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	<id>https://chemwiki.ch.ic.ac.uk/api.php?action=feedcontributions&amp;feedformat=atom&amp;user=Hp305</id>
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	<updated>2026-04-05T19:01:51Z</updated>
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	<entry>
		<id>https://chemwiki.ch.ic.ac.uk/index.php?title=It:Cyclamate&amp;diff=7124</id>
		<title>It:Cyclamate</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://chemwiki.ch.ic.ac.uk/index.php?title=It:Cyclamate&amp;diff=7124"/>
		<updated>2006-12-06T14:24:08Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Hp305: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;{| class=&amp;quot;toccolours&amp;quot; border=&amp;quot;1&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;float: right; clear: right; margin: 0 0 1em 1em; border-collapse: collapse;&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
! {{chembox header}}  colspan=&amp;quot;3&amp;quot; |Cyclamate &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! {{chembox header}}  colspan=&amp;quot;3&amp;quot; |Structure&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| align=&amp;quot;center&amp;quot; colspan=&amp;quot;3&amp;quot; bgcolor=&amp;quot;#ffffff&amp;quot; | [[Image:cyclamate.png|Cyclamate]] &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! {{chembox header}}  colspan=&amp;quot;3&amp;quot; |3D structure&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|align=&amp;quot;center&amp;quot; colspan=&amp;quot;3&amp;quot; |&amp;lt;jmol&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;jmolApplet&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;size&amp;gt;200&amp;lt;/size&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;color&amp;gt;white&amp;lt;/color&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;script&amp;gt;zoom 120; wireframe on;frame 1; move 10 -20 10 0 0 0 0 0 3; delay 1;&amp;lt;/script&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;inlineContents&amp;gt;HEADER    NONAME 06-Dec-06                                              NONE   1&lt;br /&gt;
TITLE                                                                   NONE   2&lt;br /&gt;
AUTHOR    WWW daemon apache                                             NONE   3&lt;br /&gt;
REVDAT   1  06-Dec-06     0                                             NONE   4&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM      1  O           0      -3.044   0.430   0.821  0.00  0.00           O+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM      2  S           0      -1.972  -0.014  -0.057  0.00  0.00           S+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM      3  N           0      -0.554   0.419   0.681  0.00  0.00           N+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM      4  C           0       0.723   0.209  -0.006  0.00  0.00           C+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM      5  C           0       1.686   1.345   0.347  0.00  0.00           C+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM      6  C           0       3.019   1.125  -0.370  0.00  0.00           C+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM      7  C           0       3.622  -0.210   0.072  0.00  0.00           C+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM      8  C           0       2.660  -1.346  -0.282  0.00  0.00           C+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM      9  C           0       1.326  -1.126   0.435  0.00  0.00           C+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     10  O           0      -1.936  -1.461  -0.199  0.00  0.00           O+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     11  O           0      -1.991   0.668  -1.342  0.00  0.00           O+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     12  H           0      -0.568   0.812   1.568  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     13  H           0       0.558   0.195  -1.083  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     14  H           0       1.256   2.296   0.033  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     15  H           0       1.851   1.359   1.425  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     16  H           0       2.854   1.111  -1.447  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     17  H           0       3.705   1.934  -0.118  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     18  H           0       4.572  -0.366  -0.439  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     19  H           0       3.787  -0.196   1.149  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     20  H           0       2.495  -1.360  -1.359  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     21  H           0       3.089  -2.297   0.032  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     22  H           0       1.491  -1.112   1.513  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     23  H           0       0.641  -1.935   0.183  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT    1    2    0    0    0                                         NONE  28&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT    2    1    3   10   11                                         NONE  29&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT    3    2    4   12    0                                         NONE  30&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT    4    3    9    5   13                                         NONE  31&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT    5    4    6   14   15                                         NONE  32&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT    6    5    7   16   17                                         NONE  33&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT    7    6    8   18   19                                         NONE  34&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT    8    7    9   20   21                                         NONE  35&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT    9    8    4   22   23                                         NONE  36&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   10    2    0    0    0                                         NONE  37&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   11    2    0    0    0                                         NONE  38&lt;br /&gt;
END                                                                     NONE  39&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/inlineContents&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/jmolApplet&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/jmol&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! {{chembox header}} colspan=&amp;quot;3&amp;quot; | General&lt;br /&gt;
|- &lt;br /&gt;
| colspan=&amp;quot;1&amp;quot; |IUPAC Name&lt;br /&gt;
| colspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot;|sulfoaminocyclohexane&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| colspan=&amp;quot;1&amp;quot; |Other Names&lt;br /&gt;
| colspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot; |Cyclohexanesulfamic acid; &lt;br /&gt;
Cyclohexylsulfamic acid; &lt;br /&gt;
Hexamic acid; &lt;br /&gt;
N-Cyclohexylsulfamic acid&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| colspan=&amp;quot;1&amp;quot; |Molecular formula&lt;br /&gt;
| colspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot; |C&amp;lt;sub&amp;gt;6&amp;lt;/sub&amp;gt;H&amp;lt;sub&amp;gt;13&amp;lt;/sub&amp;gt;N&amp;lt;sub&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/sub&amp;gt;0&amp;lt;sub&amp;gt;3&amp;lt;/sub&amp;gt;S&amp;lt;sub&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/sub&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| colspan=&amp;quot;1&amp;quot; |Molar mass&lt;br /&gt;
| colspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot; |179.23 g/mol&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| colspan=&amp;quot;1&amp;quot; |CAS registry number&lt;br /&gt;
| colspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot; |100-88-9&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| colspan=&amp;quot;1&amp;quot; |Melting Point&lt;br /&gt;
| colspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot; |169.5°C&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
=Introduction and Historical Background=&lt;br /&gt;
Cyclamate, also known as (E952) is an artificial sweetener that was discovered in 1937 at the University of Illinois. It was discovered by a graduate student, Michael Sveda who discovered it completely unknowingly. He was working on the synthesis of anti-pyretic drugs, while smoking a cigarette. He put his cigarette down on the lab bench, and to his surprise when he put it back in his mouth, he has discovered the sweetener cyclamate.&lt;br /&gt;
The first patent for cyclamate was bought by DuPont, and then later sold to Abbott industries who conducted further research and tests. in 1950, they apllied for a New Drug Application for cyclamate.&lt;br /&gt;
Cyclamate is the sodium or calcium salt of cyclamic acid(cyclohexanesulfamic acid). They have the same uses. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=Uses=&lt;br /&gt;
Initially, Abbott industries had intended to use cyclamate for masking the bitter taste of certain drugs such as antibiotics. However, it was later developed in tablet form, aimed specifically at diabetics as a sweetener. &lt;br /&gt;
Cyclamate was in use until 1969 as an artificial sweetener, until their use was banned by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration after reports that large quantities of cyclamates could cause cancer in some animals.  &lt;br /&gt;
It is also available in packet or liquid form.  &lt;br /&gt;
As cyclamate is stable in heat, it can be used in cooking and baking. &lt;br /&gt;
Commercially, it is available as Sucaryl™. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Image:JanFeb06_6.jpg]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=Synthesis=&lt;br /&gt;
Cyclamate can be prepared in a different ways.&lt;br /&gt;
Cyclohexanamine can be reacted with chlorosulfonic acid give to N-Cyclohexylsulfamic acid, which when reacted with for example sodium hydroxide, yielding the sodium cyclamate. Instead of chlorosulfonic acid, sodium chlorosulfonate could be used, which leaves out the final step of adding the sodium hydroxide. However, this involves a longer experimental procedure, and so is not a preferred method of synthesis.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Image:untitled2.png]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Alternatively, a process known as the nitridation of sodium dithionite. Using sodium dithionite and certain nitro compunds, sulfamic acids can be yielded. The mechanism occurs in two steps.&lt;br /&gt;
This reaction is done in the presence of excess hydroxyl ion is to prevent the solution from becoming acid, which would leads to decomposition. Tertiary sodium phosphate can be used for this purpose. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Image:untitled.png]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
There are many other synthethic routes that could be taken - see the reference: &#039;&#039;Journal of Organic Chemistry, 9, 89-101; 1944&#039;&#039; for further details.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=Intersting facts=&lt;br /&gt;
*Cyclamate is 30–50 times sweeter than sugar. &lt;br /&gt;
*It is often used with artificial sweeteners such as Saccharin in a mixture of 10 parts cyclamate to 1 part saccharin. This mixture is used as it masks the the off-tastes of both sweeteners. &lt;br /&gt;
*Between 1963 and 1970 national consumption of cyclamates--in soft drinks, canned fruits, candy, salad dressings and other foods--soared to 21 million pounds annually from 5 million.&lt;br /&gt;
*It is also cheaper than most sweeteners.&lt;br /&gt;
*Many companies advertised the banning of Cyclamate on their products e.g. Dr Pepper Soft Drinks&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Image:drpepper.jpg]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=Risks and Controversy=&lt;br /&gt;
In 1969, cyclamate was banned from use by the USA Food and Drug administration for its possible risk of bladder cancer in humans. This was found from tests conducted on animals by Abbott Laboratories. They found that 8 out of 240 rats fed a mixture of saccharin and cyclamates (1 to 10 ratio) at levels of humans drinking 350 cans of diet soft drinks a day developed bladder tumours. This led to the FDA banning their use for human consumption.&lt;br /&gt;
More than 50 countries continued using them as a sugar substitute.&lt;br /&gt;
However, recent animal studies have failed to show that it is a carcinogen (cancer causing agent) or a co-carcinogen (enhances the effect of a cancer causing agent). But before it is readministered for use many other issues must be resolved. &lt;br /&gt;
 &lt;br /&gt;
Cyclamate is not used in commercial products, and is only available as a &amp;quot;table top&amp;quot; sweetener. &lt;br /&gt;
Cyclamate is also not recommended for use during pregnancy, unless under the advice of a medical practioner.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=Spectra=&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The following are the spectra obtained of cyclamate, useful for chemical investigation:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Infra Red Spectrum:&lt;br /&gt;
[[Image:Sdimg882754.gif]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Carbon-13 NMR Spectrum:&lt;br /&gt;
[[Image:Sdimg882756.jpg]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Mass Spectrum&lt;br /&gt;
[[Image:Sdimg882758.jpg]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=References=&lt;br /&gt;
* Sucryl™ Image taken from http://www.calgaryhealthregion.ca/clin/women/images &lt;br /&gt;
* Dr Pepper image taken from www.personalpages.bellsouth.net/s/k/skytrix3/n042.jpg&lt;br /&gt;
* Journal of Organic Chemistry, Audrieth and Sveda, 9, 89-101; 1944&lt;br /&gt;
* http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclamate&lt;br /&gt;
* http://www.caloriecontrol.org/cyclam2.html&lt;br /&gt;
* http://www.cyclamate.com/&lt;br /&gt;
* http://www.elmhurst.edu/~chm/vchembook/549cyclamate.html&lt;br /&gt;
* http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1E1-cyclamat.html&lt;br /&gt;
* SciFinder Scholar, 2006&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Hp305</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://chemwiki.ch.ic.ac.uk/index.php?title=File:Cyclamate.png&amp;diff=7123</id>
		<title>File:Cyclamate.png</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://chemwiki.ch.ic.ac.uk/index.php?title=File:Cyclamate.png&amp;diff=7123"/>
		<updated>2006-12-06T14:22:59Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Hp305: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Hp305</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://chemwiki.ch.ic.ac.uk/index.php?title=It:Cyclamate&amp;diff=7118</id>
		<title>It:Cyclamate</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://chemwiki.ch.ic.ac.uk/index.php?title=It:Cyclamate&amp;diff=7118"/>
		<updated>2006-12-06T14:19:10Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Hp305: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;{| class=&amp;quot;toccolours&amp;quot; border=&amp;quot;1&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;float: right; clear: right; margin: 0 0 1em 1em; border-collapse: collapse;&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
! {{chembox header}}  colspan=&amp;quot;3&amp;quot; |Cyclamate &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! {{chembox header}}  colspan=&amp;quot;3&amp;quot; |Structure&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| align=&amp;quot;center&amp;quot; colspan=&amp;quot;3&amp;quot; bgcolor=&amp;quot;#ffffff&amp;quot; | [[Image:D02443.gif|Cyclamate]] &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! {{chembox header}}  colspan=&amp;quot;3&amp;quot; |3D structure&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|align=&amp;quot;center&amp;quot; colspan=&amp;quot;3&amp;quot; |&amp;lt;jmol&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;jmolApplet&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;size&amp;gt;200&amp;lt;/size&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;color&amp;gt;white&amp;lt;/color&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;script&amp;gt;zoom 120; wireframe on;frame 1; move 10 -20 10 0 0 0 0 0 3; delay 1;&amp;lt;/script&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;inlineContents&amp;gt;HEADER    NONAME 06-Dec-06                                              NONE   1&lt;br /&gt;
TITLE                                                                   NONE   2&lt;br /&gt;
AUTHOR    WWW daemon apache                                             NONE   3&lt;br /&gt;
REVDAT   1  06-Dec-06     0                                             NONE   4&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM      1  O           0      -3.044   0.430   0.821  0.00  0.00           O+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM      2  S           0      -1.972  -0.014  -0.057  0.00  0.00           S+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM      3  N           0      -0.554   0.419   0.681  0.00  0.00           N+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM      4  C           0       0.723   0.209  -0.006  0.00  0.00           C+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM      5  C           0       1.686   1.345   0.347  0.00  0.00           C+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM      6  C           0       3.019   1.125  -0.370  0.00  0.00           C+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM      7  C           0       3.622  -0.210   0.072  0.00  0.00           C+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM      8  C           0       2.660  -1.346  -0.282  0.00  0.00           C+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM      9  C           0       1.326  -1.126   0.435  0.00  0.00           C+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     10  O           0      -1.936  -1.461  -0.199  0.00  0.00           O+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     11  O           0      -1.991   0.668  -1.342  0.00  0.00           O+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     12  H           0      -0.568   0.812   1.568  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     13  H           0       0.558   0.195  -1.083  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     14  H           0       1.256   2.296   0.033  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     15  H           0       1.851   1.359   1.425  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     16  H           0       2.854   1.111  -1.447  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     17  H           0       3.705   1.934  -0.118  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     18  H           0       4.572  -0.366  -0.439  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     19  H           0       3.787  -0.196   1.149  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     20  H           0       2.495  -1.360  -1.359  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     21  H           0       3.089  -2.297   0.032  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     22  H           0       1.491  -1.112   1.513  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     23  H           0       0.641  -1.935   0.183  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT    1    2    0    0    0                                         NONE  28&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT    2    1    3   10   11                                         NONE  29&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT    3    2    4   12    0                                         NONE  30&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT    4    3    9    5   13                                         NONE  31&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT    5    4    6   14   15                                         NONE  32&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT    6    5    7   16   17                                         NONE  33&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT    7    6    8   18   19                                         NONE  34&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT    8    7    9   20   21                                         NONE  35&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT    9    8    4   22   23                                         NONE  36&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   10    2    0    0    0                                         NONE  37&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   11    2    0    0    0                                         NONE  38&lt;br /&gt;
END                                                                     NONE  39&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/inlineContents&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/jmolApplet&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/jmol&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! {{chembox header}} colspan=&amp;quot;3&amp;quot; | General&lt;br /&gt;
|- &lt;br /&gt;
| colspan=&amp;quot;1&amp;quot; |IUPAC Name&lt;br /&gt;
| colspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot;|sulfoaminocyclohexane&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| colspan=&amp;quot;1&amp;quot; |Other Names&lt;br /&gt;
| colspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot; |Cyclohexanesulfamic acid; &lt;br /&gt;
Cyclohexylsulfamic acid; &lt;br /&gt;
Hexamic acid; &lt;br /&gt;
N-Cyclohexylsulfamic acid&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| colspan=&amp;quot;1&amp;quot; |Molecular formula&lt;br /&gt;
| colspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot; |C&amp;lt;sub&amp;gt;6&amp;lt;/sub&amp;gt;H&amp;lt;sub&amp;gt;13&amp;lt;/sub&amp;gt;N&amp;lt;sub&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/sub&amp;gt;0&amp;lt;sub&amp;gt;3&amp;lt;/sub&amp;gt;S&amp;lt;sub&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/sub&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| colspan=&amp;quot;1&amp;quot; |Molar mass&lt;br /&gt;
| colspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot; |179.23 g/mol&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| colspan=&amp;quot;1&amp;quot; |CAS registry number&lt;br /&gt;
| colspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot; |100-88-9&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| colspan=&amp;quot;1&amp;quot; |Melting Point&lt;br /&gt;
| colspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot; |169.5°C&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
=Introduction and Historical Background=&lt;br /&gt;
Cyclamate, also known as (E952) is an artificial sweetener that was discovered in 1937 at the University of Illinois. It was discovered by a graduate student, Michael Sveda who discovered it completely unknowingly. He was working on the synthesis of anti-pyretic drugs, while smoking a cigarette. He put his cigarette down on the lab bench, and to his surprise when he put it back in his mouth, he has discovered the sweetener cyclamate.&lt;br /&gt;
The first patent for cyclamate was bought by DuPont, and then later sold to Abbott industries who conducted further research and tests. in 1950, they apllied for a New Drug Application for cyclamate.&lt;br /&gt;
Cyclamate is the sodium or calcium salt of cyclamic acid(cyclohexanesulfamic acid). They have the same uses. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=Uses=&lt;br /&gt;
Initially, Abbott industries had intended to use cyclamate for masking the bitter taste of certain drugs such as antibiotics. However, it was later developed in tablet form, aimed specifically at diabetics as a sweetener. &lt;br /&gt;
Cyclamate was in use until 1969 as an artificial sweetener, until their use was banned by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration after reports that large quantities of cyclamates could cause cancer in some animals.  &lt;br /&gt;
It is also available in packet or liquid form.  &lt;br /&gt;
As cyclamate is stable in heat, it can be used in cooking and baking. &lt;br /&gt;
Commercially, it is available as Sucaryl™. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Image:JanFeb06_6.jpg]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=Synthesis=&lt;br /&gt;
Cyclamate can be prepared in a different ways.&lt;br /&gt;
Cyclohexanamine can be reacted with chlorosulfonic acid give to N-Cyclohexylsulfamic acid, which when reacted with for example sodium hydroxide, yielding the sodium cyclamate. Instead of chlorosulfonic acid, sodium chlorosulfonate could be used, which leaves out the final step of adding the sodium hydroxide. However, this involves a longer experimental procedure, and so is not a preferred method of synthesis.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Image:untitled2.png]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Alternatively, a process known as the nitridation of sodium dithionite. Using sodium dithionite and certain nitro compunds, sulfamic acids can be yielded. The mechanism occurs in two steps.&lt;br /&gt;
This reaction is done in the presence of excess hydroxyl ion is to prevent the solution from becoming acid, which would leads to decomposition. Tertiary sodium phosphate can be used for this purpose. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Image:untitled.png]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
There are many other synthethic routes that could be taken - see the reference: &#039;&#039;Journal of Organic Chemistry, 9, 89-101; 1944&#039;&#039; for further details.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=Intersting facts=&lt;br /&gt;
*Cyclamate is 30–50 times sweeter than sugar. &lt;br /&gt;
*It is often used with artificial sweeteners such as Saccharin in a mixture of 10 parts cyclamate to 1 part saccharin. This mixture is used as it masks the the off-tastes of both sweeteners. &lt;br /&gt;
*Between 1963 and 1970 national consumption of cyclamates--in soft drinks, canned fruits, candy, salad dressings and other foods--soared to 21 million pounds annually from 5 million.&lt;br /&gt;
*It is also cheaper than most sweeteners.&lt;br /&gt;
*Many companies advertised the banning of Cyclamate on their products e.g. Dr Pepper Soft Drinks&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Image:drpepper.jpg]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=Risks and Controversy=&lt;br /&gt;
In 1969, cyclamate was banned from use by the USA Food and Drug administration for its possible risk of bladder cancer in humans. This was found from tests conducted on animals by Abbott Laboratories. They found that 8 out of 240 rats fed a mixture of saccharin and cyclamates (1 to 10 ratio) at levels of humans drinking 350 cans of diet soft drinks a day developed bladder tumours. This led to the FDA banning their use for human consumption.&lt;br /&gt;
More than 50 countries continued using them as a sugar substitute.&lt;br /&gt;
However, recent animal studies have failed to show that it is a carcinogen (cancer causing agent) or a co-carcinogen (enhances the effect of a cancer causing agent). But before it is readministered for use many other issues must be resolved. &lt;br /&gt;
 &lt;br /&gt;
Cyclamate is not used in commercial products, and is only available as a &amp;quot;table top&amp;quot; sweetener. &lt;br /&gt;
Cyclamate is also not recommended for use during pregnancy, unless under the advice of a medical practioner.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=Spectra=&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The following are the spectra obtained of cyclamate, useful for chemical investigation:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Infra Red Spectrum:&lt;br /&gt;
[[Image:Sdimg882754.gif]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Carbon-13 NMR Spectrum:&lt;br /&gt;
[[Image:Sdimg882756.jpg]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Mass Spectrum&lt;br /&gt;
[[Image:Sdimg882758.jpg]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=References=&lt;br /&gt;
* Images taken from http://www.calgaryhealthregion.ca/clin/women/images and www.genome.jp/Fig/drug_small/D02443.gif&lt;br /&gt;
* Dr Pepper image taken from www.personalpages.bellsouth.net/s/k/skytrix3/n042.jpg&lt;br /&gt;
* Journal of Organic Chemistry, Audrieth and Sveda, 9, 89-101; 1944&lt;br /&gt;
* http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclamate&lt;br /&gt;
* http://www.caloriecontrol.org/cyclam2.html&lt;br /&gt;
* http://www.cyclamate.com/&lt;br /&gt;
* http://www.elmhurst.edu/~chm/vchembook/549cyclamate.html&lt;br /&gt;
* http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1E1-cyclamat.html&lt;br /&gt;
* SciFinder Scholar, 2006&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Hp305</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://chemwiki.ch.ic.ac.uk/index.php?title=It:Cyclamate&amp;diff=7107</id>
		<title>It:Cyclamate</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://chemwiki.ch.ic.ac.uk/index.php?title=It:Cyclamate&amp;diff=7107"/>
		<updated>2006-12-06T14:07:30Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Hp305: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;{| class=&amp;quot;toccolours&amp;quot; border=&amp;quot;1&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;float: right; clear: right; margin: 0 0 1em 1em; border-collapse: collapse;&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
! {{chembox header}}  colspan=&amp;quot;3&amp;quot; |Cyclamate &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! {{chembox header}}  colspan=&amp;quot;3&amp;quot; |Structure&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| align=&amp;quot;center&amp;quot; colspan=&amp;quot;3&amp;quot; bgcolor=&amp;quot;#ffffff&amp;quot; | [[Image:D02443.gif|Cyclamate]] &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! {{chembox header}}  colspan=&amp;quot;3&amp;quot; |3D structure&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|align=&amp;quot;center&amp;quot; colspan=&amp;quot;3&amp;quot; |&amp;lt;jmol&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;jmolApplet&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;size&amp;gt;200&amp;lt;/size&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;color&amp;gt;white&amp;lt;/color&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;script&amp;gt;zoom 120; wireframe on;frame 1; move 10 -20 10 0 0 0 0 0 3; delay 1;&amp;lt;/script&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;inlineContents&amp;gt;HEADER    NONAME 06-Dec-06                                              NONE   1&lt;br /&gt;
TITLE                                                                   NONE   2&lt;br /&gt;
AUTHOR    WWW daemon apache                                             NONE   3&lt;br /&gt;
REVDAT   1  06-Dec-06     0                                             NONE   4&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM      1  O           0      -3.044   0.430   0.821  0.00  0.00           O+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM      2  S           0      -1.972  -0.014  -0.057  0.00  0.00           S+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM      3  N           0      -0.554   0.419   0.681  0.00  0.00           N+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM      4  C           0       0.723   0.209  -0.006  0.00  0.00           C+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM      5  C           0       1.686   1.345   0.347  0.00  0.00           C+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM      6  C           0       3.019   1.125  -0.370  0.00  0.00           C+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM      7  C           0       3.622  -0.210   0.072  0.00  0.00           C+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM      8  C           0       2.660  -1.346  -0.282  0.00  0.00           C+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM      9  C           0       1.326  -1.126   0.435  0.00  0.00           C+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     10  O           0      -1.936  -1.461  -0.199  0.00  0.00           O+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     11  O           0      -1.991   0.668  -1.342  0.00  0.00           O+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     12  H           0      -0.568   0.812   1.568  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     13  H           0       0.558   0.195  -1.083  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     14  H           0       1.256   2.296   0.033  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     15  H           0       1.851   1.359   1.425  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     16  H           0       2.854   1.111  -1.447  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     17  H           0       3.705   1.934  -0.118  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     18  H           0       4.572  -0.366  -0.439  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     19  H           0       3.787  -0.196   1.149  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     20  H           0       2.495  -1.360  -1.359  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     21  H           0       3.089  -2.297   0.032  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     22  H           0       1.491  -1.112   1.513  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     23  H           0       0.641  -1.935   0.183  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT    1    2    0    0    0                                         NONE  28&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT    2    1    3   10   11                                         NONE  29&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT    3    2    4   12    0                                         NONE  30&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT    4    3    9    5   13                                         NONE  31&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT    5    4    6   14   15                                         NONE  32&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT    6    5    7   16   17                                         NONE  33&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT    7    6    8   18   19                                         NONE  34&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT    8    7    9   20   21                                         NONE  35&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT    9    8    4   22   23                                         NONE  36&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   10    2    0    0    0                                         NONE  37&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   11    2    0    0    0                                         NONE  38&lt;br /&gt;
END                                                                     NONE  39&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/inlineContents&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/jmolApplet&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/jmol&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! {{chembox header}} colspan=&amp;quot;3&amp;quot; | General&lt;br /&gt;
|- &lt;br /&gt;
| colspan=&amp;quot;1&amp;quot; |IUPAC Name&lt;br /&gt;
| colspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot;|sulfoaminocyclohexane&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| colspan=&amp;quot;1&amp;quot; |Other Names&lt;br /&gt;
| colspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot; |Cyclohexanesulfamic acid; &lt;br /&gt;
Cyclohexylsulfamic acid; &lt;br /&gt;
Hexamic acid; &lt;br /&gt;
N-Cyclohexylsulfamic acid&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| colspan=&amp;quot;1&amp;quot; |Molecular formula&lt;br /&gt;
| colspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot; |C&amp;lt;sub&amp;gt;6&amp;lt;/sub&amp;gt;H&amp;lt;sub&amp;gt;13&amp;lt;/sub&amp;gt;N&amp;lt;sub&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/sub&amp;gt;0&amp;lt;sub&amp;gt;3&amp;lt;/sub&amp;gt;S&amp;lt;sub&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/sub&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| colspan=&amp;quot;1&amp;quot; |Molar mass&lt;br /&gt;
| colspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot; |179.23 g/mol&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| colspan=&amp;quot;1&amp;quot; |CAS registry number&lt;br /&gt;
| colspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot; |100-88-9&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| colspan=&amp;quot;1&amp;quot; |Melting Point&lt;br /&gt;
| colspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot; |169.5°C&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
=Introduction and Historical Background=&lt;br /&gt;
Cyclamate, also known as (E952) is an artificial sweetener that was discovered in 1937 at the University of Illinois. It was discovered by a graduate student, Michael Sveda who discovered it completely unknowingly. He was working on the synthesis of anti-pyretic drugs, while smoking a cigarette. He put his cigarette down on the lab bench, and to his surprise when he put it back in his mouth, he has discovered the sweetener cyclamate.&lt;br /&gt;
The first patent for cyclamate was bought by DuPont, and then later sold to Abbott industries who conducted further research and tests. in 1950, they apllied for a New Drug Application for cyclamate.&lt;br /&gt;
Cyclamate is the sodium or calcium salt of cyclamic acid(cyclohexanesulfamic acid). They have the same uses. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=Uses=&lt;br /&gt;
Initially, Abbott industries had intended to use cyclamate for masking the bitter taste of certain drugs such as antibiotics. However, it was later developed in tablet form, aimed specifically at diabetics as a sweetener. &lt;br /&gt;
Cyclamate was in use until 1969 as an artificial sweetener, until their use was banned by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration after reports that large quantities of cyclamates could cause cancer in some animals.  &lt;br /&gt;
It is also available in packet or liquid form.  &lt;br /&gt;
As cyclamate is stable in heat, it can be used in cooking and baking. &lt;br /&gt;
Commercially, it is available as Sucaryl™. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Image:JanFeb06_6.jpg]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=Synthesis=&lt;br /&gt;
Cyclamate can be prepared in a different ways.&lt;br /&gt;
Cyclohexanamine can be reacted with chlorosulfonic acid give to N-Cyclohexylsulfamic acid, which when reacted with for example sodium hydroxide, yielding the sodium cyclamate. Instead of chlorosulfonic acid, sodium chlorosulfonate could be used, which leaves out the final step of adding the sodium hydroxide. However, this involves a longer experimental procedure, and so is not a preferred method of synthesis.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Image:untitled2.png]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Alternatively, a process known as the nitridation of sodium dithionite. Using sodium dithionite and certain nitro compunds, sulfamic acids can be yielded. The mechanism occurs in two steps.&lt;br /&gt;
This reaction is done in the presence of excess hydroxyl ion is to prevent the solution from becoming acid, which would leads to decomposition. Tertiary sodium phosphate can be used for this purpose. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Image:untitled.png]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
There are many other synthethic routes that could be taken - see the reference: &#039;&#039;Journal of Organic Chemistry, 9, 89-101; 1944&#039;&#039; for further details.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=Intersting facts=&lt;br /&gt;
*Cyclamate is 30–50 times sweeter than sugar. &lt;br /&gt;
*It is often used with artificial sweeteners such as Saccharin in a mixture of 10 parts cyclamate to 1 part saccharin. This mixture is used as it masks the the off-tastes of both sweeteners. &lt;br /&gt;
*It is also cheaper than most sweeteners.&lt;br /&gt;
*Many companies advertised the banning of Cyclamate on their products e.g. Dr Pepper Soft Drinks&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Image:drpepper.jpg]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=Risks and Controversy=&lt;br /&gt;
In 1969, cyclamate was banned from use by the USA Food and Drug administration for its possible risk of bladder cancer in humans. This was found from tests conducted on animals by Abbott Laboratories. They found that 8 out of 240 rats fed a mixture of saccharin and cyclamates at levels of humans drinking 350 cans of diet soft drinks a day developed bladder tumours. This led to the FDA banning their use for human consumption.&lt;br /&gt;
More than 50 countries continued using them as a sugar substitute.&lt;br /&gt;
However, recent animal studies have failed to show that it is a carcinogen (cancer causing agent) or a co-carcinogen (enhances the effect of a cancer causing agent). But before it is readministered for use many other issues must be resolved. &lt;br /&gt;
 &lt;br /&gt;
Cyclamate is not used in commercial products, and is only available as a &amp;quot;table top&amp;quot; sweetener. &lt;br /&gt;
Cyclamate is also not recommended for use during pregnancy, unless under the advice of a medical practioner.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=Spectra=&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Infra Red Spectrum:&lt;br /&gt;
[[Image:Sdimg882754.gif]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Carbon-13 NMR Spectrum:&lt;br /&gt;
[[Image:Sdimg882756.jpg]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Mass Spectrum&lt;br /&gt;
[[Image:Sdimg882758.jpg]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=References=&lt;br /&gt;
* Images taken from http://www.calgaryhealthregion.ca/clin/women/images and www.genome.jp/Fig/drug_small/D02443.gif&lt;br /&gt;
* Dr Pepper image taken from www.personalpages.bellsouth.net/s/k/skytrix3/n042.jpg&lt;br /&gt;
* Journal of Organic Chemistry, Audrieth and Sveda, 9, 89-101; 1944&lt;br /&gt;
* http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclamate&lt;br /&gt;
* http://www.caloriecontrol.org/cyclam2.html&lt;br /&gt;
* http://www.cyclamate.com/&lt;br /&gt;
* http://www.elmhurst.edu/~chm/vchembook/549cyclamate.html&lt;br /&gt;
* http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1E1-cyclamat.html&lt;br /&gt;
* SciFinder Scholar, 2006&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Hp305</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://chemwiki.ch.ic.ac.uk/index.php?title=It:Cyclamate&amp;diff=7101</id>
		<title>It:Cyclamate</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://chemwiki.ch.ic.ac.uk/index.php?title=It:Cyclamate&amp;diff=7101"/>
		<updated>2006-12-06T14:03:04Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Hp305: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;{| class=&amp;quot;toccolours&amp;quot; border=&amp;quot;1&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;float: right; clear: right; margin: 0 0 1em 1em; border-collapse: collapse;&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
! {{chembox header}}  colspan=&amp;quot;3&amp;quot; |Cyclamate &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! {{chembox header}}  colspan=&amp;quot;3&amp;quot; |Structure&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| align=&amp;quot;center&amp;quot; colspan=&amp;quot;3&amp;quot; bgcolor=&amp;quot;#ffffff&amp;quot; | [[Image:D02443.gif|Cyclamate]] &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! {{chembox header}}  colspan=&amp;quot;3&amp;quot; |3D structure&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|align=&amp;quot;center&amp;quot; colspan=&amp;quot;3&amp;quot; |&amp;lt;jmol&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;jmolApplet&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;size&amp;gt;200&amp;lt;/size&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;color&amp;gt;white&amp;lt;/color&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;script&amp;gt;zoom 120; wireframe on;frame 1; move 10 -20 10 0 0 0 0 0 3; delay 1;&amp;lt;/script&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;inlineContents&amp;gt;HEADER    NONAME 06-Dec-06                                              NONE   1&lt;br /&gt;
TITLE                                                                   NONE   2&lt;br /&gt;
AUTHOR    WWW daemon apache                                             NONE   3&lt;br /&gt;
REVDAT   1  06-Dec-06     0                                             NONE   4&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM      1  O           0      -3.044   0.430   0.821  0.00  0.00           O+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM      2  S           0      -1.972  -0.014  -0.057  0.00  0.00           S+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM      3  N           0      -0.554   0.419   0.681  0.00  0.00           N+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM      4  C           0       0.723   0.209  -0.006  0.00  0.00           C+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM      5  C           0       1.686   1.345   0.347  0.00  0.00           C+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM      6  C           0       3.019   1.125  -0.370  0.00  0.00           C+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM      7  C           0       3.622  -0.210   0.072  0.00  0.00           C+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM      8  C           0       2.660  -1.346  -0.282  0.00  0.00           C+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM      9  C           0       1.326  -1.126   0.435  0.00  0.00           C+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     10  O           0      -1.936  -1.461  -0.199  0.00  0.00           O+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     11  O           0      -1.991   0.668  -1.342  0.00  0.00           O+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     12  H           0      -0.568   0.812   1.568  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     13  H           0       0.558   0.195  -1.083  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     14  H           0       1.256   2.296   0.033  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     15  H           0       1.851   1.359   1.425  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     16  H           0       2.854   1.111  -1.447  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     17  H           0       3.705   1.934  -0.118  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     18  H           0       4.572  -0.366  -0.439  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     19  H           0       3.787  -0.196   1.149  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     20  H           0       2.495  -1.360  -1.359  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     21  H           0       3.089  -2.297   0.032  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     22  H           0       1.491  -1.112   1.513  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     23  H           0       0.641  -1.935   0.183  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT    1    2    0    0    0                                         NONE  28&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT    2    1    3   10   11                                         NONE  29&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT    3    2    4   12    0                                         NONE  30&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT    4    3    9    5   13                                         NONE  31&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT    5    4    6   14   15                                         NONE  32&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT    6    5    7   16   17                                         NONE  33&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT    7    6    8   18   19                                         NONE  34&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT    8    7    9   20   21                                         NONE  35&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT    9    8    4   22   23                                         NONE  36&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   10    2    0    0    0                                         NONE  37&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   11    2    0    0    0                                         NONE  38&lt;br /&gt;
END                                                                     NONE  39&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/inlineContents&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/jmolApplet&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/jmol&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! {{chembox header}} colspan=&amp;quot;3&amp;quot; | General&lt;br /&gt;
|- &lt;br /&gt;
| colspan=&amp;quot;1&amp;quot; |IUPAC Name&lt;br /&gt;
| colspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot;|sulfoaminocyclohexane&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| colspan=&amp;quot;1&amp;quot; |Other Names&lt;br /&gt;
| colspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot; |Cyclohexanesulfamic acid; &lt;br /&gt;
Cyclohexylsulfamic acid; &lt;br /&gt;
Hexamic acid; &lt;br /&gt;
N-Cyclohexylsulfamic acid&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| colspan=&amp;quot;1&amp;quot; |Molecular formula&lt;br /&gt;
| colspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot; |C&amp;lt;sub&amp;gt;6&amp;lt;/sub&amp;gt;H&amp;lt;sub&amp;gt;13&amp;lt;/sub&amp;gt;N&amp;lt;sub&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/sub&amp;gt;0&amp;lt;sub&amp;gt;3&amp;lt;/sub&amp;gt;S&amp;lt;sub&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/sub&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| colspan=&amp;quot;1&amp;quot; |Molar mass&lt;br /&gt;
| colspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot; |179.23 g/mol&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| colspan=&amp;quot;1&amp;quot; |CAS registry number&lt;br /&gt;
| colspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot; |100-88-9&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| colspan=&amp;quot;1&amp;quot; |Melting Point&lt;br /&gt;
| colspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot; |169.5°C&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
=Introduction and Historical Background=&lt;br /&gt;
Cyclamate, also known as (E952) is an artificial sweetener that was discovered in 1937 at the University of Illinois. It was discovered by a graduate student, Michael Sveda who discovered it completely unknowingly. He was working on the synthesis of anti-pyretic drugs, while smoking a cigarette. He put his cigarette down on the lab bench, and to his surprise when he put it back in his mouth, he has discovered the sweetener cyclamate.&lt;br /&gt;
The first patent for cyclamate was bought by DuPont, and then later sold to Abbott industries who conducted further research and tests. in 1950, they apllied for a New Drug Application for cyclamate.&lt;br /&gt;
Cyclamate is the sodium or calcium salt of cyclamic acid(cyclohexanesulfamic acid). They have the same uses. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=Uses=&lt;br /&gt;
Initially, Abbott industries had intended to use cyclamate for masking the bitter taste of certain drugs such as antibiotics. However, it was later developed in tablet form, aimed specifically at diabetics as a sweetener. &lt;br /&gt;
Cyclamate was in use until 1969 as an artificial sweetener, until their use was banned by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration after reports that large quantities of cyclamates could cause cancer in some animals.  &lt;br /&gt;
It is also available in packet or liquid form.  &lt;br /&gt;
As cyclamate is stable in heat, it can be used in cooking and baking. &lt;br /&gt;
Commercially, it is available as Sucaryl™. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Image:JanFeb06_6.jpg]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=Synthesis=&lt;br /&gt;
Cyclamate can be prepared in a different ways.&lt;br /&gt;
Cyclohexanamine can be reacted with chlorosulfonic acid give to N-Cyclohexylsulfamic acid, which when reacted with for example sodium hydroxide, yielding the sodium cyclamate. Instead of chlorosulfonic acid, sodium chlorosulfonate could be used, which leaves out the final step of adding the sodium hydroxide. However, this involves a longer experimental procedure, and so is not a preferred method of synthesis.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Image:untitled2.png]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Alternatively, a process known as the nitridation of sodium dithionite. Using sodium dithionite and certain nitro compunds, sulfamic acids can be yielded. The mechanism occurs in two steps.&lt;br /&gt;
This reaction is done in the presence of excess hydroxyl ion is to prevent the solution from becoming acid, which would leads to decomposition. Tertiary sodium phosphate can be used for this purpose. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Image:untitled.png]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
There are many other synthethic routes that could be taken - see the reference: &#039;&#039;Journal of Organic Chemistry, 9, 89-101; 1944&#039;&#039; for further details.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=Intersting facts=&lt;br /&gt;
*Cyclamate is 30–50 times sweeter than sugar. &lt;br /&gt;
*It is often used with artificial sweeteners such as Saccharin in a mixture of 10 parts cyclamate to 1 part saccharin. This mixture is used as it masks the the off-tastes of both sweeteners. &lt;br /&gt;
*It is also cheaper than most sweeteners.&lt;br /&gt;
*Many companies advertised the banning of Cyclamate on their products e.g. Dr Pepper Soft Drinks&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Image:drpepper.jpg]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=Risks=&lt;br /&gt;
In 1969, cyclamate was banned from use by the USA Food and Drug administration for its possible risk of bladder cancer in humans. This was found from tests conducted on animals.&lt;br /&gt;
However, recent animal studies have failed to show that it is a carcinogen (cancer causing agent) or a co-carcinogen (enhances the effect of a cancer causing agent). But before it is readministered for use many other issues must be resolved. &lt;br /&gt;
Cyclamate is not used in commercial products, and is only available as a &amp;quot;table top&amp;quot; sweetener. &lt;br /&gt;
Cyclamate is also not recommended for use during pregnancy, unless under the advice of a medical practioner.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=Spectra=&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Infra Red Spectrum:&lt;br /&gt;
[[Image:Sdimg882754.gif]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Carbon-13 NMR Spectrum:&lt;br /&gt;
[[Image:Sdimg882756.jpg]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Mass Spectrum&lt;br /&gt;
[[Image:Sdimg882758.jpg]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=References=&lt;br /&gt;
* Images taken from http://www.calgaryhealthregion.ca/clin/women/images and www.genome.jp/Fig/drug_small/D02443.gif&lt;br /&gt;
* Dr Pepper image taken from www.personalpages.bellsouth.net/s/k/skytrix3/n042.jpg&lt;br /&gt;
* Journal of Organic Chemistry, Audrieth and Sveda, 9, 89-101; 1944&lt;br /&gt;
* http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclamate&lt;br /&gt;
* http://www.caloriecontrol.org/cyclam2.html&lt;br /&gt;
* http://www.cyclamate.com/&lt;br /&gt;
* http://www.elmhurst.edu/~chm/vchembook/549cyclamate.html&lt;br /&gt;
* http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1E1-cyclamat.html&lt;br /&gt;
* SciFinder Scholar, 2006&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Hp305</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://chemwiki.ch.ic.ac.uk/index.php?title=File:Drpepper.jpg&amp;diff=7099</id>
		<title>File:Drpepper.jpg</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://chemwiki.ch.ic.ac.uk/index.php?title=File:Drpepper.jpg&amp;diff=7099"/>
		<updated>2006-12-06T13:59:28Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Hp305: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Hp305</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://chemwiki.ch.ic.ac.uk/index.php?title=It:Cyclamate&amp;diff=7097</id>
		<title>It:Cyclamate</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://chemwiki.ch.ic.ac.uk/index.php?title=It:Cyclamate&amp;diff=7097"/>
		<updated>2006-12-06T13:54:19Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Hp305: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;{| class=&amp;quot;toccolours&amp;quot; border=&amp;quot;1&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;float: right; clear: right; margin: 0 0 1em 1em; border-collapse: collapse;&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
! {{chembox header}}  colspan=&amp;quot;3&amp;quot; |Cyclamate &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! {{chembox header}}  colspan=&amp;quot;3&amp;quot; |Structure&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| align=&amp;quot;center&amp;quot; colspan=&amp;quot;3&amp;quot; bgcolor=&amp;quot;#ffffff&amp;quot; | [[Image:D02443.gif|Cyclamate]] &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! {{chembox header}}  colspan=&amp;quot;3&amp;quot; |3D structure&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|align=&amp;quot;center&amp;quot; colspan=&amp;quot;3&amp;quot; |&amp;lt;jmol&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;jmolApplet&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;size&amp;gt;200&amp;lt;/size&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;color&amp;gt;white&amp;lt;/color&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;script&amp;gt;zoom 120; wireframe on;frame 1; move 10 -20 10 0 0 0 0 0 3; delay 1;&amp;lt;/script&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;inlineContents&amp;gt;HEADER    NONAME 06-Dec-06                                              NONE   1&lt;br /&gt;
TITLE                                                                   NONE   2&lt;br /&gt;
AUTHOR    WWW daemon apache                                             NONE   3&lt;br /&gt;
REVDAT   1  06-Dec-06     0                                             NONE   4&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM      1  O           0      -3.044   0.430   0.821  0.00  0.00           O+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM      2  S           0      -1.972  -0.014  -0.057  0.00  0.00           S+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM      3  N           0      -0.554   0.419   0.681  0.00  0.00           N+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM      4  C           0       0.723   0.209  -0.006  0.00  0.00           C+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM      5  C           0       1.686   1.345   0.347  0.00  0.00           C+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM      6  C           0       3.019   1.125  -0.370  0.00  0.00           C+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM      7  C           0       3.622  -0.210   0.072  0.00  0.00           C+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM      8  C           0       2.660  -1.346  -0.282  0.00  0.00           C+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM      9  C           0       1.326  -1.126   0.435  0.00  0.00           C+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     10  O           0      -1.936  -1.461  -0.199  0.00  0.00           O+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     11  O           0      -1.991   0.668  -1.342  0.00  0.00           O+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     12  H           0      -0.568   0.812   1.568  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     13  H           0       0.558   0.195  -1.083  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     14  H           0       1.256   2.296   0.033  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     15  H           0       1.851   1.359   1.425  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     16  H           0       2.854   1.111  -1.447  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     17  H           0       3.705   1.934  -0.118  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     18  H           0       4.572  -0.366  -0.439  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     19  H           0       3.787  -0.196   1.149  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     20  H           0       2.495  -1.360  -1.359  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     21  H           0       3.089  -2.297   0.032  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     22  H           0       1.491  -1.112   1.513  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     23  H           0       0.641  -1.935   0.183  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT    1    2    0    0    0                                         NONE  28&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT    2    1    3   10   11                                         NONE  29&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT    3    2    4   12    0                                         NONE  30&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT    4    3    9    5   13                                         NONE  31&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT    5    4    6   14   15                                         NONE  32&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT    6    5    7   16   17                                         NONE  33&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT    7    6    8   18   19                                         NONE  34&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT    8    7    9   20   21                                         NONE  35&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT    9    8    4   22   23                                         NONE  36&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   10    2    0    0    0                                         NONE  37&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   11    2    0    0    0                                         NONE  38&lt;br /&gt;
END                                                                     NONE  39&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/inlineContents&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/jmolApplet&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/jmol&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! {{chembox header}} colspan=&amp;quot;3&amp;quot; | General&lt;br /&gt;
|- &lt;br /&gt;
| colspan=&amp;quot;1&amp;quot; |IUPAC Name&lt;br /&gt;
| colspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot;|sulfoaminocyclohexane&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| colspan=&amp;quot;1&amp;quot; |Other Names&lt;br /&gt;
| colspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot; |Cyclohexanesulfamic acid; &lt;br /&gt;
Cyclohexylsulfamic acid; &lt;br /&gt;
Hexamic acid; &lt;br /&gt;
N-Cyclohexylsulfamic acid&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| colspan=&amp;quot;1&amp;quot; |Molecular formula&lt;br /&gt;
| colspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot; |C&amp;lt;sub&amp;gt;6&amp;lt;/sub&amp;gt;H&amp;lt;sub&amp;gt;13&amp;lt;/sub&amp;gt;N&amp;lt;sub&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/sub&amp;gt;0&amp;lt;sub&amp;gt;3&amp;lt;/sub&amp;gt;S&amp;lt;sub&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/sub&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| colspan=&amp;quot;1&amp;quot; |Molar mass&lt;br /&gt;
| colspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot; |179.23 g/mol&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| colspan=&amp;quot;1&amp;quot; |CAS registry number&lt;br /&gt;
| colspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot; |100-88-9&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| colspan=&amp;quot;1&amp;quot; |Melting Point&lt;br /&gt;
| colspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot; |169.5°C&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
=Introduction and Historical Background=&lt;br /&gt;
Cyclamate, also known as (E952) is an artificial sweetener that was discovered in 1937 at the University of Illinois. It was discovered by a graduate student, Michael Sveda who discovered it completely unknowingly. He was working on the synthesis of anti-pyretic drugs, while smoking a cigarette. He put his cigarette down on the lab bench, and to his surprise when he put it back in his mouth, he has discovered the sweetener cyclamate.&lt;br /&gt;
The first patent for cyclamate was bought by DuPont, and then later sold to Abbott industries who conducted further research and tests. in 1950, they apllied for a New Drug Application for cyclamate.&lt;br /&gt;
Cyclamate is the sodium or calcium salt of cyclamic acid(cyclohexanesulfamic acid). They have the same uses. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=Uses=&lt;br /&gt;
Initially, Abbott industries had intended to use cyclamate for masking the bitter taste of certain drugs such as antibiotics. However, it was later developed in tablet form, aimed specifically at diabetics as a sweetener. &lt;br /&gt;
Cyclamate was in use until 1969 as an artificial sweetener, until their use was banned by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration after reports that large quantities of cyclamates could cause cancer in some animals.  &lt;br /&gt;
It is also available in packet or liquid form.  &lt;br /&gt;
As cyclamate is stable in heat, it can be used in cooking and baking. &lt;br /&gt;
Commercially, it is available as Sucaryl™. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Image:JanFeb06_6.jpg]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=Synthesis=&lt;br /&gt;
Cyclamate can be prepared in a different ways.&lt;br /&gt;
Cyclohexanamine can be reacted with chlorosulfonic acid give to N-Cyclohexylsulfamic acid, which when reacted with for example sodium hydroxide, yielding the sodium cyclamate. Instead of chlorosulfonic acid, sodium chlorosulfonate could be used, which leaves out the final step of adding the sodium hydroxide. However, this involves a longer experimental procedure, and so is not a preferred method of synthesis.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Image:untitled2.png]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Alternatively, a process known as the nitridation of sodium dithionite. Using sodium dithionite and certain nitro compunds, sulfamic acids can be yielded. The mechanism occurs in two steps.&lt;br /&gt;
This reaction is done in the presence of excess hydroxyl ion is to prevent the solution from becoming acid, which would leads to decomposition. Tertiary sodium phosphate can be used for this purpose. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Image:untitled.png]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
There are many other synthethic routes that could be taken - see the reference: &#039;&#039;Journal of Organic Chemistry, 9, 89-101; 1944&#039;&#039; for further details.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=Intersting facts=&lt;br /&gt;
*Cyclamate is 30–50 times sweeter than sugar. &lt;br /&gt;
*It is often used with artificial sweeteners such as Saccharin in a mixture of 10 parts cyclamate to 1 part saccharin. This mixture is used as it masks the the off-tastes of both sweeteners. &lt;br /&gt;
*It is also cheaper than most sweeteners.&lt;br /&gt;
*Many companies advertised the banning of Cyclamate on their products&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=Risks=&lt;br /&gt;
In 1969, cyclamate was banned from use by the USA Food and Drug administration for its possible risk of bladder cancer in humans. This was found from tests conducted on animals.&lt;br /&gt;
However, recent animal studies have failed to show that it is a carcinogen (cancer causing agent) or a co-carcinogen (enhances the effect of a cancer causing agent). But before it is readministered for use many other issues must be resolved. &lt;br /&gt;
Cyclamate is not used in commercial products, and is only available as a &amp;quot;table top&amp;quot; sweetener. &lt;br /&gt;
Cyclamate is also not recommended for use during pregnancy, unless under the advice of a medical practioner.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=Spectra=&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Infra Red Spectrum:&lt;br /&gt;
[[Image:Sdimg882754.gif]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Carbon-13 NMR Spectrum:&lt;br /&gt;
[[Image:Sdimg882756.jpg]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Mass Spectrum&lt;br /&gt;
[[Image:Sdimg882758.jpg]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=References=&lt;br /&gt;
* Images taken from http://www.calgaryhealthregion.ca/clin/women/images and www.genome.jp/Fig/drug_small/D02443.gif&lt;br /&gt;
* Journal of Organic Chemistry, Audrieth and Sveda, 9, 89-101; 1944&lt;br /&gt;
* http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclamate&lt;br /&gt;
* http://www.caloriecontrol.org/cyclam2.html&lt;br /&gt;
* http://www.cyclamate.com/&lt;br /&gt;
* http://www.elmhurst.edu/~chm/vchembook/549cyclamate.html&lt;br /&gt;
* http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1E1-cyclamat.html&lt;br /&gt;
* SciFinder Scholar, 2006&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Hp305</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://chemwiki.ch.ic.ac.uk/index.php?title=File:Untitled2.png&amp;diff=7096</id>
		<title>File:Untitled2.png</title>
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		<updated>2006-12-06T13:53:06Z</updated>

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		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://chemwiki.ch.ic.ac.uk/index.php?title=File:Untitled.png&amp;diff=7095"/>
		<updated>2006-12-06T13:52:29Z</updated>

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		<updated>2006-12-06T13:51:58Z</updated>

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		<updated>2006-12-06T13:51:46Z</updated>

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	<entry>
		<id>https://chemwiki.ch.ic.ac.uk/index.php?title=It:Cyclamate&amp;diff=7092</id>
		<title>It:Cyclamate</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://chemwiki.ch.ic.ac.uk/index.php?title=It:Cyclamate&amp;diff=7092"/>
		<updated>2006-12-06T13:43:39Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Hp305: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;{| class=&amp;quot;toccolours&amp;quot; border=&amp;quot;1&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;float: right; clear: right; margin: 0 0 1em 1em; border-collapse: collapse;&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
! {{chembox header}}  colspan=&amp;quot;3&amp;quot; |Cyclamate &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! {{chembox header}}  colspan=&amp;quot;3&amp;quot; |Structure&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| align=&amp;quot;center&amp;quot; colspan=&amp;quot;3&amp;quot; bgcolor=&amp;quot;#ffffff&amp;quot; | [[Image:D02443.gif|Cyclamate]] &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! {{chembox header}}  colspan=&amp;quot;3&amp;quot; |3D structure&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|align=&amp;quot;center&amp;quot; colspan=&amp;quot;3&amp;quot; |&amp;lt;jmol&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;jmolApplet&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;size&amp;gt;200&amp;lt;/size&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;color&amp;gt;white&amp;lt;/color&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;script&amp;gt;zoom 120; wireframe on;frame 1; move 10 -20 10 0 0 0 0 0 3; delay 1;&amp;lt;/script&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;inlineContents&amp;gt;HEADER    NONAME 06-Dec-06                                              NONE   1&lt;br /&gt;
TITLE                                                                   NONE   2&lt;br /&gt;
AUTHOR    WWW daemon apache                                             NONE   3&lt;br /&gt;
REVDAT   1  06-Dec-06     0                                             NONE   4&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM      1  O           0      -3.044   0.430   0.821  0.00  0.00           O+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM      2  S           0      -1.972  -0.014  -0.057  0.00  0.00           S+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM      3  N           0      -0.554   0.419   0.681  0.00  0.00           N+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM      4  C           0       0.723   0.209  -0.006  0.00  0.00           C+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM      5  C           0       1.686   1.345   0.347  0.00  0.00           C+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM      6  C           0       3.019   1.125  -0.370  0.00  0.00           C+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM      7  C           0       3.622  -0.210   0.072  0.00  0.00           C+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM      8  C           0       2.660  -1.346  -0.282  0.00  0.00           C+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM      9  C           0       1.326  -1.126   0.435  0.00  0.00           C+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     10  O           0      -1.936  -1.461  -0.199  0.00  0.00           O+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     11  O           0      -1.991   0.668  -1.342  0.00  0.00           O+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     12  H           0      -0.568   0.812   1.568  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     13  H           0       0.558   0.195  -1.083  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     14  H           0       1.256   2.296   0.033  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     15  H           0       1.851   1.359   1.425  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     16  H           0       2.854   1.111  -1.447  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     17  H           0       3.705   1.934  -0.118  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     18  H           0       4.572  -0.366  -0.439  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     19  H           0       3.787  -0.196   1.149  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     20  H           0       2.495  -1.360  -1.359  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     21  H           0       3.089  -2.297   0.032  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     22  H           0       1.491  -1.112   1.513  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     23  H           0       0.641  -1.935   0.183  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT    1    2    0    0    0                                         NONE  28&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT    2    1    3   10   11                                         NONE  29&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT    3    2    4   12    0                                         NONE  30&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT    4    3    9    5   13                                         NONE  31&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT    5    4    6   14   15                                         NONE  32&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT    6    5    7   16   17                                         NONE  33&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT    7    6    8   18   19                                         NONE  34&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT    8    7    9   20   21                                         NONE  35&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT    9    8    4   22   23                                         NONE  36&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   10    2    0    0    0                                         NONE  37&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   11    2    0    0    0                                         NONE  38&lt;br /&gt;
END                                                                     NONE  39&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/inlineContents&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/jmolApplet&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/jmol&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! {{chembox header}} colspan=&amp;quot;3&amp;quot; | General&lt;br /&gt;
|- &lt;br /&gt;
| colspan=&amp;quot;1&amp;quot; |IUPAC Name&lt;br /&gt;
| colspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot;|sulfoaminocyclohexane&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| colspan=&amp;quot;1&amp;quot; |Other Names&lt;br /&gt;
| colspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot; |Cyclohexanesulfamic acid; &lt;br /&gt;
Cyclohexylsulfamic acid; &lt;br /&gt;
Hexamic acid; &lt;br /&gt;
N-Cyclohexylsulfamic acid&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| colspan=&amp;quot;1&amp;quot; |Molecular formula&lt;br /&gt;
| colspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot; |C&amp;lt;sub&amp;gt;6&amp;lt;/sub&amp;gt;H&amp;lt;sub&amp;gt;13&amp;lt;/sub&amp;gt;N&amp;lt;sub&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/sub&amp;gt;0&amp;lt;sub&amp;gt;3&amp;lt;/sub&amp;gt;S&amp;lt;sub&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/sub&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| colspan=&amp;quot;1&amp;quot; |Molar mass&lt;br /&gt;
| colspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot; |179.23 g/mol&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| colspan=&amp;quot;1&amp;quot; |CAS registry number&lt;br /&gt;
| colspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot; |100-88-9&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| colspan=&amp;quot;1&amp;quot; |Melting Point&lt;br /&gt;
| colspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot; |169.5°C&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
=Introduction and Historical Background=&lt;br /&gt;
Cyclamate, also known as (E952) is an artificial sweetener that was discovered in 1937 at the University of Illinois. It was discovered by a graduate student, Michael Sveda who discovered it completely unknowingly. He was working on the synthesis of anti-pyretic drugs, while smoking a cigarette. He put his cigarette down on the lab bench, and to his surprise when he put it back in his mouth, he has discovered the sweetener cyclamate.&lt;br /&gt;
The first patent for cyclamate was bought by DuPont, and then later sold to Abbott industries who conducted further research and tests. in 1950, they apllied for a New Drug Application for cyclamate.&lt;br /&gt;
Cyclamate is the sodium or calcium salt of cyclamic acid(cyclohexanesulfamic acid). They have the same uses. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=Uses=&lt;br /&gt;
Initially, Abbott industries had intended to use cyclamate for masking the bitter taste of certain drugs such as antibiotics. However, it was later developed in tablet form, aimed specifically at diabetics as a sweetener. &lt;br /&gt;
Cyclamate was in use until 1969 as an artificial sweetener, until their use was banned by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration after reports that large quantities of cyclamates could cause cancer in some animals.  &lt;br /&gt;
It is also available in packet or liquid form.  &lt;br /&gt;
As cyclamate is stable in heat, it can be used in cooking and baking. &lt;br /&gt;
Commercially, it is available as Sucaryl™. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Image:JanFeb06_6.jpg]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=Synthesis=&lt;br /&gt;
Cyclamate can be prepared in a different ways.&lt;br /&gt;
Cyclohexanamine can be reacted with chlorosulfonic acid give to N-Cyclohexylsulfamic acid, which when reacted with for example sodium hydroxide, yielding the sodium cyclamate. Instead of chlorosulfonic acid, sodium chlorosulfonate could be used, which leaves out the final step of adding the sodium hydroxide. However, this involves a longer experimental procedure, and so is not a preferred method of synthesis.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Alternatively, a process known as the nitridation of sodium dithionite. Using sodium dithionite and certain nitro compunds, sulfamic acids can be yielded. The mechanism occurs in two steps.&lt;br /&gt;
This reaction is done in the presence of excess hydroxyl ion is to prevent the solution from becoming acid, which would leads to decomposition. Tertiary sodium phosphate can be used for this purpose. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
There are many other synthethic routes that could be taken - see the reference: &#039;&#039;Journal of Organic Chemistry, 9, 89-101; 1944&#039;&#039; for further details.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=Intersting facts=&lt;br /&gt;
*Cyclamate is 30–50 times sweeter than sugar. &lt;br /&gt;
*It is often used with artificial sweeteners such as Saccharin in a mixture of 10 parts cyclamate to 1 part saccharin. This mixture is used as it masks the the off-tastes of both sweeteners. &lt;br /&gt;
*It is also cheaper than most sweeteners.&lt;br /&gt;
*Many companies advertised the banning of Cyclamate on their products&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=Risks=&lt;br /&gt;
In 1969, cyclamate was banned from use by the USA Food and Drug administration for its possible risk of bladder cancer in humans. This was found from tests conducted on animals.&lt;br /&gt;
However, recent animal studies have failed to show that it is a carcinogen (cancer causing agent) or a co-carcinogen (enhances the effect of a cancer causing agent). But before it is readministered for use many other issues must be resolved. &lt;br /&gt;
Cyclamate is not used in commercial products, and is only available as a &amp;quot;table top&amp;quot; sweetener. &lt;br /&gt;
Cyclamate is also not recommended for use during pregnancy, unless under the advice of a medical practioner.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=Spectra=&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Infra Red Spectrum:&lt;br /&gt;
[[Image:Sdimg882754.gif]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Carbon-13 NMR Spectrum:&lt;br /&gt;
[[Image:Sdimg882756.jpg]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Mass Spectrum&lt;br /&gt;
[[Image:Sdimg882758.jpg]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=References=&lt;br /&gt;
* Images taken from http://www.calgaryhealthregion.ca/clin/women/images and www.genome.jp/Fig/drug_small/D02443.gif&lt;br /&gt;
* Journal of Organic Chemistry, Audrieth and Sveda, 9, 89-101; 1944&lt;br /&gt;
* http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclamate&lt;br /&gt;
* http://www.caloriecontrol.org/cyclam2.html&lt;br /&gt;
* http://www.cyclamate.com/&lt;br /&gt;
* http://www.elmhurst.edu/~chm/vchembook/549cyclamate.html&lt;br /&gt;
* http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1E1-cyclamat.html&lt;br /&gt;
* SciFinder Scholar, 2006&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Hp305</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://chemwiki.ch.ic.ac.uk/index.php?title=It:Cyclamate&amp;diff=7089</id>
		<title>It:Cyclamate</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://chemwiki.ch.ic.ac.uk/index.php?title=It:Cyclamate&amp;diff=7089"/>
		<updated>2006-12-06T13:38:58Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Hp305: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;{| class=&amp;quot;toccolours&amp;quot; border=&amp;quot;1&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;float: right; clear: right; margin: 0 0 1em 1em; border-collapse: collapse;&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
! {{chembox header}}  colspan=&amp;quot;3&amp;quot; |Cyclamate &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! {{chembox header}}  colspan=&amp;quot;3&amp;quot; |Structure&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| align=&amp;quot;center&amp;quot; colspan=&amp;quot;3&amp;quot; bgcolor=&amp;quot;#ffffff&amp;quot; | [[Image:D02443.gif|Cyclamate]] &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! {{chembox header}}  colspan=&amp;quot;3&amp;quot; |3D structure&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|align=&amp;quot;center&amp;quot; colspan=&amp;quot;3&amp;quot; |&amp;lt;jmol&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;jmolApplet&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;size&amp;gt;200&amp;lt;/size&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;color&amp;gt;white&amp;lt;/color&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;script&amp;gt;zoom 120; wireframe on;frame 1; move 10 -20 10 0 0 0 0 0 3; delay 1;&amp;lt;/script&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;inlineContents&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
  Chime   12060613353D&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
 23 23  0        0              1 V2000&lt;br /&gt;
   -3.0440    0.4280    0.8200 O   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0&lt;br /&gt;
   -1.9720   -0.0120   -0.0560 S   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0&lt;br /&gt;
   -0.5520    0.4160    0.6800 N   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0&lt;br /&gt;
    0.7200    0.2080   -0.0040 C   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0&lt;br /&gt;
    1.6840    1.3440    0.3440 C   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0&lt;br /&gt;
    3.0160    1.1240   -0.3680 C   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0&lt;br /&gt;
    3.6200   -0.2080    0.0720 C   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0&lt;br /&gt;
    2.6600   -1.3440   -0.2800 C   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0&lt;br /&gt;
    1.3240   -1.1240    0.4320 C   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0&lt;br /&gt;
   -1.9360   -1.4600   -0.1960 O   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0&lt;br /&gt;
   -1.9880    0.6680   -1.3400 O   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0&lt;br /&gt;
   -0.5680    0.8120    1.5680 H   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0&lt;br /&gt;
    0.5560    0.1920   -1.0800 H   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0&lt;br /&gt;
    1.2560    2.2960    0.0320 H   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0&lt;br /&gt;
    1.8480    1.3560    1.4240 H   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0&lt;br /&gt;
    2.8520    1.1080   -1.4440 H   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0&lt;br /&gt;
    3.7040    1.9320   -0.1160 H   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0&lt;br /&gt;
    4.5720   -0.3640   -0.4360 H   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0&lt;br /&gt;
    3.7840   -0.1960    1.1480 H   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0&lt;br /&gt;
    2.4920   -1.3600   -1.3560 H   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0&lt;br /&gt;
    3.0880   -2.2960    0.0320 H   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0&lt;br /&gt;
    1.4880   -1.1120    1.5120 H   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0&lt;br /&gt;
    0.6400   -1.9320    0.1800 H   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0&lt;br /&gt;
  9 23  1  0&lt;br /&gt;
  9 22  1  0&lt;br /&gt;
  8 21  1  0&lt;br /&gt;
  8 20  1  0&lt;br /&gt;
  8  9  1  0&lt;br /&gt;
  7 19  1  0&lt;br /&gt;
  7 18  1  0&lt;br /&gt;
  7  8  1  0&lt;br /&gt;
  6 17  1  0&lt;br /&gt;
  6 16  1  0&lt;br /&gt;
  6  7  1  0&lt;br /&gt;
  5 15  1  0&lt;br /&gt;
  5 14  1  0&lt;br /&gt;
  5  6  1  0&lt;br /&gt;
  4 13  1  0&lt;br /&gt;
  4  5  1  0&lt;br /&gt;
  4  9  1  0&lt;br /&gt;
  3 12  1  0&lt;br /&gt;
  3  4  1  0&lt;br /&gt;
  2 11  1  0&lt;br /&gt;
  2 10  1  0&lt;br /&gt;
  2  3  1  0&lt;br /&gt;
  1  2  1  0&lt;br /&gt;
M  END&amp;lt;/inlineContents&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/jmolApplet&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/jmol&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! {{chembox header}} colspan=&amp;quot;3&amp;quot; | General&lt;br /&gt;
|- &lt;br /&gt;
| colspan=&amp;quot;1&amp;quot; |IUPAC Name&lt;br /&gt;
| colspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot;|sulfoaminocyclohexane&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| colspan=&amp;quot;1&amp;quot; |Other Names&lt;br /&gt;
| colspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot; |Cyclohexanesulfamic acid; &lt;br /&gt;
Cyclohexylsulfamic acid; &lt;br /&gt;
Hexamic acid; &lt;br /&gt;
N-Cyclohexylsulfamic acid&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| colspan=&amp;quot;1&amp;quot; |Molecular formula&lt;br /&gt;
| colspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot; |C&amp;lt;sub&amp;gt;6&amp;lt;/sub&amp;gt;H&amp;lt;sub&amp;gt;13&amp;lt;/sub&amp;gt;N&amp;lt;sub&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/sub&amp;gt;0&amp;lt;sub&amp;gt;3&amp;lt;/sub&amp;gt;S&amp;lt;sub&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/sub&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| colspan=&amp;quot;1&amp;quot; |Molar mass&lt;br /&gt;
| colspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot; |179.23 g/mol&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| colspan=&amp;quot;1&amp;quot; |CAS registry number&lt;br /&gt;
| colspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot; |100-88-9&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| colspan=&amp;quot;1&amp;quot; |Melting Point&lt;br /&gt;
| colspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot; |169.5°C&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
=Introduction and Historical Background=&lt;br /&gt;
Cyclamate, also known as (E952) is an artificial sweetener that was discovered in 1937 at the University of Illinois. It was discovered by a graduate student, Michael Sveda who discovered it completely unknowingly. He was working on the synthesis of anti-pyretic drugs, while smoking a cigarette. He put his cigarette down on the lab bench, and to his surprise when he put it back in his mouth, he has discovered the sweetener cyclamate.&lt;br /&gt;
