ChemWiki - User contributions [en]

Rep:Mod:KM816

2018-05-18T11:37:19Z

Km816: /* Molecular Orbital */

Molecular modelling is important for predicitng the structure and reactivity of molecules. Molecules can be modeled in multiple ways from MO diagrams using linear combination of atomic orbitals (LCAO) method to using computer programmes like Gaussian. This page will show the applications of Gaussian for modelling different molecules and how predicted MOs using LCAO compare to Gaussian MO predictions.

= EX3 section =
== BH3 ==

=== 3-21G basis set ===
[[File:321G_BH3_km816.png|thumb|400px|centre]]
[[File:321D BH3item km816.png|thumb|400px|centre]]

The item shows that the optimisation has gone to completed when everything has converged.

=== 6-31G(d,p) basis set ===
[[File:631G BH3 energy km816.png|thumb|400px|centre]]
[[File:631G BH3 item km816.png|thumb|400px|centre]]
[[File:631G BH3 energygraph km816.png|thumb|400px|centre]]
The energy of BH3 is much lower using the 6-31G(d,p) basis set compared to the 3-21G basis set.

The total energy graph shows the program going through different potential energy surfaces until it finds one with minimum energy.
The RMS gradient graph shows how the graident is going towards zero as the minimum potential energy is reached.
The point of minimum potential energy is the most stable configuration for the molecule.

[[File:631G BH3 vib energy km816.png|thumb|400px|centre]]
[[File:631G BH3 vib item km816.png|thumb|400px|centre]]
[[File:BH3 low freq km816.png|thumb|400px|centre]]
[[File:631G BH3 IR spec km816.png|thumb|600px|centre]]

[[Media:KM816 BH3 FREQ.LOG|Frequency .log file]]

<jmol><jmolApplet>
<title>BH3</title>
<color>black</color>
<size>200</size>
<uploadedFileContents>KM816 BH3 FREQ.LOG</uploadedFileContents>
</jmolApplet></jmol>

Although there is slight divergence at the 4th low frequency point the optimisation went to completion and was using the same basis set.

=== Vibrational analysis of BH3 ===
There are 6 calculated vibrations following the 3N-6 rule. However, only 3 peaks are seen. This is because vibrations at 1213 and 2715 cm-1 are degenerate so only one peak is seen. They are an asymmetric stretch and bend respectively. The vibration at 2582 cm-1 is not IR active seen by the 0 intensity. This is because it is a symmetric stretch so there is no change in dipole moment.

{| class="wikitable" border=1|+table
!Frequency (cm-1 !! Intensity!! Symmetry!! IR active!! Type
|-
| 1168 || 93 || A1|| Yes || Out-of-plane bend
|-
| 1213 || 14|| E|| Yes || Bend
|-
| 1213|| 14|| E|| Yes || Bend
|-
| 2582 || 0 || A1 || No || Symmetric stretch
|-
| 2715 || 126 || E || Yes || Asymmetric stretch
|-
| 2715 || 126 || E || Yes || Asymmetric stretch
|}

=== Comparison of MO diagram to Gaussian MOs ===
[[File:MO diagram BH3 km816.png|thumb|750px|centre|Molecular Orbital Diagram from [[http://www.huntresearchgroup.org.uk/teaching/teaching_comp_lab_year2a/Tut_MO_diagram_BH3.pdf| Hunt Research Group]]]]
From comparison of the predicted MOs from the MO diagram and the calculated MOs from Gaussian can see that the MO diagram is a good approximation. Although the calculated MOs show the electron density over the whole molecule whereas the MO diagram shows the electron density located in orbitals. The localised electron density in MO diagrams is useful for visualising which AOs contribute to the overall MO it is not representative of the actual MO.
The MO diagram for this molecule may be more accurate as B and H are light elements so will not experience relativistic effects to any significant extent.

==Ammonia-Borane Association Energy, 6-31G basis set RB3LYP method ==

=== Ammonia NH3 ===
[[File:631G NH3 energy km816.png|thumb|400px|centre]]
[[File:631G NH3 energy item km816.png|thumb|400px|centre]]
[[File:NH3 vib energy km816.png|thumb|400px|centre]]
[[File:NH3 vib item km816.png|thumb|400px|centre]]
[[File:NH3 low freq km816.png|thumb|400px|centre]]
[[File:NH3 vib table km816.png|thumb|400px|centre]]
[[File:NH3 IR spec km816.png|thumb|600px|centre]]

[[Media:KM816_NH3_FREQ.LOG|Frequency .log file]]

<jmol><jmolApplet>
<title>NH3</title>
<color>black</color>
<size>200</size>
<uploadedFileContents>KM816_NH3_FREQ.LOG</uploadedFileContents>
</jmolApplet></jmol>

=== Ammonia-borane ===
[[File:NH3BH3 energy km816.png|thumb|400px|centre]]
[[File:NH3BH3 energy item km816.png|thumb|400px|centre]]
[[File:NH3BH3 vib energy km816.png|thumb|400px|centre]]
[[File:NH3BH3 vib item km816.png|thumb|400px|centre]]
[[File:NH3BH3 low freq km816.png|thumb|400px|centre]]
[[File:NH3BH3 vib table km816.png|thumb|400px|centre]]
[[File:NH3BH3 IR spec km816.png|thumb|600px|centre]]

[[Media:KM816_NH3BH3_FREQ.LOG|Frequency .log file]]

<jmol><jmolApplet>
<title>NH3BH3</title>
<color>black</color>
<size>200</size>
<uploadedFileContents>KM816_NH3BH3_FREQ.LOG</uploadedFileContents>
</jmolApplet></jmol>

=== Association energy calculation ===
E(NH3BH3)=-83.22469032 a.u.

E(NH3)=-56.55776856 a.u.

E(BH3)=-26.61532350 a.u.

Change in energy= E(NH3BH3)-(E(NH3)+E(BH3))=-0.05160(5d.p) a.u.
=-136 kJ/mol
Therefore, the B-N dative bond is relatively weak compared to B-H and N-H bonds. This is because hydrogen is a small molecule with only s orbitals available for bonding. S orbitals have the largest interaction with other orbitals so the bonding orbitals are stabilised to a larger extent than a p orbital. Therefore, as B and N are bonded through p orbitals there is less stabilisation of bonding orbitals leading to a weaker bond.

==BBr3 pseudo-potential optimisation ==
Pseudo-potential optimisation using basis set GEN with RB3LYP calculation method is used due to heavier atoms such as Br. LanL2DZ pseudo-potentials for BR and B3LYP/6-31G level was used for Al and Cl. This is because the size of Br causes quantum effects that cannot be predicted by the 6-31G(d,p) basis set.
[[File:BBr3 energy km816.png|thumb|400px|centre]]
[[File:BBr3 energy item km816.png|thumb|400px|centre]]
[[File:BBr3 vib energy km816.png|thumb|400px|centre]]
[[File:BBr3 vib energy item km816.png|thumb|400px|centre]]
[[File:BBr3 low freq km816.png|thumb|400px|centre]]
[[File:BBr3 vib table km816.png|thumb|400px|centre]]
[[File:BBr3 IR spectra km816.png|thumb|600px|centre]]

[[Media:KM816 BBR3 FREQ GEN.LOG|Frequency .log file]]

<jmol><jmolApplet>
<title>BBr3</title>
<color>black</color>
<size>200</size>
<uploadedFileContents>KM816 BBR3 FREQ GEN.LOG</uploadedFileContents>
</jmolApplet></jmol>

= Project Section, basis set GEN with RB3LYP method =

== Isomers of Al2Br2Cl4 ==
[[File:Isomers km816.png|thumb|400px|centre]]

== Isomer 1, bridging Br ligands. LanL2DZ pseudo-potentials for BR and B3LYP/6-31G level was used for Al and Cl ==
[[File:BridgingBR energy km816.png|thumb|400px|centre]]
[[File:BridgingBr energy item km816.png|thumb|400px|centre]]
[[File:BridgingBR energy freq km816.png|thumb|400px|centre]]

<pre> Item Value Threshold Converged?
Maximum Force 0.000006 0.000450 YES
RMS Force 0.000002 0.000300 YES
Maximum Displacement 0.000066 0.001800 YES
RMS Displacement 0.000021 0.001200 YES
Predicted change in Energy=-3.736205D-10
Optimization completed.
-- Stationary point found. </pre>

<pre> Low frequencies --- -5.1748 -5.0353 -3.1463 0.0026 0.0030 0.0031
Low frequencies --- 14.8261 63.2702 86.0770
Diagonal vibrational polarizability:
102.8320447 75.5305353 47.7506817
Harmonic frequencies (cm**-1), IR intensities (KM/Mole), Raman scattering
activities (A**4/AMU), depolarization ratios for plane and unpolarized
incident light, reduced masses (AMU), force constants (mDyne/A),
and normal coordinates:
1 2 3
B2U AU B3G
Frequencies -- 14.8261 63.2702 86.0765
Red. masses -- 41.0115 34.9689 47.7803
Frc consts -- 0.0053 0.0825 0.2086
IR Inten -- 0.3441 0.0000 0.0000 </pre>

