOM 18 C17 UNK 0 1 21.325 1.452 13.124 1.00 0.00
ATOM 19 C18 UNK 0 1 19.975 1.802 13.217 1.00 0.00
ATOM 20 C19 UNK 0 1 15.333 1.949 11.812 1.00 0.00
ATOM 21 C20 UNK 0 1 14.487 1.049 12.430 1.00 0.00
ATOM 22 C21 UNK 0 1 13.121 1.303 12.519 1.00 0.00
ATOM 23 C22 UNK 0 1 12.602 2.459 11.992 1.00 0.00
ATOM 24 C23 UNK 0 1 13.423 3.351 11.368 1.00 0.00
ATOM 25 C24 UNK 0 1 14.781 3.099 11.270 1.00 0.00
ATOM 26 C25 UNK 0 1 12.198 2.430 19.709 1.00 0.00
ATOM 27 N1 UNK 0 1 13.355 1.779 19.870 1.00 0.00
ATOM 28 C26 UNK 0 1 13.516 0.549 20.070 1.00 0.00
CONECT 1 2 6 11
CONECT 2 1 3
CONECT 3 2 4
CONECT 4 3 5 7
CONECT 5 4 6
CONECT 6 1 5
CONECT 7 4 8 14
CONECT 8 7 9 20
CONECT 9 8 10
CONECT 10 9
CONECT 11 1 12
CONECT 12 11 13
CONECT 13 12 27
CONECT 14 7 15 19
CONECT 15 14 16
CONECT 16 15 17
CONECT 17 16 18
CONECT 18 17 19
CONECT 19 14 18
CONECT 20 8 21 25
CONECT 21 20 22
CONECT 22 21 23
CONECT 23 22 24
CONECT 24 23 25
CONECT 25 20 24
CONECT 26 27
CONECT 27 13 26 28
CONECT 28 27
MASTER 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 28 0 28 0
END
</inlineContents>
</jmolApplet>
</jmol>
==Chemical Information==
{| border="1"
|-
! IUPAC name
|(Z) 2-[4-(1,2-diphenylbut-1-enyl)phenoxy]-N,N-dimethyl-ethanamine.
|-
! Chemical Formula
|C26H29NO
|-
!Molecular Weight
|371.52 g mol-1
|-
! Type of Substance
|Isocyclic
|}
==What is Tamoxifen Used For?==
Tamoxifen is currently the most popular drug used for the treatment of breast cancer in women. It has been found to have nearly as good a success rate as chemotherapy, but without some of the severe side effects such as hair loss. It has also been found that Tamoxifen can be used to treat other ailments, such as osteoporosis and gynecomastia in men.

==How Does Tamoxifen Work?==
The primary function of Tamoxifen is as an anti-oestrogen drug, which means it reduces or stops the action of oestrogen3.

Breast cancer is hormone-related and relies on the supply of sex hormones, particularly oestrogen, to grow. Cancers with oestrogen receptors on the surface of their cells are called `oestrogen receptor positive' (ER positive). Oestrogen can fit directly into the active site on these receptors and causes the cells to divide and the tumour to grow (see Figure 1)4.

Tamoxifen has a similar structure to oestrogen and works by imitating the action of oestrogen and fits into the active sites of the receptors. However, tamoxifen does not cause the cells to divide, but remains in place and prevents the oestrogen from getting to the cancer cells, therefore they either grow more slowly or stop growing altogether (see Figure 2).
[[Image:Figure_1.jpg|thumb|Action of oestrogen binding to oestrogen receptor]] [[Image:Figure_2.jpg|thumb|Action of Tamoxifen blocking oestrogen binding to cancer cell]]

==How is Tamoxifen made?==
[[Image:Tamoxifen path.PNG|thumb|reaction path for tamoxifen]]
==References==
*1 - MDS Crossfire Commander Beilstein: Structure
*2 - Conquest (Cambridge Crystal Structure Database): 3D image
*3 - www.cancer-info.com/tamoxifen.htm
*4 - www.fareston.com/d_living/d3.html

File:Figure 2.jpg

2006-10-24T10:37:40Z

Ls305: Action of Tamoxifen blocking oestrogen from binding to cancer cell

Action of Tamoxifen blocking oestrogen from binding to cancer cell

It:Tamoxifen

2006-10-24T10:36:40Z

Ls305:

It:Tamoxifen

2006-10-24T10:34:41Z

Ls305:

File:Figure 1.jpg

2006-10-24T10:32:06Z

Ls305: Action of oestrogen binding to oestrogen receptor.

Action of oestrogen binding to oestrogen receptor.