The first patent for cyclamate was bought by DuPont, and then later sold to Abbott industries who conducted further research and tests. in 1950, they apllied for a New Drug Application for cyclamate.&lt;br /&gt;
Cyclamate is the sodium or calcium salt of cyclamic acid(cyclohexanesulfamic acid). They have the same uses. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=Uses=&lt;br /&gt;
Initially, Abbott industries had intended to use cyclamate for masking the bitter taste of certain drugs such as antibiotics. However, it was later developed in tablet form, aimed specifically at diabetics as a sweetener. &lt;br /&gt;
Cyclamate was in use until 1969 as an artificial sweetener, until their use was banned by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration after reports that large quantities of cyclamates could cause cancer in some animals.  &lt;br /&gt;
It is also available in packet or liquid form.  &lt;br /&gt;
As cyclamate is stable in heat, it can be used in cooking and baking. &lt;br /&gt;
Commercially, it is available as Sucaryl™. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Image:JanFeb06_6.jpg]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=Synthesis=&lt;br /&gt;
Cyclamate can be prepared in a different ways.&lt;br /&gt;
Cyclohexanamine can be reacted with chlorosulfonic acid give to N-Cyclohexylsulfamic acid, which when reacted with for example sodium hydroxide, yielding the sodium cyclamate. Instead of chlorosulfonic acid, sodium chlorosulfonate could be used, which leaves out the final step of adding the sodium hydroxide. However, this involves a longer experimental procedure, and so is not a preferred method of synthesis.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Alternatively, a process known as the nitridation of sodium dithionite. Using sodium dithionite and certain nitro compunds, sulfamic acids can be yielded. The mechanism occurs in two steps.&lt;br /&gt;
This reaction is done in the presence of excess hydroxyl ion is to prevent the solution from becoming acid, which would leads to decomposition. Tertiary sodium phosphate can be used for this purpose. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
There are many other synthethic routes that could be taken - see the reference: &#039;&#039;Journal of Organic Chemistry, 9, 89-101; 1944&#039;&#039; for further details.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=Intersting facts=&lt;br /&gt;
*Cyclamate is 30–50 times sweeter than sugar. &lt;br /&gt;
*It is often used with artificial sweeteners such as Saccharin in a mixture of 10 parts cyclamate to 1 part saccharin. This mixture is used as it masks the the off-tastes of both sweeteners. &lt;br /&gt;
*It is also cheaper than most sweeteners.&lt;br /&gt;
*Many companies advertised the banning of Cyclamate on their products&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=Risks=&lt;br /&gt;
In 1969, cyclamate was banned from use by the USA Food and Drug administration for its possible risk of bladder cancer in humans. This was found from tests conducted on animals.&lt;br /&gt;
However, recent animal studies have failed to show that it is a carcinogen (cancer causing agent) or a co-carcinogen (enhances the effect of a cancer causing agent). But before it is readministered for use many other issues must be resolved. &lt;br /&gt;
Cyclamate is not used in commercial products, and is only available as a &amp;quot;table top&amp;quot; sweetener. &lt;br /&gt;
Cyclamate is also not recommended for use during pregnancy, unless under the advice of a medical practioner.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=Spectra=&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Infra Red Spectrum:&lt;br /&gt;
[[Image:Sdimg882754.gif]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Carbon-13 NMR Spectrum:&lt;br /&gt;
[[Image:Sdimg882756.jpg]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Mass Spectrum&lt;br /&gt;
[[Image:Sdimg882758.jpg]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=References=&lt;br /&gt;
* Images taken from http://www.calgaryhealthregion.ca/clin/women/images and www.genome.jp/Fig/drug_small/D02443.gif&lt;br /&gt;
* Journal of Organic Chemistry, Audrieth and Sveda, 9, 89-101; 1944&lt;br /&gt;
* http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclamate&lt;br /&gt;
* http://www.caloriecontrol.org/cyclam2.html&lt;br /&gt;
* http://www.cyclamate.com/&lt;br /&gt;
* http://www.elmhurst.edu/~chm/vchembook/549cyclamate.html&lt;br /&gt;
* http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1E1-cyclamat.html&lt;br /&gt;
* SciFinder Scholar, 2006&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Hp305</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://chemwiki.ch.ic.ac.uk/index.php?title=It:Cyclamate&amp;diff=6402</id>
		<title>It:Cyclamate</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://chemwiki.ch.ic.ac.uk/index.php?title=It:Cyclamate&amp;diff=6402"/>
		<updated>2006-11-29T15:16:50Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Hp305: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;{| class=&amp;quot;toccolours&amp;quot; border=&amp;quot;1&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;float: right; clear: right; margin: 0 0 1em 1em; border-collapse: collapse;&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
! {{chembox header}}  colspan=&amp;quot;3&amp;quot; |Cyclamate &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! {{chembox header}}  colspan=&amp;quot;3&amp;quot; |Structure&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| align=&amp;quot;center&amp;quot; colspan=&amp;quot;3&amp;quot; bgcolor=&amp;quot;#ffffff&amp;quot; | [[Image:D02443.gif|Cyclamate]] &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! {{chembox header}}  colspan=&amp;quot;3&amp;quot; |3D structure&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|align=&amp;quot;center&amp;quot; colspan=&amp;quot;3&amp;quot; |&amp;lt;jmol&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;jmolApplet&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;size&amp;gt;200&amp;lt;/size&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;color&amp;gt;white&amp;lt;/color&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;script&amp;gt;zoom 120; wireframe on;frame 1; move 10 -20 10 0 0 0 0 0 3; delay 1;&amp;lt;/script&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;inlineContents&amp;gt;water.mol&lt;br /&gt;
REMARK   Accelrys ViewerPro PDB file&lt;br /&gt;
REMARK   Created:  Wed Nov 29 14:17:19 GMT Standard Time 2006&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM      1  N1  MOL     1       7.144   6.650   0.000  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM      2  S2  MOL     1       7.858   6.239   0.000  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM      3  C3  MOL     1       6.429   6.239   0.000  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM      4  O4  MOL     1       8.272   5.524   0.000  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM      5  O5  MOL     1       7.447   5.524   0.000  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM      6  O6  MOL     1       8.573   6.650   0.000  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM      7  C7  MOL     1       5.717   6.650   0.000  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM      8  C8  MOL     1       6.429   5.414   0.000  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM      9  C9  MOL     1       5.000   6.239   0.000  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     10  C10 MOL     1       5.717   5.000   0.000  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     11  C11 MOL     1       5.000   5.414   0.000  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
TER&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/inlineContents&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/jmolApplet&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/jmol&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! {{chembox header}} colspan=&amp;quot;3&amp;quot; | General&lt;br /&gt;
|- &lt;br /&gt;
| colspan=&amp;quot;1&amp;quot; |IUPAC Name&lt;br /&gt;
| colspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot;|sulfoaminocyclohexane&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| colspan=&amp;quot;1&amp;quot; |Other Names&lt;br /&gt;
| colspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot; |Cyclohexanesulfamic acid; &lt;br /&gt;
Cyclohexylsulfamic acid; &lt;br /&gt;
Hexamic acid; &lt;br /&gt;
N-Cyclohexylsulfamic acid&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| colspan=&amp;quot;1&amp;quot; |Molecular formula&lt;br /&gt;
| colspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot; |C&amp;lt;sub&amp;gt;6&amp;lt;/sub&amp;gt;H&amp;lt;sub&amp;gt;13&amp;lt;/sub&amp;gt;N&amp;lt;sub&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/sub&amp;gt;0&amp;lt;sub&amp;gt;3&amp;lt;/sub&amp;gt;S&amp;lt;sub&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/sub&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| colspan=&amp;quot;1&amp;quot; |Molar mass&lt;br /&gt;
| colspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot; |179.23 g/mol&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| colspan=&amp;quot;1&amp;quot; |CAS registry number&lt;br /&gt;
| colspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot; |100-88-9&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| colspan=&amp;quot;1&amp;quot; |Melting Point&lt;br /&gt;
| colspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot; |169.5°C&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
=Introduction and Historical Background=&lt;br /&gt;
Cyclamate, also known as (E952) is an artificial sweetener that was discovered in 1937 at the University of Illinois. It was discovered by a graduate student, Michael Sveda who discovered it completely unknowingly. He was working on the synthesis of anti-pyretic drugs, while smoking a cigarette. He put his cigarette down on the lab bench, and to his surprise when he put it back in his mouth, he has discovered the sweetener cyclamate.&lt;br /&gt;
The first patent for cyclamate was bought by DuPont, and then later sold to Abbott industries who conducted further research and tests. in 1950, they apllied for a New Drug Application for cyclamate.&lt;br /&gt;
Cyclamate is the sodium or calcium salt of cyclamic acid(cyclohexanesulfamic acid). They have the same uses. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=Uses=&lt;br /&gt;
Initially, Abbott industries had intended to use cyclamate for masking the bitter taste of certain drugs such as antibiotics. However, it was later developed in tablet form, aimed specifically at diabetics as a sweetener. &lt;br /&gt;
Cyclamate was in use until 1969 as an artificial sweetener, until their use was banned by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration after reports that large quantities of cyclamates could cause cancer in some animals.  &lt;br /&gt;
It is also available in packet or liquid form.  &lt;br /&gt;
As cyclamate is stable in heat, it can be used in cooking and baking. &lt;br /&gt;
Commercially, it is available as Sucaryl™. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Image:JanFeb06_6.jpg]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=Synthesis=&lt;br /&gt;
Cyclamate can be prepared in a different ways.&lt;br /&gt;
Cyclohexanamine can be reacted with chlorosulfonic acid give to N-Cyclohexylsulfamic acid, which when reacted with for example sodium hydroxide, yielding the sodium cyclamate. Instead of chlorosulfonic acid, sodium chlorosulfonate could be used, which leaves out the final step of adding the sodium hydroxide. However, this involves a longer experimental procedure, and so is not a preferred method of synthesis.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Alternatively, a process known as the nitridation of sodium dithionite. Using sodium dithionite and certain nitro compunds, sulfamic acids can be yielded. The mechanism occurs in two steps.&lt;br /&gt;
This reaction is done in the presence of excess hydroxyl ion is to prevent the solution from becoming acid, which would leads to decomposition. Tertiary sodium phosphate can be used for this purpose. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
There are many other synthethic routes that could be taken - see the reference: &#039;&#039;Journal of Organic Chemistry, 9, 89-101; 1944&#039;&#039; for further details.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=Intersting facts=&lt;br /&gt;
*Cyclamate is 30–50 times sweeter than sugar. &lt;br /&gt;
*It is often used with artificial sweeteners such as Saccharin in a mixture of 10 parts cyclamate to 1 part saccharin. This mixture is used as it masks the the off-tastes of both sweeteners. &lt;br /&gt;
*It is also cheaper than most sweeteners.&lt;br /&gt;
*Many companies advertised the banning of Cyclamate on their products&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=Risks=&lt;br /&gt;
In 1969, cyclamate was banned from use by the USA Food and Drug administration for its possible risk of bladder cancer in humans. This was found from tests conducted on animals.&lt;br /&gt;
However, recent animal studies have failed to show that it is a carcinogen (cancer causing agent) or a co-carcinogen (enhances the effect of a cancer causing agent). But before it is readministered for use many other issues must be resolved. &lt;br /&gt;
Cyclamate is not used in commercial products, and is only available as a &amp;quot;table top&amp;quot; sweetener. &lt;br /&gt;
Cyclamate is also not recommended for use during pregnancy, unless under the advice of a medical practioner.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=Spectra=&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Infra Red Spectrum:&lt;br /&gt;
[[Image:Sdimg882754.gif]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Carbon-13 NMR Spectrum:&lt;br /&gt;
[[Image:Sdimg882756.jpg]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Mass Spectrum&lt;br /&gt;
[[Image:Sdimg882758.jpg]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=References=&lt;br /&gt;
* Images taken from http://www.calgaryhealthregion.ca/clin/women/images and www.genome.jp/Fig/drug_small/D02443.gif&lt;br /&gt;
* Journal of Organic Chemistry, Audrieth and Sveda, 9, 89-101; 1944&lt;br /&gt;
* http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclamate&lt;br /&gt;
* http://www.caloriecontrol.org/cyclam2.html&lt;br /&gt;
* http://www.cyclamate.com/&lt;br /&gt;
* http://www.elmhurst.edu/~chm/vchembook/549cyclamate.html&lt;br /&gt;
* http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1E1-cyclamat.html&lt;br /&gt;
* SciFinder Scholar, 2006&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Hp305</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://chemwiki.ch.ic.ac.uk/index.php?title=It:Cyclamate&amp;diff=6401</id>
		<title>It:Cyclamate</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://chemwiki.ch.ic.ac.uk/index.php?title=It:Cyclamate&amp;diff=6401"/>
		<updated>2006-11-29T15:16:14Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Hp305: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;{| class=&amp;quot;toccolours&amp;quot; border=&amp;quot;1&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;float: right; clear: right; margin: 0 0 1em 1em; border-collapse: collapse;&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
! {{chembox header}}  colspan=&amp;quot;3&amp;quot; |Cyclamate &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! {{chembox header}}  colspan=&amp;quot;3&amp;quot; |Structure&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| align=&amp;quot;center&amp;quot; colspan=&amp;quot;3&amp;quot; bgcolor=&amp;quot;#ffffff&amp;quot; | [[Image:D02443.gif|Cyclamate]] &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! {{chembox header}}  colspan=&amp;quot;3&amp;quot; |3D structure&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|align=&amp;quot;center&amp;quot; colspan=&amp;quot;3&amp;quot; |&amp;lt;jmol&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;jmolApplet&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;size&amp;gt;200&amp;lt;/size&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;color&amp;gt;white&amp;lt;/color&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;script&amp;gt;zoom 120; wireframe on;frame 1; move 10 -20 10 0 0 0 0 0 3; delay 1;&amp;lt;/script&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;inlineContents&amp;gt;water.mol&lt;br /&gt;
REMARK   Accelrys ViewerPro PDB file&lt;br /&gt;
REMARK   Created:  Wed Nov 29 14:17:19 GMT Standard Time 2006&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM      1  N1  MOL     1       7.144   6.650   0.000  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM      2  S2  MOL     1       7.858   6.239   0.000  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM      3  C3  MOL     1       6.429   6.239   0.000  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM      4  O4  MOL     1       8.272   5.524   0.000  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM      5  O5  MOL     1       7.447   5.524   0.000  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM      6  O6  MOL     1       8.573   6.650   0.000  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM      7  C7  MOL     1       5.717   6.650   0.000  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM      8  C8  MOL     1       6.429   5.414   0.000  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM      9  C9  MOL     1       5.000   6.239   0.000  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     10  C10 MOL     1       5.717   5.000   0.000  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     11  C11 MOL     1       5.000   5.414   0.000  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
TER&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/inlineContents&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/jmolApplet&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/jmol&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! {{chembox header}} colspan=&amp;quot;3&amp;quot; | General&lt;br /&gt;
|- &lt;br /&gt;
| colspan=&amp;quot;1&amp;quot; |IUPAC Name&lt;br /&gt;
| colspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot;|sulfoaminocyclohexane&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| colspan=&amp;quot;1&amp;quot; |Other Names&lt;br /&gt;
| colspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot; |Cyclohexanesulfamic acid; &lt;br /&gt;
Cyclohexylsulfamic acid; &lt;br /&gt;
Hexamic acid; &lt;br /&gt;
N-Cyclohexylsulfamic acid&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| colspan=&amp;quot;1&amp;quot; |Molecular formula&lt;br /&gt;
| colspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot; |C&amp;lt;sub&amp;gt;6&amp;lt;/sub&amp;gt;H&amp;lt;sub&amp;gt;13&amp;lt;/sub&amp;gt;N&amp;lt;sub&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/sub&amp;gt;0&amp;lt;sub&amp;gt;3&amp;lt;/sub&amp;gt;S&amp;lt;sub&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/sub&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| colspan=&amp;quot;1&amp;quot; |Molar mass&lt;br /&gt;
| colspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot; |179.23 g/mol&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| colspan=&amp;quot;1&amp;quot; |CAS registry number&lt;br /&gt;
| colspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot; |100-88-9&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| colspan=&amp;quot;1&amp;quot; |Melting Point&lt;br /&gt;
| colspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot; |169.5°C&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
=Introduction and Historical Background=&lt;br /&gt;
Cyclamate, also known as (E952) is an artificial sweetener that was discovered in 1937 at the University of Illinois. It was discovered by a graduate student, Michael Sveda who discovered it completely unknowingly. He was working on the synthesis of anti-pyretic drugs, while smoking a cigarette. He put his cigarette down on the lab bench, and to his surprise when he put it back in his mouth, he has discovered the sweetener cyclamate.&lt;br /&gt;
The first patent for cyclamate was bought by DuPont, and then later sold to Abbott industries who conducted further research and tests. in 1950, they apllied for a New Drug Application for cyclamate.&lt;br /&gt;
Cyclamate is the sodium or calcium salt of cyclamic acid(cyclohexanesulfamic acid). They have the same uses. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=Uses=&lt;br /&gt;
Initially, Abbott industries had intended to use cyclamate for masking the bitter taste of certain drugs such as antibiotics. However, it was later developed in tablet form, aimed specifically at diabetics as a sweetener. &lt;br /&gt;
Cyclamate was in use until 1969 as an artificial sweetener, until their use was banned by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration after reports that large quantities of cyclamates could cause cancer in some animals.  &lt;br /&gt;
It is also available in packet or liquid form.  &lt;br /&gt;
As cyclamate is stable in heat, it can be used in cooking and baking. &lt;br /&gt;
Commercially, it is available as Sucaryl™. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Image:JanFeb06_6.jpg]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=Synthesis=&lt;br /&gt;
Cyclamate can be prepared in a different ways.&lt;br /&gt;
Cyclohexanamine can be reacted with chlorosulfonic acid give to N-Cyclohexylsulfamic acid, which when reacted with for example sodium hydroxide, yielding the sodium cyclamate. Instead of chlorosulfonic acid, sodium chlorosulfonate could be used, which leaves out the final step of adding the sodium hydroxide. However, this involves a longer experimental procedure, and so is not a preferred method of synthesis.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Alternatively, a process known as the nitridation of sodium dithionite. Using sodium dithionite and certain nitro compunds, sulfamic acids can be yielded.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The mechanism occurs in two steps:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The presence of excess hydroxyl ion is to prevent the&lt;br /&gt;
solution from becoming acid, which would leads to decomposition. Tertiary sodium phosphate can be used for this purpose. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
There are many other synthethic routes that could be taken - see the reference: &#039;&#039;Journal of Organic Chemistry, 9, 89-101; 1944&#039;&#039; for further details.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=Intersting facts=&lt;br /&gt;
*Cyclamate is 30–50 times sweeter than sugar. &lt;br /&gt;
*It is often used with artificial sweeteners such as Saccharin in a mixture of 10 parts cyclamate to 1 part saccharin. This mixture is used as it masks the the off-tastes of both sweeteners. &lt;br /&gt;
*It is also cheaper than most sweeteners.&lt;br /&gt;
*Many companies advertised the banning of Cyclamate on their products&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=Risks=&lt;br /&gt;
In 1969, cyclamate was banned from use by the USA Food and Drug administration for its possible risk of bladder cancer in humans. This was found from tests conducted on animals.&lt;br /&gt;
However, recent animal studies have failed to show that it is a carcinogen (cancer causing agent) or a co-carcinogen (enhances the effect of a cancer causing agent). But before it is readministered for use many other issues must be resolved. &lt;br /&gt;
Cyclamate is not used in commercial products, and is only available as a &amp;quot;table top&amp;quot; sweetener. &lt;br /&gt;
Cyclamate is also not recommended for use during pregnancy, unless under the advice of a medical practioner.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=Spectra=&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Infra Red Spectrum:&lt;br /&gt;
[[Image:Sdimg882754.gif]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Carbon-13 NMR Spectrum:&lt;br /&gt;
[[Image:Sdimg882756.jpg]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Mass Spectrum&lt;br /&gt;
[[Image:Sdimg882758.jpg]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=References=&lt;br /&gt;
* Images taken from http://www.calgaryhealthregion.ca/clin/women/images and www.genome.jp/Fig/drug_small/D02443.gif&lt;br /&gt;
* Journal of Organic Chemistry, Audrieth and Sveda, 9, 89-101; 1944&lt;br /&gt;
* http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclamate&lt;br /&gt;
* http://www.caloriecontrol.org/cyclam2.html&lt;br /&gt;
* http://www.cyclamate.com/&lt;br /&gt;
* http://www.elmhurst.edu/~chm/vchembook/549cyclamate.html&lt;br /&gt;
* http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1E1-cyclamat.html&lt;br /&gt;
* SciFinder Scholar, 2006&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Hp305</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://chemwiki.ch.ic.ac.uk/index.php?title=File:Sdimg882756.jpg&amp;diff=6400</id>
		<title>File:Sdimg882756.jpg</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://chemwiki.ch.ic.ac.uk/index.php?title=File:Sdimg882756.jpg&amp;diff=6400"/>
		<updated>2006-11-29T15:15:26Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Hp305: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Hp305</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://chemwiki.ch.ic.ac.uk/index.php?title=It:Cyclamate&amp;diff=6399</id>
		<title>It:Cyclamate</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://chemwiki.ch.ic.ac.uk/index.php?title=It:Cyclamate&amp;diff=6399"/>
		<updated>2006-11-29T15:14:51Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Hp305: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;{| class=&amp;quot;toccolours&amp;quot; border=&amp;quot;1&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;float: right; clear: right; margin: 0 0 1em 1em; border-collapse: collapse;&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
! {{chembox header}}  colspan=&amp;quot;3&amp;quot; |Cyclamate &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! {{chembox header}}  colspan=&amp;quot;3&amp;quot; |Structure&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| align=&amp;quot;center&amp;quot; colspan=&amp;quot;3&amp;quot; bgcolor=&amp;quot;#ffffff&amp;quot; | [[Image:D02443.gif|Cyclamate]] &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! {{chembox header}}  colspan=&amp;quot;3&amp;quot; |3D structure&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|align=&amp;quot;center&amp;quot; colspan=&amp;quot;3&amp;quot; |&amp;lt;jmol&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;jmolApplet&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;size&amp;gt;200&amp;lt;/size&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;color&amp;gt;white&amp;lt;/color&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;script&amp;gt;zoom 120; wireframe on;frame 1; move 10 -20 10 0 0 0 0 0 3; delay 1;&amp;lt;/script&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;inlineContents&amp;gt;water.mol&lt;br /&gt;
REMARK   Accelrys ViewerPro PDB file&lt;br /&gt;
REMARK   Created:  Wed Nov 29 14:17:19 GMT Standard Time 2006&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM      1  N1  MOL     1       7.144   6.650   0.000  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM      2  S2  MOL     1       7.858   6.239   0.000  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM      3  C3  MOL     1       6.429   6.239   0.000  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM      4  O4  MOL     1       8.272   5.524   0.000  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM      5  O5  MOL     1       7.447   5.524   0.000  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM      6  O6  MOL     1       8.573   6.650   0.000  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM      7  C7  MOL     1       5.717   6.650   0.000  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM      8  C8  MOL     1       6.429   5.414   0.000  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM      9  C9  MOL     1       5.000   6.239   0.000  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     10  C10 MOL     1       5.717   5.000   0.000  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     11  C11 MOL     1       5.000   5.414   0.000  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
TER&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/inlineContents&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/jmolApplet&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/jmol&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! {{chembox header}} colspan=&amp;quot;3&amp;quot; | General&lt;br /&gt;
|- &lt;br /&gt;
| colspan=&amp;quot;1&amp;quot; |IUPAC Name&lt;br /&gt;
| colspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot;|sulfoaminocyclohexane&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| colspan=&amp;quot;1&amp;quot; |Other Names&lt;br /&gt;
| colspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot; |Cyclohexanesulfamic acid; &lt;br /&gt;
Cyclohexylsulfamic acid; &lt;br /&gt;
Hexamic acid; &lt;br /&gt;
N-Cyclohexylsulfamic acid&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| colspan=&amp;quot;1&amp;quot; |Molecular formula&lt;br /&gt;
| colspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot; |C&amp;lt;sub&amp;gt;6&amp;lt;/sub&amp;gt;H&amp;lt;sub&amp;gt;13&amp;lt;/sub&amp;gt;N&amp;lt;sub&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/sub&amp;gt;0&amp;lt;sub&amp;gt;3&amp;lt;/sub&amp;gt;S&amp;lt;sub&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/sub&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| colspan=&amp;quot;1&amp;quot; |Molar mass&lt;br /&gt;
| colspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot; |179.23 g/mol&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| colspan=&amp;quot;1&amp;quot; |CAS registry number&lt;br /&gt;
| colspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot; |100-88-9&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| colspan=&amp;quot;1&amp;quot; |Melting Point&lt;br /&gt;
| colspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot; |169.5°C&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
=Introduction and Historical Background=&lt;br /&gt;
Cyclamate, also known as (E952) is an artificial sweetener that was discovered in 1937 at the University of Illinois. It was discovered by a graduate student, Michael Sveda who discovered it completely unknowingly. He was working on the synthesis of anti-pyretic drugs, while smoking a cigarette. He put his cigarette down on the lab bench, and to his surprise when he put it back in his mouth, he has discovered the sweetener cyclamate.&lt;br /&gt;
The first patent for cyclamate was bought by DuPont, and then later sold to Abbott industries who conducted further research and tests. in 1950, they apllied for a New Drug Application for cyclamate.&lt;br /&gt;
Cyclamate is the sodium or calcium salt of cyclamic acid(cyclohexanesulfamic acid). They have the same uses. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=Uses=&lt;br /&gt;
Initially, Abbott industries had intended to use cyclamate for masking the bitter taste of certain drugs such as antibiotics. However, it was later developed in tablet form, aimed specifically at diabetics as a sweetener. &lt;br /&gt;
Cyclamate was in use until 1969 as an artificial sweetener, until their use was banned by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration after reports that large quantities of cyclamates could cause cancer in some animals.  &lt;br /&gt;
It is also available in packet or liquid form.  &lt;br /&gt;
As cyclamate is stable in heat, it can be used in cooking and baking. &lt;br /&gt;
Commercially, it is available as Sucaryl™. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Image:JanFeb06_6.jpg]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=Synthesis=&lt;br /&gt;
Cyclamate can be prepared in a different ways.&lt;br /&gt;
Cyclohexanamine can be reacted with chlorosulfonic acid give to N-Cyclohexylsulfamic acid, which when reacted with for example sodium hydroxide, yielding the sodium cyclamate. Instead of chlorosulfonic acid, sodium chlorosulfonate could be used, which leaves out the final step of adding the sodium hydroxide. However, this involves a longer experimental procedure, and so is not a preferred method of synthesis.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Alternatively, a process known as the nitridation of sodium dithionite. Using sodium dithionite and certain nitro compunds, sulfamic acids can be yielded.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The mechanism occurs in two steps:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The presence of excess hydroxyl ion is to prevent the&lt;br /&gt;
solution from becoming acid, which would leads to decomposition. Tertiary sodium phosphate can be used for this purpose. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
There are many other synthethic routes that could be taken - see the reference: &#039;&#039;Journal of Organic Chemistry, 9, 89-101; 1944&#039;&#039; for further details.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=Intersting facts=&lt;br /&gt;
*Cyclamate is 30–50 times sweeter than sugar. &lt;br /&gt;
*It is often used with artificial sweeteners such as Saccharin in a mixture of 10 parts cyclamate to 1 part saccharin. This mixture is used as it masks the the off-tastes of both sweeteners. &lt;br /&gt;
*It is also cheaper than most sweeteners.&lt;br /&gt;
*Many companies advertised the banning of Cyclamate on their products&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=Risks=&lt;br /&gt;
In 1969, cyclamate was banned from use by the USA Food and Drug administration for its possible risk of bladder cancer in humans. This was found from tests conducted on animals.&lt;br /&gt;
However, recent animal studies have failed to show that it is a carcinogen (cancer causing agent) or a co-carcinogen (enhances the effect of a cancer causing agent). But before it is readministered for use many other issues must be resolved. &lt;br /&gt;
Cyclamate is not used in commercial products, and is only available as a &amp;quot;table top&amp;quot; sweetener. &lt;br /&gt;
Cyclamate is also not recommended for use during pregnancy, unless under the advice of a medical practioner.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=Spectra=&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Infra Red Spectrum:&lt;br /&gt;
[[Image:Sdimg882754.gif]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Carbon-13 NMR Spectrum:&lt;br /&gt;
[[Image:Sdimg882754.gif]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Mass Spectrum&lt;br /&gt;
[[Sdimg882758.jpg]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=References=&lt;br /&gt;
* Images taken from http://www.calgaryhealthregion.ca/clin/women/images and www.genome.jp/Fig/drug_small/D02443.gif&lt;br /&gt;
* Journal of Organic Chemistry, Audrieth and Sveda, 9, 89-101; 1944&lt;br /&gt;
* http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclamate&lt;br /&gt;
* http://www.caloriecontrol.org/cyclam2.html&lt;br /&gt;
* http://www.cyclamate.com/&lt;br /&gt;
* http://www.elmhurst.edu/~chm/vchembook/549cyclamate.html&lt;br /&gt;
* http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1E1-cyclamat.html&lt;br /&gt;
* SciFinder Scholar, 2006&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Hp305</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://chemwiki.ch.ic.ac.uk/index.php?title=File:Sdimg882758.jpg&amp;diff=6398</id>
		<title>File:Sdimg882758.jpg</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://chemwiki.ch.ic.ac.uk/index.php?title=File:Sdimg882758.jpg&amp;diff=6398"/>
		<updated>2006-11-29T15:14:28Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Hp305: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Hp305</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://chemwiki.ch.ic.ac.uk/index.php?title=It:Cyclamate&amp;diff=6397</id>
		<title>It:Cyclamate</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://chemwiki.ch.ic.ac.uk/index.php?title=It:Cyclamate&amp;diff=6397"/>
		<updated>2006-11-29T15:13:18Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Hp305: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;{| class=&amp;quot;toccolours&amp;quot; border=&amp;quot;1&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;float: right; clear: right; margin: 0 0 1em 1em; border-collapse: collapse;&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
! {{chembox header}}  colspan=&amp;quot;3&amp;quot; |Cyclamate &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! {{chembox header}}  colspan=&amp;quot;3&amp;quot; |Structure&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| align=&amp;quot;center&amp;quot; colspan=&amp;quot;3&amp;quot; bgcolor=&amp;quot;#ffffff&amp;quot; | [[Image:D02443.gif|Cyclamate]] &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! {{chembox header}}  colspan=&amp;quot;3&amp;quot; |3D structure&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|align=&amp;quot;center&amp;quot; colspan=&amp;quot;3&amp;quot; |&amp;lt;jmol&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;jmolApplet&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;size&amp;gt;200&amp;lt;/size&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;color&amp;gt;white&amp;lt;/color&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;script&amp;gt;zoom 120; wireframe on;frame 1; move 10 -20 10 0 0 0 0 0 3; delay 1;&amp;lt;/script&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;inlineContents&amp;gt;water.mol&lt;br /&gt;
REMARK   Accelrys ViewerPro PDB file&lt;br /&gt;
REMARK   Created:  Wed Nov 29 14:17:19 GMT Standard Time 2006&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM      1  N1  MOL     1       7.144   6.650   0.000  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM      2  S2  MOL     1       7.858   6.239   0.000  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM      3  C3  MOL     1       6.429   6.239   0.000  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM      4  O4  MOL     1       8.272   5.524   0.000  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM      5  O5  MOL     1       7.447   5.524   0.000  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM      6  O6  MOL     1       8.573   6.650   0.000  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM      7  C7  MOL     1       5.717   6.650   0.000  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM      8  C8  MOL     1       6.429   5.414   0.000  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM      9  C9  MOL     1       5.000   6.239   0.000  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     10  C10 MOL     1       5.717   5.000   0.000  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     11  C11 MOL     1       5.000   5.414   0.000  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
TER&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/inlineContents&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/jmolApplet&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/jmol&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! {{chembox header}} colspan=&amp;quot;3&amp;quot; | General&lt;br /&gt;
|- &lt;br /&gt;
| colspan=&amp;quot;1&amp;quot; |IUPAC Name&lt;br /&gt;
| colspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot;|sulfoaminocyclohexane&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| colspan=&amp;quot;1&amp;quot; |Other Names&lt;br /&gt;
| colspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot; |Cyclohexanesulfamic acid; &lt;br /&gt;
Cyclohexylsulfamic acid; &lt;br /&gt;
Hexamic acid; &lt;br /&gt;
N-Cyclohexylsulfamic acid&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| colspan=&amp;quot;1&amp;quot; |Molecular formula&lt;br /&gt;
| colspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot; |C&amp;lt;sub&amp;gt;6&amp;lt;/sub&amp;gt;H&amp;lt;sub&amp;gt;13&amp;lt;/sub&amp;gt;N&amp;lt;sub&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/sub&amp;gt;0&amp;lt;sub&amp;gt;3&amp;lt;/sub&amp;gt;S&amp;lt;sub&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/sub&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| colspan=&amp;quot;1&amp;quot; |Molar mass&lt;br /&gt;
| colspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot; |179.23 g/mol&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| colspan=&amp;quot;1&amp;quot; |CAS registry number&lt;br /&gt;
| colspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot; |100-88-9&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| colspan=&amp;quot;1&amp;quot; |Melting Point&lt;br /&gt;
| colspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot; |169.5°C&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
=Introduction and Historical Background=&lt;br /&gt;
Cyclamate, also known as (E952) is an artificial sweetener that was discovered in 1937 at the University of Illinois. It was discovered by a graduate student, Michael Sveda who discovered it completely unknowingly. He was working on the synthesis of anti-pyretic drugs, while smoking a cigarette. He put his cigarette down on the lab bench, and to his surprise when he put it back in his mouth, he has discovered the sweetener cyclamate.&lt;br /&gt;
The first patent for cyclamate was bought by DuPont, and then later sold to Abbott industries who conducted further research and tests. in 1950, they apllied for a New Drug Application for cyclamate.&lt;br /&gt;
Cyclamate is the sodium or calcium salt of cyclamic acid(cyclohexanesulfamic acid). They have the same uses. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=Uses=&lt;br /&gt;
Initially, Abbott industries had intended to use cyclamate for masking the bitter taste of certain drugs such as antibiotics. However, it was later developed in tablet form, aimed specifically at diabetics as a sweetener. &lt;br /&gt;
Cyclamate was in use until 1969 as an artificial sweetener, until their use was banned by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration after reports that large quantities of cyclamates could cause cancer in some animals.  &lt;br /&gt;
It is also available in packet or liquid form.  &lt;br /&gt;
As cyclamate is stable in heat, it can be used in cooking and baking. &lt;br /&gt;
Commercially, it is available as Sucaryl™. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Image:JanFeb06_6.jpg]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=Synthesis=&lt;br /&gt;
Cyclamate can be prepared in a different ways.&lt;br /&gt;
Cyclohexanamine can be reacted with chlorosulfonic acid give to N-Cyclohexylsulfamic acid, which when reacted with for example sodium hydroxide, yielding the sodium cyclamate. Instead of chlorosulfonic acid, sodium chlorosulfonate could be used, which leaves out the final step of adding the sodium hydroxide. However, this involves a longer experimental procedure, and so is not a preferred method of synthesis.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Alternatively, a process known as the nitridation of sodium dithionite. Using sodium dithionite and certain nitro compunds, sulfamic acids can be yielded.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The mechanism occurs in two steps:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The presence of excess hydroxyl ion is to prevent the&lt;br /&gt;
solution from becoming acid, which would leads to decomposition. Tertiary sodium phosphate can be used for this purpose. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
There are many other synthethic routes that could be taken - see the reference: &#039;&#039;Journal of Organic Chemistry, 9, 89-101; 1944&#039;&#039; for further details.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=Intersting facts=&lt;br /&gt;
*Cyclamate is 30–50 times sweeter than sugar. &lt;br /&gt;
*It is often used with artificial sweeteners such as Saccharin in a mixture of 10 parts cyclamate to 1 part saccharin. This mixture is used as it masks the the off-tastes of both sweeteners. &lt;br /&gt;
*It is also cheaper than most sweeteners.&lt;br /&gt;
*Many companies advertised the banning of Cyclamate on their products&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=Risks=&lt;br /&gt;
In 1969, cyclamate was banned from use by the USA Food and Drug administration for its possible risk of bladder cancer in humans. This was found from tests conducted on animals.&lt;br /&gt;
However, recent animal studies have failed to show that it is a carcinogen (cancer causing agent) or a co-carcinogen (enhances the effect of a cancer causing agent). But before it is readministered for use many other issues must be resolved. &lt;br /&gt;
Cyclamate is not used in commercial products, and is only available as a &amp;quot;table top&amp;quot; sweetener. &lt;br /&gt;
Cyclamate is also not recommended for use during pregnancy, unless under the advice of a medical practioner.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=Spectra=&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Infra Red Spectrum:&lt;br /&gt;
[[Image:Sdimg882754.gif]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Carbon-13 NMR Spectrum:&lt;br /&gt;
[[Image:Sdimg882754.gif]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Mass Spectrum&lt;br /&gt;
[[Image:Sdimg882754.gif]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=References=&lt;br /&gt;
* Images taken from http://www.calgaryhealthregion.ca/clin/women/images and www.genome.jp/Fig/drug_small/D02443.gif&lt;br /&gt;
* Journal of Organic Chemistry, Audrieth and Sveda, 9, 89-101; 1944&lt;br /&gt;
* http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclamate&lt;br /&gt;
* http://www.caloriecontrol.org/cyclam2.html&lt;br /&gt;
* http://www.cyclamate.com/&lt;br /&gt;
* http://www.elmhurst.edu/~chm/vchembook/549cyclamate.html&lt;br /&gt;
* http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1E1-cyclamat.html&lt;br /&gt;
* SciFinder Scholar, 2006&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Hp305</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://chemwiki.ch.ic.ac.uk/index.php?title=File:Sdimg882754.gif&amp;diff=6396</id>
		<title>File:Sdimg882754.gif</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://chemwiki.ch.ic.ac.uk/index.php?title=File:Sdimg882754.gif&amp;diff=6396"/>
		<updated>2006-11-29T15:11:59Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Hp305: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Hp305</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://chemwiki.ch.ic.ac.uk/index.php?title=It:Cyclamate&amp;diff=6395</id>
		<title>It:Cyclamate</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://chemwiki.ch.ic.ac.uk/index.php?title=It:Cyclamate&amp;diff=6395"/>
		<updated>2006-11-29T15:11:43Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Hp305: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;{| class=&amp;quot;toccolours&amp;quot; border=&amp;quot;1&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;float: right; clear: right; margin: 0 0 1em 1em; border-collapse: collapse;&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
! {{chembox header}}  colspan=&amp;quot;3&amp;quot; |Cyclamate &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! {{chembox header}}  colspan=&amp;quot;3&amp;quot; |Structure&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| align=&amp;quot;center&amp;quot; colspan=&amp;quot;3&amp;quot; bgcolor=&amp;quot;#ffffff&amp;quot; | [[Image:D02443.gif|Cyclamate]] &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! {{chembox header}}  colspan=&amp;quot;3&amp;quot; |3D structure&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|align=&amp;quot;center&amp;quot; colspan=&amp;quot;3&amp;quot; |&amp;lt;jmol&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;jmolApplet&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;size&amp;gt;200&amp;lt;/size&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;color&amp;gt;white&amp;lt;/color&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;script&amp;gt;zoom 120; wireframe on;frame 1; move 10 -20 10 0 0 0 0 0 3; delay 1;&amp;lt;/script&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;inlineContents&amp;gt;water.mol&lt;br /&gt;
REMARK   Accelrys ViewerPro PDB file&lt;br /&gt;
REMARK   Created:  Wed Nov 29 14:17:19 GMT Standard Time 2006&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM      1  N1  MOL     1       7.144   6.650   0.000  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM      2  S2  MOL     1       7.858   6.239   0.000  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM      3  C3  MOL     1       6.429   6.239   0.000  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM      4  O4  MOL     1       8.272   5.524   0.000  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM      5  O5  MOL     1       7.447   5.524   0.000  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM      6  O6  MOL     1       8.573   6.650   0.000  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM      7  C7  MOL     1       5.717   6.650   0.000  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM      8  C8  MOL     1       6.429   5.414   0.000  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM      9  C9  MOL     1       5.000   6.239   0.000  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     10  C10 MOL     1       5.717   5.000   0.000  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     11  C11 MOL     1       5.000   5.414   0.000  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
TER&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/inlineContents&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/jmolApplet&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/jmol&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! {{chembox header}} colspan=&amp;quot;3&amp;quot; | General&lt;br /&gt;
|- &lt;br /&gt;
| colspan=&amp;quot;1&amp;quot; |IUPAC Name&lt;br /&gt;
| colspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot;|sulfoaminocyclohexane&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| colspan=&amp;quot;1&amp;quot; |Other Names&lt;br /&gt;
| colspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot; |Cyclohexanesulfamic acid; &lt;br /&gt;
Cyclohexylsulfamic acid; &lt;br /&gt;
Hexamic acid; &lt;br /&gt;
N-Cyclohexylsulfamic acid&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| colspan=&amp;quot;1&amp;quot; |Molecular formula&lt;br /&gt;
| colspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot; |C&amp;lt;sub&amp;gt;6&amp;lt;/sub&amp;gt;H&amp;lt;sub&amp;gt;13&amp;lt;/sub&amp;gt;N&amp;lt;sub&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/sub&amp;gt;0&amp;lt;sub&amp;gt;3&amp;lt;/sub&amp;gt;S&amp;lt;sub&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/sub&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| colspan=&amp;quot;1&amp;quot; |Molar mass&lt;br /&gt;
| colspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot; |179.23 g/mol&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| colspan=&amp;quot;1&amp;quot; |CAS registry number&lt;br /&gt;
| colspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot; |100-88-9&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| colspan=&amp;quot;1&amp;quot; |Melting Point&lt;br /&gt;
| colspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot; |169.5°C&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
=Introduction and Historical Background=&lt;br /&gt;
Cyclamate, also known as (E952) is an artificial sweetener that was discovered in 1937 at the University of Illinois. It was discovered by a graduate student, Michael Sveda who discovered it completely unknowingly. He was working on the synthesis of anti-pyretic drugs, while smoking a cigarette. He put his cigarette down on the lab bench, and to his surprise when he put it back in his mouth, he has discovered the sweetener cyclamate.&lt;br /&gt;
The first patent for cyclamate was bought by DuPont, and then later sold to Abbott industries who conducted further research and tests. in 1950, they apllied for a New Drug Application for cyclamate.&lt;br /&gt;
Cyclamate is the sodium or calcium salt of cyclamic acid(cyclohexanesulfamic acid). They have the same uses. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=Uses=&lt;br /&gt;
Initially, Abbott industries had intended to use cyclamate for masking the bitter taste of certain drugs such as antibiotics. However, it was later developed in tablet form, aimed specifically at diabetics as a sweetener. &lt;br /&gt;
Cyclamate was in use until 1969 as an artificial sweetener, until their use was banned by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration after reports that large quantities of cyclamates could cause cancer in some animals.  &lt;br /&gt;
It is also available in packet or liquid form.  &lt;br /&gt;
As cyclamate is stable in heat, it can be used in cooking and baking. &lt;br /&gt;
Commercially, it is available as Sucaryl™. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Image:JanFeb06_6.jpg]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=Synthesis=&lt;br /&gt;
Cyclamate can be prepared in a different ways.&lt;br /&gt;
Cyclohexanamine can be reacted with chlorosulfonic acid give to N-Cyclohexylsulfamic acid, which when reacted with for example sodium hydroxide, yielding the sodium cyclamate. Instead of chlorosulfonic acid, sodium chlorosulfonate could be used, which leaves out the final step of adding the sodium hydroxide. However, this involves a longer experimental procedure, and so is not a preferred method of synthesis.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Alternatively, a process known as the nitridation of sodium dithionite. Using sodium dithionite and certain nitro compunds, sulfamic acids can be yielded.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The mechanism occurs in two steps:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The presence of excess hydroxyl ion is to prevent the&lt;br /&gt;
solution from becoming acid, which would leads to decomposition. Tertiary sodium phosphate can be used for this purpose. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
There are many other synthethic routes that could be taken - see the reference: &#039;&#039;Journal of Organic Chemistry, 9, 89-101; 1944&#039;&#039; for further details.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=Intersting facts=&lt;br /&gt;
*Cyclamate is 30–50 times sweeter than sugar. &lt;br /&gt;
*It is often used with artificial sweeteners such as Saccharin in a mixture of 10 parts cyclamate to 1 part saccharin. This mixture is used as it masks the the off-tastes of both sweeteners. &lt;br /&gt;
*It is also cheaper than most sweeteners.&lt;br /&gt;
*Many companies advertised the banning of Cyclamate on their products&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=Risks=&lt;br /&gt;
In 1969, cyclamate was banned from use by the USA Food and Drug administration for its possible risk of bladder cancer in humans. This was found from tests conducted on animals.&lt;br /&gt;
However, recent animal studies have failed to show that it is a carcinogen (cancer causing agent) or a co-carcinogen (enhances the effect of a cancer causing agent). But before it is readministered for use many other issues must be resolved. &lt;br /&gt;
Cyclamate is not used in commercial products, and is only available as a &amp;quot;table top&amp;quot; sweetener. &lt;br /&gt;
Cyclamate is also not recommended for use during pregnancy, unless under the advice of a medical practioner.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Spectra==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Infra Red Spectrum:&lt;br /&gt;
[[Image:Example.jpg]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=References=&lt;br /&gt;
* Images taken from http://www.calgaryhealthregion.ca/clin/women/images and www.genome.jp/Fig/drug_small/D02443.gif&lt;br /&gt;
* Journal of Organic Chemistry, Audrieth and Sveda, 9, 89-101; 1944&lt;br /&gt;
* http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclamate&lt;br /&gt;
* http://www.caloriecontrol.org/cyclam2.html&lt;br /&gt;
* http://www.cyclamate.com/&lt;br /&gt;
* http://www.elmhurst.edu/~chm/vchembook/549cyclamate.html&lt;br /&gt;
* http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1E1-cyclamat.html&lt;br /&gt;
* SciFinder Scholar, 2006&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Hp305</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://chemwiki.ch.ic.ac.uk/index.php?title=It:Cyclamate&amp;diff=6394</id>
		<title>It:Cyclamate</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://chemwiki.ch.ic.ac.uk/index.php?title=It:Cyclamate&amp;diff=6394"/>
		<updated>2006-11-29T15:07:23Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Hp305: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;{| class=&amp;quot;toccolours&amp;quot; border=&amp;quot;1&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;float: right; clear: right; margin: 0 0 1em 1em; border-collapse: collapse;&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
! {{chembox header}}  colspan=&amp;quot;3&amp;quot; |Cyclamate &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! {{chembox header}}  colspan=&amp;quot;3&amp;quot; |Structure&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| align=&amp;quot;center&amp;quot; colspan=&amp;quot;3&amp;quot; bgcolor=&amp;quot;#ffffff&amp;quot; | [[Image:D02443.gif|Cyclamate]] &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! {{chembox header}}  colspan=&amp;quot;3&amp;quot; |3D structure&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|align=&amp;quot;center&amp;quot; colspan=&amp;quot;3&amp;quot; |&amp;lt;jmol&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;jmolApplet&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;size&amp;gt;200&amp;lt;/size&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;color&amp;gt;white&amp;lt;/color&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;script&amp;gt;zoom 120; wireframe on;frame 1; move 10 -20 10 0 0 0 0 0 3; delay 1;&amp;lt;/script&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;inlineContents&amp;gt;water.mol&lt;br /&gt;
REMARK   Accelrys ViewerPro PDB file&lt;br /&gt;
REMARK   Created:  Wed Nov 29 14:17:19 GMT Standard Time 2006&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM      1  N1  MOL     1       7.144   6.650   0.000  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM      2  S2  MOL     1       7.858   6.239   0.000  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM      3  C3  MOL     1       6.429   6.239   0.000  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM      4  O4  MOL     1       8.272   5.524   0.000  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM      5  O5  MOL     1       7.447   5.524   0.000  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM      6  O6  MOL     1       8.573   6.650   0.000  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM      7  C7  MOL     1       5.717   6.650   0.000  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM      8  C8  MOL     1       6.429   5.414   0.000  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM      9  C9  MOL     1       5.000   6.239   0.000  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     10  C10 MOL     1       5.717   5.000   0.000  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     11  C11 MOL     1       5.000   5.414   0.000  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
TER&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/inlineContents&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/jmolApplet&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/jmol&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! {{chembox header}} colspan=&amp;quot;3&amp;quot; | General&lt;br /&gt;
|- &lt;br /&gt;
| colspan=&amp;quot;1&amp;quot; |IUPAC Name&lt;br /&gt;
| colspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot;|sulfoaminocyclohexane&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| colspan=&amp;quot;1&amp;quot; |Other Names&lt;br /&gt;
| colspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot; |Cyclohexanesulfamic acid; &lt;br /&gt;
Cyclohexylsulfamic acid; &lt;br /&gt;
Hexamic acid; &lt;br /&gt;
N-Cyclohexylsulfamic acid&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| colspan=&amp;quot;1&amp;quot; |Molecular formula&lt;br /&gt;
| colspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot; |C&amp;lt;sub&amp;gt;6&amp;lt;/sub&amp;gt;H&amp;lt;sub&amp;gt;13&amp;lt;/sub&amp;gt;N&amp;lt;sub&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/sub&amp;gt;0&amp;lt;sub&amp;gt;3&amp;lt;/sub&amp;gt;S&amp;lt;sub&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/sub&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| colspan=&amp;quot;1&amp;quot; |Molar mass&lt;br /&gt;
| colspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot; |179.23 g/mol&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| colspan=&amp;quot;1&amp;quot; |CAS registry number&lt;br /&gt;
| colspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot; |100-88-9&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| colspan=&amp;quot;1&amp;quot; |Melting Point&lt;br /&gt;
| colspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot; |169.5°C&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
=Introduction and Historical Background=&lt;br /&gt;
Cyclamate, also known as (E952) is an artificial sweetener that was discovered in 1937 at the University of Illinois. It was discovered by a graduate student, Michael Sveda who discovered it completely unknowingly. He was working on the synthesis of anti-pyretic drugs, while smoking a cigarette. He put his cigarette down on the lab bench, and to his surprise when he put it back in his mouth, he has discovered the sweetener cyclamate.&lt;br /&gt;
The first patent for cyclamate was bought by DuPont, and then later sold to Abbott industries who conducted further research and tests. in 1950, they apllied for a New Drug Application for cyclamate.&lt;br /&gt;
Cyclamate is the sodium or calcium salt of cyclamic acid(cyclohexanesulfamic acid). They have the same uses. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=Uses=&lt;br /&gt;
Initially, Abbott industries had intended to use cyclamate for masking the bitter taste of certain drugs such as antibiotics. However, it was later developed in tablet form, aimed specifically at diabetics as a sweetener. &lt;br /&gt;
Cyclamate was in use until 1969 as an artificial sweetener, until their use was banned by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration after reports that large quantities of cyclamates could cause cancer in some animals.  &lt;br /&gt;
It is also available in packet or liquid form.  &lt;br /&gt;
As cyclamate is stable in heat, it can be used in cooking and baking. &lt;br /&gt;
Commercially, it is available as Sucaryl™. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Image:JanFeb06_6.jpg]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=Synthesis=&lt;br /&gt;
Cyclamate can be prepared in a different ways.&lt;br /&gt;
Cyclohexanamine can be reacted with chlorosulfonic acid give to N-Cyclohexylsulfamic acid, which when reacted with for example sodium hydroxide, yielding the sodium cyclamate. Instead of chlorosulfonic acid, sodium chlorosulfonate could be used, which leaves out the final step of adding the sodium hydroxide. However, this involves a longer experimental procedure, and so is not a preferred method of synthesis.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Alternatively, a process known as the nitridation of sodium dithionite. Using sodium dithionite and certain nitro compunds, sulfamic acids can be yielded.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The mechanism occurs in two steps:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The presence of excess hydroxyl ion is to prevent the&lt;br /&gt;
solution from becoming acid, which would leads to decomposition. Tertiary sodium phosphate can be used for this purpose. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
There are many other synthethic routes that could be taken - see the reference: &#039;&#039;Journal of Organic Chemistry, 9, 89-101; 1944&#039;&#039; for further details.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=Intersting facts=&lt;br /&gt;
*Cyclamate is 30–50 times sweeter than sugar. &lt;br /&gt;
*It is often used with artificial sweeteners such as Saccharin in a mixture of 10 parts cyclamate to 1 part saccharin. This mixture is used as it masks the the off-tastes of both sweeteners. &lt;br /&gt;
*It is also cheaper than most sweeteners.&lt;br /&gt;
*Many companies advertised the banning of Cyclamate on their products&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=Risks=&lt;br /&gt;
In 1969, cyclamate was banned from use by the USA Food and Drug administration for its possible risk of bladder cancer in humans. This was found from tests conducted on animals.&lt;br /&gt;
However, recent animal studies have failed to show that it is a carcinogen (cancer causing agent) or a co-carcinogen (enhances the effect of a cancer causing agent). But before it is readministered for use many other issues must be resolved. &lt;br /&gt;
Cyclamate is not used in commercial products, and is only available as a &amp;quot;table top&amp;quot; sweetener. &lt;br /&gt;
Cyclamate is also not recommended for use during pregnancy, unless under the advice of a medical practioner.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=References=&lt;br /&gt;
* Images taken from http://www.calgaryhealthregion.ca/clin/women/images and www.genome.jp/Fig/drug_small/D02443.gif&lt;br /&gt;
* Journal of Organic Chemistry, Audrieth and Sveda, 9, 89-101; 1944&lt;br /&gt;
* http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclamate&lt;br /&gt;
* http://www.caloriecontrol.org/cyclam2.html&lt;br /&gt;
* http://www.cyclamate.com/&lt;br /&gt;
* http://www.elmhurst.edu/~chm/vchembook/549cyclamate.html&lt;br /&gt;
* http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1E1-cyclamat.html&lt;br /&gt;
* SciFinder Scholar, 2006&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Hp305</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://chemwiki.ch.ic.ac.uk/index.php?title=It:Cyclamate&amp;diff=6393</id>
		<title>It:Cyclamate</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://chemwiki.ch.ic.ac.uk/index.php?title=It:Cyclamate&amp;diff=6393"/>
		<updated>2006-11-29T15:06:33Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Hp305: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;{| class=&amp;quot;toccolours&amp;quot; border=&amp;quot;1&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;float: right; clear: right; margin: 0 0 1em 1em; border-collapse: collapse;&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
! {{chembox header}}  colspan=&amp;quot;3&amp;quot; |Cyclamate &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! {{chembox header}}  colspan=&amp;quot;3&amp;quot; |Structure&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| align=&amp;quot;center&amp;quot; colspan=&amp;quot;3&amp;quot; bgcolor=&amp;quot;#ffffff&amp;quot; | [[Image:D02443.gif|Cyclamate]] &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! {{chembox header}}  colspan=&amp;quot;3&amp;quot; |3D structure&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|align=&amp;quot;center&amp;quot; colspan=&amp;quot;3&amp;quot; |&amp;lt;jmol&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;jmolApplet&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;size&amp;gt;200&amp;lt;/size&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;color&amp;gt;white&amp;lt;/color&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;script&amp;gt;zoom 120; wireframe on;frame 1; move 10 -20 10 0 0 0 0 0 3; delay 1;&amp;lt;/script&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;inlineContents&amp;gt;water.mol&lt;br /&gt;
REMARK   Accelrys ViewerPro PDB file&lt;br /&gt;
REMARK   Created:  Wed Nov 29 14:17:19 GMT Standard Time 2006&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM      1  N1  MOL     1       7.144   6.650   0.000  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM      2  S2  MOL     1       7.858   6.239   0.000  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM      3  C3  MOL     1       6.429   6.239   0.000  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM      4  O4  MOL     1       8.272   5.524   0.000  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM      5  O5  MOL     1       7.447   5.524   0.000  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM      6  O6  MOL     1       8.573   6.650   0.000  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM      7  C7  MOL     1       5.717   6.650   0.000  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM      8  C8  MOL     1       6.429   5.414   0.000  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM      9  C9  MOL     1       5.000   6.239   0.000  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     10  C10 MOL     1       5.717   5.000   0.000  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     11  C11 MOL     1       5.000   5.414   0.000  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
TER&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/inlineContents&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/jmolApplet&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/jmol&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! {{chembox header}} colspan=&amp;quot;3&amp;quot; | General&lt;br /&gt;
|- &lt;br /&gt;
| colspan=&amp;quot;1&amp;quot; |IUPAC Name&lt;br /&gt;
| colspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot;|sulfoaminocyclohexane&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| colspan=&amp;quot;1&amp;quot; |Other Names&lt;br /&gt;
| colspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot; |Cyclohexanesulfamic acid; &lt;br /&gt;
Cyclohexylsulfamic acid; &lt;br /&gt;
Hexamic acid; &lt;br /&gt;
N-Cyclohexylsulfamic acid&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| colspan=&amp;quot;1&amp;quot; |Molecular formula&lt;br /&gt;
| colspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot; |C&amp;lt;sub&amp;gt;6&amp;lt;/sub&amp;gt;H&amp;lt;sub&amp;gt;13&amp;lt;/sub&amp;gt;N&amp;lt;sub&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/sub&amp;gt;0&amp;lt;sub&amp;gt;3&amp;lt;/sub&amp;gt;S&amp;lt;sub&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/sub&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| colspan=&amp;quot;1&amp;quot; |Molar mass&lt;br /&gt;
| colspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot; |179.23 g/mol&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| colspan=&amp;quot;1&amp;quot; |CAS registry number&lt;br /&gt;
| colspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot; |100-88-9&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| colspan=&amp;quot;1&amp;quot; |Melting Point&lt;br /&gt;
| colspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot; |169.5°C&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
=Introduction and Historical Background=&lt;br /&gt;
Cyclamate, also known as (E952) is an artificial sweetener that was discovered in 1937 at the University of Illinois. It was discovered by a graduate student, Michael Sveda who discovered it completely unknowingly. He was working on the synthesis of anti-pyretic drugs, while smoking a cigarette. He put his cigarette down on the lab bench, and to his surprise when he put it back in his mouth, he has discovered the sweetener cyclamate.&lt;br /&gt;
The first patent for cyclamate was bought by DuPont, and then later sold to Abbott industries who conducted further research and tests. in 1950, they apllied for a New Drug Application for cyclamate.&lt;br /&gt;
Cyclamate is the sodium or calcium salt of cyclamic acid(cyclohexanesulfamic acid). They have the same uses. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=Uses=&lt;br /&gt;
Initially, Abbott industries had intended to use cyclamate for masking the bitter taste of certain drugs such as antibiotics. However, it was later developed in tablet form, aimed specifically at diabetics as a sweetener. &lt;br /&gt;
Cyclamate was in use until 1969 as an artificial sweetener, until their use was banned by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration after reports that large quantities of cyclamates could cause cancer in some animals.  &lt;br /&gt;
It is also available in packet or liquid form.  &lt;br /&gt;
As cyclamate is stable in heat, it can be used in cooking and baking. &lt;br /&gt;
Commercially, it is available as Sucaryl™. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Image:JanFeb06_6.jpg]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=Synthesis=&lt;br /&gt;
Cyclamate can be prepared in a different ways.&lt;br /&gt;
Cyclohexanamine can be reacted with chlorosulfonic acid give to N-Cyclohexylsulfamic acid, which when reacted with for example sodium hydroxide, yielding the sodium cyclamate. Instead of chlorosulfonic acid, sodium chlorosulfonate could be used, which leaves out the final step of adding the sodium hydroxide. However, this involves a longer experimental procedure, and so is not a preferred method of synthesis.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Alternatively, a process known as the nitridation of sodium dithionite. Using sodium dithionite and certain nitro compunds, sulfamic acids can be yielded.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The mechanism occurs in two steps:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The presence of excess hydroxyl ion is to prevent the&lt;br /&gt;
solution from becoming acid, which would leads to decomposition. Tertiary sodium phosphate can be used for this purpose. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
There are many other synthethic routes that could be taken - see the reference: &#039;&#039;Journal of Organic Chemistry, 9, 89-101; 1944&#039;&#039; for further details.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=Intersting facts=&lt;br /&gt;
*Cyclamate is 30–50 times sweeter than sugar. &lt;br /&gt;
*It is often used with artificial sweeteners such as Saccharin in a mixture of 10 parts cyclamate to 1 part saccharin. This mixture is used as it masks the the off-tastes of both sweeteners. &lt;br /&gt;
*It is also cheaper than most sweeteners.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=Risks=&lt;br /&gt;
In 1969, cyclamate was banned from use by the USA Food and Drug administration for its possible risk of bladder cancer in humans. This was found from tests conducted on animals.&lt;br /&gt;
However, recent animal studies have failed to show that it is a carcinogen (cancer causing agent) or a co-carcinogen (enhances the effect of a cancer causing agent). But before it is readministered for use many other issues must be resolved. &lt;br /&gt;
Cyclamate is not used in commercial products, and is only available as a &amp;quot;table top&amp;quot; sweetener. &lt;br /&gt;
Cyclamate is also not recommended for use during pregnancy, unless under the advice of a medical practioner.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=References=&lt;br /&gt;
* Images taken from http://www.calgaryhealthregion.ca/clin/women/images and www.genome.jp/Fig/drug_small/D02443.gif&lt;br /&gt;
* Journal of Organic Chemistry, Audrieth and Sveda, 9, 89-101; 1944&lt;br /&gt;
* http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclamate&lt;br /&gt;
* http://www.caloriecontrol.org/cyclam2.html&lt;br /&gt;
* http://www.cyclamate.com/&lt;br /&gt;
* http://www.elmhurst.edu/~chm/vchembook/549cyclamate.html&lt;br /&gt;
* http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1E1-cyclamat.html&lt;br /&gt;
* SciFinder Scholar, 2006&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Hp305</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://chemwiki.ch.ic.ac.uk/index.php?title=It:Cyclamate&amp;diff=6392</id>
		<title>It:Cyclamate</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://chemwiki.ch.ic.ac.uk/index.php?title=It:Cyclamate&amp;diff=6392"/>
		<updated>2006-11-29T15:06:18Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Hp305: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;{| class=&amp;quot;toccolours&amp;quot; border=&amp;quot;1&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;float: right; clear: right; margin: 0 0 1em 1em; border-collapse: collapse;&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
! {{chembox header}}  colspan=&amp;quot;3&amp;quot; |Cyclamate &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! {{chembox header}}  colspan=&amp;quot;3&amp;quot; |Structure&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| align=&amp;quot;center&amp;quot; colspan=&amp;quot;3&amp;quot; bgcolor=&amp;quot;#ffffff&amp;quot; | [[Image:D02443.gif|Cyclamate]] &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! {{chembox header}}  colspan=&amp;quot;3&amp;quot; |3D structure&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|align=&amp;quot;center&amp;quot; colspan=&amp;quot;3&amp;quot; |&amp;lt;jmol&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;jmolApplet&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;size&amp;gt;200&amp;lt;/size&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;color&amp;gt;white&amp;lt;/color&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;script&amp;gt;zoom 120; wireframe on;frame 1; move 10 -20 10 0 0 0 0 0 3; delay 1;&amp;lt;/script&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;inlineContents&amp;gt;water.mol&lt;br /&gt;
REMARK   Accelrys ViewerPro PDB file&lt;br /&gt;
REMARK   Created:  Wed Nov 29 14:17:19 GMT Standard Time 2006&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM      1  N1  MOL     1       7.144   6.650   0.000  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM      2  S2  MOL     1       7.858   6.239   0.000  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM      3  C3  MOL     1       6.429   6.239   0.000  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM      4  O4  MOL     1       8.272   5.524   0.000  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM      5  O5  MOL     1       7.447   5.524   0.000  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM      6  O6  MOL     1       8.573   6.650   0.000  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM      7  C7  MOL     1       5.717   6.650   0.000  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM      8  C8  MOL     1       6.429   5.414   0.000  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM      9  C9  MOL     1       5.000   6.239   0.000  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     10  C10 MOL     1       5.717   5.000   0.000  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     11  C11 MOL     1       5.000   5.414   0.000  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
TER&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/inlineContents&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/jmolApplet&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/jmol&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! {{chembox header}} colspan=&amp;quot;3&amp;quot; | General&lt;br /&gt;
|- &lt;br /&gt;
| colspan=&amp;quot;1&amp;quot; |IUPAC Name&lt;br /&gt;
| colspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot;|sulfoaminocyclohexane&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| colspan=&amp;quot;1&amp;quot; |Other Names&lt;br /&gt;
| colspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot; |Cyclohexanesulfamic acid; &lt;br /&gt;
Cyclohexylsulfamic acid; &lt;br /&gt;
Hexamic acid; &lt;br /&gt;
N-Cyclohexylsulfamic acid&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| colspan=&amp;quot;1&amp;quot; |Molecular formula&lt;br /&gt;
| colspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot; |C&amp;lt;sub&amp;gt;6&amp;lt;/sub&amp;gt;H&amp;lt;sub&amp;gt;13&amp;lt;/sub&amp;gt;N&amp;lt;sub&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/sub&amp;gt;0&amp;lt;sub&amp;gt;3&amp;lt;/sub&amp;gt;S&amp;lt;sub&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/sub&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| colspan=&amp;quot;1&amp;quot; |Molar mass&lt;br /&gt;
| colspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot; |179.23 g/mol&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| colspan=&amp;quot;1&amp;quot; |CAS registry number&lt;br /&gt;
| colspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot; |100-88-9&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| colspan=&amp;quot;1&amp;quot; |Melting Point&lt;br /&gt;
| colspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot; |169.5°C&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
=Introduction and Historical Background=&lt;br /&gt;
Cyclamate, also known as (E952) is an artificial sweetener that was discovered in 1937 at the University of Illinois. It was discovered by a graduate student, Michael Sveda who discovered it completely unknowingly. He was working on the synthesis of anti-pyretic drugs, while smoking a cigarette. He put his cigarette down on the lab bench, and to his surprise when he put it back in his mouth, he has discovered the sweetener cyclamate.&lt;br /&gt;
The first patent for cyclamate was bought by DuPont, and then later sold to Abbott industries who conducted further research and tests. in 1950, they apllied for a New Drug Application for cyclamate.&lt;br /&gt;
Cyclamate is the sodium or calcium salt of cyclamic acid(cyclohexanesulfamic acid). They have the same uses. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=Uses=&lt;br /&gt;
Initially, Abbott industries had intended to use cyclamate for masking the bitter taste of certain drugs such as antibiotics. However, it was later developed in tablet form, aimed specifically at diabetics as a sweetener. &lt;br /&gt;
Cyclamate was in use until 1969 as an artificial sweetener, until their use was banned by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration after reports that large quantities of cyclamates could cause cancer in some animals.  &lt;br /&gt;
It is also available in packet or liquid form.  &lt;br /&gt;
As cyclamate is stable in heat, it can be used in cooking and baking. &lt;br /&gt;
Commercially, it is available as Sucaryl™. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Image:JanFeb06_6.jpg]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=Synthesis=&lt;br /&gt;
Cyclamate can be prepared in a different ways.&lt;br /&gt;
Cyclohexanamine can be reacted with chlorosulfonic acid give to N-Cyclohexylsulfamic acid, which when reacted with for example sodium hydroxide, yielding the sodium cyclamate. Instead of chlorosulfonic acid, sodium chlorosulfonate could be used, which leaves out the final step of adding the sodium hydroxide. However, this involves a longer experimental procedure, and so is not a preferred method of synthesis.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Alternatively, a process known as the nitridation of sodium dithionite. Using sodium dithionite and certain nitro compunds, sulfamic acids can be yielded.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The mechanism occurs in two steps:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The presence of excess hydroxyl ion is to prevent the&lt;br /&gt;
solution from becoming acid, which would leads to decomposition. Tertiary sodium phosphate can be used for this purpose. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
There are many other synthethic routes that could be taken - see the reference: &#039;&#039;Journal of Organic Chemistry, 9, 89-101; 1944&#039;&#039; for further details.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=Intersting facts=&lt;br /&gt;
*Cyclamate is 30–50 times sweeter than sugar. &lt;br /&gt;
*It is often used with artificial sweeteners such as Saccharin in a mixture of 10 parts cyclamate to 1 part saccharin. This mixture is used as it masks the the off-tastes of both sweeteners. &lt;br /&gt;
*It is also cheaper than most sweeteners.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=Risks=&lt;br /&gt;
In 1969, cyclamate was banned from use by the USA Food and Drug administration for its possible risk of bladder cancer in humans. This was found from tests conducted on animals.&lt;br /&gt;
However, recent animal studies have failed to show that it is a carcinogen (cancer causing agent) or a co-carcinogen (enhances the effect of a cancer causing agent). But before it is readministered for use many other issues must be resolved. &lt;br /&gt;
Cyclamate is not used in commercial products, and is only available as a &amp;quot;table top&amp;quot; sweetener. &lt;br /&gt;
Cyclamate is also not recommended for use during pregnancy, unless under the advice of a medical practioner.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=References=&lt;br /&gt;
* Images taken from http://www.calgaryhealthregion.ca/clin/women/images/JanFeb06_6.jpg and www.genome.jp/Fig/drug_small/D02443.gif&lt;br /&gt;
* Journal of Organic Chemistry, Audrieth and Sveda, 9, 89-101; 1944&lt;br /&gt;
* http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclamate&lt;br /&gt;
* http://www.caloriecontrol.org/cyclam2.html&lt;br /&gt;
* http://www.cyclamate.com/&lt;br /&gt;
* http://www.elmhurst.edu/~chm/vchembook/549cyclamate.html&lt;br /&gt;
* http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1E1-cyclamat.html&lt;br /&gt;
* SciFinder Scholar, 2006&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Hp305</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://chemwiki.ch.ic.ac.uk/index.php?title=It:Cyclamate&amp;diff=6391</id>
		<title>It:Cyclamate</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://chemwiki.ch.ic.ac.uk/index.php?title=It:Cyclamate&amp;diff=6391"/>
		<updated>2006-11-29T14:55:45Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Hp305: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;{| class=&amp;quot;toccolours&amp;quot; border=&amp;quot;1&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;float: right; clear: right; margin: 0 0 1em 1em; border-collapse: collapse;&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
! {{chembox header}}  colspan=&amp;quot;3&amp;quot; |Cyclamate &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! {{chembox header}}  colspan=&amp;quot;3&amp;quot; |Structure&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| align=&amp;quot;center&amp;quot; colspan=&amp;quot;3&amp;quot; bgcolor=&amp;quot;#ffffff&amp;quot; | [[Image:D02443.gif|Cyclamate]] &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! {{chembox header}}  colspan=&amp;quot;3&amp;quot; |3D structure&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|align=&amp;quot;center&amp;quot; colspan=&amp;quot;3&amp;quot; |&amp;lt;jmol&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;jmolApplet&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;size&amp;gt;200&amp;lt;/size&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;color&amp;gt;white&amp;lt;/color&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;script&amp;gt;zoom 120; wireframe on;frame 1; move 10 -20 10 0 0 0 0 0 3; delay 1;&amp;lt;/script&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;inlineContents&amp;gt;water.mol&lt;br /&gt;
REMARK   Accelrys ViewerPro PDB file&lt;br /&gt;
REMARK   Created:  Wed Nov 29 14:17:19 GMT Standard Time 2006&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM      1  N1  MOL     1       7.144   6.650   0.000  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM      2  S2  MOL     1       7.858   6.239   0.000  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM      3  C3  MOL     1       6.429   6.239   0.000  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM      4  O4  MOL     1       8.272   5.524   0.000  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM      5  O5  MOL     1       7.447   5.524   0.000  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM      6  O6  MOL     1       8.573   6.650   0.000  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM      7  C7  MOL     1       5.717   6.650   0.000  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM      8  C8  MOL     1       6.429   5.414   0.000  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM      9  C9  MOL     1       5.000   6.239   0.000  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     10  C10 MOL     1       5.717   5.000   0.000  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     11  C11 MOL     1       5.000   5.414   0.000  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
TER&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/inlineContents&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/jmolApplet&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/jmol&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! {{chembox header}} colspan=&amp;quot;3&amp;quot; | General&lt;br /&gt;
|- &lt;br /&gt;
| colspan=&amp;quot;1&amp;quot; |IUPAC Name&lt;br /&gt;
| colspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot;|sulfoaminocyclohexane&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| colspan=&amp;quot;1&amp;quot; |Other Names&lt;br /&gt;
| colspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot; |Cyclohexanesulfamic acid; &lt;br /&gt;
Cyclohexylsulfamic acid; &lt;br /&gt;
Hexamic acid; &lt;br /&gt;
N-Cyclohexylsulfamic acid&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| colspan=&amp;quot;1&amp;quot; |Molecular formula&lt;br /&gt;
| colspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot; |C&amp;lt;sub&amp;gt;6&amp;lt;/sub&amp;gt;H&amp;lt;sub&amp;gt;13&amp;lt;/sub&amp;gt;N&amp;lt;sub&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/sub&amp;gt;0&amp;lt;sub&amp;gt;3&amp;lt;/sub&amp;gt;S&amp;lt;sub&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/sub&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| colspan=&amp;quot;1&amp;quot; |Molar mass&lt;br /&gt;
| colspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot; |179.23 g/mol&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| colspan=&amp;quot;1&amp;quot; |CAS registry number&lt;br /&gt;
| colspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot; |100-88-9&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| colspan=&amp;quot;1&amp;quot; |Melting Point&lt;br /&gt;
| colspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot; |169.5°C&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
=Introduction and Historical Background=&lt;br /&gt;
Cyclamate, also known as (E952) is an artificial sweetener that was discovered in 1937 at the University of Illinois. It was discovered by a graduate student, Michael Sveda who discovered it completely unknowingly. He was working on the synthesis of anti-pyretic drugs, while smoking a cigarette. He put his cigarette down on the lab bench, and to his surprise when he put it back in his mouth, he has discovered the sweetener cyclamate.&lt;br /&gt;
The first patent for cyclamate was bought by DuPont, and then later sold to Abbott industries who conducted further research and tests. in 1950, they apllied for a New Drug Application for cyclamate.&lt;br /&gt;
Cyclamate is the sodium or calcium salt of cyclamic acid(cyclohexanesulfamic acid). They have the same uses. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=Uses=&lt;br /&gt;