[[Media:KM816_CL2ALBR2ALCL2_FREQ.LOG|Frequency .log file]]

<jmol><jmolApplet>
<title>CL2ALBR2ALCL2</title>
<color>black</color>
<size>200</size>
<uploadedFileContents>KM816_CL2ALBR2ALCL2_FREQ.LOG</uploadedFileContents>
</jmolApplet></jmol>

E=-6189229 kJ/mol

== Isomer 2, trans Br ligands. LanL2DZ pseudo-potentials for BR and B3LYP/6-31G level was used for Al and Cl ==
[[File:BridgingCl energy km816.png|thumb|400px|centre]]
[[File:BridgingCl energy item km816.png|thumb|400px|centre]]
[[File:TransBR_energy_freq_km816.png|thumb|400px|centre]]

<pre> Item Value Threshold Converged?
Maximum Force 0.000011 0.000450 YES
RMS Force 0.000003 0.000300 YES
Maximum Displacement 0.000262 0.001800 YES
RMS Displacement 0.000106 0.001200 YES
Predicted change in Energy=-2.270224D-09
Optimization completed.
-- Stationary point found. </pre>
<pre> Low frequencies --- -4.2803 -2.4946 -0.0029 -0.0010 0.0017 0.9593
Low frequencies --- 17.7196 48.9825 72.9516
Diagonal vibrational polarizability:
74.9860284 98.5886381 41.2859385
Harmonic frequencies (cm**-1), IR intensities (KM/Mole), Raman scattering
activities (A**4/AMU), depolarization ratios for plane and unpolarized
incident light, reduced masses (AMU), force constants (mDyne/A),
and normal coordinates:
1 2 3
BU AU AG
Frequencies -- 17.7196 48.9825 72.9515
Red. masses -- 43.7717 46.9516 52.1453
Frc consts -- 0.0081 0.0664 0.1635
IR Inten -- 0.4805 0.0706 0.0000 </pre>

[[Media:KM816_CLBRALCL2ALBRCL_FREQ.LOG|Frequency .log file]]

<jmol><jmolApplet>
<title>CLBRALCL2ALBRCL</title>
<color>black</color>
<size>200</size>
<uploadedFileContents>KM816_CLBRALCL2ALBRCL_FREQ.LOG</uploadedFileContents>
</jmolApplet></jmol>

E=-6189255 kJ/mol

The trans isomer with bridging Cl ligands is more stable. This is due to the better overlap of bridging Cl and Al as they are both in row 3 of the periodic table so similar in size and energy. This helps relieve the electron deficient AL centre therefore stabilising the isomer more. Br is too large for an efficient energy gap as Br valence orbitals are very diffuse and the energy difference between Al MOs and Br MOs is much larger leading to a smaller splitting energy so that the isomer with bridging BRs is less stabilised.

== AlCl2Br Monomer ==
[[File:Monomer energy km816.png|thumb|400px|centre]]
[[File:Monomer energy item km816.png|thumb|400px|centre]]
[[File:AlCl2Br_freq_energy_km816.png|thumb|400px|centre]]

<pre>Item Value Threshold Converged?
Maximum Force 0.000081 0.000450 YES
RMS Force 0.000042 0.000300 YES
Maximum Displacement 0.001588 0.001800 YES
RMS Displacement 0.000974 0.001200 YES
Predicted change in Energy=-1.810813D-07
Optimization completed.
-- Stationary point found. </pre>

<pre> Low frequencies --- -0.0059 -0.0056 -0.0047 1.3568 3.6367 4.2604
Low frequencies --- 120.5042 133.9178 185.8950
Diagonal vibrational polarizability:
25.8387453 23.2148312 26.6885746
Harmonic frequencies (cm**-1), IR intensities (KM/Mole), Raman scattering
activities (A**4/AMU), depolarization ratios for plane and unpolarized
incident light, reduced masses (AMU), force constants (mDyne/A),
and normal coordinates:
1 2 3
B2 A1 B1
Frequencies -- 120.5040 133.9178 185.8949
Red. masses -- 37.6456 39.5756 28.4745
Frc consts -- 0.3221 0.4182 0.5798
IR Inten -- 5.3432 6.3512 33.1798 </pre>

[[Media:KM816_ALCL2BR_FREQ.LOG|Frequency .log file]]

<jmol><jmolApplet>
<title>AlCl2Br</title>
<color>black</color>
<size>200</size>
<uploadedFileContents>KM816_ALCL2BR_FREQ.LOG</uploadedFileContents>
</jmolApplet></jmol>

E=-3094580 kJ/mol

== Dissociation Energy ==
(2E(monomer)-isomer)=(2x-1176.19013679)--2352.41628816

=-2352.380274+2352.41628816

=0.03601 a.u (5 d.p)

=95 kJ/mol

The monomer is less stable, seen by the positive energy. This is because the electron deficiency at the Al is relieved by more ligands where the Cl (in a valence model) can donate LPs to the Al. This means that the electron deficiency is stabilised in an MO model.

== Molecular orbitals of Isomer 2, bridging Cl==

=== Highly Bonding, MO 37 ===
==== Gaussian Orbital ====
[[File:Gauss bonding 1 km816.png|thumb|400px|centre]]
[[File:Gauss bonding 2 km816.png|thumb|400px|centre]]
==== Molecular Orbital ====
[[File:MO 37 bonding km816.png|thumb|750px|centre]]
There is only one node through the centre of the molecule

==== Fragment Orbitals ====
[[File:FO bonding 1 km816.png|thumb|400px|centre]]
[[File:FO bonding 2 km816.png|thumb|400px|centre]]

The electron density on the terminal ligands are residual electron density from the calculation. This shows the discrepancy between MO diagrams and the Gaussian calculations

=== Medium Bonding MO 41===
==== Gaussian Orbital ====
[[File:Gauss medium 1 km816.png|thumb|400px|centre]]
[[File:Gauss medium 2 km816.png|thumb|400px|centre]]

==== Molecular Orbital ====
[[File:MO medium km816.png|thumb|750px|centre]]

==== Fragment Orbitals ====
[[File:FO medium 1 km816.png|thumb|400px|centre]]
[[File:FO medium 2 km816.png|thumb|400px|centre]]

=== Highly Anti-bonding MO 54===
==== Gaussian Orbital ====
[[File:Gauss antibonding 1 km816.png|thumb|400px|centre]]
[[File:Gauss antibonding 2 km816.png|thumb|400px|centre]]
==== Molecular Orbital ====
[[File:MO antibonding km816.png|thumb|750px|centre]]

==== Fragment Orbitals ====
[[File:FO antibonding 1 km816.png|thumb|400px|centre]]
[[File:FO antibonding 2 km816.png|thumb|400px|centre]]

The atomic orbitals are much larger on Br than Cl for the highly anti-bonding MO. This is because Br is higher in energy than Cl therfore, it has a higher contribution to antibonding orbitals than Cl due to the energy difference between the two ligands.

Rep:Mod:KM816

2018-05-18T11:36:18Z

Km816: /* Molecular Orbital */

Molecular modelling is important for predicitng the structure and reactivity of molecules. Molecules can be modeled in multiple ways from MO diagrams using linear combination of atomic orbitals (LCAO) method to using computer programmes like Gaussian. This page will show the applications of Gaussian for modelling different molecules and how predicted MOs using LCAO compare to Gaussian MO predictions.

= EX3 section =
== BH3 ==

=== 3-21G basis set ===
[[File:321G_BH3_km816.png|thumb|400px|centre]]
[[File:321D BH3item km816.png|thumb|400px|centre]]

The item shows that the optimisation has gone to completed when everything has converged.

=== 6-31G(d,p) basis set ===
[[File:631G BH3 energy km816.png|thumb|400px|centre]]
[[File:631G BH3 item km816.png|thumb|400px|centre]]
[[File:631G BH3 energygraph km816.png|thumb|400px|centre]]
The energy of BH3 is much lower using the 6-31G(d,p) basis set compared to the 3-21G basis set.

The total energy graph shows the program going through different potential energy surfaces until it finds one with minimum energy.
The RMS gradient graph shows how the graident is going towards zero as the minimum potential energy is reached.
The point of minimum potential energy is the most stable configuration for the molecule.

