ChemWiki - User contributions [en]

It:Osmium Tetroxide

2006-12-07T18:12:16Z

Ljg105: /* References */

=Introduction<sup>1</sup>=
Chemical Formula: OsO<sub>4</sub>
==Physical Properties==
Melting point: 40°C
Boiling point: 130°C
VERY TOXIC Especially to the eyes.
Colourless/Yellow
Ozonelike odour

Osmium Tetroxide is an example of the highest oxidation state achieved by transition metal. It has a tetrahedral shape as shown in jmol format below with O=Os=O bond angle of ~109°.

<jmol>
<jmolApplet>
<size>200</size>
<color>white</color>
<script>zoom 100; cpk on;frame 1; move 10 -20 10 0 0 0 0 0 3; delay 1;</script>
<inlineContents>HEADER CSD ENTRY XICKAV
HEADER NONAME 07-Dec-06 NONE 1
TITLE NONE 2
AUTHOR WWW daemon apache NONE 3
REVDAT 1 07-Dec-06 0 NONE 4
ATOM 1 O 0 0.000 -1.424 -1.007 0.00 0.00 O+0
ATOM 2 Os 0 -0.000 -0.000 0.000 0.00 0.00 Os+0
ATOM 3 O 0 0.000 1.424 -1.007 0.00 0.00 O+0
ATOM 4 O 0 -1.424 0.000 1.007 0.00 0.00 O+0
ATOM 5 O 0 1.424 -0.000 1.007 0.00 0.00 O+0
CONECT 1 2 0 0 0 NONE 10
CONECT 2 1 3 4 5 NONE 11
CONECT 3 2 0 0 0 NONE 12
CONECT 4 2 0 0 0 NONE 13
CONECT 5 2 0 0 0 NONE 14
END NONE 15
END</inlineContents>
</jmolApplet>
</jmol>

===Weapon of terror?===
Osmium Tetroxide has been seen as a possible terrorist weapon, this is becuase of its possible use as a catalysist in an explosive device, or due to its high toxicity. The catalytic behaviour is possible due to osmium’s many oxidation states, and the toxicity because of its acidic and corrosive nature in aqueous systems. However it's cost has had it dubbed 'the billionaires weapon'.

=Preparation<sup>1</sup>=

Addition of oxygen by burning the metal at 800 °C

[[Image:OsO4.JPG|Thumb|Left|200|Preparation]]

=Use in Organic Chemistry=

Oxidation of C=C bond

[[Image:OsO4 oxidation.JPG|Thumb|Left|200|Reaction]]

==References==
1.http://www.chm.bris.ac.uk/motm/oso4/oso4v.htm

2.http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/3604857.stm

It:Osmium Tetroxide

2006-12-07T18:12:07Z

Ljg105: /* References */

It:Osmium Tetroxide

2006-12-07T18:11:21Z

Ljg105: /* Introduction<sup>1</sup> */

It:Warfarin

2006-12-07T17:49:52Z

Ljg105: /* Warfarin */

==Warfarin==

===History===
It was found that cows that grazed in fields planted with Sweet Clover would die from bleeds whose origin was unknown. The condition became known as Sweet clover disease. In 1921 it was found that rotting sweet clover was the cause of the disease and not the plant while it was growing in the field. It was not until 1941 that the molecule causing the bleeding was found within the mulch, when Karl Link found that dicoumarol had anticoagulant properties and was present within the decaying clover. From this he later synthesised the stronger blood thinner warfarin, to be used as rat poison.

===Structure===
[[Image:war.gif|thumb|Structure]]
Warfarin contains a chiral centre, and therefore exists as two enantiomers, one with the benzene ring at the top of the diagram pointing out of the screen, and the other with it pointing down into the screen.