Initially, Abbott industries had intended to use cyclamate for masking the bitter taste of certain drugs such as antibiotics. However, it was later developed in tablet form, aimed specifically at diabetics as a sweetener. &lt;br /&gt;
Cyclamate was in use until 1969 as an artificial sweetener, until their use was banned by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration after reports that large quantities of cyclamates could cause cancer in some animals.  &lt;br /&gt;
It is also available in packet or liquid form.  &lt;br /&gt;
As cyclamate is stable in heat, it can be used in cooking and baking. &lt;br /&gt;
Commercially, it is available as Sucaryl™. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Image:JanFeb06_6.jpg]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=Synthesis=&lt;br /&gt;
Cyclamate can be prepared in a different ways.&lt;br /&gt;
Cyclohexanamine can be reacted with chlorosulfonic acid give to N-Cyclohexylsulfamic acid, which when reacted with for example sodium hydroxide, yielding the sodium cyclamate. Instead of chlorosulfonic acid, sodium chlorosulfonate could be used, which leaves out the final step of adding the sodium hydroxide. However, this involves a longer experimental procedure, and so is not a preferred method of synthesis.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Alternatively, a process known as the nitridation of sodium dithionite. Using sodium dithionite and certain nitro compunds, sulfamic acids can be yielded.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The mechanism occurs in two steps:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The presence of excess hydroxyl ion is to prevent the&lt;br /&gt;
solution from becoming acid, which would leads to decomposition. Tertiary sodium phosphate can be used for this purpose. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
There are many other synthethic routes that could be taken - see the reference: &#039;&#039;Journal of Organic Chemistry, 9, 89-101; 1944&#039;&#039; for further details.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=Intersting facts=&lt;br /&gt;
*Cyclamate is 30–50 times sweeter than sugar. &lt;br /&gt;
*It is often used with artificial sweeteners such as Saccharin in a mixture of 10 parts cyclamate to 1 part saccharin. This mixture is used as it masks the the off-tastes of both sweeteners. &lt;br /&gt;
*It is also cheaper than most sweeteners.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=Risks=&lt;br /&gt;
In 1969, cyclamate was banned from use by the USA Food and Drug administration for its possible risk of bladder cancer in humans. This was found from tests conducted on animals.&lt;br /&gt;
However, recent animal studies have failed to show that it is a carcinogen (cancer causing agent) or a co-carcinogen (enhances the effect of a cancer causing agent). But before it is readministered for use many other issues must be resolved. &lt;br /&gt;
Cyclamate is not used in commercial products, and is only available as a &amp;quot;table top&amp;quot; sweetener. &lt;br /&gt;
Cyclamate is also not recommended for use during pregnancy, unless under the advice of a medical practioner.&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Hp305</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://chemwiki.ch.ic.ac.uk/index.php?title=It:Cyclamate&amp;diff=6390</id>
		<title>It:Cyclamate</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://chemwiki.ch.ic.ac.uk/index.php?title=It:Cyclamate&amp;diff=6390"/>
		<updated>2006-11-29T14:47:04Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Hp305: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;{| class=&amp;quot;toccolours&amp;quot; border=&amp;quot;1&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;float: right; clear: right; margin: 0 0 1em 1em; border-collapse: collapse;&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
! {{chembox header}}  colspan=&amp;quot;3&amp;quot; |Cyclamate &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! {{chembox header}}  colspan=&amp;quot;3&amp;quot; |Structure&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| align=&amp;quot;center&amp;quot; colspan=&amp;quot;3&amp;quot; bgcolor=&amp;quot;#ffffff&amp;quot; | [[Image:D02443.gif|Cyclamate]] &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! {{chembox header}}  colspan=&amp;quot;3&amp;quot; |3D structure&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|align=&amp;quot;center&amp;quot; colspan=&amp;quot;3&amp;quot; |&amp;lt;jmol&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;jmolApplet&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;size&amp;gt;200&amp;lt;/size&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;color&amp;gt;white&amp;lt;/color&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;script&amp;gt;zoom 120; wireframe on;frame 1; move 10 -20 10 0 0 0 0 0 3; delay 1;&amp;lt;/script&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;inlineContents&amp;gt;water.mol&lt;br /&gt;
REMARK   Accelrys ViewerPro PDB file&lt;br /&gt;
REMARK   Created:  Wed Nov 29 14:17:19 GMT Standard Time 2006&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM      1  N1  MOL     1       7.144   6.650   0.000  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM      2  S2  MOL     1       7.858   6.239   0.000  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM      3  C3  MOL     1       6.429   6.239   0.000  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM      4  O4  MOL     1       8.272   5.524   0.000  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM      5  O5  MOL     1       7.447   5.524   0.000  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM      6  O6  MOL     1       8.573   6.650   0.000  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM      7  C7  MOL     1       5.717   6.650   0.000  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM      8  C8  MOL     1       6.429   5.414   0.000  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM      9  C9  MOL     1       5.000   6.239   0.000  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     10  C10 MOL     1       5.717   5.000   0.000  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     11  C11 MOL     1       5.000   5.414   0.000  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
TER&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/inlineContents&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/jmolApplet&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/jmol&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! {{chembox header}} colspan=&amp;quot;3&amp;quot; | General&lt;br /&gt;
|- &lt;br /&gt;
| colspan=&amp;quot;1&amp;quot; |IUPAC Name&lt;br /&gt;
| colspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot;|sulfoaminocyclohexane&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| colspan=&amp;quot;1&amp;quot; |Other Names&lt;br /&gt;
| colspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot; |Cyclohexanesulfamic acid (6CI,7CI,8CI); Cyclamate; Cyclamic acid; Cyclohexylamidosulfuric acid; Cyclohexylaminesulfonic acid; Cyclohexylsulfamic acid; Hexamic acid; N-Cyclohexylsulfamic acid&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| colspan=&amp;quot;1&amp;quot; |Molecular formula&lt;br /&gt;
| colspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot; |C&amp;lt;sub&amp;gt;6&amp;lt;/sub&amp;gt;H&amp;lt;sub&amp;gt;13&amp;lt;/sub&amp;gt;N&amp;lt;sub&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/sub&amp;gt;0&amp;lt;sub&amp;gt;3&amp;lt;/sub&amp;gt;S&amp;lt;sub&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/sub&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| colspan=&amp;quot;1&amp;quot; |Molar mass&lt;br /&gt;
| colspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot; |179.23 g/mol&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| colspan=&amp;quot;1&amp;quot; |CAS registry number&lt;br /&gt;
| colspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot; |100-88-9&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| colspan=&amp;quot;1&amp;quot; |Melting Point&lt;br /&gt;
| colspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot; |169.5°C&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
=Introduction and Historical Background=&lt;br /&gt;
Cyclamate, also known as (E952) is an artificial sweetener that was discovered in 1937 at the University of Illinois. It was discovered by a graduate student, Michael Sveda who discovered it completely unknowingly. He was working on the synthesis of anti-pyretic drugs, while smoking a cigarette. He put his cigarette down on the lab bench, and to his surprise when he put it back in his mouth, he has discovered the sweetener cyclamate.&lt;br /&gt;
The first patent for cyclamate was bought by DuPont, and then later sold to Abbott industries who conducted further research and tests. in 1950, they apllied for a New Drug Application for cyclamate.&lt;br /&gt;
Cyclamate is the sodium or calcium salt of cyclamic acid(cyclohexanesulfamic acid). They have the same uses. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=Uses=&lt;br /&gt;
Initially, Abbott industries had intended to use cyclamate for masking the bitter taste of certain drugs such as antibiotics. However, it was later developed in tablet form, aimed specifically at diabetics as a sweetener. &lt;br /&gt;
Cyclamate was in use until 1969 as an artificial sweetener, until their use was banned by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration after reports that large quantities of cyclamates could cause cancer in some animals.  &lt;br /&gt;
It is also available in packet or liquid form.  &lt;br /&gt;
As cyclamate is stable in heat, it can be used in cooking and baking. &lt;br /&gt;
Commercially, it is available as Sucaryl™. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Image:JanFeb06_6.jpg]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=Synthesis=&lt;br /&gt;
Cyclamate can be prepared in a different ways.&lt;br /&gt;
Cyclohexanamine can be reacted with chlorosulfonic acid give to N-Cyclohexylsulfamic acid, which when reacted with for example sodium hydroxide, yielding the sodium cyclamate. Instead of chlorosulfonic acid, sodium chlorosulfonate could be used, which leaves out the final step of adding the sodium hydroxide. However, this involves a longer experimental procedure, and so is not a preferred method of synthesis.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Alternatively, a process known as the nitridation of sodium dithionite. Using sodium dithionite and certain nitro compunds, sulfamic acids can be yielded.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The mechanism occurs in two steps:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The presence of excess hydroxyl ion is to prevent the&lt;br /&gt;
solution from becoming acid, which would leads to decomposition. Tertiary sodium phosphate can be used for this purpose. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
There are many other synthethic routes that could be taken - see the reference: &#039;&#039;Journal of Organic Chemistry, 9, 89-101; 1944&#039;&#039; for further details.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=Intersting facts=&lt;br /&gt;
*Cyclamate is 30–50 times sweeter than sugar. &lt;br /&gt;
*It is often used with artificial sweeteners such as Saccharin in a mixture of 10 parts cyclamate to 1 part saccharin. This mixture is used as it masks the the off-tastes of both sweeteners. &lt;br /&gt;
*It is also cheaper than most sweeteners.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=Risks=&lt;br /&gt;
In 1969, cyclamate was banned from use by the USA Food and Drug administration for its possible risk of bladder cancer in humans. This was found from tests conducted on animals.&lt;br /&gt;
However, recent animal studies have failed to show that it is a carcinogen (cancer causing agent) or a co-carcinogen (enhances the effect of a cancer causing agent). But before it is readministered for use many other issues must be resolved. &lt;br /&gt;
Cyclamate is not used in commercial products, and is only available as a &amp;quot;table top&amp;quot; sweetener. &lt;br /&gt;
Cyclamate is also not recommended for use during pregnancy, unless under the advice of a medical practioner.&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Hp305</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://chemwiki.ch.ic.ac.uk/index.php?title=File:D02443.gif&amp;diff=6389</id>
		<title>File:D02443.gif</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://chemwiki.ch.ic.ac.uk/index.php?title=File:D02443.gif&amp;diff=6389"/>
		<updated>2006-11-29T14:30:40Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Hp305: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Hp305</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://chemwiki.ch.ic.ac.uk/index.php?title=It:Cyclamate&amp;diff=6388</id>
		<title>It:Cyclamate</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://chemwiki.ch.ic.ac.uk/index.php?title=It:Cyclamate&amp;diff=6388"/>
		<updated>2006-11-29T14:13:24Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Hp305: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;=Introduction and Historical Background=&lt;br /&gt;
Cyclamate, also known as (E952) is an artificial sweetener that was discovered in 1937 at the University of Illinois. It was discovered by a graduate student, Michael Sveda who discovered it completely unknowingly. He was working on the synthesis of anti-pyretic drugs, while smoking a cigarette. He put his cigarette down on the lab bench, and to his surprise when he put it back in his mouth, he has discovered the sweetener cyclamate.&lt;br /&gt;
The first patent for cyclamate was bought by DuPont, and then later sold to Abbott industries who conducted further research and tests. in 1950, they apllied for a New Drug Application for cyclamate.&lt;br /&gt;
Cyclamate is the sodium or calcium salt of cyclamic acid(cyclohexanesulfamic acid). They have the same uses. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=Uses=&lt;br /&gt;
Initially, Abbott industries had intended to use cyclamate for masking the bitter taste of certain drugs such as antibiotics. However, it was later developed in tablet form, aimed specifically at diabetics as a sweetener. &lt;br /&gt;
Cyclamate was in use until 1969 as an artificial sweetener, until their use was banned by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration after reports that large quantities of cyclamates could cause cancer in some animals.  &lt;br /&gt;
It is also available in packet or liquid form.  &lt;br /&gt;
As cyclamate is stable in heat, it can be used in cooking and baking. &lt;br /&gt;
Commercially, it is available as Sucaryl™. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Image:JanFeb06_6.jpg]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=Synthesis=&lt;br /&gt;
Cyclamate can be prepared in a different ways.&lt;br /&gt;
Cyclohexanamine can be reacted with chlorosulfonic acid give to N-Cyclohexylsulfamic acid, which when reacted with for example sodium hydroxide, yielding the sodium cyclamate. Instead of chlorosulfonic acid, sodium chlorosulfonate could be used, which leaves out the final step of adding the sodium hydroxide. However, this involves a longer experimental procedure, and so is not a preferred method of synthesis.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Alternatively, a process known as the nitridation of sodium dithionite. Using sodium dithionite and certain nitro compunds, sulfamic acids can be yielded.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The mechanism occurs in two steps:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The presence of excess hydroxyl ion is to prevent the&lt;br /&gt;
solution from becoming acid, which would leads to decomposition. Tertiary sodium phosphate can be used for this purpose. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
There are many other synthethic routes that could be taken - see the reference: &#039;&#039;Journal of Organic Chemistry, 9, 89-101; 1944&#039;&#039; for further details.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=Intersting facts=&lt;br /&gt;
*Cyclamate is 30–50 times sweeter than sugar. &lt;br /&gt;
*It is often used with artificial sweeteners such as Saccharin in a mixture of 10 parts cyclamate to 1 part saccharin. This mixture is used as it masks the the off-tastes of both sweeteners. &lt;br /&gt;
*It is also cheaper than most sweeteners.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=Risks=&lt;br /&gt;
In 1969, cyclamate was banned from use by the USA Food and Drug administration for its possible risk of bladder cancer in humans. This was found from tests conducted on animals.&lt;br /&gt;
However, recent animal studies have failed to show that it is a carcinogen (cancer causing agent) or a co-carcinogen (enhances the effect of a cancer causing agent). But before it is readministered for use many other issues must be resolved. &lt;br /&gt;
Cyclamate is not used in commercial products, and is only available as a &amp;quot;table top&amp;quot; sweetener. &lt;br /&gt;
Cyclamate is also not recommended for use during pregnancy, unless under the advice of a medical practioner.&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Hp305</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://chemwiki.ch.ic.ac.uk/index.php?title=File:JanFeb06_6.jpg&amp;diff=6387</id>
		<title>File:JanFeb06 6.jpg</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://chemwiki.ch.ic.ac.uk/index.php?title=File:JanFeb06_6.jpg&amp;diff=6387"/>
		<updated>2006-11-29T14:12:06Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Hp305: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Hp305</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://chemwiki.ch.ic.ac.uk/index.php?title=It:Cyclamate&amp;diff=6386</id>
		<title>It:Cyclamate</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://chemwiki.ch.ic.ac.uk/index.php?title=It:Cyclamate&amp;diff=6386"/>
		<updated>2006-11-29T14:10:16Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Hp305: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;=Introduction and Historical Background=&lt;br /&gt;
Cyclamate, also known as (E952) is an artificial sweetener that was discovered in 1937 at the University of Illinois. It was discovered by a graduate student, Michael Sveda who discovered it completely unknowingly. He was working on the synthesis of anti-pyretic drugs, while smoking a cigarette. He put his cigarette down on the lab bench, and to his surprise when he put it back in his mouth, he has discovered the sweetener cyclamate.&lt;br /&gt;
The first patent for cyclamate was bought by DuPont, and then later sold to Abbott industries who conducted further research and tests. in 1950, they apllied for a New Drug Application for cyclamate.&lt;br /&gt;
Cyclamate is the sodium or calcium salt of cyclamic acid(cyclohexanesulfamic acid). They have the same uses. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=Uses=&lt;br /&gt;
Initially, Abbott industries had intended to use cyclamate for masking the bitter taste of certain drugs such as antibiotics. However, it was later developed in tablet form, aimed specifically at diabetics as a sweetener. &lt;br /&gt;
Cyclamate was in use until 1969 as an artificial sweetener, until their use was banned by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration after reports that large quantities of cyclamates could cause cancer in some animals.  &lt;br /&gt;
It is also available in packet or liquid form.  &lt;br /&gt;
As cyclamate is stable in heat, it can be used in cooking and baking. &lt;br /&gt;
Commercially, it is available as Sucaryl™. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=Synthesis=&lt;br /&gt;
Cyclamate can be prepared in a different ways.&lt;br /&gt;
Cyclohexanamine can be reacted with chlorosulfonic acid give to N-Cyclohexylsulfamic acid, which when reacted with for example sodium hydroxide, yielding the sodium cyclamate. Instead of chlorosulfonic acid, sodium chlorosulfonate could be used, which leaves out the final step of adding the sodium hydroxide. However, this involves a longer experimental procedure, and so is not a preferred method of synthesis.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Alternatively, a process known as the nitridation of sodium dithionite. Using sodium dithionite and certain nitro compunds, sulfamic acids can be yielded.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The mechanism occurs in two steps:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The presence of excess hydroxyl ion is to prevent the&lt;br /&gt;
solution from becoming acid, which would leads to decomposition. Tertiary sodium phosphate can be used for this purpose. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
There are many other synthethic routes that could be taken - see the reference: &#039;&#039;Journal of Organic Chemistry, 9, 89-101; 1944&#039;&#039; for further details.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=Intersting facts=&lt;br /&gt;
*Cyclamate is 30–50 times sweeter than sugar. &lt;br /&gt;
*It is often used with artificial sweeteners such as Saccharin in a mixture of 10 parts cyclamate to 1 part saccharin. This mixture is used as it masks the the off-tastes of both sweeteners. &lt;br /&gt;
*It is also cheaper than most sweeteners.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=Risks=&lt;br /&gt;
In 1969, cyclamate was banned from use by the USA Food and Drug administration for its possible risk of bladder cancer in humans. This was found from tests conducted on animals.&lt;br /&gt;
However, recent animal studies have failed to show that it is a carcinogen (cancer causing agent) or a co-carcinogen (enhances the effect of a cancer causing agent). But before it is readministered for use many other issues must be resolved. &lt;br /&gt;
Cyclamate is not used in commercial products, and is only available as a &amp;quot;table top&amp;quot; sweetener. &lt;br /&gt;
Cyclamate is also not recommended for use during pregnancy, unless under the advice of a medical practioner.&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Hp305</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://chemwiki.ch.ic.ac.uk/index.php?title=It:Cyclamate&amp;diff=6385</id>
		<title>It:Cyclamate</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://chemwiki.ch.ic.ac.uk/index.php?title=It:Cyclamate&amp;diff=6385"/>
		<updated>2006-11-29T14:00:11Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Hp305: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;=Introduction and Historical Background=&lt;br /&gt;
Cyclamate, also known as (E952) is an artificial sweetener that was discovered in 1937 at the University of Illinois. It was discovered by a graduate student, Michael Sveda who discovered it completely unknowingly. He was working on the synthesis of anti-pyretic drugs, while smoking a cigarette. He put his cigarette down on the lab bench, and to his surprise when he put it back in his mouth, he has discovered the sweetener cyclamate.&lt;br /&gt;
The first patent for cyclamate was bought by DuPont, and then later sold to Abbott industries who conducted further research and tests. in 1950, they apllied for a New Drug Application for cyclamate.&lt;br /&gt;
Cyclamate is the sodium or calcium salt of cyclamic acid(cyclohexanesulfamic acid). They have the same uses. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=Uses=&lt;br /&gt;
Initially, Abbott industries had intended to use cyclamate for masking the bitter taste of certain drugs such as antibiotics. However, it was later developed in tablet form, aimed specifically at diabetics as a sweetener. &lt;br /&gt;
Cyclamate was in use until 1969 as an artificial sweetener, until their use was banned by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration after reports that large quantities of cyclamates could cause cancer in some animals.  &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=Synthesis=&lt;br /&gt;
Cyclamate can be prepared in a different ways.&lt;br /&gt;
Cyclohexanamine can be reacted with chlorosulfonic acid give to N-Cyclohexylsulfamic acid, which when reacted with for example sodium hydroxide, yielding the sodium cyclamate. Instead of chlorosulfonic acid, sodium chlorosulfonate could be used, which leaves out the final step of adding the sodium hydroxide. However, this involves a longer experimental procedure, and so is not a preferred method of synthesis.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Alternatively, a process known as the nitridation of sodium dithionite. Using sodium dithionite and certain nitro compunds, sulfamic acids can be yielded.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The mechanism occurs in two steps:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The presence of excess hydroxyl ion is to prevent the&lt;br /&gt;
solution from becoming acid, which would leads to decomposition. Tertiary sodium phosphate can be used for this purpose. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
There are many other synthethic routes that could be taken - see the reference: &#039;&#039;Journal of Organic Chemistry, 9, 89-101; 1944&#039;&#039; for further details.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=Intersting facts=&lt;br /&gt;
*Cyclamate is 30–50 times sweeter than sugar. &lt;br /&gt;
*It is often used with artificial sweeteners such as Saccharin in a mixture of 10 parts cyclamate to 1 part saccharin. This mixture is used as it masks the the off-tastes of both sweeteners. &lt;br /&gt;
*It is also cheaper than most sweeteners.&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Hp305</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://chemwiki.ch.ic.ac.uk/index.php?title=It:Cyclamate&amp;diff=6384</id>
		<title>It:Cyclamate</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://chemwiki.ch.ic.ac.uk/index.php?title=It:Cyclamate&amp;diff=6384"/>
		<updated>2006-11-29T13:57:31Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Hp305: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;=Introduction and Historical Background=&lt;br /&gt;
Cyclamate, also known as (E952) is an artificial sweetener that was discovered in 1937 at the University of Illinois. It was discovered by a graduate student, Michael Sveda who discovered it completely unknowingly. He was working on the synthesis of anti-pyretic drugs, while smoking a cigarette. He put his cigarette down on the lab bench, and to his surprise when he put it back in his mouth, he has discovered the sweetener cyclamate.&lt;br /&gt;
The first patent for cyclamate was bought by DuPont, and then later sold to Abbott industries who conducted further research and tests. in 1950, they apllied for a New Drug Application for cyclamate.&lt;br /&gt;
Cyclamate is the sodium or calcium salt of cyclamic acid(cyclohexanesulfamic acid). They have the same uses. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=Uses=&lt;br /&gt;
Initially, Abbott industries had intended to use cyclamate for masking the bitter taste of certain drugs such as antibiotics. However, it was later developed in tablet form, aimed specifically at diabetics as a sweetener. &lt;br /&gt;
Cyclamate was in use until 1969 as an artificial sweetener, until their use was banned by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration after reports that large quantities of cyclamates could cause cancer in some animals.  &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=Synthesis=&lt;br /&gt;
Cyclamate can be prepared in a different ways.&lt;br /&gt;
Cyclohexanamine can be reacted with chlorosulfonic acid give to N-Cyclohexylsulfamic acid, which when reacted with for example sodium hydroxide, yielding the sodium cyclamate. Instead of chlorosulfonic acid, sodium chlorosulfonate could be used, which leaves out the final step of adding the sodium hydroxide. However, this involves a longer experimental procedure, and so is not a preferred method of synthesis.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Alternatively, a process known as the nitridation of sodium dithionite. Using sodium dithionite and certain nitro compunds, sulfamic acids can be yielded.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The mechanism occurs in two steps:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The presence of excess hydroxyl ion is to prevent the&lt;br /&gt;
solution from becoming acid, which would leads to decomposition. Tertiary sodium phosphate can be used for this purpose. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
There are many other synthethic routes that could be taken - see the reference: &#039;&#039;Journal of Organic Chemistry, 9, 89-101; 1944&#039;&#039; for further details.&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Hp305</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://chemwiki.ch.ic.ac.uk/index.php?title=It:Cyclamate&amp;diff=6383</id>
		<title>It:Cyclamate</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://chemwiki.ch.ic.ac.uk/index.php?title=It:Cyclamate&amp;diff=6383"/>
		<updated>2006-11-29T12:35:00Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Hp305: introduction text&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;=Introduction=&lt;br /&gt;
Cyclamate, also known as (E952) is an artificial sweetener that was discovered in 1937 at the University of Illinois. It was discovered by a graduate student, Michael Sveda who discovered it completely unknowingly. He was working on the synthesis of anti-pyretic drugs, while smoking a cigarette. He put his cigarette down on the lab bench, and to his surprise when he put it back in his mouth, he has discovered the sweetner cyclamate.&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Hp305</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://chemwiki.ch.ic.ac.uk/index.php?title=It:projects&amp;diff=6382</id>
		<title>It:projects</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://chemwiki.ch.ic.ac.uk/index.php?title=It:projects&amp;diff=6382"/>
		<updated>2006-11-29T12:11:45Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Hp305: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;__FORCETOC__&lt;br /&gt;
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{| summary=&amp;quot;CIT Project  Titles&amp;quot; border=&amp;quot;1&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
! bgcolor=&amp;quot;cyan&amp;quot; |Project&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt; Number&lt;br /&gt;
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| bgcolor=&amp;quot;#CCFF00&amp;quot; |01&lt;br /&gt;
| bgcolor=&amp;quot;#CCFF00&amp;quot; | [[it:Lignocaine|Lignocaine (used in dentistry as a &amp;quot;local&amp;quot;)]]&lt;br /&gt;
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| bgcolor=&amp;quot;#CCFF00&amp;quot; |02&lt;br /&gt;
| bgcolor=&amp;quot;#66FF99&amp;quot; | [[it:Piperine|Piperine (active ingredient of both black and white pepper)]]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| bgcolor=&amp;quot;#CCFF00&amp;quot; |03&lt;br /&gt;
| bgcolor=&amp;quot;#CCFF00&amp;quot; | [[it:Rapamycin|Rapamycin (prevents transplant rejection)]]&lt;br /&gt;
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| bgcolor=&amp;quot;#CCFF00&amp;quot; |04&lt;br /&gt;
| bgcolor=&amp;quot;#66FF99&amp;quot; | [[it:Gossypol|Gossypol (male birth control)]]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| bgcolor=&amp;quot;#CCFF00&amp;quot; |05&lt;br /&gt;
| bgcolor=&amp;quot;#CCFF00&amp;quot; | [[it:Gentamycin|Gentamicin A (aminoglycoside antibiotic)]]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| bgcolor=&amp;quot;#CCFF00&amp;quot; |06&lt;br /&gt;
| bgcolor=&amp;quot;#66FF99&amp;quot; | [[it:Herceptin|Herceptin (topical anticancer drug)]]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| bgcolor=&amp;quot;#CCFF00&amp;quot; |07&lt;br /&gt;
| bgcolor=&amp;quot;#CCFF00&amp;quot; | [[it:Gingerone|Zingerone (the characteristic smell of ginger)]]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| bgcolor=&amp;quot;#CCFF00&amp;quot; |08&lt;br /&gt;
| bgcolor=&amp;quot;#66FF99&amp;quot; | [[it:Sucralose|Sucralose (non-metabolizable sweetening agent)]]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| bgcolor=&amp;quot;#CCFF00&amp;quot; |09&lt;br /&gt;
| bgcolor=&amp;quot;#CCFF00&amp;quot; | [[it:Bufotoxin|Bufotoxin (active component of the toad &#039;&#039;Bufo vulgaris&#039;&#039;)]]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| bgcolor=&amp;quot;#CCFF00&amp;quot; |10&lt;br /&gt;
| bgcolor=&amp;quot;#66FF99&amp;quot; | [[it:Roaccutane|Roaccutane (treatment for severe acne)]]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| bgcolor=&amp;quot;#CCFF00&amp;quot; |11&lt;br /&gt;
| bgcolor=&amp;quot;#CCFF00&amp;quot; | [[it:Sibutramine|Sibutramine (appetite suppresor)]]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| bgcolor=&amp;quot;#CCFF00&amp;quot; |12&lt;br /&gt;
| bgcolor=&amp;quot;#66FF99&amp;quot; | [[it:Anandamide|Anandamide (the &amp;quot;feel-good&amp;quot; factor in chocolate)]]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| bgcolor=&amp;quot;#CCFF00&amp;quot; |13&lt;br /&gt;
| bgcolor=&amp;quot;#CCFF00&amp;quot; | [[it:h3nbh3|Ammonia-borane: H&amp;lt;sub&amp;gt;3&amp;lt;/sub&amp;gt;N-BH&amp;lt;sub&amp;gt;3&amp;lt;/sub&amp;gt; (Hydrogen storage molecule?)]]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| bgcolor=&amp;quot;#CCFF00&amp;quot; |14&lt;br /&gt;
| bgcolor=&amp;quot;#66FF99&amp;quot; | [[it:Methoxsalen|Methoxsalen (Treatment of psoriasis)]]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| bgcolor=&amp;quot;#CCFF00&amp;quot; |15&lt;br /&gt;
| bgcolor=&amp;quot;#CCFF00&amp;quot; | [[it:Hycocine|Hyoscine (From Mandrake and Witches Henbane, pre-med before surgery)]]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| bgcolor=&amp;quot;#CCFF00&amp;quot; |16&lt;br /&gt;
| bgcolor=&amp;quot;#66FF99&amp;quot; | [[it:Capreomycin|Capreomycin (Drug-resistant TB)]]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| bgcolor=&amp;quot;#CCFF00&amp;quot; |17&lt;br /&gt;
| bgcolor=&amp;quot;#CCFF00&amp;quot; | [[it:wilkinson|Wilkinson&#039;s catalyst]]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| bgcolor=&amp;quot;#CCFF00&amp;quot; |18&lt;br /&gt;
| bgcolor=&amp;quot;#66FF99&amp;quot; | [[it:Jacobsen|Jacobsen&#039;s epoxidation catalyst]]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| bgcolor=&amp;quot;#CCFF00&amp;quot; |19&lt;br /&gt;
| bgcolor=&amp;quot;#CCFF00&amp;quot; | [[it:Methylaluminoxane|Methylaluminoxane: MAO - hugely important ethylene polymerisation cocatalyst]]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| bgcolor=&amp;quot;#CCFF00&amp;quot; |20&lt;br /&gt;
| bgcolor=&amp;quot;#66FF99&amp;quot; | [[it:Schwartz|Schwartz reagent for the hydrozirconation of alkenes and alkynes]]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| bgcolor=&amp;quot;#CCFF00&amp;quot; |21&lt;br /&gt;
| bgcolor=&amp;quot;#CCFF00&amp;quot; | [[it:Schrock|Schrock metathesis catalyst]]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| bgcolor=&amp;quot;#CCFF00&amp;quot; |22&lt;br /&gt;
| bgcolor=&amp;quot;#66FF99&amp;quot; | [[it:knots|Molecular-scale knots (nanoscale devices)]]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|bgcolor=&amp;quot;#CCFF00&amp;quot; |23&lt;br /&gt;
| bgcolor=&amp;quot;#CCFF00&amp;quot; | [[it:Vioxx|Vioxx (treatment of osteoarthritis symptoms and pain)]]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| bgcolor=&amp;quot;#CCFF00&amp;quot; |24&lt;br /&gt;
| bgcolor=&amp;quot;#66FF99&amp;quot; | [[it:Sertraline|Sertraline HCl (anti-depression)]]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| bgcolor=&amp;quot;#CCFF00&amp;quot; |25&lt;br /&gt;
| bgcolor=&amp;quot;#CCFF00&amp;quot; | [[it:Ceftriaxone|Ceftriaxone (Gonorrhoea)]]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| bgcolor=&amp;quot;#CCFF00&amp;quot; |26&lt;br /&gt;
| bgcolor=&amp;quot;#66FF99&amp;quot; | [[it:Zithromycin|Zithromycin (anti-infective)]]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| bgcolor=&amp;quot;#CCFF00&amp;quot; |27&lt;br /&gt;
| bgcolor=&amp;quot;#CCFF00&amp;quot; | [[it:Lipitor|Lipitor (Cholesterol reducing agent)]]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| bgcolor=&amp;quot;#CCFF00&amp;quot; |28&lt;br /&gt;
| bgcolor=&amp;quot;#66FF99&amp;quot; | [[it:Cyameluric Acid|Cyameluric acid (Linus Pauling&#039;s last idea!)]]&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Supplemental  Project Page ==&lt;br /&gt;
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This area is for people who wish to create their own projects if none of the above appeal to them. Click on the  &#039;&#039;&#039;Edit&#039;&#039;&#039;  button to the right to open up an editable page,&lt;br /&gt;
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*[[it:Dihydroartemisinin| Dihydroartemisinin, An Active Anti-Malarial]]&lt;br /&gt;
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*[[it:Gingerol|Gingerol, precursor of Zingerone]]&lt;br /&gt;
*[[it:MSG|MSG; because everyone loves the flavour]]&lt;br /&gt;
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*[[it:Fullerene]]&lt;br /&gt;
*[[it:Histrionicotoxin]]&lt;br /&gt;
*[[it:limonene]]&lt;br /&gt;
*[[it:Capsanthin]]&lt;br /&gt;
*[[it:Safrole|Safrole: A formerly popular food and drinks additive]]&lt;br /&gt;
*[[it:Adenosine_Triphosphate|Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP), Energy source in muscles]]&lt;br /&gt;
*[[it:Aspartame|Aspartame: Artificial sweetener]]&lt;br /&gt;
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*[[it:Flucloxacillin|Flucloxacillin:antibiotic]]&lt;br /&gt;
*[[it:Quinine|Quinine: The Perfect Tonic for Any Fever]]&lt;br /&gt;
*[[it:Caramel|Caramel]]&lt;br /&gt;
*[[it:Azithromycin|Azythromycin]]&lt;br /&gt;
*[[it:Artemisinin|Artemisinin: An antimalarial drug]]&lt;br /&gt;
*[[it:Bradykinin|Bradykinin]]&lt;br /&gt;
*[[it:Carminic_acid|Carminic acid, Red colouring agent]]&lt;br /&gt;
*[[it:Oxytocin|Oxytocin: The Hormone of Love]]&lt;br /&gt;
*[[it:Carmoisine|Carmoisine]]&lt;br /&gt;
*[[it:Ziegler-Natta|Ziegler-Natta]]&lt;br /&gt;
*[[it:Cyclamate|Cyclamate]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== [[Special:Export|Export Pages]] ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
This takes you to an &#039;&#039;&#039;Export&#039;&#039;&#039; page. A backup of the Projects area can be made (in XML) if you want to keep your own &#039;&#039;snapshot&#039;&#039; of the project pages at any instant. After you Export the page you want (ie &#039;&#039;&#039;It:projects&#039;&#039;&#039; or &#039;&#039;&#039;It:Lignocaine&#039;&#039;&#039; for example) the XML encoding of it will appear in your browser Window. You should &#039;&#039;&#039;view source&#039;&#039;&#039; for this material, copy it to a text editor, and thence save it to disk.&lt;br /&gt;
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== Overlaps ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
If someone else  starts editing a page at the same time as you,   the system will detect this and offer alternatives for you to deal with.  For example, it may suggest you copy the contents of the page you have been editing and merge it into the other person&#039;s page,&lt;br /&gt;
so that both the sets of edits are preserved.  Read the on-screen instructions carefully!&lt;br /&gt;
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make the changes there, and then copy the entire lot to the  Wiki page to preview and then save. That way, if your contribution&lt;br /&gt;
is overlapped by someone else, you will still have a copy, and you can then resubmit it.&lt;br /&gt;
----&lt;br /&gt;
--[[User:Rzepa|Rzepa]] 12:25, 19 October 2006 (BST)--[[User:Rzepa|Rzepa]] 08:31, 5 November 2006 (UTC)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Wiki Utillities ==&lt;br /&gt;
Utilities have been written to help the conversion of material from  HTML.&lt;br /&gt;
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# [http://diberri.dyndns.org/wikipedia/html2wiki/ A HTML2Wiki Converter]&lt;br /&gt;
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=== Wiki Templates ===&lt;br /&gt;
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[[Template:DOI]] and [[Template:Doi-inline]] are providea as (protected) templates for your use.  Many other templates exist, often to be found on e.g. Wikipedia pages.  You may decide one of these is of particular use, or of interest.  If so, you can install it on the wiki here for you and others to use.  Add below a line that looks like  {{template-name|parameter}}, save, and click on the red text to create the new template. If you prefer the task of adding useful templates to that of adding information about molecules, then you will be given full credit for performing this valuable service for others!&lt;br /&gt;
--[[User:Rzepa|Rzepa]] 14:41, 20 October 2006 (BST)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
----&lt;br /&gt;
[[Template:Chem-Data]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Template:Chembox supplement]] - to be linked to from the supplementary section of the table in the template above, for usage see [[Template_talk:chembox_supplement|here]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Template:NFPA_704]] - for notes on how to use, see [[Template_talk:NFPA_704|here]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[R &amp;amp; S Phrases]]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Hp305</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://chemwiki.ch.ic.ac.uk/index.php?title=It:Rapamycin&amp;diff=4472</id>
		<title>It:Rapamycin</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://chemwiki.ch.ic.ac.uk/index.php?title=It:Rapamycin&amp;diff=4472"/>
		<updated>2006-10-27T11:55:45Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Hp305: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;{| class=&amp;quot;toccolours&amp;quot; border=&amp;quot;1&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;float: right; clear: right; margin: 0 0 1em 1em; border-collapse: collapse;&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
! {{chembox header}}  colspan=&amp;quot;3&amp;quot; |2D Structure of Rapamycin &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| align=&amp;quot;center&amp;quot; colspan=&amp;quot;3&amp;quot; bgcolor=&amp;quot;#ffffff&amp;quot; | [[Image:Rapamycin.gif|50|2D structure of Rapamycin|50]] &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! {{chembox header}}  colspan=&amp;quot;3&amp;quot; |3D structure of Rapamycin&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| align=&amp;quot;center&amp;quot; colspan=&amp;quot;3&amp;quot; bgcolor=&amp;quot;#ffffff&amp;quot; | &amp;lt;jmol&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;jmolApplet&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;size&amp;gt;200&amp;lt;/size&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;color&amp;gt;white&amp;lt;/color&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;script&amp;gt;zoom 100; cpk off;frame 1; move 10 -20 10 0 0 0 0 0 3; delay 1;&amp;lt;/script&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;inlineContents&amp;gt;HEADER    NONAME 20-Oct-06                                              NONE   1&lt;br /&gt;
TITLE                                                                   NONE   2&lt;br /&gt;
AUTHOR    WWW daemon apache                                             NONE   3&lt;br /&gt;
REVDAT   1  20-Oct-06     0                                             NONE   4&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM      1  C           0       8.027  -2.746  -4.135  0.00  0.00           C+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM      2  C           0       7.216  -2.718  -2.837  0.00  0.00           C+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM      3  H           0       7.321  -3.673  -2.322  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM      4  C           0       5.742  -2.472  -3.162  0.00  0.00           C+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM      5  C           0       4.931  -2.444  -1.865  0.00  0.00           C+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM      6  C           0       5.449  -1.320  -0.965  0.00  0.00           C+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM      7  H           0       5.344  -0.365  -1.479  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM      8  C           0       4.639  -1.292   0.333  0.00  0.00           C+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM      9  C           0       3.335  -0.525   0.103  0.00  0.00           C+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     10  H           0       3.556   0.438  -0.356  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     11  C           0       2.631  -0.302   1.444  0.00  0.00           C+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     12  H           0       1.638   0.111   1.269  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     13  C           0       3.449   0.674   2.294  0.00  0.00           C+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     14  C           0       3.608   1.975   1.552  0.00  0.00           C+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     15  C           0       4.139   3.193   2.262  0.00  0.00           C+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     16  H           0       5.049   3.534   1.768  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     17  C           0       3.105   4.290   2.221  0.00  0.00           C+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     18  C           0       2.929   4.986   1.125  0.00  0.00           C+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     19  C           0       1.891   6.076   1.084  0.00  0.00           C+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     20  H           0       1.797   6.526   2.072  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     21  C           0       0.544   5.485   0.663  0.00  0.00           C+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     22  H           0       0.700   4.760  -0.135  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     23  C           0      -0.363   6.585   0.171  0.00  0.00           C+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     24  C           0      -1.520   6.258  -0.736  0.00  0.00           C+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     25  H           0      -1.874   5.250  -0.524  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     26  C           0      -2.655   7.256  -0.501  0.00  0.00           C+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     27  C           0      -3.869   6.866  -1.351  0.00  0.00           C+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     28  H           0      -3.539   6.593  -2.353  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     29  C           0      -4.834   8.051  -1.437  0.00  0.00           C+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     30  C           0      -4.569   5.694  -0.716  0.00  0.00           C+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     31  C           0      -5.039   4.699  -1.461  0.00  0.00           C+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     32  C           0      -5.680   3.547  -0.814  0.00  0.00           C+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     33  C           0      -5.738   2.362  -1.443  0.00  0.00           C+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     34  C           0      -6.260   1.179  -0.765  0.00  0.00           C+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     35  C           0      -5.863  -0.027  -1.176  0.00  0.00           C+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     36  C           0      -6.343  -1.283  -0.487  0.00  0.00           C+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     37  H           0      -5.654  -1.547   0.315  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     38  C           0      -6.393  -2.409  -1.510  0.00  0.00           C+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     39  C           0      -5.584  -3.615  -1.052  0.00  0.00           C+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     40  H           0      -5.100  -4.072  -1.926  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     41  C           0      -6.509  -4.652  -0.412  0.00  0.00           C+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     42  C           0      -5.694  -5.912  -0.091  0.00  0.00           C+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     43  C           0      -4.503  -5.493   0.786  0.00  0.00           C+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     44  H           0      -4.868  -5.107   1.738  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     45  C           0      -3.596  -6.700   1.033  0.00  0.00           C+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     46  C           0      -3.722  -4.398   0.050  0.00  0.00           C+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     47  O           0      -3.362  -4.898  -1.247  0.00  0.00           O+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     48  O           0      -4.554  -3.254  -0.129  0.00  0.00           O+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     49  O           0      -7.648  -1.064   0.055  0.00  0.00           O+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     50  C           0      -7.475  -0.784   1.446  0.00  0.00           C+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     51  C           0      -4.918  -0.135  -2.344  0.00  0.00           C+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     52  C           0      -1.064   6.342  -2.194  0.00  0.00           C+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     53  O           0      -0.162   7.728   0.506  0.00  0.00           O+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     54  O           0      -0.060   4.837   1.784  0.00  0.00           O+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     55  C           0      -0.557   3.581   1.316  0.00  0.00           C+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     56  O           0       2.287   7.075   0.141  0.00  0.00           O+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     57  C           0       3.770   4.698  -0.093  0.00  0.00           C+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     58  C           0       4.450   2.840   3.718  0.00  0.00           C+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     59  O           0       3.309   2.041   0.384  0.00  0.00           O+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     60  O           0       2.514  -1.566   2.146  0.00  0.00           O+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     61  C           0       1.650  -2.503   1.716  0.00  0.00           C+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     62  C           0       1.540  -3.803   2.471  0.00  0.00           C+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     63  H           0       1.763  -3.606   3.528  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     64  C           0       0.145  -4.393   2.344  0.00  0.00           C+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     65  N           0      -0.076  -4.877   0.987  0.00  0.00           N+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     66  C           0      -1.182  -4.622   0.288  0.00  0.00           C+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     67  C           0      -2.462  -4.084   0.810  0.00  0.00           C+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     68  O           0      -2.490  -3.413   1.814  0.00  0.00           O+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     69  O           0      -1.137  -4.858  -0.902  0.00  0.00           O+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     70  C           0       0.938  -5.754   0.364  0.00  0.00           C+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     71  C           0       2.303  -5.066   0.463  0.00  0.00           C+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     72  C           0       2.582  -4.793   1.944  0.00  0.00           C+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     73  O           0       0.971  -2.305   0.736  0.00  0.00           O+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     74  C           0       2.424  -1.334  -0.822  0.00  0.00           C+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     75  C           0       6.924  -1.566  -0.639  0.00  0.00           C+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     76  C           0       7.734  -1.594  -1.937  0.00  0.00           C+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     77  H           0       7.629  -0.639  -2.451  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     78  O           0       9.111  -1.823  -1.633  0.00  0.00           O+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     79  C           0       9.713  -0.540  -1.448  0.00  0.00           C+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     80  H           0       7.922  -1.791  -4.649  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     81  H           0       9.077  -2.921  -3.903  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     82  H           0       7.658  -3.547  -4.776  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     83  H           0       5.637  -1.517  -3.677  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     84  H           0       5.373  -3.273  -3.803  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     85  H           0       3.881  -2.269  -2.096  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     86  H           0       5.036  -3.399  -1.350  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     87  H           0       4.411  -2.312   0.641  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     88  H           0       5.218  -0.798   1.113  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     89  H           0       2.933   0.855   3.237  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     90  H           0       4.432   0.247   2.493  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     91  H           0       2.512   4.505   3.097  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     92  H           0      -2.933   7.248   0.553  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     93  H           0      -2.323   8.256  -0.780  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     94  H           0      -4.326   8.900  -1.895  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     95  H           0      -5.697   7.774  -2.041  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     96  H           0      -5.164   8.324  -0.435  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     97  H           0      -4.685   5.661   0.359  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     98  H           0      -4.958   4.739  -2.535  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     99  H           0      -6.116   3.662   0.168  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    100  H           0      -5.409   2.280  -2.473  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    101  H           0      -6.962   1.272   0.047  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    102  H           0      -7.430  -2.711  -1.657  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    103  H           0      -5.991  -2.049  -2.457  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    104  H           0      -6.932  -4.246   0.508  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    105  H           0      -7.312  -4.902  -1.105  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    106  H           0      -6.316  -6.626   0.448  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    107  H           0      -5.330  -6.360  -1.016  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    108  H           0      -3.227  -7.079   0.080  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    109  H           0      -2.754  -6.400   1.656  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    110  H           0      -4.162  -7.482   1.540  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    111  H           0      -2.872  -4.193  -1.692  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    112  H           0      -6.892   0.129   1.562  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    113  H           0      -8.451  -0.653   1.914  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    114  H           0      -6.952  -1.613   1.922  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    115  H           0      -4.220   0.701  -2.325  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    116  H           0      -4.364  -1.072  -2.277  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    117  H           0      -5.486  -0.114  -3.274  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    118  H           0      -0.257   5.629  -2.363  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    119  H           0      -1.901   6.106  -2.851  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    120  H           0      -0.708   7.350  -2.406  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    121  H           0      -1.241   3.749   0.483  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    122  H           0       0.276   2.962   0.983  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    123  H           0      -1.086   3.076   2.123  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    124  H           0       3.137   7.422   0.443  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    125  H           0       4.462   3.885   0.127  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    126  H           0       3.123   4.410  -0.922  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    127  H           0       4.333   5.591  -0.365  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    128  H           0       5.198   2.048   3.747  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    129  H           0       4.833   3.721   4.231  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    130  H           0       3.539   2.499   4.211  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    131  H           0       0.039  -5.222   3.045  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    132  H           0      -0.593  -3.627   2.579  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    133  H           0       0.970  -6.709   0.888  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    134  H           0       0.686  -5.918  -0.684  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    135  H           0       3.076  -5.718   0.056  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    136  H           0       2.284  -4.126  -0.089  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    137  H           0       3.579  -4.367   2.056  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    138  H           0       2.516  -5.725   2.506  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    139  H           0       1.388  -1.033  -0.667  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    140  H           0       2.704  -1.150  -1.859  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    141  H           0       2.530  -2.396  -0.600  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    142  H           0       7.292  -0.765   0.002  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    143  H           0       7.028  -2.521  -0.125  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    144  H           0      10.770  -0.665  -1.213  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    145  H           0       9.610   0.044  -2.362  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    146  H           0       9.217  -0.022  -0.628  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT    1    2   80   81   82                                         NONE 151&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT    2    1    3   76    4                                         NONE 152&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT    4    2    5   83   84                                         NONE 153&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT    5    4    6   85   86                                         NONE 154&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT    6    5    7    8   75                                         NONE 155&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT    8    6    9   87   88                                         NONE 156&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT    9    8   10   11   74                                         NONE 157&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   11    9   12   13   60                                         NONE 158&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   13   11   14   89   90                                         NONE 159&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   14   13   15   59    0                                         NONE 160&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   15   14   16   17   58                                         NONE 161&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   17   15   18   91    0                                         NONE 162&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   18   17   19   57    0                                         NONE 163&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   19   18   20   21   56                                         NONE 164&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   21   19   22   23   54                                         NONE 165&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   23   21   24   53    0                                         NONE 166&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   24   23   25   26   52                                         NONE 167&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   26   24   27   92   93                                         NONE 168&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   27   26   28   29   30                                         NONE 169&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   29   27   94   95   96                                         NONE 170&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   30   27   31   97    0                                         NONE 171&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   31   30   32   98    0                                         NONE 172&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   32   31   33   99    0                                         NONE 173&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   33   32   34  100    0                                         NONE 174&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   34   33   35  101    0                                         NONE 175&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   35   34   36   51    0                                         NONE 176&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   36   35   37   38   49                                         NONE 177&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   38   36   39  102  103                                         NONE 178&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   39   38   40   48   41                                         NONE 179&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   41   39   42  104  105                                         NONE 180&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   42   41   43  106  107                                         NONE 181&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   43   42   44   45   46                                         NONE 182&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   45   43  108  109  110                                         NONE 183&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   46   43   47   67   48                                         NONE 184&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   47   46  111    0    0                                         NONE 185&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   48   46   39    0    0                                         NONE 186&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   49   36   50    0    0                                         NONE 187&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   50   49  112  113  114                                         NONE 188&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   51   35  115  116  117                                         NONE 189&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   52   24  118  119  120                                         NONE 190&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   53   23    0    0    0                                         NONE 191&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   54   21   55    0    0                                         NONE 192&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   55   54  121  122  123                                         NONE 193&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   56   19  124    0    0                                         NONE 194&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   57   18  125  126  127                                         NONE 195&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   58   15  128  129  130                                         NONE 196&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   59   14    0    0    0                                         NONE 197&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   60   11   61    0    0                                         NONE 198&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   61   60   62   73    0                                         NONE 199&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   62   61   63   72   64                                         NONE 200&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   64   62   65  131  132                                         NONE 201&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   65   64   66   70    0                                         NONE 202&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   66   65   67   69    0                                         NONE 203&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   67   66   46   68    0                                         NONE 204&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   68   67    0    0    0                                         NONE 205&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   69   66    0    0    0                                         NONE 206&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   70   65   71  133  134                                         NONE 207&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   71   70   72  135  136                                         NONE 208&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   72   71   62  137  138                                         NONE 209&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   73   61    0    0    0                                         NONE 210&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   74    9  139  140  141                                         NONE 211&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   75    6   76  142  143                                         NONE 212&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   76   75   77    2   78                                         NONE 213&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   78   76   79    0    0                                         NONE 214&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   79   78  144  145  146                                         NONE 215&lt;br /&gt;
END  &lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/inlineContents&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/jmolApplet&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/jmol&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| align=&amp;quot;center&amp;quot; colspan=&amp;quot;3&amp;quot; bgcolor=&amp;quot;#ffffff&amp;quot; |&lt;br /&gt;
|- &lt;br /&gt;
! {{chembox header}} colspan=&amp;quot;3&amp;quot;| Properties &amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;1&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| CA Index Name&lt;br /&gt;
| colspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot;| Rapamycin- (9CI)&lt;br /&gt;
|- &lt;br /&gt;
| Other Names&lt;br /&gt;
|colspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot;| Sirolimus&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Rapamune&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
AY-22989&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
RAPA&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
NSC-226080&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| Chemical formula|Molecular formula&lt;br /&gt;
| colspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot; | C&amp;lt;sub&amp;gt;51&amp;lt;/sub&amp;gt;H&amp;lt;sub&amp;gt;79&amp;lt;/sub&amp;gt;N&amp;lt;sub&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/sub&amp;gt;O&amp;lt;sub&amp;gt;13 &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| Molar mass&lt;br /&gt;
| colspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot; | 914.17 g/mol&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| CAS registry number|CAS number&lt;br /&gt;
| colspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot; | 53123-88-9&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| Appearance&lt;br /&gt;
| colspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot; | White to off-white solid&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| Melting point&lt;br /&gt;
| colspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot; | 183-185 °C&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| pKa&lt;br /&gt;
| colspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot; | ~10.4&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;Rapamycin&#039;&#039;&#039; also known as Sirolimus, is a potent immunosuppressive and anti-proliferative natural product isolated from the bacteria strain &#039;&#039;Streptomyces hygroscopicus&#039;&#039;. It is used as a drug to help prevent the body from rejecting organ and bone marrow transplants and also being studied as a treatment for cancer.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Rapamycin is the type of macrolides that do not obtain sugar moieties, which is that there is a sub group in the presence of an amino acid within the macrocyclic ring; therefore it has both an ester and an amide bond in the ring.&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;font size=5&amp;gt;&amp;lt;font color=red&amp;gt;How does Rapamycin work?&amp;lt;/font size&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/font color&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
Rapamycin potently inhibits downstream signaling from the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) proteins which functions in a signaling pathway to promote tumor growth&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;2&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt;. It coordinates the balance between protein synthesis and protein degradation in response to nutrient quality and quantity. Rapamycin binds to the FK-506 binding protein and the rapamycin/FKBP12 complex then binds to mTOR and prevents interaction of mTOR with target proteins in this signaling pathway.&amp;lt;br&amp;gt; &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Rapamycin inhibits the production of  T cells, and also inhibits the production of antibodies. It binds to the binding protein, such as FKBP-12 to generate an immunosuppressive complex.&lt;br /&gt;
This complex binds to and then inhibits the activation of the mammalian target of  rapamycin, mTOR. This inhibition suppresses cytokine inhibiting the progression from the G1 to the S phase of the cell cycle.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Rapamycin selectively inhibits the phosphorylation and activation of p70 S6 kinase&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;3&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt;. It prevents the translational activation of IGF-II and inhibits later signaling events such as p110Rb phosphorylation and cyclin A synthesis. &amp;lt;br&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The rapamycin is thought to target the proteins &amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;8&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt;:&lt;br /&gt;
(1) 70-kD S6 protein kinase p70&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;S6K&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
(2) Eukaryotic initiation factor eIF-4F&lt;br /&gt;
(3) G1-controlling cyclin-dependent kinase (cdk) proteins &lt;br /&gt;
(4) Kinase inhibitory protein Kip1 (p27&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;kip&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt;), which blocks cell progression to the S phase.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The diagram below shows how the mechanism steps of how rapamycin works:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;How Rapamycin works&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
[[Image:mechanism.gif]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;Note:&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
SRL  = Sirolimus (rapamycin)&lt;br /&gt;
mTOR = mammalian target of rapamycin&lt;br /&gt;
CsA  = Cyclosporine&lt;br /&gt;
PTKs = protein tyrosine kinases&lt;br /&gt;
p34&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;cdc2&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt; = a kinase&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Below is the 3D structure of the binding protein, FKBP 12.6 in complex with a rapamycin molecule: &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;jmol&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;jmolApplet&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;size&amp;gt;200&amp;lt;/size&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;color&amp;gt;black&amp;lt;/color&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;script&amp;gt;zoom 100; cpk on;frame 1; move 10 -20 10 0 0 0 0 0 3; delay 1;&amp;lt;/script&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;inlineContents&amp;gt;REMARK   MSI WebLab Viewer PDB file&lt;br /&gt;
REMARK   Created:  Thu Oct 26 13:37:31 GMT Standard Time 2006&lt;br /&gt;
CRYST1   45.696   49.288   51.694  90.00  90.00  90.00 P212121&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM      1  N   GLY A   1      -6.981   2.196  -6.695  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM      2  CA  GLY A   1      -8.065   1.703  -5.797  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM      3  C   GLY A   1      -9.417   2.193  -6.277  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM      4  O   GLY A   1      -9.620   2.391  -7.474  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM      5  N   VAL A   2     -10.341   2.395  -5.345  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM      6  CA  VAL A   2     -11.672   2.874  -5.688  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM      7  C   VAL A   2     -11.896   4.253  -5.093  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM      8  O   VAL A   2     -11.650   4.467  -3.906  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM      9  CB  VAL A   2     -12.775   1.964  -5.119  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     10  CG1 VAL A   2     -14.094   2.249  -5.822  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     11  CG2 VAL A   2     -12.376   0.517  -5.254  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     12  N   GLU A   3     -12.355   5.183  -5.923  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     13  CA  GLU A   3     -12.654   6.535  -5.471  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     14  C   GLU A   3     -14.163   6.708  -5.554  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     15  O   GLU A   3     -14.802   6.200  -6.474  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     16  CB  GLU A   3     -11.955   7.572  -6.348  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     17  CG  GLU A   3     -10.439   7.498  -6.286  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     18  CD  GLU A   3      -9.773   8.693  -6.944  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     19  OE1 GLU A   3     -10.120   9.004  -8.106  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     20  OE2 GLU A   3      -8.902   9.321  -6.299  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     21  N   ILE A   4     -14.724   7.428  -4.590  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     22  CA  ILE A   4     -16.160   7.645  -4.517  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     23  C   ILE A   4     -16.539   9.118  -4.648  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     24  O   ILE A   4     -15.943   9.977  -4.004  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     25  CB  ILE A   4     -16.728   7.152  -3.150  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     26  CG1 ILE A   4     -16.327   5.697  -2.890  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     27  CG2 ILE A   4     -18.232   7.308  -3.120  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     28  CD1 ILE A   4     -16.872   4.708  -3.892  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     29  N   GLU A   5     -17.527   9.393  -5.494  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     30  CA  GLU A   5     -18.054  10.744  -5.669  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     31  C   GLU A   5     -19.552  10.561  -5.505  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     32  O   GLU A   5     -20.210   9.962  -6.357  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     33  CB  GLU A   5     -17.748  11.307  -7.060  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     34  CG  GLU A   5     -16.281  11.588  -7.305  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     35  CD  GLU A   5     -16.027  12.152  -8.688  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     36  OE1 GLU A   5     -16.467  13.290  -8.959  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     37  OE2 GLU A   5     -15.390  11.452  -9.505  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     38  N   THR A   6     -20.086  11.064  -4.401  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     39  CA  THR A   6     -21.503  10.918  -4.115  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     40  C   THR A   6     -22.435  11.594  -5.113  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     41  O   THR A   6     -22.225  12.741  -5.517  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     42  CB  THR A   6     -21.819  11.427  -2.699  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     43  OG1 THR A   6     -21.153  10.595  -1.743  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     44  CG2 THR A   6     -23.321  11.402  -2.440  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     45  N   ILE A   7     -23.461  10.853  -5.514  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     46  CA  ILE A   7     -24.471  11.341  -6.443  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     47  C   ILE A   7     -25.656  11.812  -5.601  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     48  O   ILE A   7     -26.213  12.891  -5.818  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     49  CB  ILE A   7     -24.909  10.212  -7.401  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     50  CG1 ILE A   7     -23.758   9.896  -8.365  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     51  CG2 ILE A   7     -26.173  10.614  -8.163  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     52  CD1 ILE A   7     -24.015   8.709  -9.281  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     53  N   SER A   8     -26.033  10.977  -4.639  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     54  CA  SER A   8     -27.119  11.267  -3.707  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     55  C   SER A   8     -26.659  10.688  -2.380  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     56  O   SER A   8     -26.206   9.549  -2.323  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     57  CB  SER A   8     -28.422  10.596  -4.144  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     58  OG  SER A   8     -29.022  11.290  -5.223  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     59  N   PRO A   9     -26.773  11.462  -1.292  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     60  CA  PRO A   9     -26.339  10.972   0.020  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     61  C   PRO A   9     -27.220   9.882   0.618  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     62  O   PRO A   9     -28.409   9.801   0.324  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     63  CB  PRO A   9     -26.321  12.244   0.868  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     64  CG  PRO A   9     -27.477  13.024   0.300  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     65  CD  PRO A   9     -27.298  12.837  -1.201  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     66  N   GLY A  10     -26.617   9.034   1.446  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     67  CA  GLY A  10     -27.365   7.973   2.098  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     68  C   GLY A  10     -27.791   8.483   3.463  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     69  O   GLY A  10     -27.748   9.688   3.707  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     70  N   ASP A  11     -28.198   7.595   4.363  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     71  CA  ASP A  11     -28.605   8.063   5.682  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     72  C   ASP A  11     -27.363   8.404   6.509  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     73  O   ASP A  11     -27.462   8.997   7.583  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     74  CB  ASP A  11     -29.469   7.014   6.394  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     75  CG  ASP A  11     -28.717   5.729   6.695  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     76  OD1 ASP A  11     -27.485   5.676   6.484  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     77  OD2 ASP A  11     -29.373   4.771   7.158  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     78  N   GLY A  12     -26.196   8.029   5.990  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     79  CA  GLY A  12     -24.941   8.314   6.664  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     80  C   GLY A  12     -24.631   7.519   7.920  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     81  O   GLY A  12     -23.743   7.898   8.690  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     82  N   ARG A  13     -25.335   6.415   8.137  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     83  CA  ARG A  13     -25.084   5.619   9.329  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     84  C   ARG A  13     -25.326   4.126   9.156  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     85  O   ARG A  13     -24.781   3.320   9.907  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     86  CB  ARG A  13     -25.919   6.156  10.498  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     87  CG  ARG A  13     -27.396   6.326  10.197  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     88  CD  ARG A  13     -28.075   7.146  11.295  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     89  NE  ARG A  13     -29.469   7.446  10.981  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     90  CZ  ARG A  13     -30.430   6.533  10.895  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     91  NH1 ARG A  13     -30.152   5.252  11.103  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     92  NH2 ARG A  13     -31.669   6.897  10.593  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     93  N   THR A  14     -26.126   3.755   8.163  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     94  CA  THR A  14     -26.420   2.346   7.925  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     95  C   THR A  14     -25.571   1.781   6.791  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     96  O   THR A  14     -25.933   1.895   5.619  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     97  CB  THR A  14     -27.907   2.141   7.586  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     98  OG1 THR A  14     -28.718   2.756   8.599  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     99  CG2 THR A  14     -28.236   0.657   7.519  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    100  N   PHE A  15     -24.445   1.166   7.150  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    101  CA  PHE A  15     -23.527   0.588   6.174  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    102  C   PHE A  15     -23.654  -0.930   6.104  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    103  O   PHE A  15     -24.151  -1.569   7.035  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    104  CB  PHE A  15     -22.074   0.944   6.521  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    105  CG  PHE A  15     -21.800   2.422   6.558  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    106  CD1 PHE A  15     -22.182   3.186   7.656  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    107  CD2 PHE A  15     -21.176   3.052   5.488  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    108  CE1 PHE A  15     -21.943   4.564   7.689  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    109  CE2 PHE A  15     -20.933   4.429   5.508  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    110  CZ  PHE A  15     -21.318   5.184   6.614  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    111  N   PRO A  16     -23.198  -1.529   4.994  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    112  CA  PRO A  16     -23.272  -2.984   4.832  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    113  C   PRO A  16     -22.464  -3.715   5.904  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    114  O   PRO A  16     -21.291  -3.410   6.120  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    115  CB  PRO A  16     -22.694  -3.205   3.433  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    116  CG  PRO A  16     -23.072  -1.940   2.713  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    117  CD  PRO A  16     -22.744  -0.887   3.748  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    118  N   LYS A  17     -23.102  -4.668   6.578  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    119  CA  LYS A  17     -22.435  -5.451   7.614  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    120  C   LYS A  17     -21.978  -6.781   7.019  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    121  O   LYS A  17     -22.447  -7.190   5.959  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    122  CB  LYS A  17     -23.385  -5.729   8.782  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    123  CG  LYS A  17     -23.891  -4.500   9.515  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    124  CD  LYS A  17     -24.763  -4.914  10.696  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    125  CE  LYS A  17     -25.272  -3.707  11.472  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    126  NZ  LYS A  17     -26.068  -4.106  12.674  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    127  N   LYS A  18     -21.072  -7.460   7.713  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    128  CA  LYS A  18     -20.565  -8.745   7.243  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    129  C   LYS A  18     -21.705  -9.742   7.046  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    130  O   LYS A  18     -22.583  -9.871   7.896  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    131  CB  LYS A  18     -19.559  -9.310   8.247  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    132  CG  LYS A  18     -18.379  -8.395   8.523  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    133  CD  LYS A  18     -17.434  -9.010   9.547  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    134  CE  LYS A  18     -16.263  -8.085   9.851  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    135  NZ  LYS A  18     -15.335  -8.691  10.844  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    136  N   GLY A  19     -21.692 -10.435   5.912  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    137  CA  GLY A  19     -22.726 -11.418   5.637  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    138  C   GLY A  19     -24.002 -10.886   5.009  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    139  O   GLY A  19     -24.752 -11.645   4.390  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    140  N   GLN A  20     -24.262  -9.590   5.165  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    141  CA  GLN A  20     -25.464  -8.992   4.596  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    142  C   GLN A  20     -25.453  -9.062   3.079  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    143  O   GLN A  20     -24.400  -9.216   2.457  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    144  CB  GLN A  20     -25.602  -7.527   5.016  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    145  CG  GLN A  20     -26.018  -7.319   6.456  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    146  CD  GLN A  20     -26.535  -5.914   6.703  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    147  OE1 GLN A  20     -25.795  -4.937   6.592  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    148  NE2 GLN A  20     -27.818  -5.806   7.030  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    149  N   THR A  21     -26.637  -8.950   2.490  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    150  CA  THR A  21     -26.773  -8.978   1.043  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    151  C   THR A  21     -27.114  -7.571   0.582  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    152  O   THR A  21     -28.130  -7.004   0.990  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    153  CB  THR A  21     -27.896  -9.934   0.592  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    