[[File:631G BH3 vib energy km816.png|thumb|400px|centre]]
[[File:631G BH3 vib item km816.png|thumb|400px|centre]]
[[File:BH3 low freq km816.png|thumb|400px|centre]]
[[File:631G BH3 IR spec km816.png|thumb|600px|centre]]

[[Media:KM816 BH3 FREQ.LOG|Frequency .log file]]

<jmol><jmolApplet>
<title>BH3</title>
<color>black</color>
<size>200</size>
<uploadedFileContents>KM816 BH3 FREQ.LOG</uploadedFileContents>
</jmolApplet></jmol>

Although there is slight divergence at the 4th low frequency point the optimisation went to completion and was using the same basis set.

=== Vibrational analysis of BH3 ===
There are 6 calculated vibrations following the 3N-6 rule. However, only 3 peaks are seen. This is because vibrations at 1213 and 2715 cm-1 are degenerate so only one peak is seen. They are an asymmetric stretch and bend respectively. The vibration at 2582 cm-1 is not IR active seen by the 0 intensity. This is because it is a symmetric stretch so there is no change in dipole moment.

{| class="wikitable" border=1|+table
!Frequency (cm-1 !! Intensity!! Symmetry!! IR active!! Type
|-
| 1168 || 93 || A1|| Yes || Out-of-plane bend
|-
| 1213 || 14|| E|| Yes || Bend
|-
| 1213|| 14|| E|| Yes || Bend
|-
| 2582 || 0 || A1 || No || Symmetric stretch
|-
| 2715 || 126 || E || Yes || Asymmetric stretch
|-
| 2715 || 126 || E || Yes || Asymmetric stretch
|}

=== Comparison of MO diagram to Gaussian MOs ===
[[File:MO diagram BH3 km816.png|thumb|750px|centre|Molecular Orbital Diagram from [[http://www.huntresearchgroup.org.uk/teaching/teaching_comp_lab_year2a/Tut_MO_diagram_BH3.pdf| Hunt Research Group]]]]
From comparison of the predicted MOs from the MO diagram and the calculated MOs from Gaussian can see that the MO diagram is a good approximation. Although the calculated MOs show the electron density over the whole molecule whereas the MO diagram shows the electron density located in orbitals. The localised electron density in MO diagrams is useful for visualising which AOs contribute to the overall MO it is not representative of the actual MO.
The MO diagram for this molecule may be more accurate as B and H are light elements so will not experience relativistic effects to any significant extent.

==Ammonia-Borane Association Energy, 6-31G basis set RB3LYP method ==

=== Ammonia NH3 ===
[[File:631G NH3 energy km816.png|thumb|400px|centre]]
[[File:631G NH3 energy item km816.png|thumb|400px|centre]]
[[File:NH3 vib energy km816.png|thumb|400px|centre]]
[[File:NH3 vib item km816.png|thumb|400px|centre]]
[[File:NH3 low freq km816.png|thumb|400px|centre]]
[[File:NH3 vib table km816.png|thumb|400px|centre]]
[[File:NH3 IR spec km816.png|thumb|600px|centre]]

[[Media:KM816_NH3_FREQ.LOG|Frequency .log file]]

<jmol><jmolApplet>
<title>NH3</title>
<color>black</color>
<size>200</size>
<uploadedFileContents>KM816_NH3_FREQ.LOG</uploadedFileContents>
</jmolApplet></jmol>

=== Ammonia-borane ===
[[File:NH3BH3 energy km816.png|thumb|400px|centre]]
[[File:NH3BH3 energy item km816.png|thumb|400px|centre]]
[[File:NH3BH3 vib energy km816.png|thumb|400px|centre]]
[[File:NH3BH3 vib item km816.png|thumb|400px|centre]]
[[File:NH3BH3 low freq km816.png|thumb|400px|centre]]
[[File:NH3BH3 vib table km816.png|thumb|400px|centre]]
[[File:NH3BH3 IR spec km816.png|thumb|600px|centre]]

[[Media:KM816_NH3BH3_FREQ.LOG|Frequency .log file]]

<jmol><jmolApplet>
<title>NH3BH3</title>
<color>black</color>
<size>200</size>
<uploadedFileContents>KM816_NH3BH3_FREQ.LOG</uploadedFileContents>
</jmolApplet></jmol>

=== Association energy calculation ===
E(NH3BH3)=-83.22469032 a.u.

E(NH3)=-56.55776856 a.u.

E(BH3)=-26.61532350 a.u.

Change in energy= E(NH3BH3)-(E(NH3)+E(BH3))=-0.05160(5d.p) a.u.
=-136 kJ/mol
Therefore, the B-N dative bond is relatively weak compared to B-H and N-H bonds. This is because hydrogen is a small molecule with only s orbitals available for bonding. S orbitals have the largest interaction with other orbitals so the bonding orbitals are stabilised to a larger extent than a p orbital. Therefore, as B and N are bonded through p orbitals there is less stabilisation of bonding orbitals leading to a weaker bond.

==BBr3 pseudo-potential optimisation ==
Pseudo-potential optimisation using basis set GEN with RB3LYP calculation method is used due to heavier atoms such as Br. LanL2DZ pseudo-potentials for BR and B3LYP/6-31G level was used for Al and Cl. This is because the size of Br causes quantum effects that cannot be predicted by the 6-31G(d,p) basis set.
[[File:BBr3 energy km816.png|thumb|400px|centre]]
[[File:BBr3 energy item km816.png|thumb|400px|centre]]
[[File:BBr3 vib energy km816.png|thumb|400px|centre]]
[[File:BBr3 vib energy item km816.png|thumb|400px|centre]]
[[File:BBr3 low freq km816.png|thumb|400px|centre]]
[[File:BBr3 vib table km816.png|thumb|400px|centre]]
[[File:BBr3 IR spectra km816.png|thumb|600px|centre]]

[[Media:KM816 BBR3 FREQ GEN.LOG|Frequency .log file]]

<jmol><jmolApplet>
<title>BBr3</title>
<color>black</color>
<size>200</size>
<uploadedFileContents>KM816 BBR3 FREQ GEN.LOG</uploadedFileContents>
</jmolApplet></jmol>

= Project Section, basis set GEN with RB3LYP method =

== Isomers of Al2Br2Cl4 ==
[[File:Isomers km816.png|thumb|400px|centre]]

== Isomer 1, bridging Br ligands. LanL2DZ pseudo-potentials for BR and B3LYP/6-31G level was used for Al and Cl ==
[[File:BridgingBR energy km816.png|thumb|400px|centre]]
[[File:BridgingBr energy item km816.png|thumb|400px|centre]]
[[File:BridgingBR energy freq km816.png|thumb|400px|centre]]

<pre> Item Value Threshold Converged?
Maximum Force 0.000006 0.000450 YES
RMS Force 0.000002 0.000300 YES
Maximum Displacement 0.000066 0.001800 YES
RMS Displacement 0.000021 0.001200 YES
Predicted change in Energy=-3.736205D-10
Optimization completed.
-- Stationary point found. </pre>

<pre> Low frequencies --- -5.1748 -5.0353 -3.1463 0.0026 0.0030 0.0031
Low frequencies --- 14.8261 63.2702 86.0770
Diagonal vibrational polarizability:
102.8320447 75.5305353 47.7506817
Harmonic frequencies (cm**-1), IR intensities (KM/Mole), Raman scattering
activities (A**4/AMU), depolarization ratios for plane and unpolarized
incident light, reduced masses (AMU), force constants (mDyne/A),
and normal coordinates:
1 2 3
B2U AU B3G
Frequencies -- 14.8261 63.2702 86.0765
Red. masses -- 41.0115 34.9689 47.7803
Frc consts -- 0.0053 0.0825 0.2086
IR Inten -- 0.3441 0.0000 0.0000 </pre>

[[Media:KM816_CL2ALBR2ALCL2_FREQ.LOG|Frequency .log file]]

<jmol><jmolApplet>
<title>CL2ALBR2ALCL2</title>
<color>black</color>
<size>200</size>
<uploadedFileContents>KM816_CL2ALBR2ALCL2_FREQ.LOG</uploadedFileContents>
</jmolApplet></jmol>

E=-6189229 kJ/mol

== Isomer 2, trans Br ligands. LanL2DZ pseudo-potentials for BR and B3LYP/6-31G level was used for Al and Cl ==
[[File:BridgingCl energy km816.png|thumb|400px|centre]]
[[File:BridgingCl energy item km816.png|thumb|400px|centre]]
[[File:TransBR_energy_freq_km816.png|thumb|400px|centre]]