It:Tamoxifen

2006-10-23T15:06:05Z

Ls305: Added information as to how tamoxifen works

=Tamoxifen=
==Structures and 3D Image==
[[Image:Tamoxifen.png|thumb|left|10|Structure of Tamoxifen]]
<jmol>
<jmolApplet>
<size>400</size>
<color>white</color>
<script>zoom 150; cpk off;frame 1; move 10 -20 10 0 0 0 0 0 3; delay 1;</script>
<inlineContents>
HEADER CSD ENTRY TTAMOX01
COMPND UNNAMED
AUTHOR GENERATED BY CONQUEST
CRYST1 41.630 5.747 30.679 90.00 142.90 90.00 C 2/c 8
ATOM 1 C1 UNK 0 1 16.197 1.751 16.833 1.00 0.00
ATOM 2 C2 UNK 0 1 16.883 0.621 16.433 1.00 0.00
ATOM 3 C3 UNK 0 1 17.319 0.512 15.121 1.00 0.00
ATOM 4 C4 UNK 0 1 17.077 1.518 14.187 1.00 0.00
ATOM 5 C5 UNK 0 1 16.413 2.654 14.620 1.00 0.00
ATOM 6 C6 UNK 0 1 15.975 2.779 15.939 1.00 0.00
ATOM 7 C7 UNK 0 1 17.558 1.390 12.775 1.00 0.00
ATOM 8 C8 UNK 0 1 16.794 1.665 11.699 1.00 0.00
ATOM 9 C9 UNK 0 1 17.353 1.702 10.291 1.00 0.00
ATOM 10 C10 UNK 0 1 16.798 0.602 9.401 1.00 0.00
ATOM 11 O1 UNK 0 1 15.777 1.765 18.145 1.00 0.00
ATOM 12 C11 UNK 0 1 15.059 2.927 18.600 1.00 0.00
ATOM 13 C12 UNK 0 1 14.568 2.659 20.001 1.00 0.00
ATOM 14 C13 UNK 0 1 19.000 0.984 12.660 1.00 0.00
ATOM 15 C14 UNK 0 1 19.386 -0.194 12.044 1.00 0.00
ATOM 16 C15 UNK 0 1 20.751 -0.532 11.962 1.00 0.00
ATOM 17 C16 UNK 0 1 21.691 0.304 12.504 1.00 0.00
ATOM 18 C17 UNK 0 1 21.325 1.452 13.124 1.00 0.00
ATOM 19 C18 UNK 0 1 19.975 1.802 13.217 1.00 0.00
ATOM 20 C19 UNK 0 1 15.333 1.949 11.812 1.00 0.00
ATOM 21 C20 UNK 0 1 14.487 1.049 12.430 1.00 0.00
ATOM 22 C21 UNK 0 1 13.121 1.303 12.519 1.00 0.00
ATOM 23 C22 UNK 0 1 12.602 2.459 11.992 1.00 0.00
ATOM 24 C23 UNK 0 1 13.423 3.351 11.368 1.00 0.00
ATOM 25 C24 UNK 0 1 14.781 3.099 11.270 1.00 0.00
ATOM 26 C25 UNK 0 1 12.198 2.430 19.709 1.00 0.00
ATOM 27 N1 UNK 0 1 13.355 1.779 19.870 1.00 0.00
ATOM 28 C26 UNK 0 1 13.516 0.549 20.070 1.00 0.00
CONECT 1 2 6 11
CONECT 2 1 3
CONECT 3 2 4
CONECT 4 3 5 7
CONECT 5 4 6
CONECT 6 1 5
CONECT 7 4 8 14
CONECT 8 7 9 20
CONECT 9 8 10
CONECT 10 9
CONECT 11 1 12
CONECT 12 11 13
CONECT 13 12 27
CONECT 14 7 15 19
CONECT 15 14 16
CONECT 16 15 17
CONECT 17 16 18
CONECT 18 17 19
CONECT 19 14 18
CONECT 20 8 21 25
CONECT 21 20 22
CONECT 22 21 23
CONECT 23 22 24
CONECT 24 23 25
CONECT 25 20 24
CONECT 26 27
CONECT 27 13 26 28
CONECT 28 27
MASTER 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 28 0 28 0
END
</inlineContents>
</jmolApplet>
</jmol>
==Chemical Information==
{| border="1"
|-
! IUPAC name
|(Z) 2-[4-(1,2-diphenylbut-1-enyl)phenoxy]-N,N-dimethyl-ethanamine.
|-
! Chemical Formula
|C26H29NO
|-
!Molecular Weight
|371.52 g mol-1
|-
! Type of Substance
|Isocyclic
|}
==What is Tamoxifen Used For?==
Tamoxifen is currently the most popular drug used for the treatment of breast cancer in women. It has been found to have nearly as good a success rate as chemotherapy, but without some of the severe side effects such as hair loss. It has also been found that Tamoxifen can be used to treat other ailments, such as osteoporosis and gynecomastia in men.