154  OG1 THR A  21     -27.606 -11.263   1.044  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    155  CG2 THR A  21     -28.009  -9.935  -0.922  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    156  N   CYS A  22     -26.250  -7.002  -0.251  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    157  CA  CYS A  22     -26.479  -5.662  -0.765  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    158  C   CYS A  22     -27.405  -5.709  -1.970  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    159  O   CYS A  22     -27.232  -6.537  -2.866  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    160  CB  CYS A  22     -25.155  -5.012  -1.172  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    161  SG  CYS A  22     -24.056  -4.617   0.206  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    162  N   VAL A  23     -28.405  -4.835  -1.972  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    163  CA  VAL A  23     -29.329  -4.740  -3.093  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    164  C   VAL A  23     -28.961  -3.414  -3.736  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    165  O   VAL A  23     -29.121  -2.349  -3.137  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    166  CB  VAL A  23     -30.798  -4.711  -2.640  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    167  CG1 VAL A  23     -31.710  -4.703  -3.861  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    168  CG2 VAL A  23     -31.097  -5.921  -1.758  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    169  N   VAL A  24     -28.458  -3.489  -4.958  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    170  CA  VAL A  24     -28.003  -2.305  -5.665  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    171  C   VAL A  24     -28.488  -2.194  -7.105  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    172  O   VAL A  24     -28.914  -3.174  -7.716  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    173  CB  VAL A  24     -26.449  -2.289  -5.700  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    174  CG1 VAL A  24     -25.945  -1.234  -6.669  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    175  CG2 VAL A  24     -25.897  -2.045  -4.307  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    176  N   HIS A  25     -28.430  -0.973  -7.624  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    177  CA  HIS A  25     -28.737  -0.711  -9.015  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    178  C   HIS A  25     -27.410  -0.147  -9.512  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    179  O   HIS A  25     -26.775   0.644  -8.817  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    180  CB  HIS A  25     -29.841   0.328  -9.171  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    181  CG  HIS A  25     -31.102  -0.227  -9.753  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    182  ND1 HIS A  25     -31.106  -1.070 -10.844  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    183  CD2 HIS A  25     -32.399  -0.061  -9.401  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    184  CE1 HIS A  25     -32.350  -1.399 -11.138  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    185  NE2 HIS A  25     -33.154  -0.801 -10.278  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    186  N   TYR A  26     -26.967  -0.558 -10.691  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    187  CA  TYR A  26     -25.700  -0.054 -11.189  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    188  C   TYR A  26     -25.663   0.063 -12.704  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    189  O   TYR A  26     -26.477  -0.525 -13.415  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    190  CB  TYR A  26     -24.557  -0.970 -10.723  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    191  CG  TYR A  26     -24.487  -2.281 -11.480  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    192  CD1 TYR A  26     -23.818  -2.367 -12.703  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    193  CD2 TYR A  26     -25.132  -3.423 -11.002  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    194  CE1 TYR A  26     -23.791  -3.555 -13.431  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    195  CE2 TYR A  26     -25.118  -4.617 -11.726  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    196  CZ  TYR A  26     -24.445  -4.673 -12.942  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    197  OH  TYR A  26     -24.434  -5.841 -13.671  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    198  N   THR A  27     -24.697   0.840 -13.174  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    199  CA  THR A  27     -24.449   1.055 -14.587  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    200  C   THR A  27     -22.928   1.057 -14.665  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    201  O   THR A  27     -22.264   1.819 -13.956  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    202  CB  THR A  27     -24.992   2.416 -15.072  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    203  OG1 THR A  27     -26.420   2.441 -14.928  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    204  CG2 THR A  27     -24.624   2.646 -16.535  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    205  N   GLY A  28     -22.382   0.180 -15.501  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    206  CA  GLY A  28     -20.939   0.086 -15.638  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    207  C   GLY A  28     -20.472   0.667 -16.951  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    208  O   GLY A  28     -21.100   0.468 -17.994  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    209  N   MET A  29     -19.352   1.371 -16.908  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    210  CA  MET A  29     -18.826   2.009 -18.101  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    211  C   MET A  29     -17.303   2.036 -18.084  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    212  O   MET A  29     -16.690   2.198 -17.028  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    213  CB  MET A  29     -19.385   3.432 -18.163  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    214  CG  MET A  29     -18.848   4.325 -19.251  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    215  SD  MET A  29     -19.532   5.992 -19.016  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    216  CE  MET A  29     -18.323   6.720 -17.930  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    217  N   LEU A  30     -16.690   1.861 -19.248  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    218  CA  LEU A  30     -15.235   1.913 -19.343  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    219  C   LEU A  30     -14.853   3.387 -19.268  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    220  O   LEU A  30     -15.529   4.229 -19.857  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    221  CB  LEU A  30     -14.762   1.331 -20.679  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    222  CG  LEU A  30     -15.062  -0.143 -20.933  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    223  CD1 LEU A  30     -14.700  -0.502 -22.371  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    224  CD2 LEU A  30     -14.275  -0.990 -19.947  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    225  N   GLN A  31     -13.789   3.714 -18.543  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    226  CA  GLN A  31     -13.381   5.111 -18.432  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    227  C   GLN A  31     -13.116   5.621 -19.841  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    228  O   GLN A  31     -12.319   5.033 -20.568  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    229  CB  GLN A  31     -12.107   5.249 -17.595  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    230  CG  GLN A  31     -11.789   6.685 -17.216  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    231  CD  GLN A  31     -10.349   6.885 -16.801  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    232  OE1 GLN A  31      -9.782   6.078 -16.073  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    233  NE2 GLN A  31      -9.755   7.990 -17.249  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    234  N   ASN A  32     -13.784   6.706 -20.227  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    235  CA  ASN A  32     -13.610   7.268 -21.563  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    236  C   ASN A  32     -13.988   6.222 -22.620  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    237  O   ASN A  32     -13.457   6.218 -23.730  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    238  CB  ASN A  32     -12.156   7.717 -21.757  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    239  CG  ASN A  32     -11.724   8.764 -20.736  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    240  OD1 ASN A  32     -10.536   8.899 -20.437  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    241  ND2 ASN A  32     -12.689   9.514 -20.206  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    242  N   GLY A  33     -14.907   5.332 -22.262  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    243  CA  GLY A  33     -15.348   4.299 -23.183  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    244  C   GLY A  33     -16.858   4.153 -23.140  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    245  O   GLY A  33     -17.566   5.050 -22.680  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    246  N   LYS A  34     -17.356   3.013 -23.602  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    247  CA  LYS A  34     -18.790   2.760 -23.629  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    248  C   LYS A  34     -19.330   2.102 -22.363  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    249  O   LYS A  34     -18.587   1.494 -21.588  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    250  CB  LYS A  34     -19.135   1.859 -24.817  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    251  CG  LYS A  34     -18.413   0.520 -24.789  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    252  CD  LYS A  34     -19.064  -0.505 -25.711  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    253  CE  LYS A  34     -20.442  -0.915 -25.197  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    254  NZ  LYS A  34     -21.063  -1.980 -26.035  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    255  N   LYS A  35     -20.638   2.228 -22.169  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    256  CA  LYS A  35     -21.311   1.609 -21.037  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    257  C   LYS A  35     -21.391   0.141 -21.441  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    258  O   LYS A  35     -21.684  -0.160 -22.597  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    259  CB  LYS A  35     -22.716   2.190 -20.873  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    260  CG  LYS A  35     -22.736   3.676 -20.514  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    261  CD  LYS A  35     -24.154   4.236 -20.479  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    262  CE  LYS A  35     -24.787   4.206 -21.868  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    263  NZ  LYS A  35     -26.128   4.854 -21.908  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    264  N   PHE A  36     -21.128  -0.769 -20.510  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    265  CA  PHE A  36     -21.158  -2.189 -20.842  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    266  C   PHE A  36     -22.232  -2.976 -20.104  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    267  O   PHE A  36     -22.508  -4.124 -20.445  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    268  CB  PHE A  36     -19.777  -2.815 -20.593  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    269  CG  PHE A  36     -19.232  -2.572 -19.209  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    270  CD1 PHE A  36     -19.712  -3.287 -18.118  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    271  CD2 PHE A  36     -18.236  -1.618 -18.999  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    272  CE1 PHE A  36     -19.205  -3.056 -16.834  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    273  CE2 PHE A  36     -17.726  -1.380 -17.724  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    274  CZ  PHE A  36     -18.213  -2.103 -16.640  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    275  N   ASP A  37     -22.847  -2.363 -19.099  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    276  CA  ASP A  37     -23.888  -3.052 -18.350  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    277  C   ASP A  37     -24.728  -2.064 -17.552  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    278  O   ASP A  37     -24.242  -1.013 -17.128  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    279  CB  ASP A  37     -23.264  -4.088 -17.408  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    280  CG  ASP A  37     -24.275  -5.107 -16.911  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    281  OD1 ASP A  37     -25.448  -5.030 -17.330  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    282  OD2 ASP A  37     -23.902  -5.987 -16.110  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    283  N   SER A  38     -25.997  -2.404 -17.358  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    284  CA  SER A  38     -26.901  -1.548 -16.603  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    285  C   SER A  38     -28.049  -2.351 -16.013  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    286  O   SER A  38     -28.886  -2.886 -16.743  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    287  CB  SER A  38     -27.462  -0.441 -17.503  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    288  OG  SER A  38     -28.493   0.280 -16.846  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    289  N   SER A  39     -28.078  -2.442 -14.687  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    290  CA  SER A  39     -29.145  -3.159 -14.003  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    291  C   SER A  39     -30.408  -2.309 -14.118  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    292  O   SER A  39     -31.523  -2.822 -14.055  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    293  CB  SER A  39     -28.796  -3.363 -12.525  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    294  OG  SER A  39     -28.735  -2.119 -11.842  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    295  N   ARG A  40     -30.220  -1.003 -14.289  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    296  CA  ARG A  40     -31.340  -0.074 -14.416  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    297  C   ARG A  40     -32.046  -0.233 -15.762  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    298  O   ARG A  40     -33.268  -0.120 -15.839  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    299  CB  ARG A  40     -30.860   1.376 -14.262  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    300  CG  ARG A  40     -30.171   1.692 -12.932  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    301  CD  ARG A  40     -29.980   3.199 -12.746  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    302  NE  ARG A  40     -29.299   3.527 -11.494  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    303  CZ  ARG A  40     -27.977   3.548 -11.339  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    304  NH1 ARG A  40     -27.178   3.265 -12.361  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    305  NH2 ARG A  40     -27.449   3.841 -10.153  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    306  N   ASP A  41     -31.276  -0.491 -16.818  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    307  CA  ASP A  41     -31.847  -0.660 -18.154  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    308  C   ASP A  41     -32.739  -1.890 -18.276  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    309  O   ASP A  41     -33.630  -1.937 -19.128  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    310  CB  ASP A  41     -30.746  -0.731 -19.217  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    311  CG  ASP A  41     -30.151   0.634 -19.535  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    312  OD1 ASP A  41     -30.877   1.647 -19.413  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    313  OD2 ASP A  41     -28.964   0.691 -19.925  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    314  N   ARG A  42     -32.489  -2.895 -17.444  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    315  CA  ARG A  42     -33.302  -4.107 -17.468  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    316  C   ARG A  42     -34.241  -4.125 -16.269  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    317  O   ARG A  42     -34.891  -5.134 -15.990  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    318  CB  ARG A  42     -32.417  -5.356 -17.459  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    319  CG  ARG A  42     -31.297  -5.319 -16.444  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    320  CD  ARG A  42     -30.666  -6.691 -16.265  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    321  NE  ARG A  42     -29.464  -6.621 -15.438  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    322  CZ  ARG A  42     -28.287  -6.179 -15.867  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    323  NH1 ARG A  42     -28.146  -5.769 -17.122  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    324  NH2 ARG A  42     -27.250  -6.139 -15.040  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    325  N   ASN A  43     -34.319  -2.988 -15.579  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    326  CA  ASN A  43     -35.175  -2.829 -14.406  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    327  C   ASN A  43     -35.087  -4.044 -13.488  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    328  O   ASN A  43     -36.086  -4.718 -13.240  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    329  CB  ASN A  43     -36.634  -2.621 -14.832  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    330  CG  ASN A  43     -36.826  -1.385 -15.700  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    331  OD1 ASN A  43     -36.462  -1.371 -16.879  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    332  ND2 ASN A  43     -37.400  -0.339 -15.115  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    333  N   LYS A  44     -33.893  -4.322 -12.982  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    334  CA  LYS A  44     -33.703  -5.468 -12.103  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    335  C   LYS A  44     -32.517  -5.268 -11.166  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    336  O   LYS A  44     -31.362  -5.377 -11.579  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    337  CB  LYS A  44     -33.500  -6.736 -12.942  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    338  CG  LYS A  44     -33.408  -8.027 -12.139  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    339  CD  LYS A  44     -33.426  -9.243 -13.063  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    340  CE  LYS A  44     -33.317 -10.554 -12.291  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    341  NZ  LYS A  44     -31.978 -10.744 -11.666  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    342  N   PRO A  45     -32.793  -4.960  -9.888  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    343  CA  PRO A  45     -31.738  -4.748  -8.893  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    344  C   PRO A  45     -30.772  -5.928  -8.838  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    345  O   PRO A  45     -31.162  -7.077  -9.061  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    346  CB  PRO A  45     -32.522  -4.579  -7.598  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    347  CG  PRO A  45     -33.763  -3.883  -8.066  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    348  CD  PRO A  45     -34.118  -4.669  -9.310  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    349  N   PHE A  46     -29.514  -5.626  -8.539  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    350  CA  PHE A  46     -28.450  -6.619  -8.448  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    351  C   PHE A  46     -28.140  -6.901  -6.973  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    352  O   PHE A  46     -28.031  -5.971  -6.170  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    353  CB  PHE A  46     -27.201  -6.068  -9.142  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    354  CG  PHE A  46     -26.012  -6.979  -9.083  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    355  CD1 PHE A  46     -25.932  -8.098  -9.908  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    356  CD2 PHE A  46     -24.952  -6.703  -8.220  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    357  CE1 PHE A  46     -24.806  -8.931  -9.877  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    358  CE2 PHE A  46     -23.823  -7.527  -8.179  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    359  CZ  PHE A  46     -23.747  -8.641  -9.008  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    360  N   LYS A  47     -27.997  -8.174  -6.618  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    361  CA  LYS A  47     -27.697  -8.540  -5.235  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    362  C   LYS A  47     -26.396  -9.325  -5.123  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    363  O   LYS A  47     -26.051 -10.107  -6.012  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    364  CB  LYS A  47     -28.832  -9.389  -4.641  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    365  CG  LYS A  47     -30.208  -8.726  -4.643  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    366  CD  LYS A  47     -31.244  -9.609  -3.937  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    367  CE  LYS A  47     -32.640  -9.011  -4.018  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    368  NZ  LYS A  47     -33.644  -9.817  -3.269  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    369  N   PHE A  48     -25.672  -9.108  -4.031  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    370  CA  PHE A  48     -24.429  -9.829  -3.781  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    371  C   PHE A  48     -24.117  -9.793  -2.295  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    372  O   PHE A  48     -24.493  -8.851  -1.596  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    373  CB  PHE A  48     -23.255  -9.237  -4.575  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    374  CG  PHE A  48     -22.809  -7.880  -4.098  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    375  CD1 PHE A  48     -23.532  -6.738  -4.423  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    376  CD2 PHE A  48     -21.653  -7.745  -3.334  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    377  CE1 PHE A  48     -23.105  -5.470  -3.995  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    378  CE2 PHE A  48     -21.218  -6.489  -2.900  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    379  CZ  PHE A  48     -21.947  -5.350  -3.233  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    380  N   ARG A  49     -23.429 -10.829  -1.825  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    381  CA  ARG A  49     -23.059 -10.968  -0.418  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    382  C   ARG A  49     -21.734 -10.287  -0.090  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    383  O   ARG A  49     -20.716 -10.525  -0.748  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    384  CB  ARG A  49     -22.951 -12.452  -0.058  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    385  CG  ARG A  49     -24.171 -13.286  -0.420  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    386  CD  ARG A  49     -23.766 -14.719  -0.764  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    387  NE  ARG A  49     -23.007 -15.364   0.306  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    388  CZ  ARG A  49     -22.374 -16.527   0.179  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    389  NH1 ARG A  49     -22.404 -17.182  -0.975  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    390  NH2 ARG A  49     -21.708 -17.040   1.206  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    391  N   ILE A  50     -21.755  -9.451   0.942  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    392  CA  ILE A  50     -20.566  -8.739   1.395  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    393  C   ILE A  50     -19.517  -9.697   1.954  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    394  O   ILE A  50     -19.832 -10.568   2.758  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    395  CB  ILE A  50     -20.925  -7.719   2.508  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    396  CG1 ILE A  50     -21.499  -6.444   1.886  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    397  CG2 ILE A  50     -19.697  -7.414   3.361  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    398  CD1 ILE A  50     -20.498  -5.673   1.043  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    399  N   GLY A  51     -18.272  -9.530   1.522  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    400  CA  GLY A  51     -17.189 -10.361   2.021  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    401  C   GLY A  51     -17.100 -11.785   1.506  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    402  O   GLY A  51     -16.335 -12.591   2.044  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    403  N   LYS A  52     -17.870 -12.107   0.472  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    404  CA  LYS A  52     -17.849 -13.452  -0.086  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    405  C   LYS A  52     -17.088 -13.521  -1.405  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    406  O   LYS A  52     -17.124 -14.539  -2.097  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    407  CB  LYS A  52     -19.277 -13.965  -0.282  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    408  CG  LYS A  52     -20.037 -14.182   1.018  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    409  CD  LYS A  52     -19.334 -15.209   1.898  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    410  CE  LYS A  52     -20.107 -15.474   3.179  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    411  NZ  LYS A  52     -19.443 -16.511   4.020  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    412  N   GLN A  53     -16.403 -12.435  -1.749  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    413  CA  GLN A  53     -15.627 -12.380  -2.984  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    414  C   GLN A  53     -16.453 -12.745  -4.212  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    415  O   GLN A  53     -15.972 -13.447  -5.103  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    416  CB  GLN A  53     -14.432 -13.326  -2.889  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    417  CG  GLN A  53     -13.499 -13.013  -1.738  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    418  CD  GLN A  53     -12.503 -14.119  -1.491  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    419  OE1 GLN A  53     -12.881 -15.255  -1.200  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    420  NE2 GLN A  53     -11.219 -13.796  -1.602  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    421  N   GLU A  54     -17.692 -12.271  -4.268  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    422  CA  GLU A  54     -18.543 -12.569  -5.416  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    423  C   GLU A  54     -18.362 -11.547  -6.533  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    424  O   GLU A  54     -18.608 -11.846  -7.702  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    425  CB  GLU A  54     -20.012 -12.595  -4.999  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    426  CG  GLU A  54     -20.307 -13.506  -3.826  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    427  CD  GLU A  54     -21.785 -13.651  -3.582  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    428  OE1 GLU A  54     -22.499 -12.628  -3.654  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    429  OE2 GLU A  54     -22.232 -14.786  -3.313  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    430  N   VAL A  55     -17.933 -10.341  -6.172  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    431  CA  VAL A  55     -17.741  -9.276  -7.152  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    432  C   VAL A  55     -16.340  -8.677  -7.046  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    433  O   VAL A  55     -15.673  -8.827  -6.022  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    434  CB  VAL A  55     -18.788  -8.160  -6.951  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    435  CG1 VAL A  55     -20.200  -8.755  -7.006  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    436  CG2 VAL A  55     -18.560  -7.464  -5.613  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    437  N   ILE A  56     -15.894  -7.999  -8.100  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    438  CA  ILE A  56     -14.564  -7.394  -8.092  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    439  C   ILE A  56     -14.374  -6.523  -6.853  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    440  O   ILE A  56     -15.321  -5.901  -6.371  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    441  CB  ILE A  56     -14.307  -6.554  -9.375  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    442  CG1 ILE A  56     -15.440  -5.551  -9.602  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    443  CG2 ILE A  56     -14.182  -7.488 -10.575  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    444  CD1 ILE A  56     -15.210  -4.630 -10.793  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    445  N   LYS A  57     -13.144  -6.485  -6.345  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    446  CA  LYS A  57     -12.824  -5.723  -5.138  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    447  C   LYS A  57     -13.315  -4.287  -5.109  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    448  O   LYS A  57     -13.879  -3.841  -4.111  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    449  CB  LYS A  57     -11.313  -5.731  -4.885  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    450  CG  LYS A  57     -10.787  -7.039  -4.334  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    451  CD  LYS A  57      -9.324  -6.910  -3.923  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    452  CE  LYS A  57      -8.825  -8.180  -3.246  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    453  NZ  LYS A  57      -7.395  -8.065  -2.826  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    454  N   GLY A  58     -13.080  -3.562  -6.199  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    455  CA  GLY A  58     -13.492  -2.175  -6.264  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    456  C   GLY A  58     -14.979  -1.931  -6.085  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    457  O   GLY A  58     -15.385  -0.942  -5.471  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    458  N   PHE A  59     -15.797  -2.826  -6.624  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    459  CA  PHE A  59     -17.242  -2.687  -6.527  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    460  C   PHE A  59     -17.673  -2.948  -5.086  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    461  O   PHE A  59     -18.462  -2.191  -4.519  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    462  CB  PHE A  59     -17.915  -3.664  -7.498  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    463  CG  PHE A  59     -19.390  -3.413  -7.703  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    464  CD1 PHE A  59     -20.328  -3.891  -6.788  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    465  CD2 PHE A  59     -19.840  -2.725  -8.828  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    466  CE1 PHE A  59     -21.693  -3.692  -6.990  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    467  CE2 PHE A  59     -21.204  -2.517  -9.044  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    468  CZ  PHE A  59     -22.136  -3.003  -8.123  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    469  N   GLU A  60     -17.132  -4.001  -4.482  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    470  CA  GLU A  60     -17.483  -4.323  -3.105  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    471  C   GLU A  60     -16.952  -3.283  -2.119  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    472  O   GLU A  60     -17.652  -2.894  -1.191  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    473  CB  GLU A  60     -16.958  -5.706  -2.707  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    474  CG  GLU A  60     -17.614  -6.211  -1.425  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    475  CD  GLU A  60     -17.145  -7.584  -1.006  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    476  OE1 GLU A  60     -16.906  -8.432  -1.892  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    477  OE2 GLU A  60     -17.035  -7.820   0.218  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    478  N   GLU A  61     -15.713  -2.837  -2.311  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    479  CA  GLU A  61     -15.147  -1.839  -1.410  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    480  C   GLU A  61     -15.923  -0.531  -1.516  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    481  O   GLU A  61     -16.061   0.204  -0.537  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    482  CB  GLU A  61     -13.669  -1.603  -1.728  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    483  CG  GLU A  61     -12.814  -2.848  -1.570  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    484  CD  GLU A  61     -11.345  -2.583  -1.813  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    485  OE1 GLU A  61     -11.027  -1.644  -2.575  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    486  OE2 GLU A  61     -10.510  -3.324  -1.255  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    487  N   GLY A  62     -16.429  -0.240  -2.709  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    488  CA  GLY A  62     -17.199   0.974  -2.888  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    489  C   GLY A  62     -18.501   0.877  -2.109  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    490  O   GLY A  62     -18.852   1.769  -1.333  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    491  N   ALA A  63     -19.212  -0.228  -2.306  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    492  CA  ALA A  63     -20.487  -0.447  -1.635  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    493  C   ALA A  63     -20.334  -0.496  -0.123  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    494  O   ALA A  63     -21.180   0.016   0.615  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    495  CB  ALA A  63     -21.115  -1.742  -2.131  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    496  N   ALA A  64     -19.252  -1.118   0.337  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    497  CA  ALA A  64     -19.001  -1.252   1.764  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    498  C   ALA A  64     -18.902   0.092   2.481  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    499  O   ALA A  64     -19.242   0.190   3.661  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    500  CB  ALA A  64     -17.731  -2.069   1.996  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    501  N   GLN A  65     -18.452   1.129   1.779  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    502  CA  GLN A  65     -18.321   2.444   2.408  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    503  C   GLN A  65     -19.489   3.386   2.132  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    504  O   GLN A  65     -19.404   4.588   2.396  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    505  CB  GLN A  65     -17.011   3.111   1.981  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    506  CG  GLN A  65     -16.896   3.386   0.498  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    507  CD  GLN A  65     -15.542   3.956   0.135  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    508  OE1 GLN A  65     -15.246   5.122   0.416  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    509  NE2 GLN A  65     -14.705   3.135  -0.473  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    510  N   MET A  66     -20.574   2.837   1.599  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    511  CA  MET A  66     -21.769   3.621   1.297  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    512  C   MET A  66     -22.858   3.312   2.322  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    513  O   MET A  66     -22.951   2.186   2.809  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    514  CB  MET A  66     -22.278   3.286  -0.107  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    515  CG  MET A  66     -21.360   3.779  -1.227  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    516  SD  MET A  66     -21.802   3.102  -2.840  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    517  CE  MET A  66     -23.385   3.919  -3.121  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    518  N   SER A  67     -23.673   4.307   2.655  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    519  CA  SER A  67     -24.753   4.094   3.613  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    520  C   SER A  67     -26.065   3.852   2.864  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    521  O   SER A  67     -26.175   4.150   1.668  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    522  CB  SER A  67     -24.879   5.289   4.574  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    523  OG  SER A  67     -25.060   6.519   3.893  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    524  N   LEU A  68     -27.052   3.300   3.565  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    525  CA  LEU A  68     -28.343   2.990   2.959  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    526  C   LEU A  68     -28.934   4.161   2.183  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    527  O   LEU A  68     -29.022   5.274   2.697  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    528  CB  LEU A  68     -29.337   2.534   4.033  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    529  CG  LEU A  68     -30.677   2.004   3.514  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    530  CD1 LEU A  68     -30.438   0.840   2.560  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    531  CD2 LEU A  68     -31.539   1.556   4.689  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    532  N   GLY A  69     -29.331   3.896   0.940  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    533  CA  GLY A  69     -29.915   4.928   0.094  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    534  C   GLY A  69     -28.910   5.768  -0.678  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    535  O   GLY A  69     -29.282   6.535  -1.569  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    536  N   GLN A  70     -27.629   5.632  -0.348  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    537  CA  GLN A  70     -26.611   6.413  -1.033  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    538  C   GLN A  70     -26.414   5.947  -2.464  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    539  O   GLN A  70     -26.568   4.764  -2.770  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    540  CB  GLN A  70     -25.268   6.322  -0.299  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    541  CG  GLN A  70     -24.212   7.269  -0.843  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    542  CD  GLN A  70     -22.892   7.173  -0.083  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    543  OE1 GLN A  70     -22.825   6.580   0.993  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    544  NE2 GLN A  70     -21.841   7.771  -0.640  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    545  N   ARG A  71     -26.081   6.899  -3.334  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    546  CA  ARG A  71     -25.802   6.632  -4.739  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    547  C   ARG A  71     -24.497   7.348  -5.030  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    548  O   ARG A  71     -24.319   8.513  -4.659  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    549  CB  ARG A  71     -26.902   7.190  -5.646  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    550  CG  ARG A  71     -26.590   7.038  -7.127  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    551  CD  ARG A  71     -27.729   7.569  -7.984  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    552  NE  ARG A  71     -27.481   7.406  -9.413  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    553  CZ  ARG A  71     -28.266   7.914 -10.361  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    554  NH1 ARG A  71     -29.343   8.617 -10.021  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    555  NH2 ARG A  71     -27.983   7.719 -11.644  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    556  N   ALA A  72     -23.575   6.664  -5.692  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    557  CA  ALA A  72     -22.300   7.284  -5.968  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    558  C   ALA A  72     -21.643   6.762  -7.226  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    559  O   ALA A  72     -21.975   5.689  -7.726  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    560  CB  ALA A  72     -21.367   7.083  -4.781  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    561  N   LYS A  73     -20.706   7.552  -7.728  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    562  CA  LYS A  73     -19.935   7.202  -8.907  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    563  C   LYS A  73     -18.658   6.549  -8.385  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    564  O   LYS A  73     -17.917   7.162  -7.608  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    565  CB  LYS A  73     -19.588   8.471  -9.689  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    566  CG  LYS A  73     -18.573   8.289 -10.805  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    567  CD  LYS A  73     -18.169   9.649 -11.368  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    568  CE  LYS A  73     -17.260   9.522 -12.575  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    569  NZ  LYS A  73     -16.030   8.757 -12.253  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    570  N   LEU A  74     -18.405   5.303  -8.780  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    571  CA  LEU A  74     -17.196   4.628  -8.326  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    572  C   LEU A  74     -16.200   4.546  -9.470  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    573  O   LEU A  74     -16.546   4.130 -10.578  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    574  CB  LEU A  74     -17.487   3.201  -7.844  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    575  CG  LEU A  74     -18.759   2.834  -7.078  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    576  CD1 LEU A  74     -18.576   1.442  -6.495  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    577  CD2 LEU A  74     -19.045   3.828  -5.981  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    578  N   THR A  75     -14.967   4.958  -9.209  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    579  CA  THR A  75     -13.935   4.865 -10.222  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    580  C   THR A  75     -12.982   3.799  -9.704  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    581  O   THR A  75     -12.352   3.969  -8.658  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    582  CB  THR A  75     -13.196   6.197 -10.409  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    583  OG1 THR A  75     -14.144   7.221 -10.746  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    584  CG2 THR A  75     -12.171   6.078 -11.536  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    585  N   CYS A  76     -12.897   2.695 -10.437  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    586  CA  CYS A  76     -12.063   1.569 -10.044  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    587  C   CYS A  76     -10.873   1.349 -10.972  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    588  O   CYS A  76     -11.045   1.139 -12.174  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    589  CB  CYS A  76     -12.909   0.292 -10.016  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    590  SG  CYS A  76     -14.468   0.417  -9.079  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    591  N   THR A  77      -9.669   1.395 -10.411  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    592  CA  THR A  77      -8.467   1.159 -11.203  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    593  C   THR A  77      -8.425  -0.340 -11.518  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    594  O   THR A  77      -9.075  -1.147 -10.845  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    595  CB  THR A  77      -7.188   1.575 -10.434  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    596  OG1 THR A  77      -7.215   1.014  -9.116  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    597  CG2 THR A  77      -7.096   3.094 -10.336  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    598  N   PRO A  78      -7.664  -0.731 -12.551  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    599  CA  PRO A  78      -7.550  -2.137 -12.953  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    600  C   PRO A  78      -7.252  -3.129 -11.823  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    601  O   PRO A  78      -7.852  -4.205 -11.765  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    602  CB  PRO A  78      -6.432  -2.110 -13.995  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    603  CG  PRO A  78      -6.552  -0.742 -14.588  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    604  CD  PRO A  78      -6.785   0.122 -13.373  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    605  N   ASP A  79      -6.335  -2.771 -10.926  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    606  CA  ASP A  79      -5.965  -3.672  -9.836  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    607  C   ASP A  79      -7.124  -4.062  -8.914  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    608  O   ASP A  79      -7.050  -5.081  -8.227  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    609  CB  ASP A  79      -4.814  -3.077  -9.015  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    610  CG  ASP A  79      -5.149  -1.726  -8.445  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    611  OD1 ASP A  79      -5.459  -0.813  -9.233  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    612  OD2 ASP A  79      -5.101  -1.574  -7.212  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    613  N   VAL A  80      -8.183  -3.254  -8.885  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    614  CA  VAL A  80      -9.349  -3.580  -8.067  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    615  C   VAL A  80     -10.546  -3.901  -8.971  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    616  O   VAL A  80     -11.698  -3.845  -8.544  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    617  CB  VAL A  80      -9.716  -2.432  -7.082  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    618  CG1 VAL A  80      -8.655  -2.336  -5.979  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    619  CG2 VAL A  80      -9.832  -1.108  -7.826  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    620  N   ALA A  81     -10.252  -4.235 -10.227  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    621  CA  ALA A  81     -11.277  -4.602 -11.196  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    622  C   ALA A  81     -10.854  -5.906 -11.884  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    623  O   ALA A  81     -10.777  -6.951 -11.233  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    624  CB  ALA A  81     -11.466  -3.486 -12.227  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    625  N   TYR A  82     -10.555  -5.848 -13.180  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    626  CA  TYR A  82     -10.157  -7.049 -13.914  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    627  C   TYR A  82      -8.664  -7.146 -14.248  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    628  O   TYR A  82      -8.232  -8.062 -14.952  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    629  CB  TYR A  82     -11.020  -7.178 -15.178  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    630  CG  TYR A  82     -12.484  -7.397 -14.844  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    631  CD1 TYR A  82     -12.947  -8.650 -14.432  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    632  CD2 TYR A  82     -13.393  -6.338 -14.870  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    633  CE1 TYR A  82     -14.280  -8.841 -14.046  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    634  CE2 TYR A  82     -14.730  -6.518 -14.490  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    635  CZ  TYR A  82     -15.162  -7.770 -14.076  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    636  OH  TYR A  82     -16.466  -7.938 -13.668  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    637  N   GLY A  83      -7.885  -6.198 -13.739  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    638  CA  GLY A  83      -6.445  -6.208 -13.944  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    639  C   GLY A  83      -5.895  -6.301 -15.357  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    640  O   GLY A  83      -6.486  -5.792 -16.307  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    641  N   ALA A  84      -4.746  -6.959 -15.486  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    642  CA  ALA A  84      -4.080  -7.109 -16.776  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    643  C   ALA A  84      -4.792  -8.114 -17.665  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    644  O   ALA A  84      -4.618  -8.108 -18.883  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    645  CB  ALA A  84      -2.636  -7.538 -16.568  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    646  N   THR A  85      -5.596  -8.971 -17.048  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    647  CA  THR A  85      -6.330  -9.998 -17.776  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    648  C   THR A  85      -7.594  -9.470 -18.440  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    649  O   THR A  85      -7.944  -9.903 -19.538  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    650  CB  THR A  85      -6.745 -11.156 -16.843  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    651  OG1 THR A  85      -5.584 -11.705 -16.214  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    652  CG2 THR A  85      -7.459 -12.252 -17.633  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    653  N   GLY A  86      -8.275  -8.542 -17.771  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    654  CA  GLY A  86      -9.514  -8.003 -18.301  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    655  C   GLY A  86     -10.593  -9.071 -18.186  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    656  O   GLY A  86     -10.348 -10.127 -17.610  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    657  N   HIS A  87     -11.787  -8.796 -18.704  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    658  CA  HIS A  87     -12.871  -9.776 -18.677  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    659  C   HIS A  87     -13.148 -10.182 -20.125  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    660  O   HIS A  87     -13.560  -9.354 -20.939  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    661  CB  HIS A  87     -14.139  -9.181 -18.057  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    662  CG  HIS A  87     -15.283 -10.143 -18.001  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    663  ND1 HIS A  87     -15.322 -11.202 -17.118  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    664  CD2 HIS A  87     -16.407 -10.233 -18.748  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    665  CE1 HIS A  87     -16.424 -11.903 -17.324  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    666  NE2 HIS A  87     -17.100 -11.337 -18.309  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    667  N   PRO A  88     -12.927 -11.464 -20.460  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    668  CA  PRO A  88     -13.140 -11.985 -21.813  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    669  C   PRO A  88     -14.260 -11.359 -22.632  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    670  O   PRO A  88     -15.435 -11.455 -22.277  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    671  CB  PRO A  88     -13.354 -13.476 -21.570  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    672  CG  PRO A  88     -12.350 -13.741 -20.477  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    673  CD  PRO A  88     -12.577 -12.558 -19.532  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    674  N   GLY A  89     -13.870 -10.708 -23.726  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    675  CA  GLY A  89     -14.820 -10.091 -24.638  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    676  C   GLY A  89     -15.633  -8.892 -24.181  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    677  O   GLY A  89     -16.491  -8.427 -24.926  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    678  N   VAL A  90     -15.378  -8.376 -22.982  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    679  CA  VAL A  90     -16.140  -7.228 -22.492  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    680  C   VAL A  90     -15.254  -6.116 -21.923  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    681  O   VAL A  90     -15.404  -4.945 -22.280  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    682  CB  VAL A  90     -17.147  -7.655 -21.395  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    683  CG1 VAL A  90     -18.042  -6.484 -21.030  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    684  CG2 VAL A  90     -17.979  -8.835 -21.881  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    685  N   ILE A  91     -14.338  -6.491 -21.034  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    686  CA  ILE A  91     -13.427  -5.533 -20.408  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    687  C   ILE A  91     -11.994  -5.844 -20.841  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    688  O   ILE A  91     -11.483  -6.937 -20.583  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    689  CB  ILE A  91     -13.467  -5.634 -18.864  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    690  CG1 ILE A  91     -14.913  -5.540 -18.355  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    691  CG2 ILE A  91     -12.562  -4.552 -18.250  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    692  CD1 ILE A  91     -15.621  -4.225 -18.679  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    693  N   PRO A  92     -11.321  -4.886 -21.501  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    694  CA  PRO A  92      -9.941  -5.129 -21.936  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    695  C   PRO A  92      -8.929  -5.029 -20.802  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    696  O   PRO A  92      -9.249  -4.561 -19.706  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    697  CB  PRO A  92      -9.716  -4.042 -22.985  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    698  CG  PRO A  92     -10.539  -2.910 -22.458  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    699  CD  PRO A  92     -11.822  -3.607 -22.031  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    700  N   PRO A  93      -7.691  -5.487 -21.050  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    701  CA  PRO A  93      -6.636  -5.431 -20.038  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    702  C   PRO A  93      -6.411  -3.987 -19.571  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    703  O   PRO A  93      -6.597  -3.040 -20.345  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    704  CB  PRO A  93      -5.426  -5.984 -20.780  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    705  CG  PRO A  93      -6.045  -7.000 -21.701  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    706  CD  PRO A  93      -7.251  -6.261 -22.228  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    707  N   ASN A  94      -6.030  -3.837 -18.304  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    708  CA  ASN A  94      -5.740  -2.536 -17.692  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    709  C   ASN A  94      -6.852  -1.503 -17.804  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    710  O   ASN A  94      -6.586  -0.313 -17.988  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    711  CB  ASN A  94      -4.470  -1.934 -18.295  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    712  CG  ASN A  94      -3.777  -0.985 -17.335  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    713  OD1 ASN A  94      -3.383  -1.387 -16.244  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    714  ND2 ASN A  94      -3.630   0.271 -17.730  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    715  N   ALA A  95      -8.093  -1.941 -17.669  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    716  CA  ALA A  95      -9.198  -1.012 -17.786  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    717  C   ALA A  95      -9.671  -0.422 -16.469  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    718  O   ALA A  95      -9.956  -1.148 -15.512  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    719  CB  ALA A  95     -10.369  -1.684 -18.494  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    720  N   THR A  96      -9.736   0.904 -16.423  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    721  CA  THR A  96     -10.260   1.593 -15.252  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    722  C   THR A  96     -11.769   1.614 -15.502  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    723  O   THR A  96     -12.228   1.995 -16.589  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    724  CB  THR A  96      -9.700   3.031 -15.148  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    725  OG1 THR A  96      -8.320   2.970 -14.751  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    726  CG2 THR A  96     -10.492   3.849 -14.140  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    727  N   LEU A  97     -12.543   1.190 -14.510  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    728  CA  LEU A  97     -13.992   1.121 -14.674  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    729  C   LEU A  97     -14.761   2.144 -13.861  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    730  O   LEU A  97     -14.368   2.492 -12.747  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    731  CB  LEU A  97     -14.474  -0.283 -14.303  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    732  CG  LEU A  97     -13.732  -1.432 -14.998  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    733  CD1 LEU A  97     -14.256  -2.769 -14.495  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    734  CD2 LEU A  97     -13.910  -1.313 -16.508  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    735  N   ILE A  98     -15.865   2.618 -14.428  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    736  CA  ILE A  98     -16.720   3.582 -13.753  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    737  C   ILE A  98     -18.046   2.901 -13.478  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    738  O   ILE A  98     -18.666   2.370 -14.400  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    739  CB  ILE A  98     -17.013   4.822 -14.628  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    740  CG1 ILE A  98     -15.711   5.516 -15.032  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    741  CG2 ILE A  98     -17.929   5.777 -13.861  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    742  CD1 ILE A  98     -14.936   6.099 -13.871  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    743  N   PHE A  99     -18.476   2.921 -12.217  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    744  CA  PHE A  99     -19.741   2.310 -11.814  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    745  C   PHE A  99     -20.619   3.308 -11.065  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    746  O   PHE A  99     -20.193   3.871 -10.056  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    747  CB  PHE A  99     -19.500   1.114 -10.882  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    748  CG  PHE A  99     -19.076  -0.153 -11.583  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    749  CD1 PHE A  99     -20.014  -0.953 -12.233  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    750  CD2 PHE A  99     -17.749  -0.566 -11.554  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    751  CE1 PHE A  99     -19.630  -2.152 -12.841  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    752  CE2 PHE A  99     -17.354  -1.757 -12.157  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    753  CZ  PHE A  99     -18.295  -2.554 -12.801  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    754  N   ASP A 100     -21.832   3.531 -11.567  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    755  CA  ASP A 100     -22.802   4.417 -10.919  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    756  C   ASP A 100     -23.593   3.425 -10.072  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    757  O   ASP A 100     -24.371   2.636 -10.609  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    758  CB  ASP A 100     -23.724   5.061 -11.962  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    759  CG  ASP A 100     -24.763   5.989 -11.343  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    760  OD1 ASP A 100     -25.159   5.770 -10.176  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    761  OD2 ASP A 100     -25.198   6.931 -12.040  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    762  N   VAL A 101     -23.385   3.462  -8.761  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    763  CA  VAL A 101     -24.031   2.520  -7.849  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    764  C   VAL A 101     -24.972   3.155  -6.828  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    765  O   VAL A 101     -24.646   4.181  -6.223  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    766  CB  VAL A 101     -22.950   1.715  -7.068  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    767  CG1 VAL A 101     -23.601   0.831  -6.002  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    768  CG2 VAL A 101     -22.130   0.866  -8.039  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    769  N   GLU A 102     -26.132   2.535  -6.635  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    770  CA  GLU A 102     -27.102   3.019  -5.652  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    771  C   GLU A 102     -27.435   1.886  -4.674  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    772  O   GLU A 102     -27.954   0.845  -5.079  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    773  CB  GLU A 102     -28.390   3.503  -6.335  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    774  CG  GLU A 102     -29.434   3.975  -5.324  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    775  CD  GLU A 102     -30.725   4.468  -5.956  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    776  OE1 GLU A 102     -30.943   4.228  -7.167  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    777  OE2 GLU A 102     -31.531   5.086  -5.224  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    778  N   LEU A 103     -27.117   2.088  -3.392  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    779  CA  LEU A 103     -27.380   1.085  -2.366  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    780  C   LEU A 103     -28.842   1.202  -1.953  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    781  O   LEU A 103     -29.199   2.007  -1.094  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    782  CB  LEU A 103     -26.468   1.305  -1.156  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    783  CG  LEU A 103     -26.609   0.303  -0.005  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    784  CD1 LEU A 103     -26.382  -1.118  -0.505  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    785  CD2 LEU A 103     -25.609   0.653   1.081  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    786  N   LEU A 104     -29.675   0.377  -2.570  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    787  CA  LEU A 104     -31.111   0.393  -2.332  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    788  C   LEU A 104     -31.576  -0.236  -1.027  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    789  O   LEU A 104     -32.426   0.320  -0.330  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    790  CB  LEU A 104     -31.816  -0.302  -3.490  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    791  CG  LEU A 104     -31.473   0.249  -4.875  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    792  CD1 LEU A 104     -31.942  -0.729  -5.949  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    793  CD2 LEU A 104     -32.120   1.615  -5.046  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    794  N   ASN A 105     -31.021  -1.393  -0.691  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    795  CA  ASN A 105     -31.449  -2.075   0.517  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    796  C   ASN A 105     -30.377  -3.035   1.005  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    797  O   ASN A 105     -29.434  -3.353   0.276  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    798  CB  ASN A 105     -32.746  -2.835   0.206  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    799  CG  ASN A 105     -33.449  -3.342   1.448  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    800  OD1 ASN A 105     -33.342  -2.754   2.523  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    801  ND2 ASN A 105     -34.195  -4.431   1.298  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    802  N   LEU A 106     -30.524  -3.481   2.248  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    803  CA  LEU A 106     -29.600  -4.429   2.856  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    804  C   LEU A 106     -30.427  -5.586   3.404  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    805  O   LEU A 106     -31.322  -5.377   4.224  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    806  CB  LEU A 106     -28.812  -3.754   3.981  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    807  CG  LEU A 106     -27.682  -2.843   3.494  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    808  CD1 LEU A 106     -27.164  -1.983   4.632  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    809  CD2 LEU A 106     -26.563  -3.714   2.914  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    810  N   GLU A 107     -30.132  -6.800   2.946  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    811  CA  GLU A 107     -30.875  -7.980   3.382  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    812  C   GLU A 107     -29.979  -9.012   4.061  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    813  O   GLU A 107     -28.799  -8.767   4.306  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    814  CB  GLU A 107     -31.571  -8.626   2.183  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    815  CG  GLU A 107     -32.261  -7.635   1.263  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    816  CD  GLU A 107     -32.909  -8.302   0.067  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    817  OE1 GLU A 107     -32.510  -9.436  -0.265  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    818  OE2 GLU A 107     -33.806  -7.687  -0.549  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
TER&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    819  C1  RAP A 108     -18.510  -8.134 -11.063  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    820  O1  RAP A 108     -18.969  -9.229 -11.856  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    821  O2  RAP A 108     -17.819  -8.381 -10.069  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    822  C2  RAP A 108     -18.857  -6.680 -11.413  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    823  C3  RAP A 108     -19.378  -5.903 -10.192  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    824  C4  RAP A 108     -20.810  -6.269  -9.768  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    825  C5  RAP A 108     -21.748  -6.104 -10.968  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    826  C6  RAP A 108     -21.289  -6.956 -12.126  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    827  N7  RAP A 108     -19.893  -6.531 -12.486  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    828  C8  RAP A 108     -19.513  -6.171 -13.744  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    829  O3  RAP A 108     -18.296  -5.996 -13.976  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    830  C9  RAP A 108     -20.424  -5.985 -14.822  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    831  O4  RAP A 108     -21.015  -4.900 -14.935  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    832  C10 RAP A 108     -20.701  -7.102 -15.860  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    833  O5  RAP A 108     -21.536  -8.043 -15.186  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    834  O6  RAP A 108     -21.405  -6.534 -16.979  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    835  C11 RAP A 108     -19.388  -7.854 -16.375  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    836  C12 RAP A 108     -19.775  -9.075 -17.246  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    837  C13 RAP A 108     -20.761  -9.975 -16.480  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    838  C14 RAP A 108     -21.967  -9.211 -15.854  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    839  C15 RAP A 108     -22.672 -10.085 -14.824  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    840  C16 RAP A 108     -23.453 -11.289 -15.379  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    841  O7  RAP A 108     -24.420 -10.794 -16.279  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    842  C17 RAP A 108     -24.142 -12.089 -14.269  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    843  C18 RAP A 108     -23.665 -13.315 -13.987  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    844  C19 RAP A 108     -24.201 -14.242 -12.966  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    845  C20 RAP A 108     -23.630 -15.435 -12.786  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    846  C21 RAP A 108     -24.162 -16.384 -11.781  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    847  C22 RAP A 108     -23.444 -17.370 -11.268  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    848  C23 RAP A 108     -23.906 -18.220 -10.081  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    849  C24 RAP A 108     -22.851 -18.127  -8.963  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    850  C25 RAP A 108     -22.360 -16.747  -8.519  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    851  C26 RAP A 108     -21.023 -16.845  -7.774  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    852  O8  RAP A 108     -20.965 -16.994  -6.547  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    853  C27 RAP A 108     -19.745 -16.757  -8.633  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    854  O9  RAP A 108     -18.698 -17.397  -7.951  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    855  C28 RAP A 108     -19.234 -15.293  -8.931  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    856  O10 RAP A 108     -19.259 -14.553  -7.701  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    857  C29 RAP A 108     -20.070 -14.540 -10.006  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    858  C30 RAP A 108     -20.851 -13.477  -9.720  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    859  C31 RAP A 108     -21.739 -12.610 -10.632  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    860  C32 RAP A 108     -21.031 -11.274 -10.909  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    861  O11 RAP A 108     -21.295 -10.239 -10.286  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    862  C33 RAP A 108     -19.966 -11.303 -12.008  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    863  C34 RAP A 108     -18.698 -10.575 -11.585  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    864  C35 RAP A 108     -17.359 -10.916 -12.304  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    865  C36 RAP A 108     -16.786 -12.266 -11.815  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    866  C37 RAP A 108     -16.322 -12.376 -10.346  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    867  C38 RAP A 108     -15.790 -13.811 -10.060  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    868  C39 RAP A 108     -15.278 -14.019  -8.595  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    869  O12 RAP A 108     -14.646 -15.301  -8.504  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    870  C40 RAP A 108     -14.253 -12.869  -8.176  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    871  O13 RAP A 108     -14.019 -12.970  -6.766  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    872  C41 RAP A 108     -14.775 -11.432  -8.497  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    873  C42 RAP A 108     -15.251 -11.324  -9.952  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    874  C43 RAP A 108     -18.390  -6.936 -17.162  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    875  C44 RAP A 108     -25.350 -11.389 -13.580  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    876  C45 RAP A 108     -24.081 -19.670 -10.522  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    877  C46 RAP A 108     -23.414 -16.041  -7.644  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    878  C47 RAP A 108     -19.924 -15.115 -11.414  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    879  C48 RAP A 108     -23.101 -12.375  -9.939  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    880  C49 RAP A 108     -17.519 -10.949 -13.817  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    881  C50 RAP A 108     -24.780 -11.612 -17.353  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    882  C51 RAP A 108     -18.394 -18.690  -8.368  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    883  C52 RAP A 108     -13.537 -15.605  -9.312  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    884  O   MOL     1     -14.467  -0.075   1.713  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    885  O   MOL     1      -3.747 -10.364 -12.950  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    886  O   MOL     1      -3.863   1.423 -20.222  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    887  O   MOL     1     -33.153   2.955 -17.490  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    888  O   MOL     1     -11.437 -10.318  -9.024  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    889  O   MOL     1      -8.994  -5.070 -17.002  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    890  O   MOL     1     -16.599   7.684   0.589  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    891  O   MOL     1     -10.617  -3.779 -15.257  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    892  O   MOL     1      -7.744  -0.765 -21.451  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    893  O   MOL     1     -30.531  10.772  -1.245  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    894  O   MOL     1      -9.991   5.189  -8.561  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    895  O   MOL     1     -15.383   8.367  -8.819  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    896  O   MOL     1     -22.582   7.719   3.484  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    897  O   MOL     1     -31.535   6.282   3.044  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    898  O   MOL     1      -6.221 -11.354 -21.344  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    899  O   MOL     1     -30.986   8.365  -2.508  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    900  O   MOL     1     -26.122   5.808 -14.288  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    901  O   MOL     1     -28.681   6.587 -14.636  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    902  O   MOL     1     -30.242   9.407  -6.889  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    903  O   MOL     1      -4.086  -4.225 -12.418  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    904  O   MOL     1     -13.558   9.340 -12.463  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    905  O   MOL     1     -24.024   9.804   2.183  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    906  O   MOL     1     -28.911 -10.292  -8.292  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    907  O   MOL     1     -10.002 -11.107 -20.617  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    908  O   MOL     1      -3.379  -1.268 -11.644  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    909  O   MOL     1      -3.814  -6.433 -11.116  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    910  O   MOL     1      -6.811   1.796 -20.467  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    911  O   MOL     1      -5.042   0.450  -5.739  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    912  O   MOL     1     -13.226   8.110  -2.465  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    913  O   MOL     1     -11.705  -0.385   1.598  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    914  O   MOL     1     -26.811 -13.511 -10.984  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    915  O   MOL     1     -12.132   3.844  -1.192  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    916  O   MOL     1     -12.915   6.445  -0.256  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    917  O   MOL     1     -14.006  10.177 -15.559  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    918  O   MOL     1      -6.462   2.069 -16.582  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    919  O   MOL     1     -21.593  -5.761 -22.112  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    920  O   MOL     1     -22.112   4.659  11.361  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    921  O   MOL     1     -24.505  -7.743 -19.597  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    922  O   MOL     1      -2.660  -0.168 -14.034  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    923  O   MOL     1      -2.685  -8.544 -20.622  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    924  O   MOL     1     -30.204   4.761 -16.268  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    925  O   MOL     1      -1.421   1.865 -16.896  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    926  O   MOL     1     -22.558  11.507   0.921  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    927  O   MOL     1     -32.805  11.307   0.058  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    928  O   MOL     1      -3.446  -8.060 -13.318  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    929  O   MOL     1     -29.831   4.936  -9.378  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    930  O   MOL     1      -7.164   5.063 -13.547  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    931  O   MOL     1      -4.420   2.292 -14.820  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    932  O   MOL     1      -5.770  -9.954 -14.183  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    933  O   MOL     1     -27.557 -11.487  -9.884  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    934  O   MOL     1     -31.664   4.503  -2.445  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    935  O   MOL     1     -25.729  -8.264 -16.380  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    936  O   MOL     1     -21.969  10.396   5.765  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    937  O   MOL     1      -7.004  -0.510  -2.928  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    938  O   MOL     1     -30.875   7.805 -13.213  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    939  O   MOL     1     -18.401  12.641  -2.383  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    940  O   MOL     1     -18.898  -7.605 -25.486  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    941  O   MOL     1     -25.575  -5.788 -20.825  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    942  O   MOL     1      -7.654   5.064  -6.946  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    943  O   MOL     1     -10.256  -9.151 -22.336  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    944  O   MOL     1     -19.822  -4.848 -24.124  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    945  O   MOL     1     -23.526 -17.086  -4.354  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    946  O   MOL     1     -18.719 -10.494  -2.408  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    947  O   MOL     1     -17.490  -3.388 -23.343  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    948  O   MOL     1     -30.962  10.093 -11.750  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    949  O   MOL     1     -18.908  -1.315 -28.688  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    950  O   MOL     1      -3.124  -4.146 -15.431  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    951  O   MOL     1      -9.221   2.699 -18.647  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    952  O   MOL     1     -11.056  -7.239  -8.343  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    953  O   MOL     1     -13.633 -12.173 -15.090  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    954  O   MOL     1     -15.513 -10.202  -0.432  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    955  O   MOL     1     -28.234   2.974 -16.765  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    956  O   MOL     1     -15.150   1.628 -25.119  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    957  O   MOL     1     -27.057  11.649   5.648  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    958  O   MOL     1     -35.417   1.166  -8.176  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    959  O   MOL     1     -32.217   9.638  -9.089  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    960  O   MOL     1     -19.494   6.929   1.151  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    961  O   MOL     1      -9.252   2.616  -2.781  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    962  O   MOL     1     -24.348  -8.092 -23.126  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    963  O   MOL     1     -21.693  -7.243 -19.749  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    964  O   MOL     1     -11.065   8.058 -14.677  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    965  O   MOL     1     -21.355   0.992 -27.640  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    966  O   MOL     1      -8.191   6.228 -11.230  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    967  O   MOL     1      -1.738  -5.828  -9.719  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    968  O   MOL     1      -5.954   3.838  -4.110  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    969  O   MOL     1      -0.305  -0.954 -13.761  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    970  O   MOL     1     -35.121   9.765  -8.231  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    971  O   MOL     1      -9.195   7.921 -12.896  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    972  O   MOL     1     -11.412  -8.346 -24.443  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    973  O   MOL     1     -18.575  -4.730   5.949  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    974  O   MOL     1     -24.572  -2.651 -22.639  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    975  O   MOL     1     -17.538 -17.548  -1.182  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    976  O   MOL     1     -28.405   1.980  11.352  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    977  O   MOL     1     -27.591   2.765 -19.420  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    978  O   MOL     1     -17.468   7.579 -21.396  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    979  O   MOL     1     -31.391   9.463   3.968  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    980  O   MOL     1     -24.855  11.287   4.464  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    981  O   MOL     1     -32.329  -2.161   4.687  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    982  O   MOL     1     -31.502  -1.553   7.124  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    983  O   MOL     1      -5.167  -3.927  -5.363  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    984  O   MOL     1     -12.442 -12.583 -11.643  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
TER&amp;lt;/inlineContents&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/jmolApplet&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/jmol&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;font size=5&amp;gt;&amp;lt;font color=red&amp;gt;Side Effects taking of Rapamycin&amp;lt;/font size&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/font color&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
While taking Rapamycin, there are certain side effects that occur in the body. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Some of the side effects may take place after many years of taking the medicine. These delayed effects, can also include certain cancers, such as lymphoma, though these are extreme cases.  &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Common side effects include chest pains, abdominal pain, fever, muscle pains or cramps, nausea, mood changes, tiredness and weakness. &lt;br /&gt;
Less common side effects include, skin ulcers, nose bleeds and in rare cases weight gain may also occur. &amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;4&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt; &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;font size=5&amp;gt;&amp;lt;font color=red&amp;gt;Synthesis of Rapamycin &amp;lt;/font size&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/font color&amp;gt; &amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;6,7&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Rapamycin is a very complicated molecule. It had a 31 memembered ring, and also possesses many chiral centres, and different functional groups. Due to its complexity, it has proved a challenge to synthesise for many synthetic chemists. &lt;br /&gt;
Methods have therefore been suggested, to prepare fragments of the molecule, and then combine them to get the total molecule of rapamycin.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The first fragment prepared is the fragment from C&amp;lt;sub&amp;gt;10&amp;lt;/sub&amp;gt; to C&amp;lt;sub&amp;gt;21&amp;lt;/sub&amp;gt;. &lt;br /&gt;
The starting material used is (R)-methyl 3-hydroxy-2-methylpropionate. This is converted to an alcohol in a four step reaction, as shown below:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Image:synthesisstep.gif]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Then from this molecule, further complicated synthesis steps yield the following fragment:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Image:Fragment1.gif]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The second fragment prepared is the fragment from C&amp;lt;sub&amp;gt;22&amp;lt;/sub&amp;gt; - C&amp;lt;sub&amp;gt;42&amp;lt;/sub&amp;gt;. This is prepared through complicated synthetic methods. The second fragment obtained is shown below:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Image:Fragment2.gif]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The second fragment was then combined with the first fragment under certain required conditions, yielding the synthetic rapamycin, which was judged as identical to the natural occuring rapamycin molecule through comparison of physical properties, 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR, IR and UV spectral data.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The various complicated synthesis steps, and conditions are all in the cited journals, from which this all synthetic information was gained.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Rapamycin can also be synthesised by using trans-1,2-Bis(tri-n-butylstannyl)ethylen reacting with the reagants diisopropylethylamine and Pd(CH&amp;lt;sub&amp;gt;3&amp;lt;/sub&amp;gt;CN)&amp;lt;sub&amp;gt;2&amp;lt;/sub&amp;gt; C&amp;lt;sub&amp;gt;12&amp;lt;/sub&amp;gt;, using dimethylformide, and tetrahydrofuran as the solvents.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Image:synthesis.JPG]] &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
However, the starting material is hard to synthesise, so is usually only the fragment method of synthesis is used for synthetic rapamycin production&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;font size=5&amp;gt;&amp;lt;font color=red&amp;gt;History of Rapamycin&amp;lt;/font size&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/font color&amp;gt;&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;10&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rapamycin&#039;&#039;Rapamycin&#039;&#039;] is a 31-memebered macrolide which is first isolated in 1975. The property of that its potent immunosuppressive and antiumour activities were first discovered in 1977. The studies of the prevention of organ rejection after transplant surgery, and phase III clinical trials were completed in 1999.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