<jmol>
<jmolApplet>
<size>200</size>
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<script>zoom 100; cpk on;frame 1; move 10 -20 10 0 0 0 0 0 3; delay 1;</script>
<inlineContents>HEADER NONAME 05-Dec-06 NONE 1
TITLE NONE 2
AUTHOR WWW daemon apache NONE 3
REVDAT 1 05-Dec-06 0 NONE 4
ATOM 1 O 0 0.293 2.520 -1.433 0.00 0.00 O+0
ATOM 2 C 0 -0.365 2.910 -0.499 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 3 C 0 -0.157 4.302 0.040 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 4 C 0 -1.399 2.008 0.124 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 5 C 0 -1.413 0.666 -0.610 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 6 C 0 -0.047 0.034 -0.526 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 7 C 0 0.832 0.426 0.445 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 8 O 0 0.499 1.381 1.342 0.00 0.00 O+0
ATOM 9 C 0 2.153 -0.223 0.483 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 10 C 0 3.100 0.129 1.448 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 11 C 0 4.326 -0.498 1.457 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 12 C 0 4.622 -1.472 0.515 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 13 C 0 3.696 -1.828 -0.443 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 14 C 0 2.452 -1.209 -0.470 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 15 O 0 1.533 -1.546 -1.400 0.00 0.00 O+0
ATOM 16 C 0 0.324 -0.964 -1.440 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 17 O 0 -0.469 -1.305 -2.300 0.00 0.00 O+0
ATOM 18 C 0 -2.428 -0.246 0.030 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 19 C 0 -3.427 -0.815 -0.738 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 20 C 0 -4.358 -1.651 -0.151 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 21 C 0 -4.291 -1.918 1.204 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 22 C 0 -3.292 -1.350 1.971 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 23 C 0 -2.358 -0.517 1.384 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 24 H 0 0.622 4.802 -0.536 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 25 H 0 -1.086 4.866 -0.041 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 26 H 0 0.144 4.246 1.086 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 27 H 0 -1.155 1.846 1.174 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 28 H 0 -2.382 2.474 0.047 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 29 H 0 -1.676 0.825 -1.655 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 30 H 0 1.262 1.495 1.925 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 31 H 0 2.872 0.887 2.182 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 32 H 0 5.061 -0.229 2.200 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 33 H 0 5.587 -1.957 0.531 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 34 H 0 3.937 -2.588 -1.172 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 35 H 0 -3.480 -0.606 -1.796 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 36 H 0 -5.139 -2.095 -0.750 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 37 H 0 -5.019 -2.571 1.663 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 38 H 0 -3.239 -1.558 3.030 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 39 H 0 -1.577 -0.073 1.983 0.00 0.00 H+0
CONECT 1 2 0 0 0 NONE 44
CONECT 2 1 3 4 0 NONE 45
CONECT 3 2 24 25 26 NONE 46
CONECT 4 2 5 27 28 NONE 47
CONECT 5 4 6 18 29 NONE 48
CONECT 6 5 16 7 0 NONE 49
CONECT 7 6 8 9 0 NONE 50
CONECT 8 7 30 0 0 NONE 51
CONECT 9 7 10 14 0 NONE 52
CONECT 10 9 11 31 0 NONE 53
CONECT 11 10 12 32 0 NONE 54
CONECT 12 11 13 33 0 NONE 55
CONECT 13 12 14 34 0 NONE 56
CONECT 14 9 13 15 0 NONE 57
CONECT 15 14 16 0 0 NONE 58
CONECT 16 15 6 17 0 NONE 59
CONECT 17 16 0 0 0 NONE 60
CONECT 18 5 23 19 0 NONE 61
CONECT 19 18 20 35 0 NONE 62
CONECT 20 19 21 36 0 NONE 63
CONECT 21 20 22 37 0 NONE 64
CONECT 22 21 23 38 0 NONE 65
CONECT 23 22 18 39 0 NONE 66
END NONE 67
</inlineContents>
</jmolApplet>
</jmol>

[[Image:warir.gif|thumb|IR spectrum]]

===Biochemistry of anticoagulation===
Warfarin gains it’s antigoagulation properties from its ability to disrupt the metabolism of vitamin K. Vitamin K is used in the synthesis of human clotting factors, the chemicals the instigate blood clotting, therefore if these are not present the blood will not start to clot. Warfarin does this by binding to the proteins needed to break down the vitamin K.

===Conditions treated by Warfarin===
Warfarin is used to treat all conditions caused by blood clots, eg strokes and DVTs. It is also used during certain surgeries to prevent clots forming during the operation. It has been used with other medicine to treat forms of lung cancer.

===Side effects of treatment===
Headache,
upset stomach,
diarrhea,
fever, and
skin rash.

=====Serious side effects=====
Unusual bleeding or bruising,
black or bloody stools,
blood in the urine,
tiredness,
unexplained fever,
chills,
sore throat, and
stomach pain.

===Resistance in rats===
Over time rats have gained resistance to warfarin poisoning. Their blood clotting is effected, but it is merely slowed down rather than stopped all together. Their resistance is caused by their livers producing warfarin converting enzymes; these remove the warfarin from the blood and convert it into a metabolite of warfarin, which does not bind to vitamin K metabolic enzymes. Another possibility is that warfarin resistant rats have very slightly different vitamin K metabolic enzymes, that have a lower affinity for both vitamin K and warfarin, therefore these enzymes are inhibited much slower, allowing the body to remove the warfarin before it can have the desired effect.

===References===
[http://www.chemsoc.org/ExemplarChem/entries/2003/imperial_Bhono/historical.html http://www.chemsoc.org/ExemplarChem/entries/2003/imperial_Bhono/historical.html]

[http://z.about.com/d/chemistry/1/0/R/war.gif Structure]

[http://www.aist.go.jp/RIODB/SDBS/cgi-bin/IMG.cgi?imgdir=ir&fname=NIDA29094&sdbsno=21930 http://www.aist.go.jp/RIODB/SDBS/cgi-bin/IMG.cgi?imgdir=ir&fname=NIDA29094&sdbsno=21930]

[http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=1146900 http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=1146900]

[http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/medmaster/a682277.html http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/medmaster/a682277.html]

[http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/medmaster/a682277.html http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/medmaster/a682277.html]

[http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/picrender.fcgi?artid=1179227&blobtype=pdf http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/picrender.fcgi?artid=1179227&blobtype=pdf]

It:Warfarin

2006-12-07T17:41:32Z

Ljg105: /* Warfarin */

It:Warfarin

2006-12-07T17:32:36Z

Ljg105: /* Warfarin */

File:Warir.gif

2006-12-07T17:30:41Z

Ljg105:

It:Warfarin

2006-12-05T11:59:34Z

Ljg105: /* Warfarin */

File:War.gif

2006-12-05T11:54:18Z

Ljg105:

It:Warfarin

2006-12-05T11:45:35Z

Ljg105: /* History */

It:Warfarin

2006-12-05T11:21:12Z

Ljg105:

==Warfarin==

===History===

It:projects

2006-12-05T11:13:32Z

Ljg105: /* Supplemental Project Page */

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