<pre> Item Value Threshold Converged?
Maximum Force 0.000011 0.000450 YES
RMS Force 0.000003 0.000300 YES
Maximum Displacement 0.000262 0.001800 YES
RMS Displacement 0.000106 0.001200 YES
Predicted change in Energy=-2.270224D-09
Optimization completed.
-- Stationary point found. </pre>
<pre> Low frequencies --- -4.2803 -2.4946 -0.0029 -0.0010 0.0017 0.9593
Low frequencies --- 17.7196 48.9825 72.9516
Diagonal vibrational polarizability:
74.9860284 98.5886381 41.2859385
Harmonic frequencies (cm**-1), IR intensities (KM/Mole), Raman scattering
activities (A**4/AMU), depolarization ratios for plane and unpolarized
incident light, reduced masses (AMU), force constants (mDyne/A),
and normal coordinates:
1 2 3
BU AU AG
Frequencies -- 17.7196 48.9825 72.9515
Red. masses -- 43.7717 46.9516 52.1453
Frc consts -- 0.0081 0.0664 0.1635
IR Inten -- 0.4805 0.0706 0.0000 </pre>

[[Media:KM816_CLBRALCL2ALBRCL_FREQ.LOG|Frequency .log file]]

<jmol><jmolApplet>
<title>CLBRALCL2ALBRCL</title>
<color>black</color>
<size>200</size>
<uploadedFileContents>KM816_CLBRALCL2ALBRCL_FREQ.LOG</uploadedFileContents>
</jmolApplet></jmol>

E=-6189255 kJ/mol

The trans isomer with bridging Cl ligands is more stable. This is due to the better overlap of bridging Cl and Al as they are both in row 3 of the periodic table so similar in size and energy. This helps relieve the electron deficient AL centre therefore stabilising the isomer more. Br is too large for an efficient energy gap as Br valence orbitals are very diffuse and the energy difference between Al MOs and Br MOs is much larger leading to a smaller splitting energy so that the isomer with bridging BRs is less stabilised.

== AlCl2Br Monomer ==
[[File:Monomer energy km816.png|thumb|400px|centre]]
[[File:Monomer energy item km816.png|thumb|400px|centre]]
[[File:AlCl2Br_freq_energy_km816.png|thumb|400px|centre]]

<pre>Item Value Threshold Converged?
Maximum Force 0.000081 0.000450 YES
RMS Force 0.000042 0.000300 YES
Maximum Displacement 0.001588 0.001800 YES
RMS Displacement 0.000974 0.001200 YES
Predicted change in Energy=-1.810813D-07
Optimization completed.
-- Stationary point found. </pre>

<pre> Low frequencies --- -0.0059 -0.0056 -0.0047 1.3568 3.6367 4.2604
Low frequencies --- 120.5042 133.9178 185.8950
Diagonal vibrational polarizability:
25.8387453 23.2148312 26.6885746
Harmonic frequencies (cm**-1), IR intensities (KM/Mole), Raman scattering
activities (A**4/AMU), depolarization ratios for plane and unpolarized
incident light, reduced masses (AMU), force constants (mDyne/A),
and normal coordinates:
1 2 3
B2 A1 B1
Frequencies -- 120.5040 133.9178 185.8949
Red. masses -- 37.6456 39.5756 28.4745
Frc consts -- 0.3221 0.4182 0.5798
IR Inten -- 5.3432 6.3512 33.1798 </pre>

[[Media:KM816_ALCL2BR_FREQ.LOG|Frequency .log file]]

<jmol><jmolApplet>
<title>AlCl2Br</title>
<color>black</color>
<size>200</size>
<uploadedFileContents>KM816_ALCL2BR_FREQ.LOG</uploadedFileContents>
</jmolApplet></jmol>

E=-3094580 kJ/mol

== Dissociation Energy ==
(2E(monomer)-isomer)=(2x-1176.19013679)--2352.41628816

=-2352.380274+2352.41628816

=0.03601 a.u (5 d.p)

=95 kJ/mol

The monomer is less stable, seen by the positive energy. This is because the electron deficiency at the Al is relieved by more ligands where the Cl (in a valence model) can donate LPs to the Al. This means that the electron deficiency is stabilised in an MO model.

== Molecular orbitals of Isomer 2, bridging Cl==

=== Highly Bonding, MO 37 ===
==== Gaussian Orbital ====
[[File:Gauss bonding 1 km816.png|thumb|400px|centre]]
[[File:Gauss bonding 2 km816.png|thumb|400px|centre]]
==== Molecular Orbital ====
[[File:MO 37 bonding km816.png|thumb|750px|centre]]

==== Fragment Orbitals ====
[[File:FO bonding 1 km816.png|thumb|400px|centre]]
[[File:FO bonding 2 km816.png|thumb|400px|centre]]

The electron density on the terminal ligands are residual electron density from the calculation. This shows the discrepancy between MO diagrams and the Gaussian calculations

=== Medium Bonding MO 41===
==== Gaussian Orbital ====
[[File:Gauss medium 1 km816.png|thumb|400px|centre]]
[[File:Gauss medium 2 km816.png|thumb|400px|centre]]

==== Molecular Orbital ====
[[File:MO medium km816.png|thumb|750px|centre]]

==== Fragment Orbitals ====
[[File:FO medium 1 km816.png|thumb|400px|centre]]
[[File:FO medium 2 km816.png|thumb|400px|centre]]

=== Highly Anti-bonding MO 54===
==== Gaussian Orbital ====
[[File:Gauss antibonding 1 km816.png|thumb|400px|centre]]
[[File:Gauss antibonding 2 km816.png|thumb|400px|centre]]
==== Molecular Orbital ====
[[File:MO antibonding km816.png|thumb|750px|centre]]

==== Fragment Orbitals ====
[[File:FO antibonding 1 km816.png|thumb|400px|centre]]
[[File:FO antibonding 2 km816.png|thumb|400px|centre]]

The atomic orbitals are much larger on Br than Cl for the highly anti-bonding MO. This is because Br is higher in energy than Cl therfore, it has a higher contribution to antibonding orbitals than Cl due to the energy difference between the two ligands.

2018-05-17T17:02:09Z

Km816: /* Project Section, basis set GEN with RB3LYP method */

Molecular modelling is important for predicitng the structure and reactivity of molecules. Molecules can be modeled in multiple ways from MO diagrams using linear combination of atomic orbitals (LCAO) method to using computer programmes like Gaussian. This page will show the applications of Gaussian for modelling different molecules and how predicted MOs using LCAO compare to Gaussian MO predictions.

= EX3 section =
== BH3 ==

=== 3-21G basis set ===
[[File:321G_BH3_km816.png|thumb|400px|centre]]
[[File:321D BH3item km816.png|thumb|400px|centre]]

The item shows that the optimisation has gone to completed when everything has converged.

=== 6-31G(d,p) basis set ===
[[File:631G BH3 energy km816.png|thumb|400px|centre]]
[[File:631G BH3 item km816.png|thumb|400px|centre]]
[[File:631G BH3 energygraph km816.png|thumb|400px|centre]]
The energy of BH3 is much lower using the 6-31G(d,p) basis set compared to the 3-21G basis set.

The total energy graph shows the program going through different potential energy surfaces until it finds one with minimum energy.
The RMS gradient graph shows how the graident is going towards zero as the minimum potential energy is reached.
The point of minimum potential energy is the most stable configuration for the molecule.

[[File:631G BH3 vib energy km816.png|thumb|400px|centre]]
[[File:631G BH3 vib item km816.png|thumb|400px|centre]]
[[File:BH3 low freq km816.png|thumb|400px|centre]]
[[File:631G BH3 IR spec km816.png|thumb|600px|centre]]

[[Media:KM816 BH3 FREQ.LOG|Frequency .log file]]

<jmol><jmolApplet>
<title>BH3</title>
<color>black</color>
<size>200</size>
<uploadedFileContents>KM816 BH3 FREQ.LOG</uploadedFileContents>
</jmolApplet></jmol>

Although there is slight divergence at the 4th low frequency point the optimisation went to completion and was using the same basis set.

=== Vibrational analysis of BH3 ===
There are 6 calculated vibrations following the 3N-6 rule. However, only 3 peaks are seen. This is because vibrations at 1213 and 2715 cm-1 are degenerate so only one peak is seen. They are an asymmetric stretch and bend respectively. The vibration at 2582 cm-1 is not IR active seen by the 0 intensity. This is because it is a symmetric stretch so there is no change in dipole moment.

{| class="wikitable" border=1|+table
!Frequency (cm-1 !! Intensity!! Symmetry!! IR active!! Type
|-
| 1168 || 93 || A1|| Yes || Out-of-plane bend
|-
| 1213 || 14|| E|| Yes || Bend
|-
| 1213|| 14|| E|| Yes || Bend
|-
| 2582 || 0 || A1 || No || Symmetric stretch
|-
| 2715 || 126 || E || Yes || Asymmetric stretch
|-
| 2715 || 126 || E || Yes || Asymmetric stretch
|}

=== Comparison of MO diagram to Gaussian MOs ===
[[File:MO diagram BH3 km816.png|thumb|750px|centre|Molecular Orbital Diagram from [[http://www.huntresearchgroup.org.uk/teaching/teaching_comp_lab_year2a/Tut_MO_diagram_BH3.pdf| Hunt Research Group]]]]
From comparison of the predicted MOs from the MO diagram and the calculated MOs from Gaussian can see that the MO diagram is a good approximation. Although the calculated MOs show the electron density over the whole molecule whereas the MO diagram shows the electron density located in orbitals. The localised electron density in MO diagrams is useful for visualising which AOs contribute to the overall MO it is not representative of the actual MO.
The MO diagram for this molecule may be more accurate as B and H are light elements so will not experience relativistic effects to any significant extent.