X-ray crystallography determined the solid state structure of rapamycin in 1978, followed by degradation studies in 1980 and correct NMR published in 1991. &lt;br /&gt;
The solution-phase structure was confirmed using molecular modelling calculations.&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;font size=5&amp;gt;&amp;lt;font color=red&amp;gt;How does rapamycin work in mammalian cells?&amp;lt;/font size&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/font color&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
The bacterial macrolide--immunosuppressant rapamycin in the mammalian cells suppresses mitogen-induced translation of mRNAs([http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RNA&#039;&#039;RNA&#039;&#039;]) selectively, which is the most notably mRNAs encoding [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ribosomal_protein&#039;&#039;ribosomal proteins&#039;&#039;] and elongation factors. In a mean time, rapamycin also blocks mitogen-induced p70 ribosomal protein S6 kinase (p70s6k) phosphorlation and activation.&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;font size=5&amp;gt;&amp;lt;font color=red&amp;gt;Biosynthesis--the formation of Rapamycin&amp;lt;/font size&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/font color&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
Rapamycin having the isotope-labelled is produced via a [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyketide&#039;&#039;polyketide&#039;&#039;] pathway. The polyketide chain is formed by condensation of seven [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acetate&#039;&#039;acetate&#039;&#039;] components and same number of [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propionate&#039;&#039;propionate&#039;&#039;] units. The cyclohexyl starter units produced that derived from shikimc acid then via a dihydroxycyclohexanecarboxylic intermediate. The pipecolate moiety is formed from free pipecolic acid which is made by cyclodeamination of lysine. To achieve the rapamycin also demands O-methylations by S-adenosylmethionine-dependent methyltranferases and oxidations which having cytochrome-p450 mono-oxgenases as catalysts.&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;jmol&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;jmolApplet&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;size&amp;gt;400&amp;lt;/size&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;color&amp;gt;black&amp;lt;/color&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;script&amp;gt;zoom 100; cpk on;frame 1; move 10 -20 10 0 0 0 0 0 3; delay 1;&amp;lt;/script&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;inlineContents&amp;gt;HEADER    CSD ENTRY QEKNID&lt;br /&gt;
COMPND    UNNAMED&lt;br /&gt;
AUTHOR    GENERATED BY CONQUEST&lt;br /&gt;
CRYST1   20.690   22.560   11.220  90.00  90.00  90.00 P 21 21 21    4&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM      1  O1  UNK 0   1       1.401   8.009   6.161  1.00  0.00&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM      2  O2  UNK 0   1       1.535   9.421   3.430  1.00  0.00&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM      3  O3  UNK 0   1       4.165   9.543   3.068  1.00  0.00&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM      4  O4  UNK 0   1       6.290   5.800   0.411  1.00  0.00&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM      5  O5  UNK 0   1       3.617   0.984   6.788  1.00  0.00&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM      6  O6  UNK 0   1       1.988   4.661   5.821  1.00  0.00&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM      7  O7  UNK 0   1       3.414  10.078  11.631  1.00  0.00&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM      8  O8  UNK 0   1       4.926   9.642   9.448  1.00  0.00&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM      9  O9  UNK 0   1       0.134   3.788   6.711  1.00  0.00&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     10  O10 UNK 0   1       8.545  -2.658   8.213  1.00  0.00&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     11  O11 UNK 0   1       3.877   7.255   3.373  1.00  0.00&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     12  O12 UNK 0   1       8.348   1.263   9.851  1.00  0.00&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     13  O13 UNK 0   1       9.710  -0.957   9.885  1.00  0.00&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     14  N1  UNK 0   1       0.821   6.574   4.485  1.00  0.00&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     15  C1  UNK 0   1       2.847   3.804   6.597  1.00  0.00&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     16  C2  UNK 0   1       2.137   8.591   4.006  1.00  0.00&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     17  C3  UNK 0   1       5.253   5.566   2.525  1.00  0.00&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     18  C4  UNK 0   1       6.439   0.772   7.035  1.00  0.00&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     19  C5  UNK 0   1       5.760   1.455   5.879  1.00  0.00&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     20  C6  UNK 0   1       3.691   8.555   3.927  1.00  0.00&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     21  C7  UNK 0   1       4.372   8.706   5.296  1.00  0.00&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     22  C8  UNK 0   1       0.685   4.598   6.025  1.00  0.00&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     23  C9  UNK 0   1       1.444   7.657   4.993  1.00  0.00&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     24  C10 UNK 0   1       5.266   6.987   3.074  1.00  0.00&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     25  C11 UNK 0   1       9.484   1.514   2.917  1.00  0.00&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     26  C12 UNK 0   1       6.546   5.254   1.728  1.00  0.00&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     27  C13 UNK 0   1       0.002   5.764   5.363  1.00  0.00&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     28  C14 UNK 0   1       6.873   3.770   1.616  1.00  0.00&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     29  C15 UNK 0   1       5.845   8.444   5.027  1.00  0.00&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     30  C16 UNK 0   1       4.643   3.941   8.471  1.00  0.00&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     31  C17 UNK 0   1       4.175  10.062   5.891  1.00  0.00&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     32  C18 UNK 0   1       6.062   7.106   4.353  1.00  0.00&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     33  C19 UNK 0   1       1.130   5.996   3.130  1.00  0.00&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     34  C20 UNK 0   1       0.132   5.568   2.424  1.00  0.00&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     35  C21 UNK 0   1      -0.902   4.584   3.310  1.00  0.00&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     36  C22 UNK 0   1      -1.283   5.277   4.634  1.00  0.00&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     37  C23 UNK 0   1       7.333   5.703  -0.449  1.00  0.00&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     38  C24 UNK 0   1       5.787   2.858   0.987  1.00  0.00&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     39  C25 UNK 0   1       4.223   8.521  10.019  1.00  0.00&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     40  C26 UNK 0   1       3.070   9.096  10.659  1.00  0.00&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     41  C27 UNK 0   1       2.162   8.038  11.321  1.00  0.00&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     42  C28 UNK 0   1       1.777   7.000  10.322  1.00  0.00&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     43  C29 UNK 0   1       3.035   6.371   9.593  1.00  0.00&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     44  C30 UNK 0   1       3.813   7.463   8.954  1.00  0.00&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     45  C31 UNK 0   1       4.299   1.800   6.149  1.00  0.00&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     46  C32 UNK 0   1       3.745   3.070   5.621  1.00  0.00&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     47  C33 UNK 0   1       2.489   5.369   8.538  1.00  0.00&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     48  C34 UNK 0   1       3.534   4.692   7.641  1.00  0.00&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     49  C35 UNK 0   1       8.028   3.321   2.132  1.00  0.00&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     50  C36 UNK 0   1       8.423   1.922   2.255  1.00  0.00&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     51  C37 UNK 0   1      10.751  -0.223   3.994  1.00  0.00&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     52  C38 UNK 0   1      10.968  -1.676   4.387  1.00  0.00&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     53  C39 UNK 0   1      12.420  -1.994   4.107  1.00  0.00&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     54  C40 UNK 0   1      10.657  -1.852   5.891  1.00  0.00&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     55  C41 UNK 0   1       9.215  -1.475   6.205  1.00  0.00&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     56  C42 UNK 0   1       9.846   0.140   3.119  1.00  0.00&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     57  C43 UNK 0   1       8.266  -2.391   5.430  1.00  0.00&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     58  C44 UNK 0   1       9.019  -1.694   7.697  1.00  0.00&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     59  C45 UNK 0   1       8.460   2.175   7.057  1.00  0.00&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     60  C46 UNK 0   1       6.296   9.389   9.133  1.00  0.00&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     61  C47 UNK 0   1       9.362  -0.492   8.583  1.00  0.00&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     62  C48 UNK 0   1      10.976  -0.887  10.210  1.00  0.00&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     63  C49 UNK 0   1       8.108   0.334   8.785  1.00  0.00&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     64  C50 UNK 0   1       7.606   1.060   7.562  1.00  0.00&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     65  C51 UNK 0   1       5.843   0.575   4.600  1.00  0.00&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     66  H1  UNK 0   1       3.540   9.985   2.615  1.00  0.00&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     67  H2  UNK 0   1       8.210   2.112   9.513  1.00  0.00&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     68  H3  UNK 0   1       5.710   0.147   7.313  1.00  0.00&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     69  H4  UNK 0   1       6.224   2.351   5.476  1.00  0.00&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     70  H5  UNK 0   1       4.030   7.758   6.075  1.00  0.00&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     71  H6  UNK 0   1      10.151   2.085   3.193  1.00  0.00&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     72  H7  UNK 0   1       6.188   9.139   4.429  1.00  0.00&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     73  H8  UNK 0   1       4.260   3.370   9.108  1.00  0.00&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     74  H9  UNK 0   1       3.269  10.154   6.217  1.00  0.00&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     75  H10 UNK 0   1       6.999   6.982   4.170  1.00  0.00&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     76  H11 UNK 0   1       1.572   6.664   2.602  1.00  0.00&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     77  H12 UNK 0   1      -1.748   4.645   5.196  1.00  0.00&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     78  H13 UNK 0   1       5.371   3.343   0.286  1.00  0.00&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     79  H14 UNK 0   1       1.608   6.177  10.770  1.00  0.00&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     80  H15 UNK 0   1       3.428   5.947  10.188  1.00  0.00&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     81  H16 UNK 0   1       4.802   7.221   8.586  1.00  0.00&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     82  H17 UNK 0   1       3.548   7.930   8.237  1.00  0.00&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     83  H18 UNK 0   1       3.271   2.897   4.825  1.00  0.00&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     84  H19 UNK 0   1       1.879   5.827   7.973  1.00  0.00&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     85  H20 UNK 0   1       3.960   5.331   7.139  1.00  0.00&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     86  H21 UNK 0   1       8.382   3.858   2.781  1.00  0.00&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     87  H22 UNK 0   1      10.258  -2.409   3.883  1.00  0.00&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     88  H23 UNK 0   1      12.704  -2.786   4.518  1.00  0.00&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     89  H24 UNK 0   1      10.659  -2.732   5.892  1.00  0.00&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     90  H25 UNK 0   1      11.239  -1.078   6.572  1.00  0.00&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     91  H26 UNK 0   1       9.195  -0.305   5.991  1.00  0.00&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     92  H27 UNK 0   1       9.112  -0.650   2.517  1.00  0.00&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     93  H28 UNK 0   1       8.466  -3.298   5.647  1.00  0.00&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     94  H29 UNK 0   1       8.322   2.955   7.548  1.00  0.00&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     95  H30 UNK 0   1       6.714  10.132   8.706  1.00  0.00&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     96  H31 UNK 0   1       6.391   8.622   8.547  1.00  0.00&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     97  H32 UNK 0   1       7.293  -0.210   9.074  1.00  0.00&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     98  H33 UNK 0   1       5.866  -0.356   4.865  1.00  0.00&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     99  H34 UNK 0   1       5.183   4.941   3.258  1.00  0.00&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    100  H35 UNK 0   1       7.519   4.789  -0.649  1.00  0.00&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    101  H36 UNK 0   1       7.190   6.184  -1.241  1.00  0.00&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    102  H37 UNK 0   1       1.328   7.208   9.650  1.00  0.00&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    103  H38 UNK 0   1       8.011   1.087   1.694  1.00  0.00&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    104  H39 UNK 0   1      12.617  -2.003   3.181  1.00  0.00&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    105  H40 UNK 0   1       7.366  -2.209   5.718  1.00  0.00&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    106  H41 UNK 0   1      11.307   0.449   4.388  1.00  0.00&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    107  H42 UNK 0   1      -0.679   6.317   2.243  1.00  0.00&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    108  H43 UNK 0   1       0.095   5.141   1.592  1.00  0.00&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    109  H44 UNK 0   1       5.144   2.624   1.641  1.00  0.00&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    110  H45 UNK 0   1       6.209   2.089   0.650  1.00  0.00&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    111  H46 UNK 0   1      -1.872   6.010   4.470  1.00  0.00&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    112  H47 UNK 0   1       1.713   5.252   3.228  1.00  0.00&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    113  H48 UNK 0   1      -0.294   6.351   6.059  1.00  0.00&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    114  H49 UNK 0   1       5.175   3.393   7.855  1.00  0.00&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    115  H50 UNK 0   1       5.228   4.559   8.877  1.00  0.00&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    116  H51 UNK 0   1       2.023   4.681   9.009  1.00  0.00&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    117  H52 UNK 0   1       1.378   8.478  11.672  1.00  0.00&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    118  H53 UNK 0   1       2.549   9.527   9.980  1.00  0.00&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    119  H54 UNK 0   1       4.759   8.106  10.676  1.00  0.00&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    120  H55 UNK 0   1       6.811   9.184   9.931  1.00  0.00&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    121  H56 UNK 0   1       3.064  10.019  12.513  1.00  0.00&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    122  H57 UNK 0   1       5.046   0.704   4.082  1.00  0.00&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    123  H58 UNK 0   1       6.596   0.778   4.098  1.00  0.00&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    124  H59 UNK 0   1       9.391   1.922   7.099  1.00  0.00&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    125  H60 UNK 0   1       8.249   2.330   6.128  1.00  0.00&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    126  H61 UNK 0   1      11.301  -0.034  10.172  1.00  0.00&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    127  H62 UNK 0   1       8.344  -2.245   4.515  1.00  0.00&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    128  H63 UNK 0   1      12.991  -1.261   4.491  1.00  0.00&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    129  H64 UNK 0   1       7.291   5.701   2.119  1.00  0.00&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    130  H65 UNK 0   1       4.496   5.446   1.961  1.00  0.00&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    131  H66 UNK 0   1       5.609   7.596   2.424  1.00  0.00&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    132  H67 UNK 0   1       6.352   8.496   5.832  1.00  0.00&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    133  H68 UNK 0   1       4.769  10.215   6.611  1.00  0.00&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    134  H69 UNK 0   1       4.308  10.741   5.225  1.00  0.00&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    135  H70 UNK 0   1       2.319   3.147   7.060  1.00  0.00&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    136  H71 UNK 0   1       5.793   6.418   4.966  1.00  0.00&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    137  H72 UNK 0   1      -1.823   4.302   2.821  1.00  0.00&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    138  H73 UNK 0   1      -0.339   3.831   3.457  1.00  0.00&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    139  H74 UNK 0   1       8.137   6.064  -0.019  1.00  0.00&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    140  H75 UNK 0   1       2.630   7.650  12.060  1.00  0.00&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    141  H76 UNK 0   1       4.498   3.646   5.411  1.00  0.00&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    142  H77 UNK 0   1      11.137  -1.200  11.098  1.00  0.00&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    143  H78 UNK 0   1      11.531  -1.392   9.609  1.00  0.00&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    144  H79 UNK 0   1      10.095   0.059   8.192  1.00  0.00&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    145  H80 UNK 0   1       6.443   3.641   2.498  1.00  0.00&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT    1   23&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT    2   16&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT    3   20   66&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT    4   26   37&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT    5   45&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT    6   15   22&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT    7   40  121&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT    8   39   60&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT    9   22&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   10   58&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   11   20   24&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   12   63   67&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   13   61   62&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   14   23   27   33&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   15    6   46   48  135&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   16    2   20   23&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   17   24   26   99  130&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   18   19   64   68&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   19   18   45   65   69&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   20    3   11   16   21&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   21   20   29   31   70&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   22    6    9   27&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   23    1   14   16&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   24   11   17   32  131&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   25   50   56   71&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   26    4   17   28  129&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   27   14   22   36  113&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   28   26   38   49&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   29   21   32   72  132&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   30   48   73  114  115&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   31   21   74  133  134&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   32   24   29   75  136&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   33   14   34   76  112&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   34   33   35  107  108&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   35   34   36  137  138&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   36   27   35   77  111&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   37    4  100  101  139&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   38   28   78  109  110&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   39    8   40   44  119&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   40    7   39   41  118&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   41   40   42  117  140&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   42   41   43   79  102&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   43   42   44   47   80&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   44   39   43   81   82&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   45    5   19   46&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   46   15   45   83  141&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   47   43   48   84  116&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   48   15   30   47   85&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   49   28   50   86&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   50   25   49  103&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   51   52   56  106&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   52   51   53   54   87&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   53   52   88  104  128&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   54   52   55   89   90&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   55   54   57   58   91&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   56   25   51   92&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   57   55   93  105  127&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   58   10   55   61&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   59   64   94  124  125&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   60    8   95   96  120&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   61   13   58   63  144&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   62   13  126  142  143&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   63   12   61   64   97&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   64   18   59   63&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   65   19   98  122  123&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   66    3&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   67   12&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   68   18&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   69   19&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   70   21&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   71   25&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   72   29&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   73   30&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   74   31&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   75   32&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   76   33&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   77   36&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   78   38&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   79   42&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   80   43&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   81   44&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   82   44&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   83   46&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   84   47&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   85   48&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   86   49&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   87   52&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   88   53&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   89   54&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   90   54&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   91   55&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   92   56&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   93   57&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   94   59&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   95   60&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   96   60&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   97   63&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   98   65&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   99   17&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT  100   37&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT  101   37&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT  102   42&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT  103   50&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT  104   53&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT  105   57&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT  106   51&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT  107   34&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT  108   34&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT  109   38&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT  110   38&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT  111   36&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT  112   33&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT  113   27&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT  114   30&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT  115   30&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT  116   47&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT  117   41&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT  118   40&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT  119   39&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT  120   60&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT  121    7&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT  122   65&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT  123   65&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT  124   59&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT  125   59&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT  126   62&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT  127   57&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT  128   53&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT  129   26&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT  130   17&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT  131   24&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT  132   29&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT  133   31&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT  134   31&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT  135   15&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT  136   32&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT  137   35&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT  138   35&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT  139   37&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT  140   41&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT  141   46&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT  142   62&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT  143   62&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT  144   61&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT  145    0&lt;br /&gt;
MASTER        0    0    0    0    0    0    0    0  145    0  145    0&lt;br /&gt;
END&amp;lt;/inlineContents&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/jmolApplet&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/jmol&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;font size=5&amp;gt;&amp;lt;font color=red&amp;gt;Medical Information &amp;lt;/font size&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/font color&amp;gt; &amp;lt;br&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
Rapamycin, as mentioned beforehand is used with other drugs to prevent organ rejection after transplant surgery, primarily after renal organ transplant, such as a kidney transplant. It is classed as an immunosuppressant, as it suppresses ones immune system. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
It is prescribed commercially, under the name of Rapamune®.&lt;br /&gt;
It is administered for oral use as either a tablet, or as a liquid.  &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Before taking this as a medicine, the doctor should be told if the user has: &amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;12 &amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
* heart disease or heart problems&lt;br /&gt;
* high cholesterol&lt;br /&gt;
* an active infection&lt;br /&gt;
* liver disease&lt;br /&gt;
* Allergies&lt;br /&gt;
Also, the doctors should be informed if the patient is pregnant.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
There are also certain drugs that intercat with Rapamycin, so the doctor should also be informed of other medication that the patient is also taking. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Sirolimus is an especially useful drug, as it is not toxic to kidneys, which is why it is often used in preference to calcineurin inhibitors. Patients who are administered calcineurin inhibitors can develop long term kidney problems.&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;13 &amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt; &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;font size=5&amp;gt;&amp;lt;font color=red&amp;gt;References&amp;lt;/font size&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/font color&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br&amp;gt; &lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
1) [http://www.proteinkinase.biz/html/protein_kinase_inhibitors.html © Biaffin GmbH &amp;amp; Co KG, Protein kinase inhibitors]&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
2) Kuo CJ, Chung J, Fiorentino DF, Flanagan WM, Blenis J, Crabtree GR (1992) &amp;quot;Rapamycin selectively inhibits interleukin-2 activation of p70 S6 kinase&amp;quot; Nature 358(6381):70-3&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
3) Kahan BD, Murgia MG, Slaton J, et al. Potential applications of therapeutic drug monitoring of sirolimus immunosuppression in clinical renal transplantation. Ther Drug Monit. 1995;17:672-675. &amp;lt;br&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
4) http://www.healthtouch.com/bin/EContent_HT/drugShowLfts.asp?fname=usp0790.htm&amp;amp;title=Rapamycin&amp;amp;cid=HT 5)http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?artid=1169993&amp;amp;blobtype=pdf&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
6) K. C. Nicolaou, T. K. Chakraborty, A. D. Piscopio, N. Minowa, P. Bertinato;  J. Am. Chem. Soc.; 115; 1993; 4419-4420 &amp;lt;br&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
7) D. Romo, D. D. Johnson, L. Plamondon, T. Miwa, S. L. Schreiber; J. Org. Chem.;  57; 1992; 5060-5063 &amp;lt;br&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
8) http://www-ermm.cbcu.cam.ac.uk/00001794h.htm &amp;lt;br&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
9) &#039;&#039;How Rapamycin works&#039;&#039; diagram taken from http://www-ermm.cbcu.cam.ac.uk/00001794h.htm &amp;lt;br&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
10) http://www.rapamycin.org/rapamycin.html&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
11) &#039;&#039;3D structure of the binding protein, &lt;br /&gt;
FKBP 12.6 in complex with a rapamycin molecule&#039;&#039; &lt;br /&gt;
image taken from http://www.rcsb.org/pdb/explore.do?structureId=1C9H &amp;lt;br&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
12) http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/medmaster/a602026.html &amp;lt;br&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
13) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rapamycin#Use_in_transplant &amp;lt;br&amp;gt;&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Hp305</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://chemwiki.ch.ic.ac.uk/index.php?title=It:Rapamycin&amp;diff=4266</id>
		<title>It:Rapamycin</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://chemwiki.ch.ic.ac.uk/index.php?title=It:Rapamycin&amp;diff=4266"/>
		<updated>2006-10-26T14:03:42Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Hp305: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;{| class=&amp;quot;toccolours&amp;quot; border=&amp;quot;1&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;float: right; clear: right; margin: 0 0 1em 1em; border-collapse: collapse;&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
! {{chembox header}}  colspan=&amp;quot;3&amp;quot; |2D Structure of Rapamycin &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| align=&amp;quot;center&amp;quot; colspan=&amp;quot;3&amp;quot; bgcolor=&amp;quot;#ffffff&amp;quot; | [[Image:Rapamycin.gif|50|2D structure of Rapamycin|50]] &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! {{chembox header}}  colspan=&amp;quot;3&amp;quot; |3D structure of Rapamycin&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| align=&amp;quot;center&amp;quot; colspan=&amp;quot;3&amp;quot; bgcolor=&amp;quot;#ffffff&amp;quot; | &amp;lt;jmol&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;jmolApplet&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;size&amp;gt;200&amp;lt;/size&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;color&amp;gt;white&amp;lt;/color&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;script&amp;gt;zoom 100; cpk off;frame 1; move 10 -20 10 0 0 0 0 0 3; delay 1;&amp;lt;/script&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;inlineContents&amp;gt;HEADER    NONAME 20-Oct-06                                              NONE   1&lt;br /&gt;
TITLE                                                                   NONE   2&lt;br /&gt;
AUTHOR    WWW daemon apache                                             NONE   3&lt;br /&gt;
REVDAT   1  20-Oct-06     0                                             NONE   4&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM      1  C           0       8.027  -2.746  -4.135  0.00  0.00           C+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM      2  C           0       7.216  -2.718  -2.837  0.00  0.00           C+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM      3  H           0       7.321  -3.673  -2.322  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM      4  C           0       5.742  -2.472  -3.162  0.00  0.00           C+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM      5  C           0       4.931  -2.444  -1.865  0.00  0.00           C+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM      6  C           0       5.449  -1.320  -0.965  0.00  0.00           C+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM      7  H           0       5.344  -0.365  -1.479  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM      8  C           0       4.639  -1.292   0.333  0.00  0.00           C+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM      9  C           0       3.335  -0.525   0.103  0.00  0.00           C+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     10  H           0       3.556   0.438  -0.356  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     11  C           0       2.631  -0.302   1.444  0.00  0.00           C+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     12  H           0       1.638   0.111   1.269  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     13  C           0       3.449   0.674   2.294  0.00  0.00           C+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     14  C           0       3.608   1.975   1.552  0.00  0.00           C+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     15  C           0       4.139   3.193   2.262  0.00  0.00           C+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     16  H           0       5.049   3.534   1.768  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     17  C           0       3.105   4.290   2.221  0.00  0.00           C+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     18  C           0       2.929   4.986   1.125  0.00  0.00           C+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     19  C           0       1.891   6.076   1.084  0.00  0.00           C+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     20  H           0       1.797   6.526   2.072  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     21  C           0       0.544   5.485   0.663  0.00  0.00           C+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     22  H           0       0.700   4.760  -0.135  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     23  C           0      -0.363   6.585   0.171  0.00  0.00           C+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     24  C           0      -1.520   6.258  -0.736  0.00  0.00           C+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     25  H           0      -1.874   5.250  -0.524  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     26  C           0      -2.655   7.256  -0.501  0.00  0.00           C+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     27  C           0      -3.869   6.866  -1.351  0.00  0.00           C+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     28  H           0      -3.539   6.593  -2.353  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     29  C           0      -4.834   8.051  -1.437  0.00  0.00           C+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     30  C           0      -4.569   5.694  -0.716  0.00  0.00           C+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     31  C           0      -5.039   4.699  -1.461  0.00  0.00           C+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     32  C           0      -5.680   3.547  -0.814  0.00  0.00           C+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     33  C           0      -5.738   2.362  -1.443  0.00  0.00           C+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     34  C           0      -6.260   1.179  -0.765  0.00  0.00           C+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     35  C           0      -5.863  -0.027  -1.176  0.00  0.00           C+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     36  C           0      -6.343  -1.283  -0.487  0.00  0.00           C+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     37  H           0      -5.654  -1.547   0.315  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     38  C           0      -6.393  -2.409  -1.510  0.00  0.00           C+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     39  C           0      -5.584  -3.615  -1.052  0.00  0.00           C+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     40  H           0      -5.100  -4.072  -1.926  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     41  C           0      -6.509  -4.652  -0.412  0.00  0.00           C+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     42  C           0      -5.694  -5.912  -0.091  0.00  0.00           C+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     43  C           0      -4.503  -5.493   0.786  0.00  0.00           C+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     44  H           0      -4.868  -5.107   1.738  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     45  C           0      -3.596  -6.700   1.033  0.00  0.00           C+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     46  C           0      -3.722  -4.398   0.050  0.00  0.00           C+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     47  O           0      -3.362  -4.898  -1.247  0.00  0.00           O+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     48  O           0      -4.554  -3.254  -0.129  0.00  0.00           O+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     49  O           0      -7.648  -1.064   0.055  0.00  0.00           O+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     50  C           0      -7.475  -0.784   1.446  0.00  0.00           C+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     51  C           0      -4.918  -0.135  -2.344  0.00  0.00           C+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     52  C           0      -1.064   6.342  -2.194  0.00  0.00           C+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     53  O           0      -0.162   7.728   0.506  0.00  0.00           O+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     54  O           0      -0.060   4.837   1.784  0.00  0.00           O+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     55  C           0      -0.557   3.581   1.316  0.00  0.00           C+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     56  O           0       2.287   7.075   0.141  0.00  0.00           O+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     57  C           0       3.770   4.698  -0.093  0.00  0.00           C+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     58  C           0       4.450   2.840   3.718  0.00  0.00           C+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     59  O           0       3.309   2.041   0.384  0.00  0.00           O+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     60  O           0       2.514  -1.566   2.146  0.00  0.00           O+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     61  C           0       1.650  -2.503   1.716  0.00  0.00           C+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     62  C           0       1.540  -3.803   2.471  0.00  0.00           C+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     63  H           0       1.763  -3.606   3.528  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     64  C           0       0.145  -4.393   2.344  0.00  0.00           C+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     65  N           0      -0.076  -4.877   0.987  0.00  0.00           N+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     66  C           0      -1.182  -4.622   0.288  0.00  0.00           C+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     67  C           0      -2.462  -4.084   0.810  0.00  0.00           C+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     68  O           0      -2.490  -3.413   1.814  0.00  0.00           O+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     69  O           0      -1.137  -4.858  -0.902  0.00  0.00           O+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     70  C           0       0.938  -5.754   0.364  0.00  0.00           C+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     71  C           0       2.303  -5.066   0.463  0.00  0.00           C+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     72  C           0       2.582  -4.793   1.944  0.00  0.00           C+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     73  O           0       0.971  -2.305   0.736  0.00  0.00           O+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     74  C           0       2.424  -1.334  -0.822  0.00  0.00           C+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     75  C           0       6.924  -1.566  -0.639  0.00  0.00           C+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     76  C           0       7.734  -1.594  -1.937  0.00  0.00           C+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     77  H           0       7.629  -0.639  -2.451  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     78  O           0       9.111  -1.823  -1.633  0.00  0.00           O+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     79  C           0       9.713  -0.540  -1.448  0.00  0.00           C+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     80  H           0       7.922  -1.791  -4.649  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     81  H           0       9.077  -2.921  -3.903  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     82  H           0       7.658  -3.547  -4.776  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     83  H           0       5.637  -1.517  -3.677  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     84  H           0       5.373  -3.273  -3.803  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     85  H           0       3.881  -2.269  -2.096  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     86  H           0       5.036  -3.399  -1.350  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     87  H           0       4.411  -2.312   0.641  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     88  H           0       5.218  -0.798   1.113  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     89  H           0       2.933   0.855   3.237  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     90  H           0       4.432   0.247   2.493  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     91  H           0       2.512   4.505   3.097  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     92  H           0      -2.933   7.248   0.553  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     93  H           0      -2.323   8.256  -0.780  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     94  H           0      -4.326   8.900  -1.895  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     95  H           0      -5.697   7.774  -2.041  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     96  H           0      -5.164   8.324  -0.435  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     97  H           0      -4.685   5.661   0.359  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     98  H           0      -4.958   4.739  -2.535  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     99  H           0      -6.116   3.662   0.168  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    100  H           0      -5.409   2.280  -2.473  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    101  H           0      -6.962   1.272   0.047  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    102  H           0      -7.430  -2.711  -1.657  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    103  H           0      -5.991  -2.049  -2.457  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    104  H           0      -6.932  -4.246   0.508  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    105  H           0      -7.312  -4.902  -1.105  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    106  H           0      -6.316  -6.626   0.448  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    107  H           0      -5.330  -6.360  -1.016  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    108  H           0      -3.227  -7.079   0.080  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    109  H           0      -2.754  -6.400   1.656  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    110  H           0      -4.162  -7.482   1.540  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    111  H           0      -2.872  -4.193  -1.692  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    112  H           0      -6.892   0.129   1.562  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    113  H           0      -8.451  -0.653   1.914  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    114  H           0      -6.952  -1.613   1.922  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    115  H           0      -4.220   0.701  -2.325  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    116  H           0      -4.364  -1.072  -2.277  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    117  H           0      -5.486  -0.114  -3.274  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    118  H           0      -0.257   5.629  -2.363  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    119  H           0      -1.901   6.106  -2.851  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    120  H           0      -0.708   7.350  -2.406  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    121  H           0      -1.241   3.749   0.483  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    122  H           0       0.276   2.962   0.983  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    123  H           0      -1.086   3.076   2.123  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    124  H           0       3.137   7.422   0.443  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    125  H           0       4.462   3.885   0.127  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    126  H           0       3.123   4.410  -0.922  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    127  H           0       4.333   5.591  -0.365  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    128  H           0       5.198   2.048   3.747  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    129  H           0       4.833   3.721   4.231  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    130  H           0       3.539   2.499   4.211  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    131  H           0       0.039  -5.222   3.045  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    132  H           0      -0.593  -3.627   2.579  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    133  H           0       0.970  -6.709   0.888  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    134  H           0       0.686  -5.918  -0.684  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    135  H           0       3.076  -5.718   0.056  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    136  H           0       2.284  -4.126  -0.089  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    137  H           0       3.579  -4.367   2.056  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    138  H           0       2.516  -5.725   2.506  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    139  H           0       1.388  -1.033  -0.667  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    140  H           0       2.704  -1.150  -1.859  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    141  H           0       2.530  -2.396  -0.600  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    142  H           0       7.292  -0.765   0.002  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    143  H           0       7.028  -2.521  -0.125  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    144  H           0      10.770  -0.665  -1.213  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    145  H           0       9.610   0.044  -2.362  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    146  H           0       9.217  -0.022  -0.628  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT    1    2   80   81   82                                         NONE 151&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT    2    1    3   76    4                                         NONE 152&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT    4    2    5   83   84                                         NONE 153&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT    5    4    6   85   86                                         NONE 154&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT    6    5    7    8   75                                         NONE 155&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT    8    6    9   87   88                                         NONE 156&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT    9    8   10   11   74                                         NONE 157&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   11    9   12   13   60                                         NONE 158&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   13   11   14   89   90                                         NONE 159&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   14   13   15   59    0                                         NONE 160&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   15   14   16   17   58                                         NONE 161&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   17   15   18   91    0                                         NONE 162&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   18   17   19   57    0                                         NONE 163&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   19   18   20   21   56                                         NONE 164&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   21   19   22   23   54                                         NONE 165&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   23   21   24   53    0                                         NONE 166&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   24   23   25   26   52                                         NONE 167&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   26   24   27   92   93                                         NONE 168&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   27   26   28   29   30                                         NONE 169&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   29   27   94   95   96                                         NONE 170&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   30   27   31   97    0                                         NONE 171&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   31   30   32   98    0                                         NONE 172&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   32   31   33   99    0                                         NONE 173&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   33   32   34  100    0                                         NONE 174&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   34   33   35  101    0                                         NONE 175&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   35   34   36   51    0                                         NONE 176&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   36   35   37   38   49                                         NONE 177&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   38   36   39  102  103                                         NONE 178&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   39   38   40   48   41                                         NONE 179&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   41   39   42  104  105                                         NONE 180&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   42   41   43  106  107                                         NONE 181&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   43   42   44   45   46                                         NONE 182&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   45   43  108  109  110                                         NONE 183&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   46   43   47   67   48                                         NONE 184&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   47   46  111    0    0                                         NONE 185&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   48   46   39    0    0                                         NONE 186&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   49   36   50    0    0                                         NONE 187&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   50   49  112  113  114                                         NONE 188&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   51   35  115  116  117                                         NONE 189&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   52   24  118  119  120                                         NONE 190&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   53   23    0    0    0                                         NONE 191&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   54   21   55    0    0                                         NONE 192&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   55   54  121  122  123                                         NONE 193&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   56   19  124    0    0                                         NONE 194&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   57   18  125  126  127                                         NONE 195&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   58   15  128  129  130                                         NONE 196&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   59   14    0    0    0                                         NONE 197&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   60   11   61    0    0                                         NONE 198&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   61   60   62   73    0                                         NONE 199&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   62   61   63   72   64                                         NONE 200&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   64   62   65  131  132                                         NONE 201&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   65   64   66   70    0                                         NONE 202&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   66   65   67   69    0                                         NONE 203&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   67   66   46   68    0                                         NONE 204&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   68   67    0    0    0                                         NONE 205&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   69   66    0    0    0                                         NONE 206&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   70   65   71  133  134                                         NONE 207&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   71   70   72  135  136                                         NONE 208&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   72   71   62  137  138                                         NONE 209&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   73   61    0    0    0                                         NONE 210&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   74    9  139  140  141                                         NONE 211&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   75    6   76  142  143                                         NONE 212&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   76   75   77    2   78                                         NONE 213&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   78   76   79    0    0                                         NONE 214&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   79   78  144  145  146                                         NONE 215&lt;br /&gt;
END  &lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/inlineContents&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/jmolApplet&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/jmol&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| align=&amp;quot;center&amp;quot; colspan=&amp;quot;3&amp;quot; bgcolor=&amp;quot;#ffffff&amp;quot; |&lt;br /&gt;
|- &lt;br /&gt;
! {{chembox header}} colspan=&amp;quot;3&amp;quot;| Properties &amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;1&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| CA Index Name&lt;br /&gt;
| colspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot;| Rapamycin- (9CI)&lt;br /&gt;
|- &lt;br /&gt;
| Other Names&lt;br /&gt;
|colspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot;| Sirolimus&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Rapamune&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
AY-22989&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
RAPA&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
NSC-226080&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| Chemical formula|Molecular formula&lt;br /&gt;
| colspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot; | C&amp;lt;sub&amp;gt;51&amp;lt;/sub&amp;gt;H&amp;lt;sub&amp;gt;79&amp;lt;/sub&amp;gt;N&amp;lt;sub&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/sub&amp;gt;O&amp;lt;sub&amp;gt;13 &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| Molar mass&lt;br /&gt;
| colspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot; | 914.17 g/mol&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| CAS registry number|CAS number&lt;br /&gt;
| colspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot; | 53123-88-9&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| Appearance&lt;br /&gt;
| colspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot; | White to off-white solid&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| Melting point&lt;br /&gt;
| colspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot; | 183-185 °C&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| pKa&lt;br /&gt;
| colspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot; | ~10.4&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;Rapamycin&#039;&#039;&#039; also known as Sirolimus, is a potent immunosuppressive and anti-proliferative natural product isolated from the bacteria strain &#039;&#039;Streptomyces hygroscopicus&#039;&#039;. It is used as a drug to help prevent the body from rejecting organ and bone marrow transplants and also being studied as a treatment for cancer.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Rapamycin is the type of macrolides that do not obtain sugar moieties, which is that there is a sub group in the presence of an amino acid within the macrocyclic ring; therefore it has both an ester and an amide bond in the ring.&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;font size=5&amp;gt;&amp;lt;font color=red&amp;gt;How does Rapamycin work?&amp;lt;/font size&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/font color&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
Rapamycin potently inhibits downstream signaling from the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) proteins which functions in a signaling pathway to promote tumor growth&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;2&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt;. It coordinates the balance between protein synthesis and protein degradation in response to nutrient quality and quantity. Rapamycin binds to the FK-506 binding protein and the rapamycin/FKBP12 complex then binds to mTOR and prevents interaction of mTOR with target proteins in this signaling pathway.&amp;lt;br&amp;gt; &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Rapamycin inhibits the production of  T cells, and also inhibits the production of antibodies. It binds to the binding protein, such as FKBP-12 to generate an immunosuppressive complex.&lt;br /&gt;
This complex binds to and then inhibits the activation of the mammalian target of  rapamycin, mTOR. This inhibition suppresses cytokine inhibiting the progression from the G1 to the S phase of the cell cycle.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Rapamycin selectively inhibits the phosphorylation and activation of p70 S6 kinase&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;3&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt;. It prevents the translational activation of IGF-II and inhibits later signaling events such as p110Rb phosphorylation and cyclin A synthesis. &amp;lt;br&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The rapamycin is thought to target the proteins &amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;8&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt;:&lt;br /&gt;
(1) 70-kD S6 protein kinase p70&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;S6K&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
(2) Eukaryotic initiation factor eIF-4F&lt;br /&gt;
(3) G1-controlling cyclin-dependent kinase (cdk) proteins &lt;br /&gt;
(4) Kinase inhibitory protein Kip1 (p27&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;kip&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt;), which blocks cell progression to the S phase.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The diagram below shows how the mechanism steps of how rapamycin works:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;How Rapamycin works&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
[[Image:mechanism.gif]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;Note:&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
SRL  = Sirolimus (rapamycin)&lt;br /&gt;
mTOR = mammalian target of rapamycin&lt;br /&gt;
CsA  = Cyclosporine&lt;br /&gt;
PTKs = protein tyrosine kinases&lt;br /&gt;
p34&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;cdc2&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt; = a kinase&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Below is the 3D structure of the binding protein, FKBP 12.6 in complex with a rapamycin molecule: &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;jmol&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;jmolApplet&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;size&amp;gt;200&amp;lt;/size&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;color&amp;gt;black&amp;lt;/color&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;script&amp;gt;zoom 100; cpk on;frame 1; move 10 -20 10 0 0 0 0 0 3; delay 1;&amp;lt;/script&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;inlineContents&amp;gt;REMARK   MSI WebLab Viewer PDB file&lt;br /&gt;
REMARK   Created:  Thu Oct 26 13:37:31 GMT Standard Time 2006&lt;br /&gt;
CRYST1   45.696   49.288   51.694  90.00  90.00  90.00 P212121&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM      1  N   GLY A   1      -6.981   2.196  -6.695  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM      2  CA  GLY A   1      -8.065   1.703  -5.797  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM      3  C   GLY A   1      -9.417   2.193  -6.277  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM      4  O   GLY A   1      -9.620   2.391  -7.474  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM      5  N   VAL A   2     -10.341   2.395  -5.345  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM      6  CA  VAL A   2     -11.672   2.874  -5.688  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM      7  C   VAL A   2     -11.896   4.253  -5.093  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM      8  O   VAL A   2     -11.650   4.467  -3.906  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM      9  CB  VAL A   2     -12.775   1.964  -5.119  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     10  CG1 VAL A   2     -14.094   2.249  -5.822  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     11  CG2 VAL A   2     -12.376   0.517  -5.254  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     12  N   GLU A   3     -12.355   5.183  -5.923  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     13  CA  GLU A   3     -12.654   6.535  -5.471  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     14  C   GLU A   3     -14.163   6.708  -5.554  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     15  O   GLU A   3     -14.802   6.200  -6.474  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     16  CB  GLU A   3     -11.955   7.572  -6.348  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     17  CG  GLU A   3     -10.439   7.498  -6.286  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     18  CD  GLU A   3      -9.773   8.693  -6.944  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     19  OE1 GLU A   3     -10.120   9.004  -8.106  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     20  OE2 GLU A   3      -8.902   9.321  -6.299  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     21  N   ILE A   4     -14.724   7.428  -4.590  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     22  CA  ILE A   4     -16.160   7.645  -4.517  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     23  C   ILE A   4     -16.539   9.118  -4.648  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     24  O   ILE A   4     -15.943   9.977  -4.004  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     25  CB  ILE A   4     -16.728   7.152  -3.150  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     26  CG1 ILE A   4     -16.327   5.697  -2.890  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     27  CG2 ILE A   4     -18.232   7.308  -3.120  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     28  CD1 ILE A   4     -16.872   4.708  -3.892  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     29  N   GLU A   5     -17.527   9.393  -5.494  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     30  CA  GLU A   5     -18.054  10.744  -5.669  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     31  C   GLU A   5     -19.552  10.561  -5.505  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     32  O   GLU A   5     -20.210   9.962  -6.357  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     33  CB  GLU A   5     -17.748  11.307  -7.060  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     34  CG  GLU A   5     -16.281  11.588  -7.305  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     35  CD  GLU A   5     -16.027  12.152  -8.688  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     36  OE1 GLU A   5     -16.467  13.290  -8.959  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     37  OE2 GLU A   5     -15.390  11.452  -9.505  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     38  N   THR A   6     -20.086  11.064  -4.401  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     39  CA  THR A   6     -21.503  10.918  -4.115  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     40  C   THR A   6     -22.435  11.594  -5.113  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     41  O   THR A   6     -22.225  12.741  -5.517  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     42  CB  THR A   6     -21.819  11.427  -2.699  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     43  OG1 THR A   6     -21.153  10.595  -1.743  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     44  CG2 THR A   6     -23.321  11.402  -2.440  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     45  N   ILE A   7     -23.461  10.853  -5.514  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     46  CA  ILE A   7     -24.471  11.341  -6.443  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     47  C   ILE A   7     -25.656  11.812  -5.601  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     48  O   ILE A   7     -26.213  12.891  -5.818  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     49  CB  ILE A   7     -24.909  10.212  -7.401  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     50  CG1 ILE A   7     -23.758   9.896  -8.365  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     51  CG2 ILE A   7     -26.173  10.614  -8.163  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     52  CD1 ILE A   7     -24.015   8.709  -9.281  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     53  N   SER A   8     -26.033  10.977  -4.639  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     54  CA  SER A   8     -27.119  11.267  -3.707  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     55  C   SER A   8     -26.659  10.688  -2.380  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     56  O   SER A   8     -26.206   9.549  -2.323  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     57  CB  SER A   8     -28.422  10.596  -4.144  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     58  OG  SER A   8     -29.022  11.290  -5.223  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     59  N   PRO A   9     -26.773  11.462  -1.292  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     60  CA  PRO A   9     -26.339  10.972   0.020  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     61  C   PRO A   9     -27.220   9.882   0.618  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     62  O   PRO A   9     -28.409   9.801   0.324  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     63  CB  PRO A   9     -26.321  12.244   0.868  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     64  CG  PRO A   9     -27.477  13.024   0.300  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     65  CD  PRO A   9     -27.298  12.837  -1.201  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     66  N   GLY A  10     -26.617   9.034   1.446  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     67  CA  GLY A  10     -27.365   7.973   2.098  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     68  C   GLY A  10     -27.791   8.483   3.463  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     69  O   GLY A  10     -27.748   9.688   3.707  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     70  N   ASP A  11     -28.198   7.595   4.363  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     71  CA  ASP A  11     -28.605   8.063   5.682  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     72  C   ASP A  11     -27.363   8.404   6.509  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     73  O   ASP A  11     -27.462   8.997   7.583  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     74  CB  ASP A  11     -29.469   7.014   6.394  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     75  CG  ASP A  11     -28.717   5.729   6.695  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     76  OD1 ASP A  11     -27.485   5.676   6.484  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     77  OD2 ASP A  11     -29.373   4.771   7.158  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     78  N   GLY A  12     -26.196   8.029   5.990  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     79  CA  GLY A  12     -24.941   8.314   6.664  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     80  C   GLY A  12     -24.631   7.519   7.920  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     81  O   GLY A  12     -23.743   7.898   8.690  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     82  N   ARG A  13     -25.335   6.415   8.137  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     83  CA  ARG A  13     -25.084   5.619   9.329  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     84  C   ARG A  13     -25.326   4.126   9.156  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     85  O   ARG A  13     -24.781   3.320   9.907  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     86  CB  ARG A  13     -25.919   6.156  10.498  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     87  CG  ARG A  13     -27.396   6.326  10.197  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     88  CD  ARG A  13     -28.075   7.146  11.295  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     89  NE  ARG A  13     -29.469   7.446  10.981  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     90  CZ  ARG A  13     -30.430   6.533  10.895  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     91  NH1 ARG A  13     -30.152   5.252  11.103  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     92  NH2 ARG A  13     -31.669   6.897  10.593  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     93  N   THR A  14     -26.126   3.755   8.163  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     94  CA  THR A  14     -26.420   2.346   7.925  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     95  C   THR A  14     -25.571   1.781   6.791  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     96  O   THR A  14     -25.933   1.895   5.619  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     97  CB  THR A  14     -27.907   2.141   7.586  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     98  OG1 THR A  14     -28.718   2.756   8.599  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     99  CG2 THR A  14     -28.236   0.657   7.519  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    100  N   PHE A  15     -24.445   1.166   7.150  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    101  CA  PHE A  15     -23.527   0.588   6.174  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    102  C   PHE A  15     -23.654  -0.930   6.104  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    103  O   PHE A  15     -24.151  -1.569   7.035  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    104  CB  PHE A  15     -22.074   0.944   6.521  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    105  CG  PHE A  15     -21.800   2.422   6.558  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    106  CD1 PHE A  15     -22.182   3.186   7.656  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    107  CD2 PHE A  15     -21.176   3.052   5.488  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    108  CE1 PHE A  15     -21.943   4.564   7.689  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    109  CE2 PHE A  15     -20.933   4.429   5.508  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    110  CZ  PHE A  15     -21.318   5.184   6.614  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    111  N   PRO A  16     -23.198  -1.529   4.994  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    112  CA  PRO A  16     -23.272  -2.984   4.832  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    113  C   PRO A  16     -22.464  -3.715   5.904  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    114  O   PRO A  16     -21.291  -3.410   6.120  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    115  CB  PRO A  16     -22.694  -3.205   3.433  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    116  CG  PRO A  16     -23.072  -1.940   2.713  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    117  CD  PRO A  16     -22.744  -0.887   3.748  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    118  N   LYS A  17     -23.102  -4.668   6.578  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    119  CA  LYS A  17     -22.435  -5.451   7.614  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    120  C   LYS A  17     -21.978  -6.781   7.019  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    121  O   LYS A  17     -22.447  -7.190   5.959  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    122  CB  LYS A  17     -23.385  -5.729   8.782  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    123  CG  LYS A  17     -23.891  -4.500   9.515  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    124  CD  LYS A  17     -24.763  -4.914  10.696  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    125  CE  LYS A  17     -25.272  -3.707  11.472  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    126  NZ  LYS A  17     -26.068  -4.106  12.674  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    127  N   LYS A  18     -21.072  -7.460   7.713  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    128  CA  LYS A  18     -20.565  -8.745   7.243  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    129  C   LYS A  18     -21.705  -9.742   7.046  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    130  O   LYS A  18     -22.583  -9.871   7.896  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    131  CB  LYS A  18     -19.559  -9.310   8.247  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    132  CG  LYS A  18     -18.379  -8.395   8.523  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    133  CD  LYS A  18     -17.434  -9.010   9.547  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    134  CE  LYS A  18     -16.263  -8.085   9.851  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    135  NZ  LYS A  18     -15.335  -8.691  10.844  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    136  N   GLY A  19     -21.692 -10.435   5.912  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    137  CA  GLY A  19     -22.726 -11.418   5.637  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    138  C   GLY A  19     -24.002 -10.886   5.009  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    139  O   GLY A  19     -24.752 -11.645   4.390  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    140  N   GLN A  20     -24.262  -9.590   5.165  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    141  CA  GLN A  20     -25.464  -8.992   4.596  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    142  C   GLN A  20     -25.453  -9.062   3.079  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    143  O   GLN A  20     -24.400  -9.216   2.457  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    144  CB  GLN A  20     -25.602  -7.527   5.016  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    145  CG  GLN A  20     -26.018  -7.319   6.456  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    146  CD  GLN A  20     -26.535  -5.914   6.703  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    147  OE1 GLN A  20     -25.795  -4.937   6.592  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    148  NE2 GLN A  20     -27.818  -5.806   7.030  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    149  N   THR A  21     -26.637  -8.950   2.490  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    150  CA  THR A  21     -26.773  -8.978   1.043  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    151  C   THR A  21     -27.114  -7.571   0.582  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    152  O   THR A  21     -28.130  -7.004   0.990  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    153  CB  THR A  21     -27.896  -9.934   0.592  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    154  OG1 THR A  21     -27.606 -11.263   1.044  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    155  CG2 THR A  21     -28.009  -9.935  -0.922  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    156  N   CYS A  22     -26.250  -7.002  -0.251  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    157  CA  CYS A  22     -26.479  -5.662  -0.765  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    158  C   CYS A  22     -27.405  -5.709  -1.970  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    159  O   CYS A  22     -27.232  -6.537  -2.866  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    160  CB  CYS A  22     -25.155  -5.012  -1.172  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    161  SG  CYS A  22     -24.056  -4.617   0.206  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    162  N   VAL A  23     -28.405  -4.835  -1.972  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    163  CA  VAL A  23     -29.329  -4.740  -3.093  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    164  C   VAL A  23     -28.961  -3.414  -3.736  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    165  O   VAL A  23     -29.121  -2.349  -3.137  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    166  CB  VAL A  23     -30.798  -4.711  -2.640  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    167  CG1 VAL A  23     -31.710  -4.703  -3.861  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    168  CG2 VAL A  23     -31.097  -5.921  -1.758  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    169  N   VAL A  24     -28.458  -3.489  -4.958  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    170  CA  VAL A  24     -28.003  -2.305  -5.665  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    171  C   VAL A  24     -28.488  -2.194  -7.105  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    172  O   VAL A  24     -28.914  -3.174  -7.716  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    173  CB  VAL A  24     -26.449  -2.289  -5.700  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    174  CG1 VAL A  24     -25.945  -1.234  -6.669  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    175  CG2 VAL A  24     -25.897  -2.045  -4.307  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    176  N   HIS A  25     -28.430  -0.973  -7.624  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    177  CA  HIS A  25     -28.737  -0.711  -9.015  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    178  C   HIS A  25     -27.410  -0.147  -9.512  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    179  O   HIS A  25     -26.775   0.644  -8.817  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    180  CB  HIS A  25     -29.841   0.328  -9.171  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    181  CG  HIS A  25     -31.102  -0.227  -9.753  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    182  ND1 HIS A  25     -31.106  -1.070 -10.844  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    183  CD2 HIS A  25     -32.399  -0.061  -9.401  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    184  CE1 HIS A  25     -32.350  -1.399 -11.138  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    185  NE2 HIS A  25     -33.154  -0.801 -10.278  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    186  N   TYR A  26     -26.967  -0.558 -10.691  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    187  CA  TYR A  26     -25.700  -0.054 -11.189  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    188  C   TYR A  26     -25.663   0.063 -12.704  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    189  O   TYR A  26     -26.477  -0.525 -13.415  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    190  CB  TYR A  26     -24.557  -0.970 -10.723  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    191  CG  TYR A  26     -24.487  -2.281 -11.480  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    192  CD1 TYR A  26     -23.818  -2.367 -12.703  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    193  CD2 TYR A  26     -25.132  -3.423 -11.002  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    194  CE1 TYR A  26     -23.791  -3.555 -13.431  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    195  CE2 TYR A  26     -25.118  -4.617 -11.726  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    196  CZ  TYR A  26     -24.445  -4.673 -12.942  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    197  OH  TYR A  26     -24.434  -5.841 -13.671  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    198  N   THR A  27     -24.697   0.840 -13.174  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    199  CA  THR A  27     -24.449   1.055 -14.587  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    200  C   THR A  27     -22.928   1.057 -14.665  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    201  O   THR A  27     -22.264   1.819 -13.956  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    202  CB  THR A  27     -24.992   2.416 -15.072  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    203  OG1 THR A  27     -26.420   2.441 -14.928  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    204  CG2 THR A  27     -24.624   2.646 -16.535  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    205  N   GLY A  28     -22.382   0.180 -15.501  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    206  CA  GLY A  28     -20.939   0.086 -15.638  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    207  C   GLY A  28     -20.472   0.667 -16.951  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    208  O   GLY A  28     -21.100   0.468 -17.994  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    209  N   MET A  29     -19.352   1.371 -16.908  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    210  CA  MET A  29     -18.826   2.009 -18.101  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    211  C   MET A  29     -17.303   2.036 -18.084  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    212  O   MET A  29     -16.690   2.198 -17.028  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    213  CB  MET A  29     -19.385   3.432 -18.163  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    214  CG  MET A  29     -18.848   4.325 -19.251  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    215  SD  MET A  29     -19.532   5.992 -19.016  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    216  CE  MET A  29     -18.323   6.720 -17.930  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    217  N   LEU A  30     -16.690   1.861 -19.248  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    218  CA  LEU A  30     -15.235   1.913 -19.343  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    219  C   LEU A  30     -14.853   3.387 -19.268  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    220  O   LEU A  30     -15.529   4.229 -19.857  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    221  CB  LEU A  30     -14.762   1.331 -20.679  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    222  CG  LEU A  