==How Does Tamoxifen Work?==
The primary function of Tamoxifen is as an anti-oestrogen drug, which means it reduces or stops the action of oestrogen.

Breast cancer is hormone-related and relies on the supply of sex hormones, particularly oestrogen, to grow. Cancers with oestrogen receptors on the surface of their cells are called `oestrogen receptor positive' (ER positive). Oestrogen can fit directly into the active site on these receptors and causes the cells to divide and the tumour to grow.

Tamoxifen has a similar structure to oestrogen and works by imitating the action of oestrogen and fits into the active sites of the receptors. However, tamoxifen does not cause the cells to divide, but remains in place and prevents the oestrogen from getting to the cancer cells, therefore they either grow more slowly or stop growing altogether.

It:Tamoxifen

2006-10-23T14:25:03Z

Ls305: Summary of Uses of Tamoxifen

=Tamoxifen=
==Structures and 3D Image==
[[Image:Tamoxifen.png|thumb|left|10|Structure of Tamoxifen]]
<jmol>
<jmolApplet>
<size>400</size>
<color>white</color>
<script>zoom 150; cpk off;frame 1; move 10 -20 10 0 0 0 0 0 3; delay 1;</script>
<inlineContents>
HEADER CSD ENTRY TTAMOX01
COMPND UNNAMED
AUTHOR GENERATED BY CONQUEST
CRYST1 41.630 5.747 30.679 90.00 142.90 90.00 C 2/c 8
ATOM 1 C1 UNK 0 1 16.197 1.751 16.833 1.00 0.00
ATOM 2 C2 UNK 0 1 16.883 0.621 16.433 1.00 0.00
ATOM 3 C3 UNK 0 1 17.319 0.512 15.121 1.00 0.00
ATOM 4 C4 UNK 0 1 17.077 1.518 14.187 1.00 0.00
ATOM 5 C5 UNK 0 1 16.413 2.654 14.620 1.00 0.00
ATOM 6 C6 UNK 0 1 15.975 2.779 15.939 1.00 0.00
ATOM 7 C7 UNK 0 1 17.558 1.390 12.775 1.00 0.00
ATOM 8 C8 UNK 0 1 16.794 1.665 11.699 1.00 0.00
ATOM 9 C9 UNK 0 1 17.353 1.702 10.291 1.00 0.00
ATOM 10 C10 UNK 0 1 16.798 0.602 9.401 1.00 0.00
ATOM 11 O1 UNK 0 1 15.777 1.765 18.145 1.00 0.00
ATOM 12 C11 UNK 0 1 15.059 2.927 18.600 1.00 0.00
ATOM 13 C12 UNK 0 1 14.568 2.659 20.001 1.00 0.00
ATOM 14 C13 UNK 0 1 19.000 0.984 12.660 1.00 0.00
ATOM 15 C14 UNK 0 1 19.386 -0.194 12.044 1.00 0.00
ATOM 16 C15 UNK 0 1 20.751 -0.532 11.962 1.00 0.00
ATOM 17 C16 UNK 0 1 21.691 0.304 12.504 1.00 0.00
ATOM 18 C17 UNK 0 1 21.325 1.452 13.124 1.00 0.00
ATOM 19 C18 UNK 0 1 19.975 1.802 13.217 1.00 0.00
ATOM 20 C19 UNK 0 1 15.333 1.949 11.812 1.00 0.00
ATOM 21 C20 UNK 0 1 14.487 1.049 12.430 1.00 0.00
ATOM 22 C21 UNK 0 1 13.121 1.303 12.519 1.00 0.00
ATOM 23 C22 UNK 0 1 12.602 2.459 11.992 1.00 0.00
ATOM 24 C23 UNK 0 1 13.423 3.351 11.368 1.00 0.00
ATOM 25 C24 UNK 0 1 14.781 3.099 11.270 1.00 0.00
ATOM 26 C25 UNK 0 1 12.198 2.430 19.709 1.00 0.00
ATOM 27 N1 UNK 0 1 13.355 1.779 19.870 1.00 0.00
ATOM 28 C26 UNK 0 1 13.516 0.549 20.070 1.00 0.00
CONECT 1 2 6 11
CONECT 2 1 3
CONECT 3 2 4
CONECT 4 3 5 7
CONECT 5 4 6
CONECT 6 1 5
CONECT 7 4 8 14
CONECT 8 7 9 20
CONECT 9 8 10
CONECT 10 9
CONECT 11 1 12
CONECT 12 11 13
CONECT 13 12 27
CONECT 14 7 15 19
CONECT 15 14 16
CONECT 16 15 17
CONECT 17 16 18
CONECT 18 17 19
CONECT 19 14 18
CONECT 20 8 21 25
CONECT 21 20 22
CONECT 22 21 23
CONECT 23 22 24
CONECT 24 23 25
CONECT 25 20 24
CONECT 26 27
CONECT 27 13 26 28
CONECT 28 27
MASTER 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 28 0 28 0
END
</inlineContents>
</jmolApplet>
</jmol>
==Chemical Information==
==What is Tamoxifen Used For?==
Tamoxifen is currently the most popular drug used for the treatment of breast cancer in women. It has been found to have nearly as good a success rate as chemotherapy, but without some of the severe side effects such as hair loss. It has also been found that Tamoxifen can be used to treat other ailments, such as osteoporosis and gynecomastia in men.