==Ammonia-Borane Association Energy, 6-31G basis set RB3LYP method ==

=== Ammonia NH3 ===
[[File:631G NH3 energy km816.png|thumb|400px|centre]]
[[File:631G NH3 energy item km816.png|thumb|400px|centre]]
[[File:NH3 vib energy km816.png|thumb|400px|centre]]
[[File:NH3 vib item km816.png|thumb|400px|centre]]
[[File:NH3 low freq km816.png|thumb|400px|centre]]
[[File:NH3 vib table km816.png|thumb|400px|centre]]
[[File:NH3 IR spec km816.png|thumb|600px|centre]]

[[Media:KM816_NH3_FREQ.LOG|Frequency .log file]]

<jmol><jmolApplet>
<title>NH3</title>
<color>black</color>
<size>200</size>
<uploadedFileContents>KM816_NH3_FREQ.LOG</uploadedFileContents>
</jmolApplet></jmol>

=== Ammonia-borane ===
[[File:NH3BH3 energy km816.png|thumb|400px|centre]]
[[File:NH3BH3 energy item km816.png|thumb|400px|centre]]
[[File:NH3BH3 vib energy km816.png|thumb|400px|centre]]
[[File:NH3BH3 vib item km816.png|thumb|400px|centre]]
[[File:NH3BH3 low freq km816.png|thumb|400px|centre]]
[[File:NH3BH3 vib table km816.png|thumb|400px|centre]]
[[File:NH3BH3 IR spec km816.png|thumb|600px|centre]]

[[Media:KM816_NH3BH3_FREQ.LOG|Frequency .log file]]

<jmol><jmolApplet>
<title>NH3BH3</title>
<color>black</color>
<size>200</size>
<uploadedFileContents>KM816_NH3BH3_FREQ.LOG</uploadedFileContents>
</jmolApplet></jmol>

=== Association energy calculation ===
E(NH3BH3)=-83.22469032 a.u.

E(NH3)=-56.55776856 a.u.

E(BH3)=-26.61532350 a.u.

Change in energy= E(NH3BH3)-(E(NH3)+E(BH3))=-0.05159826 a.u.
=-136 kJ/mol

==BBr3 pseudo-potential optimisation ==
Pseudo-potential optimisation using basis set GEN with RB3LYP calculation method is used for heavier atoms such as Br. This is because the size of Br causes quantum effects that cannot be predicted by the 6-31G(d,p) basis set.
[[File:BBr3 energy km816.png|thumb|400px|centre]]
[[File:BBr3 energy item km816.png|thumb|400px|centre]]
[[File:BBr3 vib energy km816.png|thumb|400px|centre]]
[[File:BBr3 vib energy item km816.png|thumb|400px|centre]]
[[File:BBr3 low freq km816.png|thumb|400px|centre]]
[[File:BBr3 vib table km816.png|thumb|400px|centre]]
[[File:BBr3 IR spectra km816.png|thumb|600px|centre]]

[[Media:KM816 BBR3 FREQ GEN.LOG|Frequency .log file]]

<jmol><jmolApplet>
<title>BBr3</title>
<color>black</color>
<size>200</size>
<uploadedFileContents>KM816 BBR3 FREQ GEN.LOG</uploadedFileContents>
</jmolApplet></jmol>

= Project Section, basis set GEN with RB3LYP method =

== Isomers of Al2Br2Cl4 ==
[[File:Isomers km816.png|thumb|400px|centre]]

== Isomer 1, bridging Br ligands ==
[[File:BridgingBR energy km816.png|thumb|400px|centre]]
[[File:BridgingBr energy item km816.png|thumb|400px|centre]]
[[File:BridgingBR energy freq km816.png|thumb|400px|centre]]

<pre> Item Value Threshold Converged?
Maximum Force 0.000006 0.000450 YES
RMS Force 0.000002 0.000300 YES
Maximum Displacement 0.000066 0.001800 YES
RMS Displacement 0.000021 0.001200 YES
Predicted change in Energy=-3.736205D-10
Optimization completed.
-- Stationary point found. </pre>

<pre> Low frequencies --- -5.1748 -5.0353 -3.1463 0.0026 0.0030 0.0031
Low frequencies --- 14.8261 63.2702 86.0770
Diagonal vibrational polarizability:
102.8320447 75.5305353 47.7506817
Harmonic frequencies (cm**-1), IR intensities (KM/Mole), Raman scattering
activities (A**4/AMU), depolarization ratios for plane and unpolarized
incident light, reduced masses (AMU), force constants (mDyne/A),
and normal coordinates:
1 2 3
B2U AU B3G
Frequencies -- 14.8261 63.2702 86.0765
Red. masses -- 41.0115 34.9689 47.7803
Frc consts -- 0.0053 0.0825 0.2086
IR Inten -- 0.3441 0.0000 0.0000 </pre>

[[Media:KM816_CL2ALBR2ALCL2_FREQ.LOG|Frequency .log file]]

<jmol><jmolApplet>
<title>CL2ALBR2ALCL2</title>
<color>black</color>
<size>200</size>
<uploadedFileContents>KM816_CL2ALBR2ALCL2_FREQ.LOG</uploadedFileContents>
</jmolApplet></jmol>

== Isomer 2, trans Br ligands ==
[[File:BridgingCl energy km816.png|thumb|400px|centre]]
[[File:BridgingCl energy item km816.png|thumb|400px|centre]]
[[File:TransBR_energy_freq_km816.png|thumb|400px|centre]]

<pre> Item Value Threshold Converged?
Maximum Force 0.000011 0.000450 YES
RMS Force 0.000003 0.000300 YES
Maximum Displacement 0.000262 0.001800 YES
RMS Displacement 0.000106 0.001200 YES
Predicted change in Energy=-2.270224D-09
Optimization completed.
-- Stationary point found. </pre>
<pre> Low frequencies --- -4.2803 -2.4946 -0.0029 -0.0010 0.0017 0.9593
Low frequencies --- 17.7196 48.9825 72.9516
Diagonal vibrational polarizability:
74.9860284 98.5886381 41.2859385
Harmonic frequencies (cm**-1), IR intensities (KM/Mole), Raman scattering
activities (A**4/AMU), depolarization ratios for plane and unpolarized
incident light, reduced masses (AMU), force constants (mDyne/A),
and normal coordinates:
1 2 3
BU AU AG
Frequencies -- 17.7196 48.9825 72.9515
Red. masses -- 43.7717 46.9516 52.1453
Frc consts -- 0.0081 0.0664 0.1635
IR Inten -- 0.4805 0.0706 0.0000 </pre>

[[Media:KM816_CLBRALCL2ALBRCL_FREQ.LOG|Frequency .log file]]

<jmol><jmolApplet>
<title>CLBRALCL2ALBRCL</title>
<color>black</color>
<size>200</size>
<uploadedFileContents>KM816_CLBRALCL2ALBRCL_FREQ.LOG</uploadedFileContents>
</jmolApplet></jmol>

The trans isomer is more stable. This is due to the better overlap of bridging Cl and Al as they are both in row 3 of the periodic table so similar in size and energy. This helps relieve the electron deficient AL centre therefore stabilising the isomer more. Br is too large for an efficient energy gap as Br valence orbitals are very diffuse and the energy difference between Al MOs and Br MOs is much larger leading to a smaller splitting energy so that the isomer with bridging BRs is less stabilised.