30     -15.062  -0.143 -20.933  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    223  CD1 LEU A  30     -14.700  -0.502 -22.371  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    224  CD2 LEU A  30     -14.275  -0.990 -19.947  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    225  N   GLN A  31     -13.789   3.714 -18.543  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    226  CA  GLN A  31     -13.381   5.111 -18.432  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    227  C   GLN A  31     -13.116   5.621 -19.841  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    228  O   GLN A  31     -12.319   5.033 -20.568  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    229  CB  GLN A  31     -12.107   5.249 -17.595  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    230  CG  GLN A  31     -11.789   6.685 -17.216  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    231  CD  GLN A  31     -10.349   6.885 -16.801  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    232  OE1 GLN A  31      -9.782   6.078 -16.073  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    233  NE2 GLN A  31      -9.755   7.990 -17.249  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    234  N   ASN A  32     -13.784   6.706 -20.227  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    235  CA  ASN A  32     -13.610   7.268 -21.563  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    236  C   ASN A  32     -13.988   6.222 -22.620  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    237  O   ASN A  32     -13.457   6.218 -23.730  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    238  CB  ASN A  32     -12.156   7.717 -21.757  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    239  CG  ASN A  32     -11.724   8.764 -20.736  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    240  OD1 ASN A  32     -10.536   8.899 -20.437  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    241  ND2 ASN A  32     -12.689   9.514 -20.206  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    242  N   GLY A  33     -14.907   5.332 -22.262  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    243  CA  GLY A  33     -15.348   4.299 -23.183  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    244  C   GLY A  33     -16.858   4.153 -23.140  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    245  O   GLY A  33     -17.566   5.050 -22.680  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    246  N   LYS A  34     -17.356   3.013 -23.602  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    247  CA  LYS A  34     -18.790   2.760 -23.629  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    248  C   LYS A  34     -19.330   2.102 -22.363  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    249  O   LYS A  34     -18.587   1.494 -21.588  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    250  CB  LYS A  34     -19.135   1.859 -24.817  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    251  CG  LYS A  34     -18.413   0.520 -24.789  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    252  CD  LYS A  34     -19.064  -0.505 -25.711  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    253  CE  LYS A  34     -20.442  -0.915 -25.197  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    254  NZ  LYS A  34     -21.063  -1.980 -26.035  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    255  N   LYS A  35     -20.638   2.228 -22.169  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    256  CA  LYS A  35     -21.311   1.609 -21.037  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    257  C   LYS A  35     -21.391   0.141 -21.441  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    258  O   LYS A  35     -21.684  -0.160 -22.597  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    259  CB  LYS A  35     -22.716   2.190 -20.873  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    260  CG  LYS A  35     -22.736   3.676 -20.514  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    261  CD  LYS A  35     -24.154   4.236 -20.479  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    262  CE  LYS A  35     -24.787   4.206 -21.868  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    263  NZ  LYS A  35     -26.128   4.854 -21.908  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    264  N   PHE A  36     -21.128  -0.769 -20.510  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    265  CA  PHE A  36     -21.158  -2.189 -20.842  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    266  C   PHE A  36     -22.232  -2.976 -20.104  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    267  O   PHE A  36     -22.508  -4.124 -20.445  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    268  CB  PHE A  36     -19.777  -2.815 -20.593  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    269  CG  PHE A  36     -19.232  -2.572 -19.209  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    270  CD1 PHE A  36     -19.712  -3.287 -18.118  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    271  CD2 PHE A  36     -18.236  -1.618 -18.999  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    272  CE1 PHE A  36     -19.205  -3.056 -16.834  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    273  CE2 PHE A  36     -17.726  -1.380 -17.724  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    274  CZ  PHE A  36     -18.213  -2.103 -16.640  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    275  N   ASP A  37     -22.847  -2.363 -19.099  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    276  CA  ASP A  37     -23.888  -3.052 -18.350  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    277  C   ASP A  37     -24.728  -2.064 -17.552  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    278  O   ASP A  37     -24.242  -1.013 -17.128  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    279  CB  ASP A  37     -23.264  -4.088 -17.408  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    280  CG  ASP A  37     -24.275  -5.107 -16.911  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    281  OD1 ASP A  37     -25.448  -5.030 -17.330  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    282  OD2 ASP A  37     -23.902  -5.987 -16.110  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    283  N   SER A  38     -25.997  -2.404 -17.358  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    284  CA  SER A  38     -26.901  -1.548 -16.603  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    285  C   SER A  38     -28.049  -2.351 -16.013  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    286  O   SER A  38     -28.886  -2.886 -16.743  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    287  CB  SER A  38     -27.462  -0.441 -17.503  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    288  OG  SER A  38     -28.493   0.280 -16.846  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    289  N   SER A  39     -28.078  -2.442 -14.687  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    290  CA  SER A  39     -29.145  -3.159 -14.003  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    291  C   SER A  39     -30.408  -2.309 -14.118  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    292  O   SER A  39     -31.523  -2.822 -14.055  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    293  CB  SER A  39     -28.796  -3.363 -12.525  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    294  OG  SER A  39     -28.735  -2.119 -11.842  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    295  N   ARG A  40     -30.220  -1.003 -14.289  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    296  CA  ARG A  40     -31.340  -0.074 -14.416  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    297  C   ARG A  40     -32.046  -0.233 -15.762  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    298  O   ARG A  40     -33.268  -0.120 -15.839  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    299  CB  ARG A  40     -30.860   1.376 -14.262  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    300  CG  ARG A  40     -30.171   1.692 -12.932  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    301  CD  ARG A  40     -29.980   3.199 -12.746  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    302  NE  ARG A  40     -29.299   3.527 -11.494  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    303  CZ  ARG A  40     -27.977   3.548 -11.339  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    304  NH1 ARG A  40     -27.178   3.265 -12.361  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    305  NH2 ARG A  40     -27.449   3.841 -10.153  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    306  N   ASP A  41     -31.276  -0.491 -16.818  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    307  CA  ASP A  41     -31.847  -0.660 -18.154  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    308  C   ASP A  41     -32.739  -1.890 -18.276  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    309  O   ASP A  41     -33.630  -1.937 -19.128  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    310  CB  ASP A  41     -30.746  -0.731 -19.217  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    311  CG  ASP A  41     -30.151   0.634 -19.535  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    312  OD1 ASP A  41     -30.877   1.647 -19.413  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    313  OD2 ASP A  41     -28.964   0.691 -19.925  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    314  N   ARG A  42     -32.489  -2.895 -17.444  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    315  CA  ARG A  42     -33.302  -4.107 -17.468  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    316  C   ARG A  42     -34.241  -4.125 -16.269  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    317  O   ARG A  42     -34.891  -5.134 -15.990  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    318  CB  ARG A  42     -32.417  -5.356 -17.459  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    319  CG  ARG A  42     -31.297  -5.319 -16.444  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    320  CD  ARG A  42     -30.666  -6.691 -16.265  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    321  NE  ARG A  42     -29.464  -6.621 -15.438  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    322  CZ  ARG A  42     -28.287  -6.179 -15.867  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    323  NH1 ARG A  42     -28.146  -5.769 -17.122  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    324  NH2 ARG A  42     -27.250  -6.139 -15.040  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    325  N   ASN A  43     -34.319  -2.988 -15.579  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    326  CA  ASN A  43     -35.175  -2.829 -14.406  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    327  C   ASN A  43     -35.087  -4.044 -13.488  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    328  O   ASN A  43     -36.086  -4.718 -13.240  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    329  CB  ASN A  43     -36.634  -2.621 -14.832  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    330  CG  ASN A  43     -36.826  -1.385 -15.700  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    331  OD1 ASN A  43     -36.462  -1.371 -16.879  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    332  ND2 ASN A  43     -37.400  -0.339 -15.115  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    333  N   LYS A  44     -33.893  -4.322 -12.982  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    334  CA  LYS A  44     -33.703  -5.468 -12.103  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    335  C   LYS A  44     -32.517  -5.268 -11.166  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    336  O   LYS A  44     -31.362  -5.377 -11.579  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    337  CB  LYS A  44     -33.500  -6.736 -12.942  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    338  CG  LYS A  44     -33.408  -8.027 -12.139  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    339  CD  LYS A  44     -33.426  -9.243 -13.063  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    340  CE  LYS A  44     -33.317 -10.554 -12.291  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    341  NZ  LYS A  44     -31.978 -10.744 -11.666  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    342  N   PRO A  45     -32.793  -4.960  -9.888  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    343  CA  PRO A  45     -31.738  -4.748  -8.893  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    344  C   PRO A  45     -30.772  -5.928  -8.838  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    345  O   PRO A  45     -31.162  -7.077  -9.061  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    346  CB  PRO A  45     -32.522  -4.579  -7.598  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    347  CG  PRO A  45     -33.763  -3.883  -8.066  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    348  CD  PRO A  45     -34.118  -4.669  -9.310  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    349  N   PHE A  46     -29.514  -5.626  -8.539  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    350  CA  PHE A  46     -28.450  -6.619  -8.448  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    351  C   PHE A  46     -28.140  -6.901  -6.973  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    352  O   PHE A  46     -28.031  -5.971  -6.170  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    353  CB  PHE A  46     -27.201  -6.068  -9.142  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    354  CG  PHE A  46     -26.012  -6.979  -9.083  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    355  CD1 PHE A  46     -25.932  -8.098  -9.908  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    356  CD2 PHE A  46     -24.952  -6.703  -8.220  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    357  CE1 PHE A  46     -24.806  -8.931  -9.877  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    358  CE2 PHE A  46     -23.823  -7.527  -8.179  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    359  CZ  PHE A  46     -23.747  -8.641  -9.008  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    360  N   LYS A  47     -27.997  -8.174  -6.618  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    361  CA  LYS A  47     -27.697  -8.540  -5.235  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    362  C   LYS A  47     -26.396  -9.325  -5.123  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    363  O   LYS A  47     -26.051 -10.107  -6.012  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    364  CB  LYS A  47     -28.832  -9.389  -4.641  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    365  CG  LYS A  47     -30.208  -8.726  -4.643  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    366  CD  LYS A  47     -31.244  -9.609  -3.937  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    367  CE  LYS A  47     -32.640  -9.011  -4.018  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    368  NZ  LYS A  47     -33.644  -9.817  -3.269  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    369  N   PHE A  48     -25.672  -9.108  -4.031  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    370  CA  PHE A  48     -24.429  -9.829  -3.781  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    371  C   PHE A  48     -24.117  -9.793  -2.295  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    372  O   PHE A  48     -24.493  -8.851  -1.596  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    373  CB  PHE A  48     -23.255  -9.237  -4.575  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    374  CG  PHE A  48     -22.809  -7.880  -4.098  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    375  CD1 PHE A  48     -23.532  -6.738  -4.423  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    376  CD2 PHE A  48     -21.653  -7.745  -3.334  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    377  CE1 PHE A  48     -23.105  -5.470  -3.995  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    378  CE2 PHE A  48     -21.218  -6.489  -2.900  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    379  CZ  PHE A  48     -21.947  -5.350  -3.233  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    380  N   ARG A  49     -23.429 -10.829  -1.825  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    381  CA  ARG A  49     -23.059 -10.968  -0.418  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    382  C   ARG A  49     -21.734 -10.287  -0.090  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    383  O   ARG A  49     -20.716 -10.525  -0.748  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    384  CB  ARG A  49     -22.951 -12.452  -0.058  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    385  CG  ARG A  49     -24.171 -13.286  -0.420  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    386  CD  ARG A  49     -23.766 -14.719  -0.764  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    387  NE  ARG A  49     -23.007 -15.364   0.306  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    388  CZ  ARG A  49     -22.374 -16.527   0.179  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    389  NH1 ARG A  49     -22.404 -17.182  -0.975  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    390  NH2 ARG A  49     -21.708 -17.040   1.206  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    391  N   ILE A  50     -21.755  -9.451   0.942  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    392  CA  ILE A  50     -20.566  -8.739   1.395  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    393  C   ILE A  50     -19.517  -9.697   1.954  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    394  O   ILE A  50     -19.832 -10.568   2.758  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    395  CB  ILE A  50     -20.925  -7.719   2.508  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    396  CG1 ILE A  50     -21.499  -6.444   1.886  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    397  CG2 ILE A  50     -19.697  -7.414   3.361  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    398  CD1 ILE A  50     -20.498  -5.673   1.043  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    399  N   GLY A  51     -18.272  -9.530   1.522  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    400  CA  GLY A  51     -17.189 -10.361   2.021  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    401  C   GLY A  51     -17.100 -11.785   1.506  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    402  O   GLY A  51     -16.335 -12.591   2.044  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    403  N   LYS A  52     -17.870 -12.107   0.472  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    404  CA  LYS A  52     -17.849 -13.452  -0.086  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    405  C   LYS A  52     -17.088 -13.521  -1.405  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    406  O   LYS A  52     -17.124 -14.539  -2.097  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    407  CB  LYS A  52     -19.277 -13.965  -0.282  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    408  CG  LYS A  52     -20.037 -14.182   1.018  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    409  CD  LYS A  52     -19.334 -15.209   1.898  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    410  CE  LYS A  52     -20.107 -15.474   3.179  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    411  NZ  LYS A  52     -19.443 -16.511   4.020  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    412  N   GLN A  53     -16.403 -12.435  -1.749  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    413  CA  GLN A  53     -15.627 -12.380  -2.984  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    414  C   GLN A  53     -16.453 -12.745  -4.212  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    415  O   GLN A  53     -15.972 -13.447  -5.103  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    416  CB  GLN A  53     -14.432 -13.326  -2.889  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    417  CG  GLN A  53     -13.499 -13.013  -1.738  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    418  CD  GLN A  53     -12.503 -14.119  -1.491  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    419  OE1 GLN A  53     -12.881 -15.255  -1.200  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    420  NE2 GLN A  53     -11.219 -13.796  -1.602  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    421  N   GLU A  54     -17.692 -12.271  -4.268  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    422  CA  GLU A  54     -18.543 -12.569  -5.416  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    423  C   GLU A  54     -18.362 -11.547  -6.533  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    424  O   GLU A  54     -18.608 -11.846  -7.702  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    425  CB  GLU A  54     -20.012 -12.595  -4.999  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    426  CG  GLU A  54     -20.307 -13.506  -3.826  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    427  CD  GLU A  54     -21.785 -13.651  -3.582  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    428  OE1 GLU A  54     -22.499 -12.628  -3.654  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    429  OE2 GLU A  54     -22.232 -14.786  -3.313  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    430  N   VAL A  55     -17.933 -10.341  -6.172  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    431  CA  VAL A  55     -17.741  -9.276  -7.152  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    432  C   VAL A  55     -16.340  -8.677  -7.046  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    433  O   VAL A  55     -15.673  -8.827  -6.022  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    434  CB  VAL A  55     -18.788  -8.160  -6.951  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    435  CG1 VAL A  55     -20.200  -8.755  -7.006  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    436  CG2 VAL A  55     -18.560  -7.464  -5.613  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    437  N   ILE A  56     -15.894  -7.999  -8.100  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    438  CA  ILE A  56     -14.564  -7.394  -8.092  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    439  C   ILE A  56     -14.374  -6.523  -6.853  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    440  O   ILE A  56     -15.321  -5.901  -6.371  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    441  CB  ILE A  56     -14.307  -6.554  -9.375  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    442  CG1 ILE A  56     -15.440  -5.551  -9.602  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    443  CG2 ILE A  56     -14.182  -7.488 -10.575  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    444  CD1 ILE A  56     -15.210  -4.630 -10.793  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    445  N   LYS A  57     -13.144  -6.485  -6.345  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    446  CA  LYS A  57     -12.824  -5.723  -5.138  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    447  C   LYS A  57     -13.315  -4.287  -5.109  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    448  O   LYS A  57     -13.879  -3.841  -4.111  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    449  CB  LYS A  57     -11.313  -5.731  -4.885  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    450  CG  LYS A  57     -10.787  -7.039  -4.334  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    451  CD  LYS A  57      -9.324  -6.910  -3.923  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    452  CE  LYS A  57      -8.825  -8.180  -3.246  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    453  NZ  LYS A  57      -7.395  -8.065  -2.826  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    454  N   GLY A  58     -13.080  -3.562  -6.199  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    455  CA  GLY A  58     -13.492  -2.175  -6.264  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    456  C   GLY A  58     -14.979  -1.931  -6.085  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    457  O   GLY A  58     -15.385  -0.942  -5.471  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    458  N   PHE A  59     -15.797  -2.826  -6.624  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    459  CA  PHE A  59     -17.242  -2.687  -6.527  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    460  C   PHE A  59     -17.673  -2.948  -5.086  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    461  O   PHE A  59     -18.462  -2.191  -4.519  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    462  CB  PHE A  59     -17.915  -3.664  -7.498  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    463  CG  PHE A  59     -19.390  -3.413  -7.703  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    464  CD1 PHE A  59     -20.328  -3.891  -6.788  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    465  CD2 PHE A  59     -19.840  -2.725  -8.828  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    466  CE1 PHE A  59     -21.693  -3.692  -6.990  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    467  CE2 PHE A  59     -21.204  -2.517  -9.044  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    468  CZ  PHE A  59     -22.136  -3.003  -8.123  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    469  N   GLU A  60     -17.132  -4.001  -4.482  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    470  CA  GLU A  60     -17.483  -4.323  -3.105  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    471  C   GLU A  60     -16.952  -3.283  -2.119  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    472  O   GLU A  60     -17.652  -2.894  -1.191  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    473  CB  GLU A  60     -16.958  -5.706  -2.707  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    474  CG  GLU A  60     -17.614  -6.211  -1.425  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    475  CD  GLU A  60     -17.145  -7.584  -1.006  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    476  OE1 GLU A  60     -16.906  -8.432  -1.892  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    477  OE2 GLU A  60     -17.035  -7.820   0.218  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    478  N   GLU A  61     -15.713  -2.837  -2.311  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    479  CA  GLU A  61     -15.147  -1.839  -1.410  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    480  C   GLU A  61     -15.923  -0.531  -1.516  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    481  O   GLU A  61     -16.061   0.204  -0.537  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    482  CB  GLU A  61     -13.669  -1.603  -1.728  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    483  CG  GLU A  61     -12.814  -2.848  -1.570  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    484  CD  GLU A  61     -11.345  -2.583  -1.813  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    485  OE1 GLU A  61     -11.027  -1.644  -2.575  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    486  OE2 GLU A  61     -10.510  -3.324  -1.255  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    487  N   GLY A  62     -16.429  -0.240  -2.709  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    488  CA  GLY A  62     -17.199   0.974  -2.888  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    489  C   GLY A  62     -18.501   0.877  -2.109  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    490  O   GLY A  62     -18.852   1.769  -1.333  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    491  N   ALA A  63     -19.212  -0.228  -2.306  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    492  CA  ALA A  63     -20.487  -0.447  -1.635  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    493  C   ALA A  63     -20.334  -0.496  -0.123  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    494  O   ALA A  63     -21.180   0.016   0.615  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    495  CB  ALA A  63     -21.115  -1.742  -2.131  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    496  N   ALA A  64     -19.252  -1.118   0.337  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    497  CA  ALA A  64     -19.001  -1.252   1.764  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    498  C   ALA A  64     -18.902   0.092   2.481  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    499  O   ALA A  64     -19.242   0.190   3.661  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    500  CB  ALA A  64     -17.731  -2.069   1.996  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    501  N   GLN A  65     -18.452   1.129   1.779  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    502  CA  GLN A  65     -18.321   2.444   2.408  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    503  C   GLN A  65     -19.489   3.386   2.132  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    504  O   GLN A  65     -19.404   4.588   2.396  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    505  CB  GLN A  65     -17.011   3.111   1.981  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    506  CG  GLN A  65     -16.896   3.386   0.498  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    507  CD  GLN A  65     -15.542   3.956   0.135  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    508  OE1 GLN A  65     -15.246   5.122   0.416  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    509  NE2 GLN A  65     -14.705   3.135  -0.473  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    510  N   MET A  66     -20.574   2.837   1.599  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    511  CA  MET A  66     -21.769   3.621   1.297  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    512  C   MET A  66     -22.858   3.312   2.322  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    513  O   MET A  66     -22.951   2.186   2.809  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    514  CB  MET A  66     -22.278   3.286  -0.107  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    515  CG  MET A  66     -21.360   3.779  -1.227  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    516  SD  MET A  66     -21.802   3.102  -2.840  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    517  CE  MET A  66     -23.385   3.919  -3.121  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    518  N   SER A  67     -23.673   4.307   2.655  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    519  CA  SER A  67     -24.753   4.094   3.613  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    520  C   SER A  67     -26.065   3.852   2.864  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    521  O   SER A  67     -26.175   4.150   1.668  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    522  CB  SER A  67     -24.879   5.289   4.574  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    523  OG  SER A  67     -25.060   6.519   3.893  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    524  N   LEU A  68     -27.052   3.300   3.565  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    525  CA  LEU A  68     -28.343   2.990   2.959  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    526  C   LEU A  68     -28.934   4.161   2.183  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    527  O   LEU A  68     -29.022   5.274   2.697  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    528  CB  LEU A  68     -29.337   2.534   4.033  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    529  CG  LEU A  68     -30.677   2.004   3.514  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    530  CD1 LEU A  68     -30.438   0.840   2.560  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    531  CD2 LEU A  68     -31.539   1.556   4.689  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    532  N   GLY A  69     -29.331   3.896   0.940  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    533  CA  GLY A  69     -29.915   4.928   0.094  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    534  C   GLY A  69     -28.910   5.768  -0.678  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    535  O   GLY A  69     -29.282   6.535  -1.569  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    536  N   GLN A  70     -27.629   5.632  -0.348  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    537  CA  GLN A  70     -26.611   6.413  -1.033  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    538  C   GLN A  70     -26.414   5.947  -2.464  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    539  O   GLN A  70     -26.568   4.764  -2.770  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    540  CB  GLN A  70     -25.268   6.322  -0.299  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    541  CG  GLN A  70     -24.212   7.269  -0.843  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    542  CD  GLN A  70     -22.892   7.173  -0.083  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    543  OE1 GLN A  70     -22.825   6.580   0.993  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    544  NE2 GLN A  70     -21.841   7.771  -0.640  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    545  N   ARG A  71     -26.081   6.899  -3.334  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    546  CA  ARG A  71     -25.802   6.632  -4.739  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    547  C   ARG A  71     -24.497   7.348  -5.030  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    548  O   ARG A  71     -24.319   8.513  -4.659  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    549  CB  ARG A  71     -26.902   7.190  -5.646  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    550  CG  ARG A  71     -26.590   7.038  -7.127  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    551  CD  ARG A  71     -27.729   7.569  -7.984  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    552  NE  ARG A  71     -27.481   7.406  -9.413  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    553  CZ  ARG A  71     -28.266   7.914 -10.361  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    554  NH1 ARG A  71     -29.343   8.617 -10.021  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    555  NH2 ARG A  71     -27.983   7.719 -11.644  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    556  N   ALA A  72     -23.575   6.664  -5.692  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    557  CA  ALA A  72     -22.300   7.284  -5.968  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    558  C   ALA A  72     -21.643   6.762  -7.226  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    559  O   ALA A  72     -21.975   5.689  -7.726  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    560  CB  ALA A  72     -21.367   7.083  -4.781  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    561  N   LYS A  73     -20.706   7.552  -7.728  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    562  CA  LYS A  73     -19.935   7.202  -8.907  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    563  C   LYS A  73     -18.658   6.549  -8.385  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    564  O   LYS A  73     -17.917   7.162  -7.608  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    565  CB  LYS A  73     -19.588   8.471  -9.689  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    566  CG  LYS A  73     -18.573   8.289 -10.805  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    567  CD  LYS A  73     -18.169   9.649 -11.368  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    568  CE  LYS A  73     -17.260   9.522 -12.575  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    569  NZ  LYS A  73     -16.030   8.757 -12.253  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    570  N   LEU A  74     -18.405   5.303  -8.780  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    571  CA  LEU A  74     -17.196   4.628  -8.326  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    572  C   LEU A  74     -16.200   4.546  -9.470  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    573  O   LEU A  74     -16.546   4.130 -10.578  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    574  CB  LEU A  74     -17.487   3.201  -7.844  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    575  CG  LEU A  74     -18.759   2.834  -7.078  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    576  CD1 LEU A  74     -18.576   1.442  -6.495  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    577  CD2 LEU A  74     -19.045   3.828  -5.981  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    578  N   THR A  75     -14.967   4.958  -9.209  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    579  CA  THR A  75     -13.935   4.865 -10.222  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    580  C   THR A  75     -12.982   3.799  -9.704  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    581  O   THR A  75     -12.352   3.969  -8.658  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    582  CB  THR A  75     -13.196   6.197 -10.409  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    583  OG1 THR A  75     -14.144   7.221 -10.746  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    584  CG2 THR A  75     -12.171   6.078 -11.536  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    585  N   CYS A  76     -12.897   2.695 -10.437  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    586  CA  CYS A  76     -12.063   1.569 -10.044  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    587  C   CYS A  76     -10.873   1.349 -10.972  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    588  O   CYS A  76     -11.045   1.139 -12.174  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    589  CB  CYS A  76     -12.909   0.292 -10.016  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    590  SG  CYS A  76     -14.468   0.417  -9.079  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    591  N   THR A  77      -9.669   1.395 -10.411  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    592  CA  THR A  77      -8.467   1.159 -11.203  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    593  C   THR A  77      -8.425  -0.340 -11.518  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    594  O   THR A  77      -9.075  -1.147 -10.845  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    595  CB  THR A  77      -7.188   1.575 -10.434  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    596  OG1 THR A  77      -7.215   1.014  -9.116  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    597  CG2 THR A  77      -7.096   3.094 -10.336  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    598  N   PRO A  78      -7.664  -0.731 -12.551  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    599  CA  PRO A  78      -7.550  -2.137 -12.953  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    600  C   PRO A  78      -7.252  -3.129 -11.823  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    601  O   PRO A  78      -7.852  -4.205 -11.765  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    602  CB  PRO A  78      -6.432  -2.110 -13.995  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    603  CG  PRO A  78      -6.552  -0.742 -14.588  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    604  CD  PRO A  78      -6.785   0.122 -13.373  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    605  N   ASP A  79      -6.335  -2.771 -10.926  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    606  CA  ASP A  79      -5.965  -3.672  -9.836  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    607  C   ASP A  79      -7.124  -4.062  -8.914  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    608  O   ASP A  79      -7.050  -5.081  -8.227  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    609  CB  ASP A  79      -4.814  -3.077  -9.015  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    610  CG  ASP A  79      -5.149  -1.726  -8.445  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    611  OD1 ASP A  79      -5.459  -0.813  -9.233  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    612  OD2 ASP A  79      -5.101  -1.574  -7.212  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    613  N   VAL A  80      -8.183  -3.254  -8.885  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    614  CA  VAL A  80      -9.349  -3.580  -8.067  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    615  C   VAL A  80     -10.546  -3.901  -8.971  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    616  O   VAL A  80     -11.698  -3.845  -8.544  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    617  CB  VAL A  80      -9.716  -2.432  -7.082  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    618  CG1 VAL A  80      -8.655  -2.336  -5.979  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    619  CG2 VAL A  80      -9.832  -1.108  -7.826  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    620  N   ALA A  81     -10.252  -4.235 -10.227  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    621  CA  ALA A  81     -11.277  -4.602 -11.196  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    622  C   ALA A  81     -10.854  -5.906 -11.884  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    623  O   ALA A  81     -10.777  -6.951 -11.233  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    624  CB  ALA A  81     -11.466  -3.486 -12.227  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    625  N   TYR A  82     -10.555  -5.848 -13.180  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    626  CA  TYR A  82     -10.157  -7.049 -13.914  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    627  C   TYR A  82      -8.664  -7.146 -14.248  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    628  O   TYR A  82      -8.232  -8.062 -14.952  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    629  CB  TYR A  82     -11.020  -7.178 -15.178  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    630  CG  TYR A  82     -12.484  -7.397 -14.844  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    631  CD1 TYR A  82     -12.947  -8.650 -14.432  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    632  CD2 TYR A  82     -13.393  -6.338 -14.870  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    633  CE1 TYR A  82     -14.280  -8.841 -14.046  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    634  CE2 TYR A  82     -14.730  -6.518 -14.490  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    635  CZ  TYR A  82     -15.162  -7.770 -14.076  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    636  OH  TYR A  82     -16.466  -7.938 -13.668  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    637  N   GLY A  83      -7.885  -6.198 -13.739  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    638  CA  GLY A  83      -6.445  -6.208 -13.944  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    639  C   GLY A  83      -5.895  -6.301 -15.357  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    640  O   GLY A  83      -6.486  -5.792 -16.307  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    641  N   ALA A  84      -4.746  -6.959 -15.486  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    642  CA  ALA A  84      -4.080  -7.109 -16.776  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    643  C   ALA A  84      -4.792  -8.114 -17.665  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    644  O   ALA A  84      -4.618  -8.108 -18.883  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    645  CB  ALA A  84      -2.636  -7.538 -16.568  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    646  N   THR A  85      -5.596  -8.971 -17.048  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    647  CA  THR A  85      -6.330  -9.998 -17.776  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    648  C   THR A  85      -7.594  -9.470 -18.440  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    649  O   THR A  85      -7.944  -9.903 -19.538  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    650  CB  THR A  85      -6.745 -11.156 -16.843  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    651  OG1 THR A  85      -5.584 -11.705 -16.214  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    652  CG2 THR A  85      -7.459 -12.252 -17.633  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    653  N   GLY A  86      -8.275  -8.542 -17.771  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    654  CA  GLY A  86      -9.514  -8.003 -18.301  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    655  C   GLY A  86     -10.593  -9.071 -18.186  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    656  O   GLY A  86     -10.348 -10.127 -17.610  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    657  N   HIS A  87     -11.787  -8.796 -18.704  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    658  CA  HIS A  87     -12.871  -9.776 -18.677  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    659  C   HIS A  87     -13.148 -10.182 -20.125  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    660  O   HIS A  87     -13.560  -9.354 -20.939  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    661  CB  HIS A  87     -14.139  -9.181 -18.057  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    662  CG  HIS A  87     -15.283 -10.143 -18.001  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    663  ND1 HIS A  87     -15.322 -11.202 -17.118  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    664  CD2 HIS A  87     -16.407 -10.233 -18.748  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    665  CE1 HIS A  87     -16.424 -11.903 -17.324  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    666  NE2 HIS A  87     -17.100 -11.337 -18.309  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    667  N   PRO A  88     -12.927 -11.464 -20.460  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    668  CA  PRO A  88     -13.140 -11.985 -21.813  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    669  C   PRO A  88     -14.260 -11.359 -22.632  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    670  O   PRO A  88     -15.435 -11.455 -22.277  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    671  CB  PRO A  88     -13.354 -13.476 -21.570  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    672  CG  PRO A  88     -12.350 -13.741 -20.477  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    673  CD  PRO A  88     -12.577 -12.558 -19.532  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    674  N   GLY A  89     -13.870 -10.708 -23.726  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    675  CA  GLY A  89     -14.820 -10.091 -24.638  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    676  C   GLY A  89     -15.633  -8.892 -24.181  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    677  O   GLY A  89     -16.491  -8.427 -24.926  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    678  N   VAL A  90     -15.378  -8.376 -22.982  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    679  CA  VAL A  90     -16.140  -7.228 -22.492  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    680  C   VAL A  90     -15.254  -6.116 -21.923  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    681  O   VAL A  90     -15.404  -4.945 -22.280  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    682  CB  VAL A  90     -17.147  -7.655 -21.395  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    683  CG1 VAL A  90     -18.042  -6.484 -21.030  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    684  CG2 VAL A  90     -17.979  -8.835 -21.881  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    685  N   ILE A  91     -14.338  -6.491 -21.034  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    686  CA  ILE A  91     -13.427  -5.533 -20.408  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    687  C   ILE A  91     -11.994  -5.844 -20.841  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    688  O   ILE A  91     -11.483  -6.937 -20.583  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    689  CB  ILE A  91     -13.467  -5.634 -18.864  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    690  CG1 ILE A  91     -14.913  -5.540 -18.355  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    691  CG2 ILE A  91     -12.562  -4.552 -18.250  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    692  CD1 ILE A  91     -15.621  -4.225 -18.679  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    693  N   PRO A  92     -11.321  -4.886 -21.501  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    694  CA  PRO A  92      -9.941  -5.129 -21.936  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    695  C   PRO A  92      -8.929  -5.029 -20.802  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    696  O   PRO A  92      -9.249  -4.561 -19.706  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    697  CB  PRO A  92      -9.716  -4.042 -22.985  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    698  CG  PRO A  92     -10.539  -2.910 -22.458  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    699  CD  PRO A  92     -11.822  -3.607 -22.031  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    700  N   PRO A  93      -7.691  -5.487 -21.050  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    701  CA  PRO A  93      -6.636  -5.431 -20.038  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    702  C   PRO A  93      -6.411  -3.987 -19.571  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    703  O   PRO A  93      -6.597  -3.040 -20.345  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    704  CB  PRO A  93      -5.426  -5.984 -20.780  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    705  CG  PRO A  93      -6.045  -7.000 -21.701  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    706  CD  PRO A  93      -7.251  -6.261 -22.228  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    707  N   ASN A  94      -6.030  -3.837 -18.304  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    708  CA  ASN A  94      -5.740  -2.536 -17.692  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    709  C   ASN A  94      -6.852  -1.503 -17.804  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    710  O   ASN A  94      -6.586  -0.313 -17.988  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    711  CB  ASN A  94      -4.470  -1.934 -18.295  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    712  CG  ASN A  94      -3.777  -0.985 -17.335  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    713  OD1 ASN A  94      -3.383  -1.387 -16.244  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    714  ND2 ASN A  94      -3.630   0.271 -17.730  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    715  N   ALA A  95      -8.093  -1.941 -17.669  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    716  CA  ALA A  95      -9.198  -1.012 -17.786  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    717  C   ALA A  95      -9.671  -0.422 -16.469  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    718  O   ALA A  95      -9.956  -1.148 -15.512  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    719  CB  ALA A  95     -10.369  -1.684 -18.494  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    720  N   THR A  96      -9.736   0.904 -16.423  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    721  CA  THR A  96     -10.260   1.593 -15.252  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    722  C   THR A  96     -11.769   1.614 -15.502  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    723  O   THR A  96     -12.228   1.995 -16.589  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    724  CB  THR A  96      -9.700   3.031 -15.148  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    725  OG1 THR A  96      -8.320   2.970 -14.751  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    726  CG2 THR A  96     -10.492   3.849 -14.140  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    727  N   LEU A  97     -12.543   1.190 -14.510  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    728  CA  LEU A  97     -13.992   1.121 -14.674  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    729  C   LEU A  97     -14.761   2.144 -13.861  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    730  O   LEU A  97     -14.368   2.492 -12.747  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    731  CB  LEU A  97     -14.474  -0.283 -14.303  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    732  CG  LEU A  97     -13.732  -1.432 -14.998  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    733  CD1 LEU A  97     -14.256  -2.769 -14.495  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    734  CD2 LEU A  97     -13.910  -1.313 -16.508  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    735  N   ILE A  98     -15.865   2.618 -14.428  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    736  CA  ILE A  98     -16.720   3.582 -13.753  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    737  C   ILE A  98     -18.046   2.901 -13.478  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    738  O   ILE A  98     -18.666   2.370 -14.400  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    739  CB  ILE A  98     -17.013   4.822 -14.628  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    740  CG1 ILE A  98     -15.711   5.516 -15.032  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    741  CG2 ILE A  98     -17.929   5.777 -13.861  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    742  CD1 ILE A  98     -14.936   6.099 -13.871  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    743  N   PHE A  99     -18.476   2.921 -12.217  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    744  CA  PHE A  99     -19.741   2.310 -11.814  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    745  C   PHE A  99     -20.619   3.308 -11.065  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    746  O   PHE A  99     -20.193   3.871 -10.056  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    747  CB  PHE A  99     -19.500   1.114 -10.882  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    748  CG  PHE A  99     -19.076  -0.153 -11.583  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    749  CD1 PHE A  99     -20.014  -0.953 -12.233  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    750  CD2 PHE A  99     -17.749  -0.566 -11.554  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    751  CE1 PHE A  99     -19.630  -2.152 -12.841  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    752  CE2 PHE A  99     -17.354  -1.757 -12.157  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    753  CZ  PHE A  99     -18.295  -2.554 -12.801  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    754  N   ASP A 100     -21.832   3.531 -11.567  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    755  CA  ASP A 100     -22.802   4.417 -10.919  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    756  C   ASP A 100     -23.593   3.425 -10.072  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    757  O   ASP A 100     -24.371   2.636 -10.609  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    758  CB  ASP A 100     -23.724   5.061 -11.962  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    759  CG  ASP A 100     -24.763   5.989 -11.343  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    760  OD1 ASP A 100     -25.159   5.770 -10.176  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    761  OD2 ASP A 100     -25.198   6.931 -12.040  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    762  N   VAL A 101     -23.385   3.462  -8.761  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    763  CA  VAL A 101     -24.031   2.520  -7.849  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    764  C   VAL A 101     -24.972   3.155  -6.828  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    765  O   VAL A 101     -24.646   4.181  -6.223  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    766  CB  VAL A 101     -22.950   1.715  -7.068  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    767  CG1 VAL A 101     -23.601   0.831  -6.002  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    768  CG2 VAL A 101     -22.130   0.866  -8.039  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    769  N   GLU A 102     -26.132   2.535  -6.635  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    770  CA  GLU A 102     -27.102   3.019  -5.652  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    771  C   GLU A 102     -27.435   1.886  -4.674  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    772  O   GLU A 102     -27.954   0.845  -5.079  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    773  CB  GLU A 102     -28.390   3.503  -6.335  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    774  CG  GLU A 102     -29.434   3.975  -5.324  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    775  CD  GLU A 102     -30.725   4.468  -5.956  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    776  OE1 GLU A 102     -30.943   4.228  -7.167  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    777  OE2 GLU A 102     -31.531   5.086  -5.224  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    778  N   LEU A 103     -27.117   2.088  -3.392  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    779  CA  LEU A 103     -27.380   1.085  -2.366  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    780  C   LEU A 103     -28.842   1.202  -1.953  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    781  O   LEU A 103     -29.199   2.007  -1.094  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    782  CB  LEU A 103     -26.468   1.305  -1.156  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    783  CG  LEU A 103     -26.609   0.303  -0.005  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    784  CD1 LEU A 103     -26.382  -1.118  -0.505  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    785  CD2 LEU A 103     -25.609   0.653   1.081  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    786  N   LEU A 104     -29.675   0.377  -2.570  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    787  CA  LEU A 104     -31.111   0.393  -2.332  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    788  C   LEU A 104     -31.576  -0.236  -1.027  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    789  O   LEU A 104     -32.426   0.320  -0.330  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    790  CB  LEU A 104     -31.816  -0.302  -3.490  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    791  CG  LEU A 104     -31.473   0.249  -4.875  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    792  CD1 LEU A 104     -31.942  -0.729  -5.949  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    793  CD2 LEU A 104     -32.120   1.615  -5.046  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    794  N   ASN A 105     -31.021  -1.393  -0.691  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    795  CA  ASN A 105     -31.449  -2.075   0.517  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    796  C   ASN A 105     -30.377  -3.035   1.005  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    797  O   ASN A 105     -29.434  -3.353   0.276  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    798  CB  ASN A 105     -32.746  -2.835   0.206  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    799  CG  ASN A 105     -33.449  -3.342   1.448  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    800  OD1 ASN A 105     -33.342  -2.754   2.523  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    801  ND2 ASN A 105     -34.195  -4.431   1.298  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    802  N   LEU A 106     -30.524  -3.481   2.248  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    803  CA  LEU A 106     -29.600  -4.429   2.856  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    804  C   LEU A 106     -30.427  -5.586   3.404  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    805  O   LEU A 106     -31.322  -5.377   4.224  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    806  CB  LEU A 106     -28.812  -3.754   3.981  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    807  CG  LEU A 106     -27.682  -2.843   3.494  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    808  CD1 LEU A 106     -27.164  -1.983   4.632  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    809  CD2 LEU A 106     -26.563  -3.714   2.914  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    810  N   GLU A 107     -30.132  -6.800   2.946  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    811  CA  GLU A 107     -30.875  -7.980   3.382  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    812  C   GLU A 107     -29.979  -9.012   4.061  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    813  O   GLU A 107     -28.799  -8.767   4.306  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    814  CB  GLU A 107     -31.571  -8.626   2.183  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    815  CG  GLU A 107     -32.261  -7.635   1.263  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    816  CD  GLU A 107     -32.909  -8.302   0.067  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    817  OE1 GLU A 107     -32.510  -9.436  -0.265  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    818  OE2 GLU A 107     -33.806  -7.687  -0.549  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
TER&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    819  C1  RAP A 108     -18.510  -8.134 -11.063  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    820  O1  RAP A 108     -18.969  -9.229 -11.856  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    821  O2  RAP A 108     -17.819  -8.381 -10.069  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    822  C2  RAP A 108     -18.857  -6.680 -11.413  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    823  C3  RAP A 108     -19.378  -5.903 -10.192  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    824  C4  RAP A 108     -20.810  -6.269  -9.768  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    825  C5  RAP A 108     -21.748  -6.104 -10.968  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    826  C6  RAP A 108     -21.289  -6.956 -12.126  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    827  N7  RAP A 108     -19.893  -6.531 -12.486  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    828  C8  RAP A 108     -19.513  -6.171 -13.744  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    829  O3  RAP A 108     -18.296  -5.996 -13.976  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    830  C9  RAP A 108     -20.424  -5.985 -14.822  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    831  O4  RAP A 108     -21.015  -4.900 -14.935  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    832  C10 RAP A 108     -20.701  -7.102 -15.860  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    833  O5  RAP A 108     -21.536  -8.043 -15.186  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    834  O6  RAP A 108     -21.405  -6.534 -16.979  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    835  C11 RAP A 108     -19.388  -7.854 -16.375  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    836  C12 RAP A 108     -19.775  -9.075 -17.246  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    837  C13 RAP A 108     -20.761  -9.975 -16.480  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    838  C14 RAP A 108     -21.967  -9.211 -15.854  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    839  C15 RAP A 108     -22.672 -10.085 -14.824  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    840  C16 RAP A 108     -23.453 -11.289 -15.379  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    841  O7  RAP A 108     -24.420 -10.794 -16.279  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    842  C17 RAP A 108     -24.142 -12.089 -14.269  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    843  C18 RAP A 108     -23.665 -13.315 -13.987  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    844  C19 RAP A 108     -24.201 -14.242 -12.966  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    845  C20 RAP A 108     -23.630 -15.435 -12.786  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    846  C21 RAP A 108     -24.162 -16.384 -11.781  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    847  C22 RAP A 108     -23.444 -17.370 -11.268  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    848  C23 RAP A 108     -23.906 -18.220 -10.081  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    849  C24 RAP A 108     -22.851 -18.127  -8.963  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    850  C25 RAP A 108     -22.360 -16.747  -8.519  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    851  C26 RAP A 108     -21.023 -16.845  -7.774  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    852  O8  RAP A 108     -20.965 -16.994  -6.547  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    853  C27 RAP A 108     -19.745 -16.757  -8.633  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    854  O9  RAP A 108     -18.698 -17.397  -7.951  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    855  C28 RAP A 108     -19.234 -15.293  -8.931  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    856  O10 RAP A 108     -19.259 -14.553  -7.701  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    857  C29 RAP A 108     -20.070 -14.540 -10.006  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    858  C30 RAP A 108     -20.851 -13.477  -9.720  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    859  C31 RAP A 108     -21.739 -12.610 -10.632  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    860  C32 RAP A 108     -21.031 -11.274 -10.909  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    861  O11 RAP A 108     -21.295 -10.239 -10.286  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    862  C33 RAP A 108     -19.966 -11.303 -12.008  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    863  C34 RAP A 108     -18.698 -10.575 -11.585  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    864  C35 RAP A 108     -17.359 -10.916 -12.304  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    865  C36 RAP A 108     -16.786 -12.266 -11.815  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    866  C37 RAP A 108     -16.322 -12.376 -10.346  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    867  C38 RAP A 108     -15.790 -13.811 -10.060  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    868  C39 RAP A 108     -15.278 -14.019  -8.595  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    869  O12 RAP A 108     -14.646 -15.301  -8.504  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    870  C40 RAP A 108     -14.253 -12.869  -8.176  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    871  O13 RAP A 108     -14.019 -12.970  -6.766  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    872  C41 RAP A 108     -14.775 -11.432  -8.497  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    873  C42 RAP A 108     -15.251 -11.324  -9.952  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    874  C43 RAP A 108     -18.390  -6.936 -17.162  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    875  C44 RAP A 108     -25.350 -11.389 -13.580  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    876  C45 RAP A 108     -24.081 -19.670 -10.522  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    877  C46 RAP A 108     -23.414 -16.041  -7.644  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    878  C47 RAP A 108     -19.924 -15.115 -11.414  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    879  C48 RAP A 108     -23.101 -12.375  -9.939  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    880  C49 RAP A 108     -17.519 -10.949 -13.817  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    881  C50 RAP A 108     -24.780 -11.612 -17.353  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    882  C51 RAP A 108     -18.394 -18.690  -8.368  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    883  C52 RAP A 108     -13.537 -15.605  -9.312  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    884  O   MOL     1     -14.467  -0.075   1.713  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    885  O   MOL     1      -3.747 -10.364 -12.950  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    886  O   MOL     1      -3.863   1.423 -20.222  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    887  O   MOL     1     -33.153   2.955 -17.490  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    888  O   MOL     1     -11.437 -10.318  -9.024  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    889  O   MOL     1      -8.994  -5.070 -17.002  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    890  O   MOL     1     -16.599   7.684   0.589  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    891  O   MOL     1     -10.617  -3.779 -15.257  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    892  O   MOL     1      -7.744  -0.765 -21.451  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    893  O   MOL     1     -30.531  10.772  -1.245  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    894  O   MOL     1      -9.991   5.189  -8.561  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    895  O   MOL     1     -15.383   8.367  -8.819  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    896  O   MOL     1     -22.582   7.719   3.484  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    897  O   MOL     1     -31.535   6.282   3.044  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    898  O   MOL     1      -6.221 -11.354 -21.344  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    899  O   MOL     1     -30.986   8.365  -2.508  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    900  O   MOL     1     -26.122   5.808 -14.288  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    901  O   MOL     1     -28.681   6.587 -14.636  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    902  O   MOL     1     -30.242   9.407  -6.889  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    903  O   MOL     1      -4.086  -4.225 -12.418  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    904  O   MOL     1     -13.558   9.340 -12.463  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    905  O   MOL     1     -24.024   9.804   2.183  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    906  O   MOL     1     -28.911 -10.292  -8.292  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    907  O   MOL     1     -10.002 -11.107 -20.617  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    908  O   MOL     1      -3.379  -1.268 -11.644  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    909  O   MOL     1      -3.814  -6.433 -11.116  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    910  O   MOL     1      -6.811   1.796 -20.467  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    911  O   MOL     1      -5.042   0.450  -5.739  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    912  O   MOL     1     -13.226   8.110  -2.465  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    913  O   MOL     1     -11.705  -0.385   1.598  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    914  O   MOL     1     -26.811 -13.511 -10.984  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    915  O   MOL     1     -12.132   3.844  -1.192  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    916  O   MOL     1     -12.915   6.445  -0.256  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    917  O   MOL     1     -14.006  10.177 -15.559  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    918  O   MOL     1      -6.462   2.069 -16.582  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    919  O   MOL     1     -21.593  -5.761 -22.112  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    920  O   MOL     1     -22.112   4.659  11.361  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    921  O   MOL     1     -24.505  -7.743 -19.597  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    922  O   MOL     1      -2.660  -0.168 -14.034  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    923  O   MOL     1      -2.685  -8.544 -20.622  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    924  O   MOL     1     -30.204   4.761 -16.268  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    925  O   MOL     1      -1.421   1.865 -16.896  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    926  O   MOL     1     -22.558  11.507   0.921  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    927  O   MOL     1     -32.805  11.307   0.058  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    928  O   MOL     1      -3.446  -8.060 -13.318  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    929  O   MOL     1     -29.831   4.936  -9.378  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    930  O   MOL     1      -7.164   5.063 -13.547  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    931  O   MOL     1      -4.420   2.292 -14.820  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    932  O   MOL     1      -5.770  -9.954 -14.183  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    933  O   MOL     1     -27.557 -11.487  -9.884  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    934  O   MOL     1     -31.664   4.503  -2.445  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    935  O   MOL     1     -25.729  -8.264 -16.380  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    936  O   MOL     1     -21.969  10.396   5.765  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    937  O   MOL     1      -7.004  -0.510  -2.928  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    938  O   MOL     1     -30.875   7.805 -13.213  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    939  O   MOL     1     -18.401  12.641  -2.383  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    940  O   MOL     1     -18.898  -7.605 -25.486  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    941  O   MOL     1     -25.575  -5.788 -20.825  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    942  O   MOL     1      -7.654   5.064  -6.946  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    943  O   MOL     1     -10.256  -9.151 -22.336  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    944  O   MOL     1     -19.822  -4.848 -24.124  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    945  O   MOL     1     -23.526 -17.086  -4.354  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    946  O   MOL     1     -18.719 -10.494  -2.408  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    947  O   MOL     1     -17.490  -3.388 -23.343  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    948  O   MOL     1     -30.962  10.093 -11.750  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    949  O   MOL     1     -18.908  -1.315 -28.688  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    950  O   MOL     1      -3.124  -4.146 -15.431  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    951  O   MOL     1      -9.221   2.699 -18.647  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    952  O   MOL     1     -11.056  -7.239  -8.343  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    953  O   MOL     1     -13.633 -12.173 -15.090  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    954  O   MOL     1     -15.513 -10.202  -0.432  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    955  O   MOL     1     -28.234   2.974 -16.765  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    956  O   MOL     1     -15.150   1.628 -25.119  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    957  O   MOL     1     -27.057  11.649   5.648  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    958  O   MOL     1     -35.417   1.166  -8.176  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    959  O   MOL     1     -32.217   9.638  -9.089  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    960  O   MOL     1     -19.494   6.929   1.151  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    961  O   MOL     1      -9.252   2.616  -2.781  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    962  O   MOL     1     -24.348  -8.092 -23.126  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    963  O   MOL     1     -21.693  -7.243 -19.749  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    964  O   MOL     1     -11.065   8.058 -14.677  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    965  O   MOL     1     -21.355   0.992 -27.640  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    966  O   MOL     1      -8.191   6.228 -11.230  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    967  O   MOL     1      -1.738  -5.828  -9.719  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    968  O   MOL     1      -5.954   3.838  -4.110  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    969  O   MOL     1      -0.305  -0.954 -13.761  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    970  O   MOL     1     -35.121   9.765  -8.231  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    971  O   MOL     1      -9.195   7.921 -12.896  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    972  O   MOL     1     -11.412  -8.346 -24.443  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    973  O   MOL     1     -18.575  -4.730   5.949  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    974  O   MOL     1     -24.572  -2.651 -22.639  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    975  O   MOL     1     -17.538 -17.548  -1.182  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    976  O   MOL     1     -28.405   1.980  11.352  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    977  O   MOL     1     -27.591   2.765 -19.420  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    978  O   MOL     1     -17.468   7.579 -21.396  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    979  O   MOL     1     -31.391   9.463   3.968  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    980  O   MOL     1     -24.855  11.287   4.464  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    981  O   MOL     1     -32.329  -2.161   4.687  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    982  O   MOL     1     -31.502  -1.553   7.124  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    983  O   MOL     1      -5.167  -3.927  -5.363  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    984  O   MOL     1     -12.442 -12.583 -11.643  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
TER&amp;lt;/inlineContents&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/jmolApplet&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/jmol&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;font size=5&amp;gt;&amp;lt;font color=red&amp;gt;Side Effects taking of Rapamycin&amp;lt;/font size&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/font color&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
While taking Rapamycin, there are certain side effects that occur in the body. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Some of the side effects may take place after many years of taking the medicine. These delayed effects, can also include certain cancers, such as lymphoma, though these are extreme cases.  &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Common side effects include chest pains, abdominal pain, fever, muscle pains or cramps, nausea, mood changes, tiredness and weakness. &lt;br /&gt;
Less common side effects include, skin ulcers, nose bleeds and in rare cases weight gain may also occur. &amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;4&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt; &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;font size=5&amp;gt;&amp;lt;font color=red&amp;gt;Synthesis of Rapamycin &amp;lt;/font size&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/font color&amp;gt; &amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;6,7&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Rapamycin is a very complicated molecule. It had a 31 memembered ring, and also possesses many chiral centres, and different functional groups. Due to its complexity, it has proved a challenge to synthesise for many synthetic chemists. &lt;br /&gt;
Methods have therefore been suggested, to prepare fragments of the molecule, and then combine them to get the total molecule of rapamycin.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The first fragment prepared is the fragment from C&amp;lt;sub&amp;gt;10&amp;lt;/sub&amp;gt; to C&amp;lt;sub&amp;gt;21&amp;lt;/sub&amp;gt;. &lt;br /&gt;
The starting material used is (R)-methyl 3-hydroxy-2-methylpropionate. This is converted to an alcohol in a four step reaction, as shown below:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Image:synthesisstep.gif]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Then from this molecule, further complicated synthesis steps yield the following fragment:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Image:Fragment1.gif]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The second fragment prepared is the fragment from C&amp;lt;sub&amp;gt;22&amp;lt;/sub&amp;gt; - C&amp;lt;sub&amp;gt;42&amp;lt;/sub&amp;gt;. This is prepared through complicated synthetic methods. The second fragment obtained is shown below:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Image:Fragment2.gif]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The second fragment was then combined with the first fragment under certain required conditions, yielding the synthetic rapamycin, which was judged as identical to the natural occuring rapamycin molecule through comparison of physical properties, 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR, IR and UV spectral data.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The various complicated synthesis steps, and conditions are all in the cited journals, from which this all synthetic information was gained.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Rapamycin can also be synthesised by using trans-1,2-Bis(tri-n-butylstannyl)ethylen reacting with the reagants diisopropylethylamine and Pd(CH&amp;lt;sub&amp;gt;3&amp;lt;/sub&amp;gt;CN)&amp;lt;sub&amp;gt;2&amp;lt;/sub&amp;gt; C&amp;lt;sub&amp;gt;12&amp;lt;/sub&amp;gt;, using dimethylformide, and tetrahydrofuran as the solvents.&lt;br /&gt;
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[[Image:synthesis.JPG]] &lt;br /&gt;
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However, the starting material is hard to synthesise, so is usually only the fragment method of synthesis is used for synthetic rapamycin production&lt;br /&gt;
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&amp;lt;font size=5&amp;gt;&amp;lt;font color=red&amp;gt;History&amp;lt;/font size&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/font color&amp;gt;&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;10&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
Rapamycin is a 31-memebered macrolide which is first isolated in 1975. The property of that its potent immunosuppressive and antiumour activities were first discovered in 1977. The studies of the prevention of organ rejection after transplant surgery, and phase III clinical trials were completed in 1999.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
X-ray crystallography determined the solid state structure of rapamycin in 1978, followed by degradation studies in 1980 and correct NMR published in 1991. &lt;br /&gt;
The solution-phase structure was confirmed using molecular modelling calculations.&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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&amp;lt;font size=5&amp;gt;&amp;lt;font color=red&amp;gt;How does rapamycin work in mammalian cells?&amp;lt;/font size&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/font color&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
The bacterial macrolide--immunosuppressant rapamycin in the mammalian cells suppresses mitogen-induced translation of mRNAs selectively, which is the most notably mRNAs encoding ribosomal proteins and elongation factors. In a mean time, rapamycin also blocks mitogen-induced p70 ribosomal protein S6 kinase (p70s6k) phosphorlation and activation.&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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&amp;lt;font size=5&amp;gt;&amp;lt;font color=red&amp;gt;Biosynthesis--the formation of Rapamycin&amp;lt;/font size&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/font color&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
Rapamycin having the isotope-labelled is produced via a polyketide pathway. The polyketide chain is formed by condensation of seven acetate components and same number of propionate units. The cyclohexyl starter units produced that derived from shikimc acid then via a dihydroxycyclohexanecarboxylic intermediate. The pipecolate moiety is formed from free pipecolic acid which is made by cyclodeamination of lysine. To achieve the rapamycin also demands O-methylations by S-adenosylmethionine-dependent methyltranferases and oxidations which having cytochrome-p450 mono-oxgenases as catalysts.&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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&amp;lt;jmol&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;jmolApplet&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;size&amp;gt;400&amp;lt;/size&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;color&amp;gt;black&amp;lt;/color&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;script&amp;gt;zoom 100; cpk on;frame 1; move 10 -20 10 0 0 0 0 0 3; delay 1;&amp;lt;/script&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;inlineContents&amp;gt;HEADER    CSD ENTRY QEKNID&lt;br /&gt;
COMPND    UNNAMED&lt;br /&gt;
AUTHOR    GENERATED BY CONQUEST&lt;br /&gt;