It:Tamoxifen

2006-10-23T14:13:49Z

Ls305: Added titles

It:Tamoxifen

2006-10-23T13:48:08Z

Ls305:

<jmol>
<jmolApplet>
<size>400</size>
<color>white</color>
<script>zoom 80; cpk off;frame 1; move 10 -20 10 0 0 0 0 0 3; delay 1;</script>
<inlineContents>
HEADER CSD ENTRY TTAMOX01
COMPND UNNAMED
AUTHOR GENERATED BY CONQUEST
CRYST1 41.630 5.747 30.679 90.00 142.90 90.00 C 2/c 8
ATOM 1 C1 UNK 0 1 16.197 1.751 16.833 1.00 0.00
ATOM 2 C2 UNK 0 1 16.883 0.621 16.433 1.00 0.00
ATOM 3 C3 UNK 0 1 17.319 0.512 15.121 1.00 0.00
ATOM 4 C4 UNK 0 1 17.077 1.518 14.187 1.00 0.00
ATOM 5 C5 UNK 0 1 16.413 2.654 14.620 1.00 0.00
ATOM 6 C6 UNK 0 1 15.975 2.779 15.939 1.00 0.00
ATOM 7 C7 UNK 0 1 17.558 1.390 12.775 1.00 0.00
ATOM 8 C8 UNK 0 1 16.794 1.665 11.699 1.00 0.00
ATOM 9 C9 UNK 0 1 17.353 1.702 10.291 1.00 0.00
ATOM 10 C10 UNK 0 1 16.798 0.602 9.401 1.00 0.00
ATOM 11 O1 UNK 0 1 15.777 1.765 18.145 1.00 0.00
ATOM 12 C11 UNK 0 1 15.059 2.927 18.600 1.00 0.00
ATOM 13 C12 UNK 0 1 14.568 2.659 20.001 1.00 0.00
ATOM 14 C13 UNK 0 1 19.000 0.984 12.660 1.00 0.00
ATOM 15 C14 UNK 0 1 19.386 -0.194 12.044 1.00 0.00
ATOM 16 C15 UNK 0 1 20.751 -0.532 11.962 1.00 0.00
ATOM 17 C16 UNK 0 1 21.691 0.304 12.504 1.00 0.00
ATOM 18 C17 UNK 0 1 21.325 1.452 13.124 1.00 0.00
ATOM 19 C18 UNK 0 1 19.975 1.802 13.217 1.00 0.00
ATOM 20 C19 UNK 0 1 15.333 1.949 11.812 1.00 0.00
ATOM 21 C20 UNK 0 1 14.487 1.049 12.430 1.00 0.00
ATOM 22 C21 UNK 0 1 13.121 1.303 12.519 1.00 0.00
ATOM 23 C22 UNK 0 1 12.602 2.459 11.992 1.00 0.00
ATOM 24 C23 UNK 0 1 13.423 3.351 11.368 1.00 0.00
ATOM 25 C24 UNK 0 1 14.781 3.099 11.270 1.00 0.00
ATOM 26 C25 UNK 0 1 12.198 2.430 19.709 1.00 0.00
ATOM 27 N1 UNK 0 1 13.355 1.779 19.870 1.00 0.00
ATOM 28 C26 UNK 0 1 13.516 0.549 20.070 1.00 0.00
CONECT 1 2 6 11
CONECT 2 1 3
CONECT 3 2 4
CONECT 4 3 5 7
CONECT 5 4 6
CONECT 6 1 5
CONECT 7 4 8 14
CONECT 8 7 9 20
CONECT 9 8 10
CONECT 10 9
CONECT 11 1 12
CONECT 12 11 13
CONECT 13 12 27
CONECT 14 7 15 19
CONECT 15 14 16
CONECT 16 15 17
CONECT 17 16 18
CONECT 18 17 19
CONECT 19 14 18
CONECT 20 8 21 25
CONECT 21 20 22
CONECT 22 21 23
CONECT 23 22 24
CONECT 24 23 25
CONECT 25 20 24
CONECT 26 27
CONECT 27 13 26 28
CONECT 28 27
MASTER 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 28 0 28 0
END
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</jmolApplet>
</jmol>