== AlCl2Br Monomer ==
[[File:Monomer energy km816.png|thumb|400px|centre]]
[[File:Monomer energy item km816.png|thumb|400px|centre]]
[[File:AlCl2Br_freq_energy_km816.png|thumb|400px|centre]]

<pre>Item Value Threshold Converged?
Maximum Force 0.000081 0.000450 YES
RMS Force 0.000042 0.000300 YES
Maximum Displacement 0.001588 0.001800 YES
RMS Displacement 0.000974 0.001200 YES
Predicted change in Energy=-1.810813D-07
Optimization completed.
-- Stationary point found. </pre>

<pre> Low frequencies --- -0.0059 -0.0056 -0.0047 1.3568 3.6367 4.2604
Low frequencies --- 120.5042 133.9178 185.8950
Diagonal vibrational polarizability:
25.8387453 23.2148312 26.6885746
Harmonic frequencies (cm**-1), IR intensities (KM/Mole), Raman scattering
activities (A**4/AMU), depolarization ratios for plane and unpolarized
incident light, reduced masses (AMU), force constants (mDyne/A),
and normal coordinates:
1 2 3
B2 A1 B1
Frequencies -- 120.5040 133.9178 185.8949
Red. masses -- 37.6456 39.5756 28.4745
Frc consts -- 0.3221 0.4182 0.5798
IR Inten -- 5.3432 6.3512 33.1798 </pre>

[[Media:KM816_ALCL2BR_FREQ.LOG|Frequency .log file]]

<jmol><jmolApplet>
<title>AlCl2Br</title>
<color>black</color>
<size>200</size>
<uploadedFileContents>KM816_ALCL2BR_FREQ.LOG</uploadedFileContents>
</jmolApplet></jmol>

== Dissociation Energy ==
(2E(monomer)-isomer)=(2x-1176.19013679)--2352.41628816

=-2352.380274+2352.41628816

=0.03601458a.u

=95 kJ/mol

The monomer is less stable, seen by the positive energy. This is because the electron deficiency at the Al is relieved by more ligands where the Cl (in a valence model) can donate LPs to the Al. This means that the electron deficiency is stabilised in an MO model.

== Molecular orbitals ==

=== Highly Bonding, MO 37 ===
==== Gaussian Orbital ====
[[File:Gauss bonding 1 km816.png|thumb|400px|centre]]
[[File:Gauss bonding 2 km816.png|thumb|400px|centre]]
==== Molecular Orbital ====
[[File:MO bonding km816.png|thumb|750px|centre]]

==== Fragment Orbitals ====
[[File:FO bonding 1 km816.png|thumb|400px|centre]]
[[File:FO bonding 2 km816.png|thumb|400px|centre]]

The electron density on the terminal ligands are residual electron density from the calculation. This shows the discrepancy between MO diagrams and the Gaussian calculations

=== Medium Bonding MO 41===
==== Gaussian Orbital ====
[[File:Gauss medium 1 km816.png|thumb|400px|centre]]
[[File:Gauss medium 2 km816.png|thumb|400px|centre]]

==== Molecular Orbital ====
[[File:MO medium km816.png|thumb|750px|centre]]

==== Fragment Orbitals ====
[[File:FO medium 1 km816.png|thumb|400px|centre]]
[[File:FO medium 2 km816.png|thumb|400px|centre]]

=== Highly Anti-bonding MO 54===
==== Gaussian Orbital ====
[[File:Gauss antibonding 1 km816.png|thumb|400px|centre]]
[[File:Gauss antibonding 2 km816.png|thumb|400px|centre]]
==== Molecular Orbital ====
[[File:MO antibonding km816.png|thumb|750px|centre]]

==== Fragment Orbitals ====
[[File:FO antibonding 1 km816.png|thumb|400px|centre]]
[[File:FO antibonding 2 km816.png|thumb|400px|centre]]

The atomic orbitals are much larger on Br than Cl for the highly anti-bonding MO. This is because Br is higher in energy than Cl therfore, it has a higher contribution to antibonding orbitals than Cl due to the energy difference between the two ligands.

File:TransBR energy freq km816.png

2018-05-17T17:01:50Z

Km816:

File:BridgingBR energy freq km816.png

2018-05-17T17:00:52Z

Km816:

File:AlCl2Br freq energy km816.png

2018-05-17T16:58:39Z

Km816:

Rep:Mod:KM816

2018-05-17T16:57:31Z

Km816: /* Project Section, basis set GEN with RB3LYP method */

Molecular modelling is important for predicitng the structure and reactivity of molecules. Molecules can be modeled in multiple ways from MO diagrams using linear combination of atomic orbitals (LCAO) method to using computer programmes like Gaussian. This page will show the applications of Gaussian for modelling different molecules and how predicted MOs using LCAO compare to Gaussian MO predictions.

= EX3 section =
== BH3 ==

=== 3-21G basis set ===
[[File:321G_BH3_km816.png|thumb|400px|centre]]
[[File:321D BH3item km816.png|thumb|400px|centre]]

The item shows that the optimisation has gone to completed when everything has converged.

=== 6-31G(d,p) basis set ===
[[File:631G BH3 energy km816.png|thumb|400px|centre]]
[[File:631G BH3 item km816.png|thumb|400px|centre]]
[[File:631G BH3 energygraph km816.png|thumb|400px|centre]]
The energy of BH3 is much lower using the 6-31G(d,p) basis set compared to the 3-21G basis set.

The total energy graph shows the program going through different potential energy surfaces until it finds one with minimum energy.
The RMS gradient graph shows how the graident is going towards zero as the minimum potential energy is reached.
The point of minimum potential energy is the most stable configuration for the molecule.

[[File:631G BH3 vib energy km816.png|thumb|400px|centre]]
[[File:631G BH3 vib item km816.png|thumb|400px|centre]]
[[File:BH3 low freq km816.png|thumb|400px|centre]]
[[File:631G BH3 IR spec km816.png|thumb|600px|centre]]

[[Media:KM816 BH3 FREQ.LOG|Frequency .log file]]

<jmol><jmolApplet>
<title>BH3</title>
<color>black</color>
<size>200</size>
<uploadedFileContents>KM816 BH3 FREQ.LOG</uploadedFileContents>
</jmolApplet></jmol>

Although there is slight divergence at the 4th low frequency point the optimisation went to completion and was using the same basis set.

=== Vibrational analysis of BH3 ===
There are 6 calculated vibrations following the 3N-6 rule. However, only 3 peaks are seen. This is because vibrations at 1213 and 2715 cm-1 are degenerate so only one peak is seen. They are an asymmetric stretch and bend respectively. The vibration at 2582 cm-1 is not IR active seen by the 0 intensity. This is because it is a symmetric stretch so there is no change in dipole moment.

{| class="wikitable" border=1|+table
!Frequency (cm-1 !! Intensity!! Symmetry!! IR active!! Type
|-
| 1168 || 93 || A1|| Yes || Out-of-plane bend
|-
| 1213 || 14|| E|| Yes || Bend
|-
| 1213|| 14|| E|| Yes || Bend
|-
| 2582 || 0 || A1 || No || Symmetric stretch
|-
| 2715 || 126 || E || Yes || Asymmetric stretch
|-
| 2715 || 126 || E || Yes || Asymmetric stretch
|}

=== Comparison of MO diagram to Gaussian MOs ===
[[File:MO diagram BH3 km816.png|thumb|750px|centre|Molecular Orbital Diagram from [[http://www.huntresearchgroup.org.uk/teaching/teaching_comp_lab_year2a/Tut_MO_diagram_BH3.pdf| Hunt Research Group]]]]
From comparison of the predicted MOs from the MO diagram and the calculated MOs from Gaussian can see that the MO diagram is a good approximation. Although the calculated MOs show the electron density over the whole molecule whereas the MO diagram shows the electron density located in orbitals. The localised electron density in MO diagrams is useful for visualising which AOs contribute to the overall MO it is not representative of the actual MO.
The MO diagram for this molecule may be more accurate as B and H are light elements so will not experience relativistic effects to any significant extent.

==Ammonia-Borane Association Energy, 6-31G basis set RB3LYP method ==

=== Ammonia NH3 ===
[[File:631G NH3 energy km816.png|thumb|400px|centre]]
[[File:631G NH3 energy item km816.png|thumb|400px|centre]]
[[File:NH3 vib energy km816.png|thumb|400px|centre]]
[[File:NH3 vib item km816.png|thumb|400px|centre]]
[[File:NH3 low freq km816.png|thumb|400px|centre]]
[[File:NH3 vib table km816.png|thumb|400px|centre]]
[[File:NH3 IR spec km816.png|thumb|600px|centre]]

[[Media:KM816_NH3_FREQ.LOG|Frequency .log file]]

<jmol><jmolApplet>
<title>NH3</title>
<color>black</color>
<size>200</size>
<uploadedFileContents>KM816_NH3_FREQ.LOG</uploadedFileContents>
</jmolApplet></jmol>

=== Ammonia-borane ===
[[File:NH3BH3 energy km816.png|thumb|400px|centre]]
[[File:NH3BH3 energy item km816.png|thumb|400px|centre]]
[[File:NH3BH3 vib energy km816.png|thumb|400px|centre]]
[[File:NH3BH3 vib item km816.png|thumb|400px|centre]]
[[File:NH3BH3 low freq km816.png|thumb|400px|centre]]
[[File:NH3BH3 vib table km816.png|thumb|400px|centre]]
[[File:NH3BH3 IR spec km816.png|thumb|600px|centre]]

[[Media:KM816_NH3BH3_FREQ.LOG|Frequency .log file]]

<jmol><jmolApplet>
<title>NH3BH3</title>
<color>black</color>
<size>200</size>
<uploadedFileContents>KM816_NH3BH3_FREQ.LOG</uploadedFileContents>
</jmolApplet></jmol>

=== Association energy calculation ===
E(NH3BH3)=-83.22469032 a.u.