CRYST1   20.690   22.560   11.220  90.00  90.00  90.00 P 21 21 21    4&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM      1  O1  UNK 0   1       1.401   8.009   6.161  1.00  0.00&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM      2  O2  UNK 0   1       1.535   9.421   3.430  1.00  0.00&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM      3  O3  UNK 0   1       4.165   9.543   3.068  1.00  0.00&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM      4  O4  UNK 0   1       6.290   5.800   0.411  1.00  0.00&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM      5  O5  UNK 0   1       3.617   0.984   6.788  1.00  0.00&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM      6  O6  UNK 0   1       1.988   4.661   5.821  1.00  0.00&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM      7  O7  UNK 0   1       3.414  10.078  11.631  1.00  0.00&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM      8  O8  UNK 0   1       4.926   9.642   9.448  1.00  0.00&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM      9  O9  UNK 0   1       0.134   3.788   6.711  1.00  0.00&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     10  O10 UNK 0   1       8.545  -2.658   8.213  1.00  0.00&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     11  O11 UNK 0   1       3.877   7.255   3.373  1.00  0.00&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     12  O12 UNK 0   1       8.348   1.263   9.851  1.00  0.00&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     13  O13 UNK 0   1       9.710  -0.957   9.885  1.00  0.00&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     14  N1  UNK 0   1       0.821   6.574   4.485  1.00  0.00&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     15  C1  UNK 0   1       2.847   3.804   6.597  1.00  0.00&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     16  C2  UNK 0   1       2.137   8.591   4.006  1.00  0.00&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     17  C3  UNK 0   1       5.253   5.566   2.525  1.00  0.00&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     18  C4  UNK 0   1       6.439   0.772   7.035  1.00  0.00&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     19  C5  UNK 0   1       5.760   1.455   5.879  1.00  0.00&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     20  C6  UNK 0   1       3.691   8.555   3.927  1.00  0.00&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     21  C7  UNK 0   1       4.372   8.706   5.296  1.00  0.00&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     22  C8  UNK 0   1       0.685   4.598   6.025  1.00  0.00&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     23  C9  UNK 0   1       1.444   7.657   4.993  1.00  0.00&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     24  C10 UNK 0   1       5.266   6.987   3.074  1.00  0.00&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     25  C11 UNK 0   1       9.484   1.514   2.917  1.00  0.00&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     26  C12 UNK 0   1       6.546   5.254   1.728  1.00  0.00&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     27  C13 UNK 0   1       0.002   5.764   5.363  1.00  0.00&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     28  C14 UNK 0   1       6.873   3.770   1.616  1.00  0.00&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     29  C15 UNK 0   1       5.845   8.444   5.027  1.00  0.00&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     30  C16 UNK 0   1       4.643   3.941   8.471  1.00  0.00&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     31  C17 UNK 0   1       4.175  10.062   5.891  1.00  0.00&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     32  C18 UNK 0   1       6.062   7.106   4.353  1.00  0.00&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     33  C19 UNK 0   1       1.130   5.996   3.130  1.00  0.00&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     34  C20 UNK 0   1       0.132   5.568   2.424  1.00  0.00&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     35  C21 UNK 0   1      -0.902   4.584   3.310  1.00  0.00&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     36  C22 UNK 0   1      -1.283   5.277   4.634  1.00  0.00&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     37  C23 UNK 0   1       7.333   5.703  -0.449  1.00  0.00&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     38  C24 UNK 0   1       5.787   2.858   0.987  1.00  0.00&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     39  C25 UNK 0   1       4.223   8.521  10.019  1.00  0.00&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     40  C26 UNK 0   1       3.070   9.096  10.659  1.00  0.00&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     41  C27 UNK 0   1       2.162   8.038  11.321  1.00  0.00&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     42  C28 UNK 0   1       1.777   7.000  10.322  1.00  0.00&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     43  C29 UNK 0   1       3.035   6.371   9.593  1.00  0.00&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     44  C30 UNK 0   1       3.813   7.463   8.954  1.00  0.00&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     45  C31 UNK 0   1       4.299   1.800   6.149  1.00  0.00&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     46  C32 UNK 0   1       3.745   3.070   5.621  1.00  0.00&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     47  C33 UNK 0   1       2.489   5.369   8.538  1.00  0.00&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     48  C34 UNK 0   1       3.534   4.692   7.641  1.00  0.00&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     49  C35 UNK 0   1       8.028   3.321   2.132  1.00  0.00&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     50  C36 UNK 0   1       8.423   1.922   2.255  1.00  0.00&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     51  C37 UNK 0   1      10.751  -0.223   3.994  1.00  0.00&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     52  C38 UNK 0   1      10.968  -1.676   4.387  1.00  0.00&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     53  C39 UNK 0   1      12.420  -1.994   4.107  1.00  0.00&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     54  C40 UNK 0   1      10.657  -1.852   5.891  1.00  0.00&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     55  C41 UNK 0   1       9.215  -1.475   6.205  1.00  0.00&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     56  C42 UNK 0   1       9.846   0.140   3.119  1.00  0.00&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     57  C43 UNK 0   1       8.266  -2.391   5.430  1.00  0.00&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     58  C44 UNK 0   1       9.019  -1.694   7.697  1.00  0.00&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     59  C45 UNK 0   1       8.460   2.175   7.057  1.00  0.00&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     60  C46 UNK 0   1       6.296   9.389   9.133  1.00  0.00&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     61  C47 UNK 0   1       9.362  -0.492   8.583  1.00  0.00&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     62  C48 UNK 0   1      10.976  -0.887  10.210  1.00  0.00&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     63  C49 UNK 0   1       8.108   0.334   8.785  1.00  0.00&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     64  C50 UNK 0   1       7.606   1.060   7.562  1.00  0.00&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     65  C51 UNK 0   1       5.843   0.575   4.600  1.00  0.00&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     66  H1  UNK 0   1       3.540   9.985   2.615  1.00  0.00&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     67  H2  UNK 0   1       8.210   2.112   9.513  1.00  0.00&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     68  H3  UNK 0   1       5.710   0.147   7.313  1.00  0.00&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     69  H4  UNK 0   1       6.224   2.351   5.476  1.00  0.00&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     70  H5  UNK 0   1       4.030   7.758   6.075  1.00  0.00&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     71  H6  UNK 0   1      10.151   2.085   3.193  1.00  0.00&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     72  H7  UNK 0   1       6.188   9.139   4.429  1.00  0.00&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     73  H8  UNK 0   1       4.260   3.370   9.108  1.00  0.00&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     74  H9  UNK 0   1       3.269  10.154   6.217  1.00  0.00&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     75  H10 UNK 0   1       6.999   6.982   4.170  1.00  0.00&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     76  H11 UNK 0   1       1.572   6.664   2.602  1.00  0.00&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     77  H12 UNK 0   1      -1.748   4.645   5.196  1.00  0.00&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     78  H13 UNK 0   1       5.371   3.343   0.286  1.00  0.00&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     79  H14 UNK 0   1       1.608   6.177  10.770  1.00  0.00&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     80  H15 UNK 0   1       3.428   5.947  10.188  1.00  0.00&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     81  H16 UNK 0   1       4.802   7.221   8.586  1.00  0.00&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     82  H17 UNK 0   1       3.548   7.930   8.237  1.00  0.00&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     83  H18 UNK 0   1       3.271   2.897   4.825  1.00  0.00&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     84  H19 UNK 0   1       1.879   5.827   7.973  1.00  0.00&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     85  H20 UNK 0   1       3.960   5.331   7.139  1.00  0.00&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     86  H21 UNK 0   1       8.382   3.858   2.781  1.00  0.00&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     87  H22 UNK 0   1      10.258  -2.409   3.883  1.00  0.00&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     88  H23 UNK 0   1      12.704  -2.786   4.518  1.00  0.00&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     89  H24 UNK 0   1      10.659  -2.732   5.892  1.00  0.00&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     90  H25 UNK 0   1      11.239  -1.078   6.572  1.00  0.00&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     91  H26 UNK 0   1       9.195  -0.305   5.991  1.00  0.00&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     92  H27 UNK 0   1       9.112  -0.650   2.517  1.00  0.00&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     93  H28 UNK 0   1       8.466  -3.298   5.647  1.00  0.00&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     94  H29 UNK 0   1       8.322   2.955   7.548  1.00  0.00&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     95  H30 UNK 0   1       6.714  10.132   8.706  1.00  0.00&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     96  H31 UNK 0   1       6.391   8.622   8.547  1.00  0.00&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     97  H32 UNK 0   1       7.293  -0.210   9.074  1.00  0.00&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     98  H33 UNK 0   1       5.866  -0.356   4.865  1.00  0.00&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     99  H34 UNK 0   1       5.183   4.941   3.258  1.00  0.00&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    100  H35 UNK 0   1       7.519   4.789  -0.649  1.00  0.00&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    101  H36 UNK 0   1       7.190   6.184  -1.241  1.00  0.00&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    102  H37 UNK 0   1       1.328   7.208   9.650  1.00  0.00&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    103  H38 UNK 0   1       8.011   1.087   1.694  1.00  0.00&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    104  H39 UNK 0   1      12.617  -2.003   3.181  1.00  0.00&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    105  H40 UNK 0   1       7.366  -2.209   5.718  1.00  0.00&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    106  H41 UNK 0   1      11.307   0.449   4.388  1.00  0.00&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    107  H42 UNK 0   1      -0.679   6.317   2.243  1.00  0.00&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    108  H43 UNK 0   1       0.095   5.141   1.592  1.00  0.00&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    109  H44 UNK 0   1       5.144   2.624   1.641  1.00  0.00&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    110  H45 UNK 0   1       6.209   2.089   0.650  1.00  0.00&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    111  H46 UNK 0   1      -1.872   6.010   4.470  1.00  0.00&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    112  H47 UNK 0   1       1.713   5.252   3.228  1.00  0.00&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    113  H48 UNK 0   1      -0.294   6.351   6.059  1.00  0.00&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    114  H49 UNK 0   1       5.175   3.393   7.855  1.00  0.00&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    115  H50 UNK 0   1       5.228   4.559   8.877  1.00  0.00&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    116  H51 UNK 0   1       2.023   4.681   9.009  1.00  0.00&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    117  H52 UNK 0   1       1.378   8.478  11.672  1.00  0.00&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    118  H53 UNK 0   1       2.549   9.527   9.980  1.00  0.00&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    119  H54 UNK 0   1       4.759   8.106  10.676  1.00  0.00&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    120  H55 UNK 0   1       6.811   9.184   9.931  1.00  0.00&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    121  H56 UNK 0   1       3.064  10.019  12.513  1.00  0.00&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    122  H57 UNK 0   1       5.046   0.704   4.082  1.00  0.00&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    123  H58 UNK 0   1       6.596   0.778   4.098  1.00  0.00&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    124  H59 UNK 0   1       9.391   1.922   7.099  1.00  0.00&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    125  H60 UNK 0   1       8.249   2.330   6.128  1.00  0.00&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    126  H61 UNK 0   1      11.301  -0.034  10.172  1.00  0.00&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    127  H62 UNK 0   1       8.344  -2.245   4.515  1.00  0.00&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    128  H63 UNK 0   1      12.991  -1.261   4.491  1.00  0.00&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    129  H64 UNK 0   1       7.291   5.701   2.119  1.00  0.00&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    130  H65 UNK 0   1       4.496   5.446   1.961  1.00  0.00&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    131  H66 UNK 0   1       5.609   7.596   2.424  1.00  0.00&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    132  H67 UNK 0   1       6.352   8.496   5.832  1.00  0.00&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    133  H68 UNK 0   1       4.769  10.215   6.611  1.00  0.00&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    134  H69 UNK 0   1       4.308  10.741   5.225  1.00  0.00&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    135  H70 UNK 0   1       2.319   3.147   7.060  1.00  0.00&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    136  H71 UNK 0   1       5.793   6.418   4.966  1.00  0.00&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    137  H72 UNK 0   1      -1.823   4.302   2.821  1.00  0.00&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    138  H73 UNK 0   1      -0.339   3.831   3.457  1.00  0.00&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    139  H74 UNK 0   1       8.137   6.064  -0.019  1.00  0.00&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    140  H75 UNK 0   1       2.630   7.650  12.060  1.00  0.00&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    141  H76 UNK 0   1       4.498   3.646   5.411  1.00  0.00&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    142  H77 UNK 0   1      11.137  -1.200  11.098  1.00  0.00&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    143  H78 UNK 0   1      11.531  -1.392   9.609  1.00  0.00&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    144  H79 UNK 0   1      10.095   0.059   8.192  1.00  0.00&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    145  H80 UNK 0   1       6.443   3.641   2.498  1.00  0.00&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT    1   23&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT    2   16&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT    3   20   66&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT    4   26   37&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT    5   45&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT    6   15   22&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT    7   40  121&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT    8   39   60&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT    9   22&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   10   58&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   11   20   24&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   12   63   67&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   13   61   62&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   14   23   27   33&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   15    6   46   48  135&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   16    2   20   23&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   17   24   26   99  130&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   18   19   64   68&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   19   18   45   65   69&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   20    3   11   16   21&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   21   20   29   31   70&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   22    6    9   27&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   23    1   14   16&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   24   11   17   32  131&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   25   50   56   71&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   26    4   17   28  129&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   27   14   22   36  113&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   28   26   38   49&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   29   21   32   72  132&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   30   48   73  114  115&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   31   21   74  133  134&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   32   24   29   75  136&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   33   14   34   76  112&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   34   33   35  107  108&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   35   34   36  137  138&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   36   27   35   77  111&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   37    4  100  101  139&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   38   28   78  109  110&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   39    8   40   44  119&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   40    7   39   41  118&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   41   40   42  117  140&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   42   41   43   79  102&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   43   42   44   47   80&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   44   39   43   81   82&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   45    5   19   46&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   46   15   45   83  141&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   47   43   48   84  116&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   48   15   30   47   85&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   49   28   50   86&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   50   25   49  103&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   51   52   56  106&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   52   51   53   54   87&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   53   52   88  104  128&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   54   52   55   89   90&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   55   54   57   58   91&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   56   25   51   92&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   57   55   93  105  127&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   58   10   55   61&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   59   64   94  124  125&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   60    8   95   96  120&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   61   13   58   63  144&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   62   13  126  142  143&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   63   12   61   64   97&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   64   18   59   63&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   65   19   98  122  123&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   66    3&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   67   12&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   68   18&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   69   19&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   70   21&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   71   25&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   72   29&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   73   30&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   74   31&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   75   32&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   76   33&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   77   36&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   78   38&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   79   42&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   80   43&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   81   44&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   82   44&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   83   46&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   84   47&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   85   48&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   86   49&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   87   52&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   88   53&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   89   54&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   90   54&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   91   55&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   92   56&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   93   57&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   94   59&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   95   60&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   96   60&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   97   63&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   98   65&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   99   17&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT  100   37&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT  101   37&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT  102   42&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT  103   50&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT  104   53&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT  105   57&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT  106   51&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT  107   34&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT  108   34&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT  109   38&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT  110   38&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT  111   36&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT  112   33&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT  113   27&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT  114   30&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT  115   30&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT  116   47&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT  117   41&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT  118   40&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT  119   39&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT  120   60&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT  121    7&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT  122   65&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT  123   65&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT  124   59&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT  125   59&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT  126   62&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT  127   57&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT  128   53&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT  129   26&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT  130   17&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT  131   24&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT  132   29&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT  133   31&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT  134   31&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT  135   15&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT  136   32&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT  137   35&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT  138   35&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT  139   37&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT  140   41&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT  141   46&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT  142   62&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT  143   62&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT  144   61&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT  145    0&lt;br /&gt;
MASTER        0    0    0    0    0    0    0    0  145    0  145    0&lt;br /&gt;
END&amp;lt;/inlineContents&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/jmolApplet&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/jmol&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;font size=5&amp;gt;&amp;lt;font color=red&amp;gt;References&amp;lt;/font size&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/font color&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br&amp;gt; &lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
1) [http://www.proteinkinase.biz/html/protein_kinase_inhibitors.html © Biaffin GmbH &amp;amp; Co KG, Protein kinase inhibitors]&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
2) Kuo CJ, Chung J, Fiorentino DF, Flanagan WM, Blenis J, Crabtree GR (1992) &amp;quot;Rapamycin selectively inhibits interleukin-2 activation of p70 S6 kinase&amp;quot; Nature 358(6381):70-3&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
3) Kahan BD, Murgia MG, Slaton J, et al. Potential applications of therapeutic drug monitoring of sirolimus immunosuppression in clinical renal transplantation. Ther Drug Monit. 1995;17:672-675. &amp;lt;br&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
4) http://www.healthtouch.com/bin/EContent_HT/drugShowLfts.asp?fname=usp0790.htm&amp;amp;title=Rapamycin&amp;amp;cid=HT 5)http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?artid=1169993&amp;amp;blobtype=pdf&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
6) K. C. Nicolaou, T. K. Chakraborty, A. D. Piscopio, N. Minowa, P. Bertinato;  J. Am. Chem. Soc.; 115; 1993; 4419-4420 &amp;lt;br&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
7) D. Romo, D. D. Johnson, L. Plamondon, T. Miwa, S. L. Schreiber; J. Org. Chem.;  57; 1992; 5060-5063 &amp;lt;br&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
8) http://www-ermm.cbcu.cam.ac.uk/00001794h.htm &amp;lt;br&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
9) &#039;&#039;How Rapamycin works&#039;&#039; diagram taken from http://www-ermm.cbcu.cam.ac.uk/00001794h.htm &amp;lt;br&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
10) http://www.rapamycin.org/rapamycin.html&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
11) &#039;&#039;3D structure of the binding protein, &lt;br /&gt;
FKBP 12.6 in complex with a rapamycin molecule&#039;&#039; &lt;br /&gt;
image taken from http://www.rcsb.org/pdb/explore.do?structureId=1C9H&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Hp305</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://chemwiki.ch.ic.ac.uk/index.php?title=It:Rapamycin&amp;diff=4262</id>
		<title>It:Rapamycin</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://chemwiki.ch.ic.ac.uk/index.php?title=It:Rapamycin&amp;diff=4262"/>
		<updated>2006-10-26T14:01:40Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Hp305: added text&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;{| class=&amp;quot;toccolours&amp;quot; border=&amp;quot;1&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;float: right; clear: right; margin: 0 0 1em 1em; border-collapse: collapse;&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
! {{chembox header}}  colspan=&amp;quot;3&amp;quot; |2D Structure of Rapamycin &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| align=&amp;quot;center&amp;quot; colspan=&amp;quot;3&amp;quot; bgcolor=&amp;quot;#ffffff&amp;quot; | [[Image:Rapamycin.gif|50|2D structure of Rapamycin|50]] &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! {{chembox header}}  colspan=&amp;quot;3&amp;quot; |3D structure of Rapamycin&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| align=&amp;quot;center&amp;quot; colspan=&amp;quot;3&amp;quot; bgcolor=&amp;quot;#ffffff&amp;quot; | &amp;lt;jmol&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;jmolApplet&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;size&amp;gt;200&amp;lt;/size&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;color&amp;gt;white&amp;lt;/color&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;script&amp;gt;zoom 100; cpk off;frame 1; move 10 -20 10 0 0 0 0 0 3; delay 1;&amp;lt;/script&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;inlineContents&amp;gt;HEADER    NONAME 20-Oct-06                                              NONE   1&lt;br /&gt;
TITLE                                                                   NONE   2&lt;br /&gt;
AUTHOR    WWW daemon apache                                             NONE   3&lt;br /&gt;
REVDAT   1  20-Oct-06     0                                             NONE   4&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM      1  C           0       8.027  -2.746  -4.135  0.00  0.00           C+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM      2  C           0       7.216  -2.718  -2.837  0.00  0.00           C+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM      3  H           0       7.321  -3.673  -2.322  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM      4  C           0       5.742  -2.472  -3.162  0.00  0.00           C+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM      5  C           0       4.931  -2.444  -1.865  0.00  0.00           C+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM      6  C           0       5.449  -1.320  -0.965  0.00  0.00           C+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM      7  H           0       5.344  -0.365  -1.479  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM      8  C           0       4.639  -1.292   0.333  0.00  0.00           C+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM      9  C           0       3.335  -0.525   0.103  0.00  0.00           C+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     10  H           0       3.556   0.438  -0.356  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     11  C           0       2.631  -0.302   1.444  0.00  0.00           C+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     12  H           0       1.638   0.111   1.269  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     13  C           0       3.449   0.674   2.294  0.00  0.00           C+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     14  C           0       3.608   1.975   1.552  0.00  0.00           C+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     15  C           0       4.139   3.193   2.262  0.00  0.00           C+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     16  H           0       5.049   3.534   1.768  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     17  C           0       3.105   4.290   2.221  0.00  0.00           C+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     18  C           0       2.929   4.986   1.125  0.00  0.00           C+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     19  C           0       1.891   6.076   1.084  0.00  0.00           C+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     20  H           0       1.797   6.526   2.072  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     21  C           0       0.544   5.485   0.663  0.00  0.00           C+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     22  H           0       0.700   4.760  -0.135  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     23  C           0      -0.363   6.585   0.171  0.00  0.00           C+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     24  C           0      -1.520   6.258  -0.736  0.00  0.00           C+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     25  H           0      -1.874   5.250  -0.524  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     26  C           0      -2.655   7.256  -0.501  0.00  0.00           C+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     27  C           0      -3.869   6.866  -1.351  0.00  0.00           C+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     28  H           0      -3.539   6.593  -2.353  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     29  C           0      -4.834   8.051  -1.437  0.00  0.00           C+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     30  C           0      -4.569   5.694  -0.716  0.00  0.00           C+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     31  C           0      -5.039   4.699  -1.461  0.00  0.00           C+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     32  C           0      -5.680   3.547  -0.814  0.00  0.00           C+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     33  C           0      -5.738   2.362  -1.443  0.00  0.00           C+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     34  C           0      -6.260   1.179  -0.765  0.00  0.00           C+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     35  C           0      -5.863  -0.027  -1.176  0.00  0.00           C+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     36  C           0      -6.343  -1.283  -0.487  0.00  0.00           C+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     37  H           0      -5.654  -1.547   0.315  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     38  C           0      -6.393  -2.409  -1.510  0.00  0.00           C+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     39  C           0      -5.584  -3.615  -1.052  0.00  0.00           C+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     40  H           0      -5.100  -4.072  -1.926  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     41  C           0      -6.509  -4.652  -0.412  0.00  0.00           C+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     42  C           0      -5.694  -5.912  -0.091  0.00  0.00           C+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     43  C           0      -4.503  -5.493   0.786  0.00  0.00           C+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     44  H           0      -4.868  -5.107   1.738  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     45  C           0      -3.596  -6.700   1.033  0.00  0.00           C+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     46  C           0      -3.722  -4.398   0.050  0.00  0.00           C+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     47  O           0      -3.362  -4.898  -1.247  0.00  0.00           O+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     48  O           0      -4.554  -3.254  -0.129  0.00  0.00           O+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     49  O           0      -7.648  -1.064   0.055  0.00  0.00           O+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     50  C           0      -7.475  -0.784   1.446  0.00  0.00           C+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     51  C           0      -4.918  -0.135  -2.344  0.00  0.00           C+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     52  C           0      -1.064   6.342  -2.194  0.00  0.00           C+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     53  O           0      -0.162   7.728   0.506  0.00  0.00           O+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     54  O           0      -0.060   4.837   1.784  0.00  0.00           O+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     55  C           0      -0.557   3.581   1.316  0.00  0.00           C+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     56  O           0       2.287   7.075   0.141  0.00  0.00           O+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     57  C           0       3.770   4.698  -0.093  0.00  0.00           C+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     58  C           0       4.450   2.840   3.718  0.00  0.00           C+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     59  O           0       3.309   2.041   0.384  0.00  0.00           O+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     60  O           0       2.514  -1.566   2.146  0.00  0.00           O+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     61  C           0       1.650  -2.503   1.716  0.00  0.00           C+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     62  C           0       1.540  -3.803   2.471  0.00  0.00           C+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     63  H           0       1.763  -3.606   3.528  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     64  C           0       0.145  -4.393   2.344  0.00  0.00           C+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     65  N           0      -0.076  -4.877   0.987  0.00  0.00           N+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     66  C           0      -1.182  -4.622   0.288  0.00  0.00           C+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     67  C           0      -2.462  -4.084   0.810  0.00  0.00           C+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     68  O           0      -2.490  -3.413   1.814  0.00  0.00           O+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     69  O           0      -1.137  -4.858  -0.902  0.00  0.00           O+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     70  C           0       0.938  -5.754   0.364  0.00  0.00           C+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     71  C           0       2.303  -5.066   0.463  0.00  0.00           C+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     72  C           0       2.582  -4.793   1.944  0.00  0.00           C+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     73  O           0       0.971  -2.305   0.736  0.00  0.00           O+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     74  C           0       2.424  -1.334  -0.822  0.00  0.00           C+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     75  C           0       6.924  -1.566  -0.639  0.00  0.00           C+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     76  C           0       7.734  -1.594  -1.937  0.00  0.00           C+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     77  H           0       7.629  -0.639  -2.451  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     78  O           0       9.111  -1.823  -1.633  0.00  0.00           O+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     79  C           0       9.713  -0.540  -1.448  0.00  0.00           C+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     80  H           0       7.922  -1.791  -4.649  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     81  H           0       9.077  -2.921  -3.903  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     82  H           0       7.658  -3.547  -4.776  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     83  H           0       5.637  -1.517  -3.677  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     84  H           0       5.373  -3.273  -3.803  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     85  H           0       3.881  -2.269  -2.096  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     86  H           0       5.036  -3.399  -1.350  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     87  H           0       4.411  -2.312   0.641  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     88  H           0       5.218  -0.798   1.113  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     89  H           0       2.933   0.855   3.237  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     90  H           0       4.432   0.247   2.493  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     91  H           0       2.512   4.505   3.097  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     92  H           0      -2.933   7.248   0.553  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     93  H           0      -2.323   8.256  -0.780  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     94  H           0      -4.326   8.900  -1.895  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     95  H           0      -5.697   7.774  -2.041  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     96  H           0      -5.164   8.324  -0.435  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     97  H           0      -4.685   5.661   0.359  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     98  H           0      -4.958   4.739  -2.535  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     99  H           0      -6.116   3.662   0.168  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    100  H           0      -5.409   2.280  -2.473  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    101  H           0      -6.962   1.272   0.047  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    102  H           0      -7.430  -2.711  -1.657  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    103  H           0      -5.991  -2.049  -2.457  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    104  H           0      -6.932  -4.246   0.508  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    105  H           0      -7.312  -4.902  -1.105  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    106  H           0      -6.316  -6.626   0.448  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    107  H           0      -5.330  -6.360  -1.016  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    108  H           0      -3.227  -7.079   0.080  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    109  H           0      -2.754  -6.400   1.656  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    110  H           0      -4.162  -7.482   1.540  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    111  H           0      -2.872  -4.193  -1.692  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    112  H           0      -6.892   0.129   1.562  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    113  H           0      -8.451  -0.653   1.914  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    114  H           0      -6.952  -1.613   1.922  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    115  H           0      -4.220   0.701  -2.325  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    116  H           0      -4.364  -1.072  -2.277  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    117  H           0      -5.486  -0.114  -3.274  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    118  H           0      -0.257   5.629  -2.363  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    119  H           0      -1.901   6.106  -2.851  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    120  H           0      -0.708   7.350  -2.406  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    121  H           0      -1.241   3.749   0.483  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    122  H           0       0.276   2.962   0.983  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    123  H           0      -1.086   3.076   2.123  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    124  H           0       3.137   7.422   0.443  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    125  H           0       4.462   3.885   0.127  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    126  H           0       3.123   4.410  -0.922  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    127  H           0       4.333   5.591  -0.365  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    128  H           0       5.198   2.048   3.747  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    129  H           0       4.833   3.721   4.231  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    130  H           0       3.539   2.499   4.211  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    131  H           0       0.039  -5.222   3.045  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    132  H           0      -0.593  -3.627   2.579  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    133  H           0       0.970  -6.709   0.888  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    134  H           0       0.686  -5.918  -0.684  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    135  H           0       3.076  -5.718   0.056  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    136  H           0       2.284  -4.126  -0.089  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    137  H           0       3.579  -4.367   2.056  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    138  H           0       2.516  -5.725   2.506  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    139  H           0       1.388  -1.033  -0.667  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    140  H           0       2.704  -1.150  -1.859  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    141  H           0       2.530  -2.396  -0.600  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    142  H           0       7.292  -0.765   0.002  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    143  H           0       7.028  -2.521  -0.125  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    144  H           0      10.770  -0.665  -1.213  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    145  H           0       9.610   0.044  -2.362  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    146  H           0       9.217  -0.022  -0.628  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT    1    2   80   81   82                                         NONE 151&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT    2    1    3   76    4                                         NONE 152&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT    4    2    5   83   84                                         NONE 153&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT    5    4    6   85   86                                         NONE 154&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT    6    5    7    8   75                                         NONE 155&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT    8    6    9   87   88                                         NONE 156&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT    9    8   10   11   74                                         NONE 157&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   11    9   12   13   60                                         NONE 158&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   13   11   14   89   90                                         NONE 159&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   14   13   15   59    0                                         NONE 160&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   15   14   16   17   58                                         NONE 161&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   17   15   18   91    0                                         NONE 162&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   18   17   19   57    0                                         NONE 163&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   19   18   20   21   56                                         NONE 164&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   21   19   22   23   54                                         NONE 165&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   23   21   24   53    0                                         NONE 166&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   24   23   25   26   52                                         NONE 167&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   26   24   27   92   93                                         NONE 168&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   27   26   28   29   30                                         NONE 169&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   29   27   94   95   96                                         NONE 170&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   30   27   31   97    0                                         NONE 171&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   31   30   32   98    0                                         NONE 172&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   32   31   33   99    0                                         NONE 173&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   33   32   34  100    0                                         NONE 174&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   34   33   35  101    0                                         NONE 175&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   35   34   36   51    0                                         NONE 176&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   36   35   37   38   49                                         NONE 177&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   38   36   39  102  103                                         NONE 178&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   39   38   40   48   41                                         NONE 179&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   41   39   42  104  105                                         NONE 180&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   42   41   43  106  107                                         NONE 181&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   43   42   44   45   46                                         NONE 182&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   45   43  108  109  110                                         NONE 183&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   46   43   47   67   48                                         NONE 184&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   47   46  111    0    0                                         NONE 185&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   48   46   39    0    0                                         NONE 186&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   49   36   50    0    0                                         NONE 187&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   50   49  112  113  114                                         NONE 188&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   51   35  115  116  117                                         NONE 189&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   52   24  118  119  120                                         NONE 190&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   53   23    0    0    0                                         NONE 191&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   54   21   55    0    0                                         NONE 192&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   55   54  121  122  123                                         NONE 193&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   56   19  124    0    0                                         NONE 194&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   57   18  125  126  127                                         NONE 195&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   58   15  128  129  130                                         NONE 196&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   59   14    0    0    0                                         NONE 197&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   60   11   61    0    0                                         NONE 198&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   61   60   62   73    0                                         NONE 199&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   62   61   63   72   64                                         NONE 200&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   64   62   65  131  132                                         NONE 201&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   65   64   66   70    0                                         NONE 202&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   66   65   67   69    0                                         NONE 203&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   67   66   46   68    0                                         NONE 204&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   68   67    0    0    0                                         NONE 205&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   69   66    0    0    0                                         NONE 206&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   70   65   71  133  134                                         NONE 207&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   71   70   72  135  136                                         NONE 208&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   72   71   62  137  138                                         NONE 209&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   73   61    0    0    0                                         NONE 210&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   74    9  139  140  141                                         NONE 211&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   75    6   76  142  143                                         NONE 212&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   76   75   77    2   78                                         NONE 213&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   78   76   79    0    0                                         NONE 214&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   79   78  144  145  146                                         NONE 215&lt;br /&gt;
END  &lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/inlineContents&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/jmolApplet&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/jmol&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| align=&amp;quot;center&amp;quot; colspan=&amp;quot;3&amp;quot; bgcolor=&amp;quot;#ffffff&amp;quot; |&lt;br /&gt;
|- &lt;br /&gt;
! {{chembox header}} colspan=&amp;quot;3&amp;quot;| Properties&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| CA Index Name&lt;br /&gt;
| colspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot;| Rapamycin- (9CI)&lt;br /&gt;
|- &lt;br /&gt;
| Other Names&lt;br /&gt;
|colspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot;| Sirolimus&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Rapamune&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
AY-22989&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
RAPA&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
NSC-226080&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| Chemical formula|Molecular formula&lt;br /&gt;
| colspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot; | C&amp;lt;sub&amp;gt;51&amp;lt;/sub&amp;gt;H&amp;lt;sub&amp;gt;79&amp;lt;/sub&amp;gt;N&amp;lt;sub&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/sub&amp;gt;O&amp;lt;sub&amp;gt;13 &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| Molar mass&lt;br /&gt;
| colspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot; | 914.17 g/mol&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| CAS registry number|CAS number&lt;br /&gt;
| colspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot; | 53123-88-9&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| Appearance&lt;br /&gt;
| colspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot; | White to off-white solid&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| Melting point&lt;br /&gt;
| colspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot; | 183-185 °C&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| pKa&lt;br /&gt;
| colspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot; | ~10.4&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;Rapamycin&#039;&#039;&#039; also known as Sirolimus, is a potent immunosuppressive and anti-proliferative natural product isolated from the bacteria strain &#039;&#039;Streptomyces hygroscopicus&#039;&#039;. It is used as a drug to help prevent the body from rejecting organ and bone marrow transplants and also being studied as a treatment for cancer.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Rapamycin is the type of macrolides that do not obtain sugar moieties, which is that there is a sub group in the presence of an amino acid within the macrocyclic ring; therefore it has both an ester and an amide bond in the ring.&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;font size=5&amp;gt;&amp;lt;font color=red&amp;gt;How does Rapamycin work?&amp;lt;/font size&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/font color&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
Rapamycin potently inhibits downstream signaling from the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) proteins which functions in a signaling pathway to promote tumor growth&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;2&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt;. It coordinates the balance between protein synthesis and protein degradation in response to nutrient quality and quantity. Rapamycin binds to the FK-506 binding protein and the rapamycin/FKBP12 complex then binds to mTOR and prevents interaction of mTOR with target proteins in this signaling pathway.&amp;lt;br&amp;gt; &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Rapamycin inhibits the production of  T cells, and also inhibits the production of antibodies. It binds to the binding protein, such as FKBP-12 to generate an immunosuppressive complex.&lt;br /&gt;
This complex binds to and then inhibits the activation of the mammalian target of  rapamycin, mTOR. This inhibition suppresses cytokine inhibiting the progression from the G1 to the S phase of the cell cycle.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Rapamycin selectively inhibits the phosphorylation and activation of p70 S6 kinase&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;3&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt;. It prevents the translational activation of IGF-II and inhibits later signaling events such as p110Rb phosphorylation and cyclin A synthesis. &amp;lt;br&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The rapamycin is thought to target the proteins &amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;8&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt;:&lt;br /&gt;
(1) 70-kD S6 protein kinase p70&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;S6K&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
(2) Eukaryotic initiation factor eIF-4F&lt;br /&gt;
(3) G1-controlling cyclin-dependent kinase (cdk) proteins &lt;br /&gt;
(4) Kinase inhibitory protein Kip1 (p27&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;kip&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt;), which blocks cell progression to the S phase.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The diagram below shows how the mechanism steps of how rapamycin works:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;How Rapamycin works&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
[[Image:mechanism.gif]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;Note:&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
SRL  = Sirolimus (rapamycin)&lt;br /&gt;
mTOR = mammalian target of rapamycin&lt;br /&gt;
CsA  = Cyclosporine&lt;br /&gt;
PTKs = protein tyrosine kinases&lt;br /&gt;
p34&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;cdc2&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt; = a kinase&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Below is the 3D structure of the binding protein, FKBP 12.6 in complex with a rapamycin molecule: &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;jmol&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;jmolApplet&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;size&amp;gt;200&amp;lt;/size&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;color&amp;gt;black&amp;lt;/color&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;script&amp;gt;zoom 100; cpk on;frame 1; move 10 -20 10 0 0 0 0 0 3; delay 1;&amp;lt;/script&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;inlineContents&amp;gt;REMARK   MSI WebLab Viewer PDB file&lt;br /&gt;
REMARK   Created:  Thu Oct 26 13:37:31 GMT Standard Time 2006&lt;br /&gt;
CRYST1   45.696   49.288   51.694  90.00  90.00  90.00 P212121&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM      1  N   GLY A   1      -6.981   2.196  -6.695  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM      2  CA  GLY A   1      -8.065   1.703  -5.797  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM      3  C   GLY A   1      -9.417   2.193  -6.277  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM      4  O   GLY A   1      -9.620   2.391  -7.474  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM      5  N   VAL A   2     -10.341   2.395  -5.345  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM      6  CA  VAL A   2     -11.672   2.874  -5.688  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM      7  C   VAL A   2     -11.896   4.253  -5.093  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM      8  O   VAL A   2     -11.650   4.467  -3.906  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM      9  CB  VAL A   2     -12.775   1.964  -5.119  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     10  CG1 VAL A   2     -14.094   2.249  -5.822  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     11  CG2 VAL A   2     -12.376   0.517  -5.254  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     12  N   GLU A   3     -12.355   5.183  -5.923  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     13  CA  GLU A   3     -12.654   6.535  -5.471  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     14  C   GLU A   3     -14.163   6.708  -5.554  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     15  O   GLU A   3     -14.802   6.200  -6.474  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     16  CB  GLU A   3     -11.955   7.572  -6.348  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     17  CG  GLU A   3     -10.439   7.498  -6.286  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     18  CD  GLU A   3      -9.773   8.693  -6.944  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     19  OE1 GLU A   3     -10.120   9.004  -8.106  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     20  OE2 GLU A   3      -8.902   9.321  -6.299  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     21  N   ILE A   4     -14.724   7.428  -4.590  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     22  CA  ILE A   4     -16.160   7.645  -4.517  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     23  C   ILE A   4     -16.539   9.118  -4.648  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     24  O   ILE A   4     -15.943   9.977  -4.004  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     25  CB  ILE A   4     -16.728   7.152  -3.150  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     26  CG1 ILE A   4     -16.327   5.697  -2.890  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     27  CG2 ILE A   4     -18.232   7.308  -3.120  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     28  CD1 ILE A   4     -16.872   4.708  -3.892  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     29  N   GLU A   5     -17.527   9.393  -5.494  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     30  CA  GLU A   5     -18.054  10.744  -5.669  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     31  C   GLU A   5     -19.552  10.561  -5.505  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     32  O   GLU A   5     -20.210   9.962  -6.357  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     33  CB  GLU A   5     -17.748  11.307  -7.060  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     34  CG  GLU A   5     -16.281  11.588  -7.305  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     35  CD  GLU A   5     -16.027  12.152  -8.688  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     36  OE1 GLU A   5     -16.467  13.290  -8.959  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     37  OE2 GLU A   5     -15.390  11.452  -9.505  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     38  N   THR A   6     -20.086  11.064  -4.401  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     39  CA  THR A   6     -21.503  10.918  -4.115  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     40  C   THR A   6     -22.435  11.594  -5.113  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     41  O   THR A   6     -22.225  12.741  -5.517  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     42  CB  THR A   6     -21.819  11.427  -2.699  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     43  OG1 THR A   6     -21.153  10.595  -1.743  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     44  CG2 THR A   6     -23.321  11.402  -2.440  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     45  N   ILE A   7     -23.461  10.853  -5.514  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     46  CA  ILE A   7     -24.471  11.341  -6.443  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     47  C   ILE A   7     -25.656  11.812  -5.601  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     48  O   ILE A   7     -26.213  12.891  -5.818  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     49  CB  ILE A   7     -24.909  10.212  -7.401  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     50  CG1 ILE A   7     -23.758   9.896  -8.365  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     51  CG2 ILE A   7     -26.173  10.614  -8.163  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     52  CD1 ILE A   7     -24.015   8.709  -9.281  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     53  N   SER A   8     -26.033  10.977  -4.639  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     54  CA  SER A   8     -27.119  11.267  -3.707  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     55  C   SER A   8     -26.659  10.688  -2.380  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     56  O   SER A   8     -26.206   9.549  -2.323  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     57  CB  SER A   8     -28.422  10.596  -4.144  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     58  OG  SER A   8     -29.022  11.290  -5.223  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     59  N   PRO A   9     -26.773  11.462  -1.292  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     60  CA  PRO A   9     -26.339  10.972   0.020  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     61  C   PRO A   9     -27.220   9.882   0.618  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     62  O   PRO A   9     -28.409   9.801   0.324  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     63  CB  PRO A   9     -26.321  12.244   0.868  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     64  CG  PRO A   9     -27.477  13.024   0.300  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     65  CD  PRO A   9     -27.298  12.837  -1.201  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     66  N   GLY A  10     -26.617   9.034   1.446  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     67  CA  GLY A  10     -27.365   7.973   2.098  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     68  C   GLY A  10     -27.791   8.483   3.463  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     69  O   GLY A  10     -27.748   9.688   3.707  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     70  N   ASP A  11     -28.198   7.595   4.363  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     71  CA  ASP A  11     -28.605   8.063   5.682  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     72  C   ASP A  11     -27.363   8.404   6.509  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     73  O   ASP A  11     -27.462   8.997   7.583  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     74  CB  ASP A  11     -29.469   7.014   6.394  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     75  CG  ASP A  11     -28.717   5.729   6.695  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     76  OD1 ASP A  11     -27.485   5.676   6.484  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     77  OD2 ASP A  11     -29.373   4.771   7.158  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     78  N   GLY A  12     -26.196   8.029   5.990  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     79  CA  GLY A  12     -24.941   8.314   6.664  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     80  C   GLY A  12     -24.631   7.519   7.920  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     81  O   GLY A  12     -23.743   7.898   8.690  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     82  N   ARG A  13     -25.335   6.415   8.137  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     83  CA  ARG A  13     -25.084   5.619   9.329  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     84  C   ARG A  13     -25.326   4.126   9.156  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     85  O   ARG A  13     -24.781   3.320   9.907  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     86  CB  ARG A  13     -25.919   6.156  10.498  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     87  CG  ARG A  13     -27.396   6.326  10.197  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     88  CD  ARG A  13     -28.075   7.146  11.295  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     89  NE  ARG A  13     -29.469   7.446  10.981  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     90  CZ  ARG A  13     -30.430   6.533  10.895  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     91  NH1 ARG A  13     -30.152   5.252  11.103  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     92  NH2 ARG A  13     -31.669   6.897  10.593  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     93  N   THR A  14     -26.126   3.755   8.163  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     94  CA  THR A  14     -26.420   2.346   7.925  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     95  C   THR A  14     -25.571   1.781   6.791  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     96  O   THR A  14     -25.933   1.895   5.619  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     97  CB  THR A  14     -27.907   2.141   7.586  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     98  OG1 THR A  14     -28.718   2.756   8.599  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     99  CG2 THR A  14     -28.236   0.657   7.519  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    100  N   PHE A  15     -24.445   1.166   7.150  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    101  CA  PHE A  15     -23.527   0.588   6.174  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    102  C   PHE A  15     -23.654  -0.930   6.104  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    103  O   PHE A  15     -24.151  -1.569   7.035  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    104  CB  PHE A  15     -22.074   0.944   6.521  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    105  CG  PHE A  15     -21.800   2.422   6.558  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    106  CD1 PHE A  15     -22.182   3.186   7.656  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    107  CD2 PHE A  15     -21.176   3.052   5.488  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    108  CE1 PHE A  15     -21.943   4.564   7.689  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    109  CE2 PHE A  15     -20.933   4.429   5.508  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    110  CZ  PHE A  15     -21.318   5.184   6.614  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    111  N   PRO A  16     -23.198  -1.529   4.994  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    112  CA  PRO A  16     -23.272  -2.984   4.832  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    113  C   PRO A  16     -22.464  -3.715   5.904  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    114  O   PRO A  16     -21.291  -3.410   6.120  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    115  CB  PRO A  16     -22.694  -3.205   3.433  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    116  CG  PRO A  16     -23.072  -1.940   2.713  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    117  CD  PRO A  16     -22.744  -0.887   3.748  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    118  N   LYS A  17     -23.102  -4.668   6.578  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    119  CA  LYS A  17     -22.435  -5.451   7.614  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    120  C   LYS A  17     -21.978  -6.781   7.019  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    121  O   LYS A  17     -22.447  -7.190   5.959  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    122  CB  LYS A  17     -23.385  -5.729   8.782  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    123  CG  LYS A  17     -23.891  -4.500   9.515  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    124  CD  LYS A  17     -24.763  -4.914  10.696  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    125  CE  LYS A  17     -25.272  -3.707  11.472  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    126  NZ  LYS A  17     -26.068  -4.106  12.674  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    127  N   LYS A  18     -21.072  -7.460   7.713  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    128  CA  LYS A  18     -20.565  -8.745   7.243  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    129  C   LYS A  18     -21.705  -9.742   7.046  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    130  O   LYS A  18     -22.583  -9.871   7.896  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    131  CB  LYS A  18     -19.559  -9.310   8.247  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    132  CG  LYS A  18     -18.379  -8.395   8.523  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    133  CD  LYS A  18     -17.434  -9.010   9.547  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    134  CE  LYS A  18     -16.263  -8.085   9.851  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    135  NZ  LYS A  18     -15.335  -8.691  10.844  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    136  N   GLY A  19     -21.692 -10.435   5.912  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    137  CA  GLY A  19     -22.726 -11.418   5.637  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    138  C   GLY A  19     -24.002 -10.886   5.009  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    139  O   GLY A  19     -24.752 -11.645   4.390  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    140  N   GLN A  20     -24.262  -9.590   5.165  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    141  CA  GLN A  20     -25.464  -8.992   4.596  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    142  C   GLN A  20     -25.453  -9.062   3.079  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    143  O   GLN A  20     -24.400  -9.216   2.457  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    144  CB  GLN A  20     -25.602  -7.527   5.016  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    145  CG  GLN A  20     -26.018  -7.319   6.456  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    146  CD  GLN A  20     -26.535  -5.914   6.703  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    147  OE1 GLN A  20     -25.795  -4.937   6.592  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    148  NE2 GLN A  20     -27.818  -5.806   7.030  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    149  N   THR A  21     -26.637  -8.950   2.490  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    150  CA  THR A  21     -26.773  -8.978   1.043  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    151  C   THR A  21     -27.114  -7.571   0.582  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    152  O   THR A  21     -28.130  -7.004   0.990  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    153  CB  THR A  21     -27.896  -9.934   0.592  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    154  OG1 THR A  21     -27.606 -11.263   1.044  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    155  CG2 THR A  21     -28.009  -9.935  -0.922  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    156  N   CYS A  22     -26.250  -7.002  -0.251  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    157  CA  CYS A  22     -26.479  -5.662  -0.765  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    158  C   CYS A  22     -27.405  -5.709  -1.970  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    159  O   CYS A  22     -27.232  -6.537  -2.866  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    160  CB  CYS A  22     -25.155  -5.012  -1.172  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    161  SG  CYS A  22     -24.056  -4.617   0.206  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    162  N   VAL A  23     -28.405  -4.835  -1.972  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    163  CA  VAL A  23     -29.329  -4.740  -3.093  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    164  C   VAL A  23     -28.961  -3.414  -3.736  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    165  O   VAL A  23     -29.121  -2.349  -3.137  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    166  CB  VAL A  23     -30.798  -4.711  -2.640  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    167  CG1 VAL A  23     -31.710  -4.703  -3.861  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    168  CG2 VAL A  23     -31.097  -5.921  -1.758  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    169  N   VAL A  24     -28.458  -3.489  -4.958  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    170  CA  VAL A  24     -28.003  -2.305  -5.665  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    171  C   VAL A  24     -28.488  -2.194  -7.105  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    172  O   VAL A  24     -28.914  -3.174  -7.716  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    173  CB  VAL A  24     -26.449  -2.289  -5.700  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    174  CG1 VAL A  24     -25.945  -1.234  -6.669  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    175  CG2 VAL A  24     -25.897  -2.045  -4.307  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    176  N   HIS A  25     -28.430  -0.973  -7.624  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    177  CA  HIS A  25     -28.737  -0.711  -9.015  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    178  C   HIS A  25     -27.410  -0.147  -9.512  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    179  O   HIS A  25     -26.775   0.644  -8.817  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    180  CB  HIS A  25     -29.841   0.328  -9.171  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    181  CG  HIS A  25     -31.102  -0.227  -9.753  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    182  ND1 HIS A  25     -31.106  -1.070 -10.844  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    183  CD2 HIS A  25     -32.399  -0.061  -9.401  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    184  CE1 HIS A  25     -32.350  -1.399 -11.138  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    185  NE2 HIS A  25     -33.154  -0.801 -10.278  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    186  N   TYR A  26     -26.967  -0.558 -10.691  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    187  CA  TYR A  26     -25.700  -0.054 -11.189  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    188  C   TYR A  26     -25.663   0.063 -12.704  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    189  O   TYR A  26     -26.477  -0.525 -13.415  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    190  CB  TYR A  26     -24.557  -0.970 -10.723  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    191  CG  TYR A  26     -24.487  -2.281 -11.480  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    192  CD1 TYR A  26     -23.818  -2.367 -12.703  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    193  CD2 TYR A  26     -25.132  -3.423 -11.002  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    194  CE1 TYR A  26     -23.791  -3.555 -13.431  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    195  CE2 TYR A  26     -25.118  -4.617 -11.726  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    196  CZ  TYR A  26     -24.445  -4.673 -12.942  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    197  OH  TYR A  26     -24.434  -5.841 -13.671  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    198  N   THR A  27     -24.697   0.840 -13.174  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    199  CA  THR A  27     -24.449   1.055 -14.587  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    200  C   THR A  27     -22.928   1.057 -14.665  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    201  O   THR A  27     -22.264   1.819 -13.956  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    202  CB  THR A  27     -24.992   2.416 -15.072  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    203  OG1 THR A  27     -26.420   2.441 -14.928  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    204  CG2 THR A  27     -24.624   2.646 -16.535  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    205  N   GLY A  28     -22.382   0.180 -15.501  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    206  CA  GLY A  28     -20.939   0.086 -15.638  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    207  C   GLY A  28     -20.472   0.667 -16.951  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    208  O   GLY A  28     -21.100   0.468 -17.994  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    209  N   MET A  29     -19.352   1.371 -16.908  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    210  CA  MET A  29     -18.826   2.009 -18.101  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    211  C   MET A  29     -17.303   2.036 -18.084  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    212  O   MET A  29     -16.690   2.198 -17.028  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    213  CB  MET A  29     -19.385   3.432 -18.163  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    214  CG  MET A  29     -18.848   4.325 -19.251  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    215  SD  MET A  29     -19.532   5.992 -19.016  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    216  CE  MET A  29     -18.323   6.720 -17.930  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    217  N   LEU A  30     -16.690   1.861 -19.248  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    218  CA  LEU A  30     -15.235   1.913 -19.343  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    219  C   LEU A  30     -14.853   3.387 -19.268  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    220  O   LEU A  30     -15.529   4.229 -19.857  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    221  CB  LEU A  30     -14.762   1.331 -20.679  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    222  CG  LEU A  30     -15.062  -0.143 -20.933  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    223  CD1 LEU A  30     -14.700  -0.502 -22.371  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    224  CD2 LEU A  30     -14.275  -0.990 -19.947  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    225  N   GLN A  31     -13.789   3.714 -18.543  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    226  CA  GLN A  31     -13.381   5.111 -18.432  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    227  C   GLN A  31     -13.116   5.621 -19.841  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    228  O   GLN A  31     -12.319   5.033 -20.568  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    229  CB  GLN A  31     -12.107   5.249 -17.595  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    230  CG  GLN A  31     -11.789   6.685 -17.216  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    231  CD  GLN A  31     -10.349   6.885 -16.801  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    232  OE1 GLN A  31      -9.782   6.078 -16.073  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    233  NE2 GLN A  31      -9.755   7.990 -17.249  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    234  N   ASN A  32     -13.784   6.706 -20.227  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    235  CA  ASN A  32     -13.610   7.268 -21.563  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    236  C   ASN A  32     -13.988   6.222 -22.620  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    237  O   ASN A  32     -13.457   6.218 -23.730  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    238  CB  ASN A  32     -12.156   7.717 -21.757  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    239  CG  ASN A  32     -11.724   8.764 -20.736  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    240  OD1 ASN A  32     -10.536   8.899 -20.437  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    241  ND2 ASN A  32     -12.689   9.514 -20.206  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    242  N   GLY A  33     -14.907   5.332 -22.262  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    243  CA  GLY A  33     -15.348   4.299 -23.183  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    244  C   GLY A  33     -16.858   4.153 -23.140  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    245  O   GLY A  33     -17.566   5.050 -22.680  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    246  N   LYS A  34     -17.356   3.013 -23.602  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    247  CA  LYS A  34     -18.790   2.760 -23.629  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    248  C   LYS A  34     -19.330   2.102 -22.363  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    249  O   LYS A  34     -18.587   1.494 -21.588  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    250  CB  LYS A  34     -19.135   1.859 -24.817  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    251  CG  LYS A  34     -18.413   0.520 -24.789  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    252  CD  LYS A  34     -19.064  -0.505 -25.711  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    253  CE  LYS A  34     -20.442  -0.915 -25.197  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    254  NZ  LYS A  34     -21.063  -1.980 -26.035  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    255  N   LYS A  35     -20.638   2.228 -22.169  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    256  CA  LYS A  35     -21.311   1.609 -21.037  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    257  C   LYS A  35     -21.391   0.141 -21.441  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    258  O   LYS A  35     -21.684  -0.160 -22.597  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    259  CB  LYS A  35     -22.716   2.190 -20.873  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    260  CG  LYS A  35     -22.736   3.676 -20.514  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    261  CD  LYS A  35     -24.154   4.236 -20.479  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    262  CE  LYS A  35     -24.787   4.206 -21.868  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    263  NZ  LYS A  35     -26.128   4.854 -21.908  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    264  N   PHE A  36     -21.128  -0.769 -20.510  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    265  CA  PHE A  36     -21.158  -2.189 -20.842  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    266  C   PHE A  36     -22.232  -2.976 -20.104  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    267  O   PHE A  36     -22.508  -4.124 -20.445  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    268  CB  PHE A  36     -19.777  -2.815 -20.593  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    269  CG  PHE A  36     -19.232  -2.572 -19.209  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    270  CD1 PHE A  36     -19.712  -3.287 -18.118  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    271  CD2 PHE A  36     -18.236  -1.618 -18.999  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    272  CE1 PHE A  36     -19.205  -3.056 -16.834  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    273  CE2 PHE A  36     -17.726  -1.380 -17.724  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    274  CZ  PHE A  36     -18.213  -2.103 -16.640  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    275  N   ASP A  37     -22.847  -2.363 -19.099  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    276  CA  ASP A  37     -23.888  -3.052 -18.350  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    277  C   ASP A  37     -24.728  -2.064 -17.552  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    278  O   ASP A  37     -24.242  -1.013 -17.128  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    279  CB  ASP A  37     -23.264  -4.088 -17.408  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    280  CG  ASP A  37     -24.275  -5.107 -16.911  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    281  OD1 ASP A  37     -25.448  -5.030 -17.330  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    282  OD2 ASP A  37     -23.902  -5.987 -16.110  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    283  N   SER A  38     -25.997  -2.404 -17.358  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    284  CA  SER A  38     -26.901  -1.548 -16.603  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    285  C   SER A  38     -28.049  -2.351 -16.013  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    286  O   SER A  38     -28.886  -2.886 -16.743  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    287  CB  SER A  38     -27.462  -0.441 -17.503  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    288  OG  SER A  38     -28.493   0.280 -16.846  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    289  N   SER A  39     -28.078  -2.442 -14.687  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    290  CA  SER A  39     -29.145  -3.159 -14.003  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    291  C   SER A  39     -30.408  -2.309 -14.118  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    292  O   SER A  39     -31.523  -2.822 -14.055  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    293  CB  SER A  39     -28.796  -3.363 -12.525  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    294  OG  SER A  39     -28.735  -2.119 -11.842  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    295  N   ARG A  40     -30.220  -1.003 -14.289  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    296  CA  ARG A  40     -31.340  -0.074 -14.416  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    297  C   ARG A  40     -32.046  -0.233 -15.762  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    298  O   ARG A  40     -33.268  -0.120 -15.839  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    299  CB  ARG A  40     -30.860   1.376 -14.262  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    300  CG  ARG A  40     -30.171   1.692 -12.932  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    301  CD  ARG A  40     -29.980   3.199 -12.746  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    302  NE  ARG A  40     -29.299   3.527 -11.494  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    303  CZ  ARG A  40     -27.977   3.548 -11.339  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    304  NH1 ARG A  40     -27.178   3.265 -12.361  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    305  NH2 ARG A  40     -27.449   3.841 -10.153  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    306  N   ASP A  41     -31.276  -0.491 -16.818  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    307  CA  ASP A  41     -31.847  -0.660 -18.154  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    308  C   ASP A  41     -32.739  -1.890 -18.276  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    309  O   ASP A  41     -33.630  -1.937 -19.128  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    310  CB  ASP A  41     -30.746  -0.731 -19.217  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    311  CG  ASP A  41     -30.151   0.634 -19.535  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    312  OD1 ASP A  41     -30.877   1.647 -19.413  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    313  OD2 ASP A  41     -28.964   0.691 -19.925  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    