E(NH3)=-56.55776856 a.u.

E(BH3)=-26.61532350 a.u.

Change in energy= E(NH3BH3)-(E(NH3)+E(BH3))=-0.05159826 a.u.
=-136 kJ/mol

==BBr3 pseudo-potential optimisation ==
Pseudo-potential optimisation using basis set GEN with RB3LYP calculation method is used for heavier atoms such as Br. This is because the size of Br causes quantum effects that cannot be predicted by the 6-31G(d,p) basis set.
[[File:BBr3 energy km816.png|thumb|400px|centre]]
[[File:BBr3 energy item km816.png|thumb|400px|centre]]
[[File:BBr3 vib energy km816.png|thumb|400px|centre]]
[[File:BBr3 vib energy item km816.png|thumb|400px|centre]]
[[File:BBr3 low freq km816.png|thumb|400px|centre]]
[[File:BBr3 vib table km816.png|thumb|400px|centre]]
[[File:BBr3 IR spectra km816.png|thumb|600px|centre]]

[[Media:KM816 BBR3 FREQ GEN.LOG|Frequency .log file]]

<jmol><jmolApplet>
<title>BBr3</title>
<color>black</color>
<size>200</size>
<uploadedFileContents>KM816 BBR3 FREQ GEN.LOG</uploadedFileContents>
</jmolApplet></jmol>

= Project Section, basis set GEN with RB3LYP method =

== Isomers of Al2Br2Cl4 ==
[[File:Isomers km816.png|thumb|400px|centre]]

== Isomer 1, bridging Br ligands ==
[[File:BridgingBR energy km816.png|thumb|400px|centre]]
[[File:BridgingBr energy item km816.png|thumb|400px|centre]]

<pre> Item Value Threshold Converged?
Maximum Force 0.000006 0.000450 YES
RMS Force 0.000002 0.000300 YES
Maximum Displacement 0.000066 0.001800 YES
RMS Displacement 0.000021 0.001200 YES
Predicted change in Energy=-3.736205D-10
Optimization completed.
-- Stationary point found. </pre>

<pre> Low frequencies --- -5.1748 -5.0353 -3.1463 0.0026 0.0030 0.0031
Low frequencies --- 14.8261 63.2702 86.0770
Diagonal vibrational polarizability:
102.8320447 75.5305353 47.7506817
Harmonic frequencies (cm**-1), IR intensities (KM/Mole), Raman scattering
activities (A**4/AMU), depolarization ratios for plane and unpolarized
incident light, reduced masses (AMU), force constants (mDyne/A),
and normal coordinates:
1 2 3
B2U AU B3G
Frequencies -- 14.8261 63.2702 86.0765
Red. masses -- 41.0115 34.9689 47.7803
Frc consts -- 0.0053 0.0825 0.2086
IR Inten -- 0.3441 0.0000 0.0000 </pre>

[[Media:KM816_CL2ALBR2ALCL2_FREQ.LOG|Frequency .log file]]

<jmol><jmolApplet>
<title>CL2ALBR2ALCL2</title>
<color>black</color>
<size>200</size>
<uploadedFileContents>KM816_CL2ALBR2ALCL2_FREQ.LOG</uploadedFileContents>
</jmolApplet></jmol>

== Isomer 2, trans Br ligands ==
[[File:BridgingCl energy km816.png|thumb|400px|centre]]
[[File:BridgingCl energy item km816.png|thumb|400px|centre]]

<pre> Item Value Threshold Converged?
Maximum Force 0.000011 0.000450 YES
RMS Force 0.000003 0.000300 YES
Maximum Displacement 0.000262 0.001800 YES
RMS Displacement 0.000106 0.001200 YES
Predicted change in Energy=-2.270224D-09
Optimization completed.
-- Stationary point found. </pre>
<pre> Low frequencies --- -4.2803 -2.4946 -0.0029 -0.0010 0.0017 0.9593
Low frequencies --- 17.7196 48.9825 72.9516
Diagonal vibrational polarizability:
74.9860284 98.5886381 41.2859385
Harmonic frequencies (cm**-1), IR intensities (KM/Mole), Raman scattering
activities (A**4/AMU), depolarization ratios for plane and unpolarized
incident light, reduced masses (AMU), force constants (mDyne/A),
and normal coordinates:
1 2 3
BU AU AG
Frequencies -- 17.7196 48.9825 72.9515
Red. masses -- 43.7717 46.9516 52.1453
Frc consts -- 0.0081 0.0664 0.1635
IR Inten -- 0.4805 0.0706 0.0000 </pre>

[[Media:KM816_CLBRALCL2ALBRCL_FREQ.LOG|Frequency .log file]]

<jmol><jmolApplet>
<title>CLBRALCL2ALBRCL</title>
<color>black</color>
<size>200</size>
<uploadedFileContents>KM816_CLBRALCL2ALBRCL_FREQ.LOG</uploadedFileContents>
</jmolApplet></jmol>

The trans isomer is more stable. This is due to the better overlap of bridging Cl and Al as they are both in row 3 of the periodic table so similar in size and energy. This helps relieve the electron deficient AL centre therefore stabilising the isomer more. Br is too large for an efficient energy gap as Br valence orbitals are very diffuse and the energy difference between Al MOs and Br MOs is much larger leading to a smaller splitting energy so that the isomer with bridging BRs is less stabilised.

== AlCl2Br Monomer ==
[[File:Monomer energy km816.png|thumb|400px|centre]]
[[File:Monomer energy item km816.png|thumb|400px|centre]]

<pre>Item Value Threshold Converged?
Maximum Force 0.000081 0.000450 YES
RMS Force 0.000042 0.000300 YES
Maximum Displacement 0.001588 0.001800 YES
RMS Displacement 0.000974 0.001200 YES
Predicted change in Energy=-1.810813D-07
Optimization completed.
-- Stationary point found. </pre>

<pre> Low frequencies --- -0.0059 -0.0056 -0.0047 1.3568 3.6367 4.2604
Low frequencies --- 120.5042 133.9178 185.8950
Diagonal vibrational polarizability:
25.8387453 23.2148312 26.6885746
Harmonic frequencies (cm**-1), IR intensities (KM/Mole), Raman scattering
activities (A**4/AMU), depolarization ratios for plane and unpolarized
incident light, reduced masses (AMU), force constants (mDyne/A),
and normal coordinates:
1 2 3
B2 A1 B1
Frequencies -- 120.5040 133.9178 185.8949
Red. masses -- 37.6456 39.5756 28.4745
Frc consts -- 0.3221 0.4182 0.5798
IR Inten -- 5.3432 6.3512 33.1798 </pre>

[[Media:KM816_ALCL2BR_FREQ.LOG|Frequency .log file]]

<jmol><jmolApplet>
<title>AlCl2Br</title>
<color>black</color>
<size>200</size>
<uploadedFileContents>KM816_ALCL2BR_FREQ.LOG</uploadedFileContents>
</jmolApplet></jmol>

== Dissociation Energy ==
(2E(monomer)-isomer)=(2x-1176.19013679)--2352.41628816

=-2352.380274+2352.41628816

=0.03601458a.u

=95 kJ/mol

The monomer is less stable, seen by the positive energy. This is because the electron deficiency at the Al is relieved by more ligands where the Cl (in a valence model) can donate LPs to the Al. This means that the electron deficiency is stabilised in an MO model.

== Molecular orbitals ==

=== Highly Bonding, MO 37 ===
==== Gaussian Orbital ====
[[File:Gauss bonding 1 km816.png|thumb|400px|centre]]
[[File:Gauss bonding 2 km816.png|thumb|400px|centre]]
==== Molecular Orbital ====
[[File:MO bonding km816.png|thumb|750px|centre]]

==== Fragment Orbitals ====
[[File:FO bonding 1 km816.png|thumb|400px|centre]]
[[File:FO bonding 2 km816.png|thumb|400px|centre]]

The electron density on the terminal ligands are residual electron density from the calculation. This shows the discrepancy between MO diagrams and the Gaussian calculations

=== Medium Bonding MO 41===
==== Gaussian Orbital ====
[[File:Gauss medium 1 km816.png|thumb|400px|centre]]
[[File:Gauss medium 2 km816.png|thumb|400px|centre]]

==== Molecular Orbital ====
[[File:MO medium km816.png|thumb|750px|centre]]

==== Fragment Orbitals ====
[[File:FO medium 1 km816.png|thumb|400px|centre]]
[[File:FO medium 2 km816.png|thumb|400px|centre]]

=== Highly Anti-bonding MO 54===
==== Gaussian Orbital ====
[[File:Gauss antibonding 1 km816.png|thumb|400px|centre]]
[[File:Gauss antibonding 2 km816.png|thumb|400px|centre]]
==== Molecular Orbital ====
[[File:MO antibonding km816.png|thumb|750px|centre]]

==== Fragment Orbitals ====
[[File:FO antibonding 1 km816.png|thumb|400px|centre]]
[[File:FO antibonding 2 km816.png|thumb|400px|centre]]

The atomic orbitals are much larger on Br than Cl for the highly anti-bonding MO. This is because Br is higher in energy than Cl therfore, it has a higher contribution to antibonding orbitals than Cl due to the energy difference between the two ligands.

Rep:Mod:KM816

Rep:Mod:KM816

2018-05-17T15:32:37Z

Km816: /* Fragment Orbitals */

2018-05-17T15:24:31Z

Km816: /* Comparison of MO diagram to Gaussian MOs */

= Molecular Modelling =

== EX3 section ==
=== BH3 ===

==== 3-21G basis set ====
[[File:321G_BH3_km816.png|thumb|400px|centre]]
[[File:321D BH3item km816.png|thumb|400px|centre]]

==== 6-31G(d,p) basis set ====
[[File:631G BH3 energy km816.png|thumb|400px|centre]]
[[File:631G BH3 item km816.png|thumb|400px|centre]]
[[File:631G BH3 energygraph km816.png|thumb|400px|centre]]
[[File:631G BH3 vib energy km816.png|thumb|400px|centre]]
[[File:631G BH3 vib item km816.png|thumb|400px|centre]]
[[File:BH3 low freq km816.png|thumb|400px|centre]]
[[File:631G BH3 IR spec km816.png|thumb|400px|centre]]

Although there is slight divergence at the 4th low frequency point the optimisation went to completion and was using the same basis set.

==== Vibrational analysis of BH3 ====
There are 6 calculated vibrations following the 3N-6 rule. However, only 3 peaks are seen. This is because vibrations at 1213 and 2715 cm-1 are degenerate so only one peak is seen. They are an asymmetric stretch and bend respectively. The vibration at 2582 cm-1 is not IR active seen by the 0 intensity. This is because it is a symmetric stretch so there is no change in dipole moment.

{| class="wikitable" border=1|+table
!Frequency (cm-1 !! Intensity!! Symmetry!! IR active!! Type
|-
| 1168.19 || 92.5285 || A1|| Yes || Out-of-plane bend
|-
| 1213.31 || 14.0641|| E|| Yes || Bend
|-
| 1213.31 || 14.0641|| E|| Yes || Bend
|-
| 2581.60 || 0.0000 || A1 || No || Symmetric stretch
|-
| 2714.71 || 126.3441 || E || Yes || Asymmetric stretch
|-
| 2714.71 || 126.3441 || E || Yes || Asymmetric stretch
|}

==== Comparison of MO diagram to Gaussian MOs ====
[[File:BH3 MO diagram km816.png|thumb|750px|centre|Molecular Orbital Diagram from [[http://www.huntresearchgroup.org.uk/teaching/teaching_comp_lab_year2a/Tut_MO_diagram_BH3.pdf| Hunt Research Group]]]]
From comparison of the predicted MOs from the MO diagram and the calculated MOs from Gaussian can see that the MO diagram is a good approximation. Although the calculated MOs show the electron density over the whole molecule whereas the MO diagram shows the electron density located in orbitals. The localised electron density in MO diagrams is useful for visualising which AOs contribute to the overall MO it is not representative of the actual MO.
The MO diagram for this molecule may be more accurate as B and H are light elements so will not experience relativistic effects to any significant extent.

===Ammonia-Borane Association Energy ===

==== Ammonia NH3 ====
[[File:631G NH3 energy km816.png|thumb|400px|centre]]
[[File:631G NH3 energy item km816.png|thumb|400px|centre]]
[[File:NH3 vib energy km816.png|thumb|400px|centre]]
[[File:NH3 vib item km816.png|thumb|400px|centre]]
[[File:NH3 low freq km816.png|thumb|400px|centre]]
[[File:NH3 vib table km816.png|thumb|400px|centre]]
[[File:NH3 IR spec km816.png|thumb|400px|centre]]

==== Ammonia-borane ====
[[File:NH3BH3 energy km816.png|thumb|400px|centre]]
[[File:NH3BH3 energy item km816.png|thumb|400px|centre]]
[[File:NH3BH3 vib energy km816.png|thumb|400px|centre]]
[[File:NH3BH3 vib item km816.png|thumb|400px|centre]]
[[File:NH3BH3 low freq km816.png|thumb|400px|centre]]
[[File:NH3BH3 vib table km816.png|thumb|400px|centre]]
[[File:NH3BH3 IR spec km816.png|thumb|400px|centre]]

==== Association energy calculation ====
E(NH3BH3)=-83.22469032
E(NH3)=-56.55776856
E(BH3)=-26.61532350
Change in energy= E(NH3BH3)-(E(NH3)+E(BH3))=-0.05159826
=-135.7560801KJ/mol

===BBr3 pseudo-potential optimisation ===
[[File:BBr3 energy km816.png|thumb|400px|centre]]
[[File:BBr3 energy item km816.png|thumb|400px|centre]]
[[File:BBr3 vib energy km816.png|thumb|400px|centre]]
[[File:BBr3 vib energy item km816.png|thumb|400px|centre]]
[[File:BBr3 low freq km816.png|thumb|400px|centre]]
[[File:BBr3 vib table km816.png|thumb|400px|centre]]
[[File:BBr3 IR spectra km816.png|thumb|400px|centre]]

== Project Section ==

=== Isomers of Al2Br2Cl4 ===
[[File:Isomers km816.png|thumb|400px|centre]]

=== Isomer 1, bridging Br ligands ===
[[File:BridgingBR energy km816.png|thumb|400px|centre]]
[[File:BridgingBr energy item km816.png|thumb|400px|centre]]

=== Isomer 2, trans Br ligands ===
[[File:BridgingCl energy km816.png|thumb|400px|centre]]
[[File:BridgingCl energy item km816.png|thumb|400px|centre]]

The trans isomer is more stable. This is due to the better overlap of bridging Cl and Al as they are both in row 3 of the periodic table so similar in size and energy. This helps relieve the electron deficient AL centre therefore stabilising the isomer more. Br is too large for an efficient energy gap as Br valence orbitals are very diffuse and the energy difference between Al MOs and Br MOs is much larger leading to a smaller splitting energy so that the isomer with bridging BRs is less stabilised.

=== AlCl2Br Monomer ===
[[File:Monomer energy km816.png|thumb|400px|centre]]
[[File:Monomer energy item km816.png|thumb|400px|centre]]

=== Dissociation Energy ===
(2E(monomer)-isomer)=(2x-1176.19013679)--2352.41628816
=-2352.380274+2352.41628816
=0.03601458a.u=94.75526205KJ/mol

The monomer is less stable, seen by the positive energy. This is because the electron deficiency at the Al is relieved by more ligands where the Cl (in a valence model) can donate LPs to the Al. This means that the electron deficiency is stabilised in an MO model.

=== Molecular orbitals ===

==== Highly Bonding ====
===== Gaussian Orbital =====
[[File:Gauss bonding 1 km816.png|thumb|400px|centre]]
[[File:Gauss bonding 2 km816.png|thumb|400px|centre]]
===== Molecular Orbital =====
[[File:MO bonding km816.png|thumb|400px|centre]]
===== Fragment Orbitals =====
[[File:FO bonding 1 km816.png|thumb|400px|centre]]
[[File:FO bonding 2 km816.png|thumb|400px|centre]]

The electron density on the terminal ligands are residual electron density from the calculation. This shows the discrepancy between MO diagrams and the Gaussian calculations

==== Medium Bonding ====
===== Gaussian Orbital =====
[[File:Gauss medium 1 km816.png|thumb|400px|centre]]
[[FileGauss medium 2 km816.png|thumb|400px|centre]]
===== Molecular Orbital =====
[[File:MO medium km816.png|thumb|400px|centre]]
===== Fragment Orbitals =====
[[File:FO medium 1 km816.png|thumb|400px|centre]]
[[File:FO medium 2 km816.png|thumb|400px|centre]]

==== Highly Anti-bonding ====
===== Gaussian Orbital =====
[[File:Gauss antibonding 1 km816.png|thumb|400px|centre]]
[[File:Gauss antibonding 2 km816.png|thumb|400px|centre]]
===== Molecular Orbital =====
[[File:MO antibonding km816.png|thumb|400px|centre]]
===== Fragment Orbitals =====
[[File:FO antibonding 1 km816.png|thumb|400px|centre]]
[[File:FO antibonding 2 km816.png|thumb|400px|centre]]