314  N   ARG A  42     -32.489  -2.895 -17.444  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    315  CA  ARG A  42     -33.302  -4.107 -17.468  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    316  C   ARG A  42     -34.241  -4.125 -16.269  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    317  O   ARG A  42     -34.891  -5.134 -15.990  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    318  CB  ARG A  42     -32.417  -5.356 -17.459  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    319  CG  ARG A  42     -31.297  -5.319 -16.444  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    320  CD  ARG A  42     -30.666  -6.691 -16.265  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    321  NE  ARG A  42     -29.464  -6.621 -15.438  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    322  CZ  ARG A  42     -28.287  -6.179 -15.867  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    323  NH1 ARG A  42     -28.146  -5.769 -17.122  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    324  NH2 ARG A  42     -27.250  -6.139 -15.040  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    325  N   ASN A  43     -34.319  -2.988 -15.579  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    326  CA  ASN A  43     -35.175  -2.829 -14.406  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    327  C   ASN A  43     -35.087  -4.044 -13.488  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    328  O   ASN A  43     -36.086  -4.718 -13.240  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    329  CB  ASN A  43     -36.634  -2.621 -14.832  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    330  CG  ASN A  43     -36.826  -1.385 -15.700  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    331  OD1 ASN A  43     -36.462  -1.371 -16.879  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    332  ND2 ASN A  43     -37.400  -0.339 -15.115  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    333  N   LYS A  44     -33.893  -4.322 -12.982  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    334  CA  LYS A  44     -33.703  -5.468 -12.103  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    335  C   LYS A  44     -32.517  -5.268 -11.166  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    336  O   LYS A  44     -31.362  -5.377 -11.579  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    337  CB  LYS A  44     -33.500  -6.736 -12.942  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    338  CG  LYS A  44     -33.408  -8.027 -12.139  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    339  CD  LYS A  44     -33.426  -9.243 -13.063  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    340  CE  LYS A  44     -33.317 -10.554 -12.291  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    341  NZ  LYS A  44     -31.978 -10.744 -11.666  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    342  N   PRO A  45     -32.793  -4.960  -9.888  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    343  CA  PRO A  45     -31.738  -4.748  -8.893  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    344  C   PRO A  45     -30.772  -5.928  -8.838  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    345  O   PRO A  45     -31.162  -7.077  -9.061  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    346  CB  PRO A  45     -32.522  -4.579  -7.598  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    347  CG  PRO A  45     -33.763  -3.883  -8.066  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    348  CD  PRO A  45     -34.118  -4.669  -9.310  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    349  N   PHE A  46     -29.514  -5.626  -8.539  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    350  CA  PHE A  46     -28.450  -6.619  -8.448  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    351  C   PHE A  46     -28.140  -6.901  -6.973  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    352  O   PHE A  46     -28.031  -5.971  -6.170  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    353  CB  PHE A  46     -27.201  -6.068  -9.142  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    354  CG  PHE A  46     -26.012  -6.979  -9.083  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    355  CD1 PHE A  46     -25.932  -8.098  -9.908  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    356  CD2 PHE A  46     -24.952  -6.703  -8.220  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    357  CE1 PHE A  46     -24.806  -8.931  -9.877  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    358  CE2 PHE A  46     -23.823  -7.527  -8.179  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    359  CZ  PHE A  46     -23.747  -8.641  -9.008  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    360  N   LYS A  47     -27.997  -8.174  -6.618  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    361  CA  LYS A  47     -27.697  -8.540  -5.235  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    362  C   LYS A  47     -26.396  -9.325  -5.123  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    363  O   LYS A  47     -26.051 -10.107  -6.012  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    364  CB  LYS A  47     -28.832  -9.389  -4.641  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    365  CG  LYS A  47     -30.208  -8.726  -4.643  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    366  CD  LYS A  47     -31.244  -9.609  -3.937  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    367  CE  LYS A  47     -32.640  -9.011  -4.018  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    368  NZ  LYS A  47     -33.644  -9.817  -3.269  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    369  N   PHE A  48     -25.672  -9.108  -4.031  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    370  CA  PHE A  48     -24.429  -9.829  -3.781  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    371  C   PHE A  48     -24.117  -9.793  -2.295  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    372  O   PHE A  48     -24.493  -8.851  -1.596  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    373  CB  PHE A  48     -23.255  -9.237  -4.575  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    374  CG  PHE A  48     -22.809  -7.880  -4.098  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    375  CD1 PHE A  48     -23.532  -6.738  -4.423  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    376  CD2 PHE A  48     -21.653  -7.745  -3.334  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    377  CE1 PHE A  48     -23.105  -5.470  -3.995  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    378  CE2 PHE A  48     -21.218  -6.489  -2.900  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    379  CZ  PHE A  48     -21.947  -5.350  -3.233  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    380  N   ARG A  49     -23.429 -10.829  -1.825  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    381  CA  ARG A  49     -23.059 -10.968  -0.418  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    382  C   ARG A  49     -21.734 -10.287  -0.090  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    383  O   ARG A  49     -20.716 -10.525  -0.748  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    384  CB  ARG A  49     -22.951 -12.452  -0.058  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    385  CG  ARG A  49     -24.171 -13.286  -0.420  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    386  CD  ARG A  49     -23.766 -14.719  -0.764  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    387  NE  ARG A  49     -23.007 -15.364   0.306  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    388  CZ  ARG A  49     -22.374 -16.527   0.179  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    389  NH1 ARG A  49     -22.404 -17.182  -0.975  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    390  NH2 ARG A  49     -21.708 -17.040   1.206  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    391  N   ILE A  50     -21.755  -9.451   0.942  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    392  CA  ILE A  50     -20.566  -8.739   1.395  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    393  C   ILE A  50     -19.517  -9.697   1.954  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    394  O   ILE A  50     -19.832 -10.568   2.758  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    395  CB  ILE A  50     -20.925  -7.719   2.508  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    396  CG1 ILE A  50     -21.499  -6.444   1.886  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    397  CG2 ILE A  50     -19.697  -7.414   3.361  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    398  CD1 ILE A  50     -20.498  -5.673   1.043  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    399  N   GLY A  51     -18.272  -9.530   1.522  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    400  CA  GLY A  51     -17.189 -10.361   2.021  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    401  C   GLY A  51     -17.100 -11.785   1.506  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    402  O   GLY A  51     -16.335 -12.591   2.044  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    403  N   LYS A  52     -17.870 -12.107   0.472  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    404  CA  LYS A  52     -17.849 -13.452  -0.086  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    405  C   LYS A  52     -17.088 -13.521  -1.405  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    406  O   LYS A  52     -17.124 -14.539  -2.097  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    407  CB  LYS A  52     -19.277 -13.965  -0.282  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    408  CG  LYS A  52     -20.037 -14.182   1.018  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    409  CD  LYS A  52     -19.334 -15.209   1.898  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    410  CE  LYS A  52     -20.107 -15.474   3.179  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    411  NZ  LYS A  52     -19.443 -16.511   4.020  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    412  N   GLN A  53     -16.403 -12.435  -1.749  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    413  CA  GLN A  53     -15.627 -12.380  -2.984  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    414  C   GLN A  53     -16.453 -12.745  -4.212  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    415  O   GLN A  53     -15.972 -13.447  -5.103  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    416  CB  GLN A  53     -14.432 -13.326  -2.889  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    417  CG  GLN A  53     -13.499 -13.013  -1.738  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    418  CD  GLN A  53     -12.503 -14.119  -1.491  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    419  OE1 GLN A  53     -12.881 -15.255  -1.200  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    420  NE2 GLN A  53     -11.219 -13.796  -1.602  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    421  N   GLU A  54     -17.692 -12.271  -4.268  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    422  CA  GLU A  54     -18.543 -12.569  -5.416  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    423  C   GLU A  54     -18.362 -11.547  -6.533  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    424  O   GLU A  54     -18.608 -11.846  -7.702  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    425  CB  GLU A  54     -20.012 -12.595  -4.999  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    426  CG  GLU A  54     -20.307 -13.506  -3.826  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    427  CD  GLU A  54     -21.785 -13.651  -3.582  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    428  OE1 GLU A  54     -22.499 -12.628  -3.654  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    429  OE2 GLU A  54     -22.232 -14.786  -3.313  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    430  N   VAL A  55     -17.933 -10.341  -6.172  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    431  CA  VAL A  55     -17.741  -9.276  -7.152  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    432  C   VAL A  55     -16.340  -8.677  -7.046  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    433  O   VAL A  55     -15.673  -8.827  -6.022  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    434  CB  VAL A  55     -18.788  -8.160  -6.951  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    435  CG1 VAL A  55     -20.200  -8.755  -7.006  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    436  CG2 VAL A  55     -18.560  -7.464  -5.613  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    437  N   ILE A  56     -15.894  -7.999  -8.100  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    438  CA  ILE A  56     -14.564  -7.394  -8.092  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    439  C   ILE A  56     -14.374  -6.523  -6.853  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    440  O   ILE A  56     -15.321  -5.901  -6.371  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    441  CB  ILE A  56     -14.307  -6.554  -9.375  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    442  CG1 ILE A  56     -15.440  -5.551  -9.602  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    443  CG2 ILE A  56     -14.182  -7.488 -10.575  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    444  CD1 ILE A  56     -15.210  -4.630 -10.793  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    445  N   LYS A  57     -13.144  -6.485  -6.345  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    446  CA  LYS A  57     -12.824  -5.723  -5.138  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    447  C   LYS A  57     -13.315  -4.287  -5.109  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    448  O   LYS A  57     -13.879  -3.841  -4.111  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    449  CB  LYS A  57     -11.313  -5.731  -4.885  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    450  CG  LYS A  57     -10.787  -7.039  -4.334  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    451  CD  LYS A  57      -9.324  -6.910  -3.923  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    452  CE  LYS A  57      -8.825  -8.180  -3.246  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    453  NZ  LYS A  57      -7.395  -8.065  -2.826  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    454  N   GLY A  58     -13.080  -3.562  -6.199  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    455  CA  GLY A  58     -13.492  -2.175  -6.264  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    456  C   GLY A  58     -14.979  -1.931  -6.085  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    457  O   GLY A  58     -15.385  -0.942  -5.471  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    458  N   PHE A  59     -15.797  -2.826  -6.624  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    459  CA  PHE A  59     -17.242  -2.687  -6.527  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    460  C   PHE A  59     -17.673  -2.948  -5.086  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    461  O   PHE A  59     -18.462  -2.191  -4.519  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    462  CB  PHE A  59     -17.915  -3.664  -7.498  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    463  CG  PHE A  59     -19.390  -3.413  -7.703  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    464  CD1 PHE A  59     -20.328  -3.891  -6.788  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    465  CD2 PHE A  59     -19.840  -2.725  -8.828  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    466  CE1 PHE A  59     -21.693  -3.692  -6.990  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    467  CE2 PHE A  59     -21.204  -2.517  -9.044  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    468  CZ  PHE A  59     -22.136  -3.003  -8.123  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    469  N   GLU A  60     -17.132  -4.001  -4.482  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    470  CA  GLU A  60     -17.483  -4.323  -3.105  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    471  C   GLU A  60     -16.952  -3.283  -2.119  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    472  O   GLU A  60     -17.652  -2.894  -1.191  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    473  CB  GLU A  60     -16.958  -5.706  -2.707  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    474  CG  GLU A  60     -17.614  -6.211  -1.425  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    475  CD  GLU A  60     -17.145  -7.584  -1.006  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    476  OE1 GLU A  60     -16.906  -8.432  -1.892  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    477  OE2 GLU A  60     -17.035  -7.820   0.218  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    478  N   GLU A  61     -15.713  -2.837  -2.311  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    479  CA  GLU A  61     -15.147  -1.839  -1.410  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    480  C   GLU A  61     -15.923  -0.531  -1.516  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    481  O   GLU A  61     -16.061   0.204  -0.537  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    482  CB  GLU A  61     -13.669  -1.603  -1.728  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    483  CG  GLU A  61     -12.814  -2.848  -1.570  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    484  CD  GLU A  61     -11.345  -2.583  -1.813  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    485  OE1 GLU A  61     -11.027  -1.644  -2.575  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    486  OE2 GLU A  61     -10.510  -3.324  -1.255  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    487  N   GLY A  62     -16.429  -0.240  -2.709  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    488  CA  GLY A  62     -17.199   0.974  -2.888  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    489  C   GLY A  62     -18.501   0.877  -2.109  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    490  O   GLY A  62     -18.852   1.769  -1.333  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    491  N   ALA A  63     -19.212  -0.228  -2.306  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    492  CA  ALA A  63     -20.487  -0.447  -1.635  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    493  C   ALA A  63     -20.334  -0.496  -0.123  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    494  O   ALA A  63     -21.180   0.016   0.615  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    495  CB  ALA A  63     -21.115  -1.742  -2.131  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    496  N   ALA A  64     -19.252  -1.118   0.337  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    497  CA  ALA A  64     -19.001  -1.252   1.764  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    498  C   ALA A  64     -18.902   0.092   2.481  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    499  O   ALA A  64     -19.242   0.190   3.661  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    500  CB  ALA A  64     -17.731  -2.069   1.996  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    501  N   GLN A  65     -18.452   1.129   1.779  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    502  CA  GLN A  65     -18.321   2.444   2.408  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    503  C   GLN A  65     -19.489   3.386   2.132  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    504  O   GLN A  65     -19.404   4.588   2.396  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    505  CB  GLN A  65     -17.011   3.111   1.981  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    506  CG  GLN A  65     -16.896   3.386   0.498  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    507  CD  GLN A  65     -15.542   3.956   0.135  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    508  OE1 GLN A  65     -15.246   5.122   0.416  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    509  NE2 GLN A  65     -14.705   3.135  -0.473  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    510  N   MET A  66     -20.574   2.837   1.599  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    511  CA  MET A  66     -21.769   3.621   1.297  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    512  C   MET A  66     -22.858   3.312   2.322  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    513  O   MET A  66     -22.951   2.186   2.809  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    514  CB  MET A  66     -22.278   3.286  -0.107  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    515  CG  MET A  66     -21.360   3.779  -1.227  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    516  SD  MET A  66     -21.802   3.102  -2.840  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    517  CE  MET A  66     -23.385   3.919  -3.121  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    518  N   SER A  67     -23.673   4.307   2.655  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    519  CA  SER A  67     -24.753   4.094   3.613  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    520  C   SER A  67     -26.065   3.852   2.864  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    521  O   SER A  67     -26.175   4.150   1.668  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    522  CB  SER A  67     -24.879   5.289   4.574  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    523  OG  SER A  67     -25.060   6.519   3.893  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    524  N   LEU A  68     -27.052   3.300   3.565  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    525  CA  LEU A  68     -28.343   2.990   2.959  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    526  C   LEU A  68     -28.934   4.161   2.183  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    527  O   LEU A  68     -29.022   5.274   2.697  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    528  CB  LEU A  68     -29.337   2.534   4.033  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    529  CG  LEU A  68     -30.677   2.004   3.514  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    530  CD1 LEU A  68     -30.438   0.840   2.560  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    531  CD2 LEU A  68     -31.539   1.556   4.689  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    532  N   GLY A  69     -29.331   3.896   0.940  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    533  CA  GLY A  69     -29.915   4.928   0.094  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    534  C   GLY A  69     -28.910   5.768  -0.678  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    535  O   GLY A  69     -29.282   6.535  -1.569  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    536  N   GLN A  70     -27.629   5.632  -0.348  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    537  CA  GLN A  70     -26.611   6.413  -1.033  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    538  C   GLN A  70     -26.414   5.947  -2.464  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    539  O   GLN A  70     -26.568   4.764  -2.770  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    540  CB  GLN A  70     -25.268   6.322  -0.299  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    541  CG  GLN A  70     -24.212   7.269  -0.843  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    542  CD  GLN A  70     -22.892   7.173  -0.083  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    543  OE1 GLN A  70     -22.825   6.580   0.993  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    544  NE2 GLN A  70     -21.841   7.771  -0.640  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    545  N   ARG A  71     -26.081   6.899  -3.334  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    546  CA  ARG A  71     -25.802   6.632  -4.739  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    547  C   ARG A  71     -24.497   7.348  -5.030  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    548  O   ARG A  71     -24.319   8.513  -4.659  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    549  CB  ARG A  71     -26.902   7.190  -5.646  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    550  CG  ARG A  71     -26.590   7.038  -7.127  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    551  CD  ARG A  71     -27.729   7.569  -7.984  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    552  NE  ARG A  71     -27.481   7.406  -9.413  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    553  CZ  ARG A  71     -28.266   7.914 -10.361  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    554  NH1 ARG A  71     -29.343   8.617 -10.021  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    555  NH2 ARG A  71     -27.983   7.719 -11.644  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    556  N   ALA A  72     -23.575   6.664  -5.692  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    557  CA  ALA A  72     -22.300   7.284  -5.968  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    558  C   ALA A  72     -21.643   6.762  -7.226  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    559  O   ALA A  72     -21.975   5.689  -7.726  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    560  CB  ALA A  72     -21.367   7.083  -4.781  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    561  N   LYS A  73     -20.706   7.552  -7.728  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    562  CA  LYS A  73     -19.935   7.202  -8.907  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    563  C   LYS A  73     -18.658   6.549  -8.385  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    564  O   LYS A  73     -17.917   7.162  -7.608  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    565  CB  LYS A  73     -19.588   8.471  -9.689  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    566  CG  LYS A  73     -18.573   8.289 -10.805  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    567  CD  LYS A  73     -18.169   9.649 -11.368  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    568  CE  LYS A  73     -17.260   9.522 -12.575  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    569  NZ  LYS A  73     -16.030   8.757 -12.253  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    570  N   LEU A  74     -18.405   5.303  -8.780  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    571  CA  LEU A  74     -17.196   4.628  -8.326  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    572  C   LEU A  74     -16.200   4.546  -9.470  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    573  O   LEU A  74     -16.546   4.130 -10.578  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    574  CB  LEU A  74     -17.487   3.201  -7.844  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    575  CG  LEU A  74     -18.759   2.834  -7.078  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    576  CD1 LEU A  74     -18.576   1.442  -6.495  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    577  CD2 LEU A  74     -19.045   3.828  -5.981  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    578  N   THR A  75     -14.967   4.958  -9.209  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    579  CA  THR A  75     -13.935   4.865 -10.222  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    580  C   THR A  75     -12.982   3.799  -9.704  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    581  O   THR A  75     -12.352   3.969  -8.658  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    582  CB  THR A  75     -13.196   6.197 -10.409  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    583  OG1 THR A  75     -14.144   7.221 -10.746  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    584  CG2 THR A  75     -12.171   6.078 -11.536  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    585  N   CYS A  76     -12.897   2.695 -10.437  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    586  CA  CYS A  76     -12.063   1.569 -10.044  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    587  C   CYS A  76     -10.873   1.349 -10.972  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    588  O   CYS A  76     -11.045   1.139 -12.174  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    589  CB  CYS A  76     -12.909   0.292 -10.016  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    590  SG  CYS A  76     -14.468   0.417  -9.079  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    591  N   THR A  77      -9.669   1.395 -10.411  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    592  CA  THR A  77      -8.467   1.159 -11.203  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    593  C   THR A  77      -8.425  -0.340 -11.518  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    594  O   THR A  77      -9.075  -1.147 -10.845  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    595  CB  THR A  77      -7.188   1.575 -10.434  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    596  OG1 THR A  77      -7.215   1.014  -9.116  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    597  CG2 THR A  77      -7.096   3.094 -10.336  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    598  N   PRO A  78      -7.664  -0.731 -12.551  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    599  CA  PRO A  78      -7.550  -2.137 -12.953  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    600  C   PRO A  78      -7.252  -3.129 -11.823  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    601  O   PRO A  78      -7.852  -4.205 -11.765  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    602  CB  PRO A  78      -6.432  -2.110 -13.995  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    603  CG  PRO A  78      -6.552  -0.742 -14.588  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    604  CD  PRO A  78      -6.785   0.122 -13.373  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    605  N   ASP A  79      -6.335  -2.771 -10.926  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    606  CA  ASP A  79      -5.965  -3.672  -9.836  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    607  C   ASP A  79      -7.124  -4.062  -8.914  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    608  O   ASP A  79      -7.050  -5.081  -8.227  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    609  CB  ASP A  79      -4.814  -3.077  -9.015  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    610  CG  ASP A  79      -5.149  -1.726  -8.445  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    611  OD1 ASP A  79      -5.459  -0.813  -9.233  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    612  OD2 ASP A  79      -5.101  -1.574  -7.212  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    613  N   VAL A  80      -8.183  -3.254  -8.885  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    614  CA  VAL A  80      -9.349  -3.580  -8.067  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    615  C   VAL A  80     -10.546  -3.901  -8.971  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    616  O   VAL A  80     -11.698  -3.845  -8.544  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    617  CB  VAL A  80      -9.716  -2.432  -7.082  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    618  CG1 VAL A  80      -8.655  -2.336  -5.979  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    619  CG2 VAL A  80      -9.832  -1.108  -7.826  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    620  N   ALA A  81     -10.252  -4.235 -10.227  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    621  CA  ALA A  81     -11.277  -4.602 -11.196  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    622  C   ALA A  81     -10.854  -5.906 -11.884  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    623  O   ALA A  81     -10.777  -6.951 -11.233  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    624  CB  ALA A  81     -11.466  -3.486 -12.227  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    625  N   TYR A  82     -10.555  -5.848 -13.180  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    626  CA  TYR A  82     -10.157  -7.049 -13.914  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    627  C   TYR A  82      -8.664  -7.146 -14.248  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    628  O   TYR A  82      -8.232  -8.062 -14.952  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    629  CB  TYR A  82     -11.020  -7.178 -15.178  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    630  CG  TYR A  82     -12.484  -7.397 -14.844  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    631  CD1 TYR A  82     -12.947  -8.650 -14.432  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    632  CD2 TYR A  82     -13.393  -6.338 -14.870  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    633  CE1 TYR A  82     -14.280  -8.841 -14.046  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    634  CE2 TYR A  82     -14.730  -6.518 -14.490  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    635  CZ  TYR A  82     -15.162  -7.770 -14.076  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    636  OH  TYR A  82     -16.466  -7.938 -13.668  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    637  N   GLY A  83      -7.885  -6.198 -13.739  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    638  CA  GLY A  83      -6.445  -6.208 -13.944  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    639  C   GLY A  83      -5.895  -6.301 -15.357  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    640  O   GLY A  83      -6.486  -5.792 -16.307  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    641  N   ALA A  84      -4.746  -6.959 -15.486  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    642  CA  ALA A  84      -4.080  -7.109 -16.776  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    643  C   ALA A  84      -4.792  -8.114 -17.665  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    644  O   ALA A  84      -4.618  -8.108 -18.883  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    645  CB  ALA A  84      -2.636  -7.538 -16.568  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    646  N   THR A  85      -5.596  -8.971 -17.048  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    647  CA  THR A  85      -6.330  -9.998 -17.776  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    648  C   THR A  85      -7.594  -9.470 -18.440  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    649  O   THR A  85      -7.944  -9.903 -19.538  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    650  CB  THR A  85      -6.745 -11.156 -16.843  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    651  OG1 THR A  85      -5.584 -11.705 -16.214  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    652  CG2 THR A  85      -7.459 -12.252 -17.633  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    653  N   GLY A  86      -8.275  -8.542 -17.771  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    654  CA  GLY A  86      -9.514  -8.003 -18.301  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    655  C   GLY A  86     -10.593  -9.071 -18.186  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    656  O   GLY A  86     -10.348 -10.127 -17.610  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    657  N   HIS A  87     -11.787  -8.796 -18.704  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    658  CA  HIS A  87     -12.871  -9.776 -18.677  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    659  C   HIS A  87     -13.148 -10.182 -20.125  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    660  O   HIS A  87     -13.560  -9.354 -20.939  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    661  CB  HIS A  87     -14.139  -9.181 -18.057  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    662  CG  HIS A  87     -15.283 -10.143 -18.001  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    663  ND1 HIS A  87     -15.322 -11.202 -17.118  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    664  CD2 HIS A  87     -16.407 -10.233 -18.748  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    665  CE1 HIS A  87     -16.424 -11.903 -17.324  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    666  NE2 HIS A  87     -17.100 -11.337 -18.309  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    667  N   PRO A  88     -12.927 -11.464 -20.460  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    668  CA  PRO A  88     -13.140 -11.985 -21.813  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    669  C   PRO A  88     -14.260 -11.359 -22.632  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    670  O   PRO A  88     -15.435 -11.455 -22.277  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    671  CB  PRO A  88     -13.354 -13.476 -21.570  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    672  CG  PRO A  88     -12.350 -13.741 -20.477  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    673  CD  PRO A  88     -12.577 -12.558 -19.532  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    674  N   GLY A  89     -13.870 -10.708 -23.726  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    675  CA  GLY A  89     -14.820 -10.091 -24.638  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    676  C   GLY A  89     -15.633  -8.892 -24.181  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    677  O   GLY A  89     -16.491  -8.427 -24.926  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    678  N   VAL A  90     -15.378  -8.376 -22.982  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    679  CA  VAL A  90     -16.140  -7.228 -22.492  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    680  C   VAL A  90     -15.254  -6.116 -21.923  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    681  O   VAL A  90     -15.404  -4.945 -22.280  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    682  CB  VAL A  90     -17.147  -7.655 -21.395  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    683  CG1 VAL A  90     -18.042  -6.484 -21.030  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    684  CG2 VAL A  90     -17.979  -8.835 -21.881  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    685  N   ILE A  91     -14.338  -6.491 -21.034  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    686  CA  ILE A  91     -13.427  -5.533 -20.408  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    687  C   ILE A  91     -11.994  -5.844 -20.841  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    688  O   ILE A  91     -11.483  -6.937 -20.583  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    689  CB  ILE A  91     -13.467  -5.634 -18.864  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    690  CG1 ILE A  91     -14.913  -5.540 -18.355  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    691  CG2 ILE A  91     -12.562  -4.552 -18.250  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    692  CD1 ILE A  91     -15.621  -4.225 -18.679  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    693  N   PRO A  92     -11.321  -4.886 -21.501  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    694  CA  PRO A  92      -9.941  -5.129 -21.936  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    695  C   PRO A  92      -8.929  -5.029 -20.802  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    696  O   PRO A  92      -9.249  -4.561 -19.706  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    697  CB  PRO A  92      -9.716  -4.042 -22.985  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    698  CG  PRO A  92     -10.539  -2.910 -22.458  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    699  CD  PRO A  92     -11.822  -3.607 -22.031  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    700  N   PRO A  93      -7.691  -5.487 -21.050  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    701  CA  PRO A  93      -6.636  -5.431 -20.038  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    702  C   PRO A  93      -6.411  -3.987 -19.571  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    703  O   PRO A  93      -6.597  -3.040 -20.345  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    704  CB  PRO A  93      -5.426  -5.984 -20.780  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    705  CG  PRO A  93      -6.045  -7.000 -21.701  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    706  CD  PRO A  93      -7.251  -6.261 -22.228  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    707  N   ASN A  94      -6.030  -3.837 -18.304  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    708  CA  ASN A  94      -5.740  -2.536 -17.692  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    709  C   ASN A  94      -6.852  -1.503 -17.804  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    710  O   ASN A  94      -6.586  -0.313 -17.988  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    711  CB  ASN A  94      -4.470  -1.934 -18.295  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    712  CG  ASN A  94      -3.777  -0.985 -17.335  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    713  OD1 ASN A  94      -3.383  -1.387 -16.244  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    714  ND2 ASN A  94      -3.630   0.271 -17.730  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    715  N   ALA A  95      -8.093  -1.941 -17.669  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    716  CA  ALA A  95      -9.198  -1.012 -17.786  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    717  C   ALA A  95      -9.671  -0.422 -16.469  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    718  O   ALA A  95      -9.956  -1.148 -15.512  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    719  CB  ALA A  95     -10.369  -1.684 -18.494  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    720  N   THR A  96      -9.736   0.904 -16.423  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    721  CA  THR A  96     -10.260   1.593 -15.252  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    722  C   THR A  96     -11.769   1.614 -15.502  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    723  O   THR A  96     -12.228   1.995 -16.589  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    724  CB  THR A  96      -9.700   3.031 -15.148  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    725  OG1 THR A  96      -8.320   2.970 -14.751  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    726  CG2 THR A  96     -10.492   3.849 -14.140  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    727  N   LEU A  97     -12.543   1.190 -14.510  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    728  CA  LEU A  97     -13.992   1.121 -14.674  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    729  C   LEU A  97     -14.761   2.144 -13.861  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    730  O   LEU A  97     -14.368   2.492 -12.747  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    731  CB  LEU A  97     -14.474  -0.283 -14.303  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    732  CG  LEU A  97     -13.732  -1.432 -14.998  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    733  CD1 LEU A  97     -14.256  -2.769 -14.495  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    734  CD2 LEU A  97     -13.910  -1.313 -16.508  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    735  N   ILE A  98     -15.865   2.618 -14.428  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    736  CA  ILE A  98     -16.720   3.582 -13.753  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    737  C   ILE A  98     -18.046   2.901 -13.478  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    738  O   ILE A  98     -18.666   2.370 -14.400  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    739  CB  ILE A  98     -17.013   4.822 -14.628  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    740  CG1 ILE A  98     -15.711   5.516 -15.032  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    741  CG2 ILE A  98     -17.929   5.777 -13.861  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    742  CD1 ILE A  98     -14.936   6.099 -13.871  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    743  N   PHE A  99     -18.476   2.921 -12.217  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    744  CA  PHE A  99     -19.741   2.310 -11.814  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    745  C   PHE A  99     -20.619   3.308 -11.065  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    746  O   PHE A  99     -20.193   3.871 -10.056  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    747  CB  PHE A  99     -19.500   1.114 -10.882  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    748  CG  PHE A  99     -19.076  -0.153 -11.583  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    749  CD1 PHE A  99     -20.014  -0.953 -12.233  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    750  CD2 PHE A  99     -17.749  -0.566 -11.554  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    751  CE1 PHE A  99     -19.630  -2.152 -12.841  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    752  CE2 PHE A  99     -17.354  -1.757 -12.157  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    753  CZ  PHE A  99     -18.295  -2.554 -12.801  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    754  N   ASP A 100     -21.832   3.531 -11.567  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    755  CA  ASP A 100     -22.802   4.417 -10.919  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    756  C   ASP A 100     -23.593   3.425 -10.072  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    757  O   ASP A 100     -24.371   2.636 -10.609  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    758  CB  ASP A 100     -23.724   5.061 -11.962  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    759  CG  ASP A 100     -24.763   5.989 -11.343  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    760  OD1 ASP A 100     -25.159   5.770 -10.176  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    761  OD2 ASP A 100     -25.198   6.931 -12.040  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    762  N   VAL A 101     -23.385   3.462  -8.761  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    763  CA  VAL A 101     -24.031   2.520  -7.849  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    764  C   VAL A 101     -24.972   3.155  -6.828  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    765  O   VAL A 101     -24.646   4.181  -6.223  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    766  CB  VAL A 101     -22.950   1.715  -7.068  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    767  CG1 VAL A 101     -23.601   0.831  -6.002  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    768  CG2 VAL A 101     -22.130   0.866  -8.039  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    769  N   GLU A 102     -26.132   2.535  -6.635  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    770  CA  GLU A 102     -27.102   3.019  -5.652  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    771  C   GLU A 102     -27.435   1.886  -4.674  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    772  O   GLU A 102     -27.954   0.845  -5.079  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    773  CB  GLU A 102     -28.390   3.503  -6.335  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    774  CG  GLU A 102     -29.434   3.975  -5.324  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    775  CD  GLU A 102     -30.725   4.468  -5.956  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    776  OE1 GLU A 102     -30.943   4.228  -7.167  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    777  OE2 GLU A 102     -31.531   5.086  -5.224  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    778  N   LEU A 103     -27.117   2.088  -3.392  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    779  CA  LEU A 103     -27.380   1.085  -2.366  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    780  C   LEU A 103     -28.842   1.202  -1.953  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    781  O   LEU A 103     -29.199   2.007  -1.094  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    782  CB  LEU A 103     -26.468   1.305  -1.156  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    783  CG  LEU A 103     -26.609   0.303  -0.005  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    784  CD1 LEU A 103     -26.382  -1.118  -0.505  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    785  CD2 LEU A 103     -25.609   0.653   1.081  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    786  N   LEU A 104     -29.675   0.377  -2.570  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    787  CA  LEU A 104     -31.111   0.393  -2.332  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    788  C   LEU A 104     -31.576  -0.236  -1.027  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    789  O   LEU A 104     -32.426   0.320  -0.330  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    790  CB  LEU A 104     -31.816  -0.302  -3.490  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    791  CG  LEU A 104     -31.473   0.249  -4.875  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    792  CD1 LEU A 104     -31.942  -0.729  -5.949  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    793  CD2 LEU A 104     -32.120   1.615  -5.046  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    794  N   ASN A 105     -31.021  -1.393  -0.691  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    795  CA  ASN A 105     -31.449  -2.075   0.517  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    796  C   ASN A 105     -30.377  -3.035   1.005  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    797  O   ASN A 105     -29.434  -3.353   0.276  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    798  CB  ASN A 105     -32.746  -2.835   0.206  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    799  CG  ASN A 105     -33.449  -3.342   1.448  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    800  OD1 ASN A 105     -33.342  -2.754   2.523  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    801  ND2 ASN A 105     -34.195  -4.431   1.298  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    802  N   LEU A 106     -30.524  -3.481   2.248  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    803  CA  LEU A 106     -29.600  -4.429   2.856  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    804  C   LEU A 106     -30.427  -5.586   3.404  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    805  O   LEU A 106     -31.322  -5.377   4.224  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    806  CB  LEU A 106     -28.812  -3.754   3.981  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    807  CG  LEU A 106     -27.682  -2.843   3.494  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    808  CD1 LEU A 106     -27.164  -1.983   4.632  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    809  CD2 LEU A 106     -26.563  -3.714   2.914  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    810  N   GLU A 107     -30.132  -6.800   2.946  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    811  CA  GLU A 107     -30.875  -7.980   3.382  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    812  C   GLU A 107     -29.979  -9.012   4.061  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    813  O   GLU A 107     -28.799  -8.767   4.306  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    814  CB  GLU A 107     -31.571  -8.626   2.183  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    815  CG  GLU A 107     -32.261  -7.635   1.263  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    816  CD  GLU A 107     -32.909  -8.302   0.067  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    817  OE1 GLU A 107     -32.510  -9.436  -0.265  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    818  OE2 GLU A 107     -33.806  -7.687  -0.549  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
TER&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    819  C1  RAP A 108     -18.510  -8.134 -11.063  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    820  O1  RAP A 108     -18.969  -9.229 -11.856  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    821  O2  RAP A 108     -17.819  -8.381 -10.069  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    822  C2  RAP A 108     -18.857  -6.680 -11.413  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    823  C3  RAP A 108     -19.378  -5.903 -10.192  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    824  C4  RAP A 108     -20.810  -6.269  -9.768  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    825  C5  RAP A 108     -21.748  -6.104 -10.968  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    826  C6  RAP A 108     -21.289  -6.956 -12.126  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    827  N7  RAP A 108     -19.893  -6.531 -12.486  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    828  C8  RAP A 108     -19.513  -6.171 -13.744  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    829  O3  RAP A 108     -18.296  -5.996 -13.976  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    830  C9  RAP A 108     -20.424  -5.985 -14.822  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    831  O4  RAP A 108     -21.015  -4.900 -14.935  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    832  C10 RAP A 108     -20.701  -7.102 -15.860  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    833  O5  RAP A 108     -21.536  -8.043 -15.186  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    834  O6  RAP A 108     -21.405  -6.534 -16.979  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    835  C11 RAP A 108     -19.388  -7.854 -16.375  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    836  C12 RAP A 108     -19.775  -9.075 -17.246  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    837  C13 RAP A 108     -20.761  -9.975 -16.480  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    838  C14 RAP A 108     -21.967  -9.211 -15.854  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    839  C15 RAP A 108     -22.672 -10.085 -14.824  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    840  C16 RAP A 108     -23.453 -11.289 -15.379  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    841  O7  RAP A 108     -24.420 -10.794 -16.279  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    842  C17 RAP A 108     -24.142 -12.089 -14.269  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    843  C18 RAP A 108     -23.665 -13.315 -13.987  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    844  C19 RAP A 108     -24.201 -14.242 -12.966  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    845  C20 RAP A 108     -23.630 -15.435 -12.786  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    846  C21 RAP A 108     -24.162 -16.384 -11.781  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    847  C22 RAP A 108     -23.444 -17.370 -11.268  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    848  C23 RAP A 108     -23.906 -18.220 -10.081  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    849  C24 RAP A 108     -22.851 -18.127  -8.963  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    850  C25 RAP A 108     -22.360 -16.747  -8.519  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    851  C26 RAP A 108     -21.023 -16.845  -7.774  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    852  O8  RAP A 108     -20.965 -16.994  -6.547  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    853  C27 RAP A 108     -19.745 -16.757  -8.633  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    854  O9  RAP A 108     -18.698 -17.397  -7.951  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    855  C28 RAP A 108     -19.234 -15.293  -8.931  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    856  O10 RAP A 108     -19.259 -14.553  -7.701  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    857  C29 RAP A 108     -20.070 -14.540 -10.006  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    858  C30 RAP A 108     -20.851 -13.477  -9.720  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    859  C31 RAP A 108     -21.739 -12.610 -10.632  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    860  C32 RAP A 108     -21.031 -11.274 -10.909  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    861  O11 RAP A 108     -21.295 -10.239 -10.286  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    862  C33 RAP A 108     -19.966 -11.303 -12.008  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    863  C34 RAP A 108     -18.698 -10.575 -11.585  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    864  C35 RAP A 108     -17.359 -10.916 -12.304  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    865  C36 RAP A 108     -16.786 -12.266 -11.815  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    866  C37 RAP A 108     -16.322 -12.376 -10.346  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    867  C38 RAP A 108     -15.790 -13.811 -10.060  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    868  C39 RAP A 108     -15.278 -14.019  -8.595  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    869  O12 RAP A 108     -14.646 -15.301  -8.504  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    870  C40 RAP A 108     -14.253 -12.869  -8.176  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    871  O13 RAP A 108     -14.019 -12.970  -6.766  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    872  C41 RAP A 108     -14.775 -11.432  -8.497  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    873  C42 RAP A 108     -15.251 -11.324  -9.952  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    874  C43 RAP A 108     -18.390  -6.936 -17.162  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    875  C44 RAP A 108     -25.350 -11.389 -13.580  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    876  C45 RAP A 108     -24.081 -19.670 -10.522  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    877  C46 RAP A 108     -23.414 -16.041  -7.644  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    878  C47 RAP A 108     -19.924 -15.115 -11.414  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    879  C48 RAP A 108     -23.101 -12.375  -9.939  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    880  C49 RAP A 108     -17.519 -10.949 -13.817  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    881  C50 RAP A 108     -24.780 -11.612 -17.353  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    882  C51 RAP A 108     -18.394 -18.690  -8.368  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    883  C52 RAP A 108     -13.537 -15.605  -9.312  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    884  O   MOL     1     -14.467  -0.075   1.713  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    885  O   MOL     1      -3.747 -10.364 -12.950  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    886  O   MOL     1      -3.863   1.423 -20.222  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    887  O   MOL     1     -33.153   2.955 -17.490  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    888  O   MOL     1     -11.437 -10.318  -9.024  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    889  O   MOL     1      -8.994  -5.070 -17.002  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    890  O   MOL     1     -16.599   7.684   0.589  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    891  O   MOL     1     -10.617  -3.779 -15.257  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    892  O   MOL     1      -7.744  -0.765 -21.451  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    893  O   MOL     1     -30.531  10.772  -1.245  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    894  O   MOL     1      -9.991   5.189  -8.561  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    895  O   MOL     1     -15.383   8.367  -8.819  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    896  O   MOL     1     -22.582   7.719   3.484  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    897  O   MOL     1     -31.535   6.282   3.044  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    898  O   MOL     1      -6.221 -11.354 -21.344  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    899  O   MOL     1     -30.986   8.365  -2.508  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    900  O   MOL     1     -26.122   5.808 -14.288  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    901  O   MOL     1     -28.681   6.587 -14.636  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    902  O   MOL     1     -30.242   9.407  -6.889  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    903  O   MOL     1      -4.086  -4.225 -12.418  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    904  O   MOL     1     -13.558   9.340 -12.463  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    905  O   MOL     1     -24.024   9.804   2.183  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    906  O   MOL     1     -28.911 -10.292  -8.292  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    907  O   MOL     1     -10.002 -11.107 -20.617  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    908  O   MOL     1      -3.379  -1.268 -11.644  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    909  O   MOL     1      -3.814  -6.433 -11.116  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    910  O   MOL     1      -6.811   1.796 -20.467  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    911  O   MOL     1      -5.042   0.450  -5.739  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    912  O   MOL     1     -13.226   8.110  -2.465  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    913  O   MOL     1     -11.705  -0.385   1.598  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    914  O   MOL     1     -26.811 -13.511 -10.984  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    915  O   MOL     1     -12.132   3.844  -1.192  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    916  O   MOL     1     -12.915   6.445  -0.256  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    917  O   MOL     1     -14.006  10.177 -15.559  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    918  O   MOL     1      -6.462   2.069 -16.582  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    919  O   MOL     1     -21.593  -5.761 -22.112  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    920  O   MOL     1     -22.112   4.659  11.361  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    921  O   MOL     1     -24.505  -7.743 -19.597  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    922  O   MOL     1      -2.660  -0.168 -14.034  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    923  O   MOL     1      -2.685  -8.544 -20.622  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    924  O   MOL     1     -30.204   4.761 -16.268  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    925  O   MOL     1      -1.421   1.865 -16.896  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    926  O   MOL     1     -22.558  11.507   0.921  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    927  O   MOL     1     -32.805  11.307   0.058  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    928  O   MOL     1      -3.446  -8.060 -13.318  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    929  O   MOL     1     -29.831   4.936  -9.378  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    930  O   MOL     1      -7.164   5.063 -13.547  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    931  O   MOL     1      -4.420   2.292 -14.820  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    932  O   MOL     1      -5.770  -9.954 -14.183  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    933  O   MOL     1     -27.557 -11.487  -9.884  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    934  O   MOL     1     -31.664   4.503  -2.445  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    935  O   MOL     1     -25.729  -8.264 -16.380  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    936  O   MOL     1     -21.969  10.396   5.765  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    937  O   MOL     1      -7.004  -0.510  -2.928  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    938  O   MOL     1     -30.875   7.805 -13.213  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    939  O   MOL     1     -18.401  12.641  -2.383  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    940  O   MOL     1     -18.898  -7.605 -25.486  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    941  O   MOL     1     -25.575  -5.788 -20.825  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    942  O   MOL     1      -7.654   5.064  -6.946  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    943  O   MOL     1     -10.256  -9.151 -22.336  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    944  O   MOL     1     -19.822  -4.848 -24.124  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    945  O   MOL     1     -23.526 -17.086  -4.354  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    946  O   MOL     1     -18.719 -10.494  -2.408  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    947  O   MOL     1     -17.490  -3.388 -23.343  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    948  O   MOL     1     -30.962  10.093 -11.750  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    949  O   MOL     1     -18.908  -1.315 -28.688  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    950  O   MOL     1      -3.124  -4.146 -15.431  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    951  O   MOL     1      -9.221   2.699 -18.647  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    952  O   MOL     1     -11.056  -7.239  -8.343  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    953  O   MOL     1     -13.633 -12.173 -15.090  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    954  O   MOL     1     -15.513 -10.202  -0.432  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    955  O   MOL     1     -28.234   2.974 -16.765  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    956  O   MOL     1     -15.150   1.628 -25.119  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    957  O   MOL     1     -27.057  11.649   5.648  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    958  O   MOL     1     -35.417   1.166  -8.176  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    959  O   MOL     1     -32.217   9.638  -9.089  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    960  O   MOL     1     -19.494   6.929   1.151  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    961  O   MOL     1      -9.252   2.616  -2.781  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    962  O   MOL     1     -24.348  -8.092 -23.126  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    963  O   MOL     1     -21.693  -7.243 -19.749  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    964  O   MOL     1     -11.065   8.058 -14.677  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    965  O   MOL     1     -21.355   0.992 -27.640  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    966  O   MOL     1      -8.191   6.228 -11.230  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    967  O   MOL     1      -1.738  -5.828  -9.719  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    968  O   MOL     1      -5.954   3.838  -4.110  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    969  O   MOL     1      -0.305  -0.954 -13.761  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    970  O   MOL     1     -35.121   9.765  -8.231  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    971  O   MOL     1      -9.195   7.921 -12.896  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    972  O   MOL     1     -11.412  -8.346 -24.443  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    973  O   MOL     1     -18.575  -4.730   5.949  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    974  O   MOL     1     -24.572  -2.651 -22.639  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    975  O   MOL     1     -17.538 -17.548  -1.182  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    976  O   MOL     1     -28.405   1.980  11.352  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    977  O   MOL     1     -27.591   2.765 -19.420  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    978  O   MOL     1     -17.468   7.579 -21.396  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    979  O   MOL     1     -31.391   9.463   3.968  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    980  O   MOL     1     -24.855  11.287   4.464  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    981  O   MOL     1     -32.329  -2.161   4.687  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    982  O   MOL     1     -31.502  -1.553   7.124  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    983  O   MOL     1      -5.167  -3.927  -5.363  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    984  O   MOL     1     -12.442 -12.583 -11.643  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
TER&amp;lt;/inlineContents&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/jmolApplet&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/jmol&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;font size=5&amp;gt;&amp;lt;font color=red&amp;gt;Side Effects taking of Rapamycin&amp;lt;/font size&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/font color&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
While taking Rapamycin, there are certain side effects that occur in the body. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Some of the side effects may take place after many years of taking the medicine. These delayed effects, can also include certain cancers, such as lymphoma, though these are extreme cases.  &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Common side effects include chest pains, abdominal pain, fever, muscle pains or cramps, nausea, mood changes, tiredness and weakness. &lt;br /&gt;
Less common side effects include, skin ulcers, nose bleeds and in rare cases weight gain may also occur. &amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;4&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt; &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;font size=5&amp;gt;&amp;lt;font color=red&amp;gt;Synthesis of Rapamycin &amp;lt;/font size&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/font color&amp;gt; &amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;6,7&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Rapamycin is a very complicated molecule. It had a 31 memembered ring, and also possesses many chiral centres, and different functional groups. Due to its complexity, it has proved a challenge to synthesise for many synthetic chemists. &lt;br /&gt;
Methods have therefore been suggested, to prepare fragments of the molecule, and then combine them to get the total molecule of rapamycin.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The first fragment prepared is the fragment from C&amp;lt;sub&amp;gt;10&amp;lt;/sub&amp;gt; to C&amp;lt;sub&amp;gt;21&amp;lt;/sub&amp;gt;. &lt;br /&gt;
The starting material used is (R)-methyl 3-hydroxy-2-methylpropionate. This is converted to an alcohol in a four step reaction, as shown below:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Image:synthesisstep.gif]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Then from this molecule, further complicated synthesis steps yield the following fragment:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Image:Fragment1.gif]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The second fragment prepared is the fragment from C&amp;lt;sub&amp;gt;22&amp;lt;/sub&amp;gt; - C&amp;lt;sub&amp;gt;42&amp;lt;/sub&amp;gt;. This is prepared through complicated synthetic methods. The second fragment obtained is shown below:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Image:Fragment2.gif]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The second fragment was then combined with the first fragment under certain required conditions, yielding the synthetic rapamycin, which was judged as identical to the natural occuring rapamycin molecule through comparison of physical properties, 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR, IR and UV spectral data.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The various complicated synthesis steps, and conditions are all in the cited journals, from which this all synthetic information was gained.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Rapamycin can also be synthesised by using trans-1,2-Bis(tri-n-butylstannyl)ethylen reacting with the reagants diisopropylethylamine and Pd(CH&amp;lt;sub&amp;gt;3&amp;lt;/sub&amp;gt;CN)&amp;lt;sub&amp;gt;2&amp;lt;/sub&amp;gt; C&amp;lt;sub&amp;gt;12&amp;lt;/sub&amp;gt;, using dimethylformide, and tetrahydrofuran as the solvents.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Image:synthesis.JPG]] &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
However, the starting material is hard to synthesise, so is usually only the fragment method of synthesis is used for synthetic rapamycin production&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;font size=5&amp;gt;&amp;lt;font color=red&amp;gt;History&amp;lt;/font size&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/font color&amp;gt;&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;10&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
Rapamycin is a 31-memebered macrolide which is first isolated in 1975. The property of that its potent immunosuppressive and antiumour activities were first discovered in 1977. The studies of the prevention of organ rejection after transplant surgery, and phase III clinical trials were completed in 1999.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
X-ray crystallography determined the solid state structure of rapamycin in 1978, followed by degradation studies in 1980 and correct NMR published in 1991. &lt;br /&gt;
The solution-phase structure was confirmed using molecular modelling calculations.&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;font size=5&amp;gt;&amp;lt;font color=red&amp;gt;How does rapamycin work in mammalian cells?&amp;lt;/font size&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/font color&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
The bacterial macrolide--immunosuppressant rapamycin in the mammalian cells suppresses mitogen-induced translation of mRNAs selectively, which is the most notably mRNAs encoding ribosomal proteins and elongation factors. In a mean time, rapamycin also blocks mitogen-induced p70 ribosomal protein S6 kinase (p70s6k) phosphorlation and activation.&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;font size=5&amp;gt;&amp;lt;font color=red&amp;gt;Biosynthesis--the formation of Rapamycin&amp;lt;/font size&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/font color&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
Rapamycin having the isotope-labelled is produced via a polyketide pathway. The polyketide chain is formed by condensation of seven acetate components and same number of propionate units. The cyclohexyl starter units produced that derived from shikimc acid then via a dihydroxycyclohexanecarboxylic intermediate. The pipecolate moiety is formed from free pipecolic acid which is made by cyclodeamination of lysine. To achieve the rapamycin also demands O-methylations by S-adenosylmethionine-dependent methyltranferases and oxidations which having cytochrome-p450 mono-oxgenases as catalysts.&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;jmol&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;jmolApplet&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;size&amp;gt;400&amp;lt;/size&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;color&amp;gt;black&amp;lt;/color&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;script&amp;gt;zoom 100; cpk on;frame 1; move 10 -20 10 0 0 0 0 0 3; delay 1;&amp;lt;/script&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;inlineContents&amp;gt;HEADER    CSD ENTRY QEKNID&lt;br /&gt;
COMPND    UNNAMED&lt;br /&gt;
AUTHOR    GENERATED BY CONQUEST&lt;br /&gt;
CRYST1   20.690   22.560   11.220  90.00  90.00  90.00 P 21 21 21    4&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM      1  O1  UNK 0   1       1.401   8.009   6.161  1.00  0.00&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM      2  O2  UNK 0   1       1.535   9.421   3.430  1.00  0.00&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM      3  O3  UNK 0   1       4.165   9.543   3.068  1.00  0.00&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM      4  O4  UNK 0   1       6.290   5.800   0.411  1.00  0.00&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM      5  O5  UNK 0   1       3.617   0.984   6.788  1.00  0.00&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM      6  O6  UNK 0   1       1.988   4.661   5.821  1.00  0.00&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM      7  O7  UNK 0   1       3.414  10.078  11.631  1.00  0.00&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM      8  O8  UNK 0   1       4.926   9.642   9.448  1.00  0.00&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM      9  O9  UNK 0   1       0.134   3.788   6.711  1.00  0.00&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     10  O10 UNK 0   1       8.545  -2.658   8.213  1.00  0.00&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     11  O11 UNK 0   1       3.877   7.255   3.373  1.00  0.00&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     12  O12 UNK 0   1       8.348   1.263   9.851  1.00  0.00&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     13  O13 UNK 0   1       9.710  -0.957   9.885  1.00  0.00&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     14  N1  UNK 0   1       0.821   6.574   4.485  1.00  0.00&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     15  C1  UNK 0   1       2.847   3.804   6.597  1.00  0.00&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     16  C2  UNK 0   1       2.137   8.591   4.006  1.00  0.00&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     17  C3  UNK 0   1       5.253   5.566   2.525  1.00  0.00&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     18  C4  UNK 0   1       6.439   0.772   7.035  1.00  0.00&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     19  C5  UNK 0   1       5.760   1.455   5.879  1.00  0.00&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     20  C6  UNK 0   1       3.691   8.555   3.927  1.00  0.00&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     21  C7  UNK 0   1       4.372   8.706   5.296  1.00  0.00&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     22  C8  UNK 0   1       0.685   4.598   6.025  1.00  0.00&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     23  C9  UNK 0   1       1.444   7.657   4.993  1.00  0.00&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     24  C10 UNK 0   1       5.266   6.987   3.074  1.00  0.00&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     25  C11 UNK 0   1       9.484   1.514   2.917  1.00  0.00&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     26  C12 UNK 0   1       6.546   5.254   1.728  1.00  0.00&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     27  C13 UNK 0   1       0.002   5.764   5.363  1.00  0.00&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     28  C14 UNK 0   1       6.873   3.770   1.616  1.00  0.00&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     29  C15 UNK 0   1       5.845   8.444   5.027  1.00  0.00&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     30  C16 UNK 0   1       4.643   3.941   8.471  1.00  0.00&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     31  C17 UNK 0   1       4.175  10.062   5.891  1.00  0.00&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     32  C18 UNK 0   1       6.062   7.106   4.353  1.00  0.00&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     33  C19 UNK 0   1       1.130   5.996   3.130  1.00  0.00&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     34  C20 UNK 0   1       0.132   5.568   2.424  1.00  0.00&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     35  C21 UNK 0   1      -0.902   4.584   3.310  1.00  0.00&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     36  C22 UNK 0   1      -1.283   5.277   4.634  1.00  0.00&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     37  C23 UNK 0   1       7.333   5.703  -0.449  1.00  0.00&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     38  C24 UNK 0   1       5.787   2.858   0.987  1.00  0.00&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     39  C25 UNK 0   1       4.223   8.521  10.019  1.00  0.00&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     40  C26 UNK 0   1       3.070   9.096  10.659  1.00  0.00&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     41  C27 UNK 0   1       2.162   8.038  11.321  1.00  0.00&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     42  C28 UNK 0   1       1.777   7.000  10.322  1.00  0.00&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     43  C29 UNK 0   1       3.035   6.371   9.593  1.00  0.00&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     44  C30 UNK 0   1       3.813   7.463   8.954  1.00  0.00&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     45  C31 UNK 0   1       4.299   1.800   6.149  1.00  0.00&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     46  C32 UNK 0   1       3.745   3.070   5.621  1.00  0.00&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     47  C33 UNK 0   1       2.489   5.369   8.538  1.00  0.00&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     48  C34 UNK 0   1       3.534   4.692   7.641  1.00  0.00&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     49  C35 UNK 0   1       8.028   3.321   2.132  1.00  0.00&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     50  C36 UNK 0   1       8.423   1.922   2.255  1.00  0.00&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     51  C37 UNK 0   1      10.751  -0.223   3.994  1.00  0.00&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     52  C38 UNK 0   1      10.968  -1.676   4.387  1.00  0.00&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     53  C39 UNK 0   1      12.420  -1.994   4.107  1.00  0.00&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     54  C40 UNK 0   1      10.657  -1.852   5.891  1.00  0.00&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     55  C41 UNK 0   1       9.215  -1.475   6.205  1.00  0.00&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     56  C42 UNK 0   1       9.846   0.140   3.119  1.00  0.00&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     57  C43 UNK 0   1       8.266  -2.391   5.430  1.00  0.00&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     58  C44 UNK 0   1       9.019  -1.694   7.697  1.00  0.00&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     59  C45 UNK 0   1       8.460   2.175   7.057  1.00  0.00&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     60  C46 UNK 0   1       6.296   9.389   9.133  1.00  0.00&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     61  C47 UNK 0   1       9.362  -0.492   8.583  1.00  0.00&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     62  C48 UNK 0   1      10.976  -0.887  10.210  1.00  0.00&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     63  C49 UNK 0   1       8.108   0.334   8.785  1.00  0.00&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     64  C50 UNK 0   1       7.606   1.060   7.562  1.00  0.00&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     65  C51 UNK 0   1       5.843   0.575   4.600  1.00  0.00&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     66  H1  UNK 0   1       3.540   9.985   2.615  1.00  0.00&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     67  H2  UNK 0   1       8.210   2.112   9.513  1.00  0.00&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     68  H3  UNK 0   1       5.710   0.147   7.313  1.00  0.00&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     69  H4  UNK 0   1       6.224   2.351   5.476  1.00  0.00&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     70  H5  UNK 0   1       4.030   7.758   6.075  1.00  0.00&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     71  H6  UNK 0   1      10.151   2.085   3.193  1.00  0.00&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     72  H7  UNK 0   1       6.188   9.139   4.429  1.00  0.00&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     73  H8  UNK 0   1       4.260   3.370   9.108  1.00  0.00&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     74  H9  UNK 0   1       3.269  10.154   6.217  1.00  0.00&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     75  H10 UNK 0   1       6.999   6.982   4.170  1.00  0.00&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     76  H11 UNK 0   1       1.572   6.664   2.602  1.00  0.00&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     77  H12 UNK 0   1      -1.748   4.645   5.196  1.00  0.00&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     78  H13 UNK 0   1       5.371   3.343   0.286  1.00  0.00&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     79  H14 UNK 0   1       1.608   6.177  10.770  1.00  0.00&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     80  H15 UNK 0   1       3.428   5.947  10.188  1.00  0.00&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     81  H16 UNK 0   1       4.802   7.221   8.586  1.00  0.00&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     82  H17 UNK 0   1       3.548   7.930   8.237  1.00  0.00&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     83  H18 UNK 0   1       3.271   2.897   4.825  1.00  0.00&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     84  H19 UNK 0   1       1.879   5.827   7.973  1.00  0.00&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     85  H20 UNK 0   1       3.960   5.331   7.139  1.00  0.00&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     86  H21 UNK 0   1       8.382   3.858   2.781  1.00  0.00&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     87  H22 UNK 0   1      10.258  -2.409   3.883  1.00  0.00&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     88  H23 UNK 0   1      12.704  -2.786   4.518  1.00  0.00&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     89  H24 UNK 0   1      10.659  -2.732   5.892  1.00  0.00&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     90  H25 UNK 0   1      11.239  -1.078   6.572  1.00  0.00&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     91  H26 UNK 0   1       9.195  -0.305   5.991  1.00  0.00&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     92  H27 UNK 0   1       9.112  -0.650   2.517  1.00  0.00&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     93  H28 UNK 0   1       8.466  -3.298   5.647  1.00  0.00&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     94  H29 UNK 0   1       8.322   2.955   7.548  1.00  0.00&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     95  H30 UNK 0   1       6.714  10.132   8.706  1.00  0.00&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     96  H31 UNK 0   1       6.391   8.622   8.547  1.00  0.00&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     97  H32 UNK 0   1       7.293  -0.210   9.074  1.00  0.00&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     98  H33 UNK 0   1       5.866  -0.356   4.865  1.00  0.00&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     99  H34 UNK 0   1       5.183   4.941   3.258  1.00  0.00&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    100  H35 UNK 0   1       7.519   4.789  -0.649  1.00  0.00&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    101  H36 UNK 0   1       7.190   6.184  -1.241  1.00  0.00&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    102  H37 UNK 0   1       1.328   7.208   9.650  1.00  0.00&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    103  H38 UNK 0   1       8.011   1.087   1.694  1.00  0.00&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    104  H39 UNK 0   1      12.617  -2.003   3.181  1.00  0.00&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    105  H40 UNK 0   1       7.366  -2.209   5.718  1.00  0.00&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    106  H41 UNK 0   1      11.307   0.449   4.388  1.00  0.00&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    107  H42 UNK 0   1      -0.679   6.317   2.243  1.00  0.00&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    108  H43 UNK 0   1       0.095   5.141   1.592  1.00  0.00&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    109  H44 UNK 0   1       5.144   2.624   1.641  1.00  0.00&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    110  H45 UNK 0   1       6.209   2.089   0.650  1.00  0.00&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    111  H46 UNK 0   1      -1.872   6.010   4.470  1.00  0.00&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    112  H47 UNK 0   1       1.713   5.252   3.228  1.00  0.00&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    113  H48 UNK 0   1      -0.294   6.351   6.059  1.00  0.00&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    114  H49 UNK 0   1       5.175   3.393   7.855  1.00  0.00&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    115  H50 UNK 0   1       5.228   4.559   8.877  1.00  0.00&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    116  H51 UNK 0   1       2.023   4.681   9.009  1.00  0.00&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    117  H52 UNK 0   1       1.378   8.478  11.672  1.00  0.00&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    118  H53 UNK 0   1       2.549   9.527   9.980  1.00  0.00&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    119  H54 UNK 0   1       4.759   8.106  10.676  1.00  0.00&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    120  H55 UNK 0   1       6.811   9.184   9.931  1.00  0.00&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    121  H56 UNK 0   1       3.064  10.019  12.513  1.00  0.00&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    122  H57 UNK 0   1       5.046   0.704   4.082  1.00  0.00&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    123  H58 UNK 0   1       6.596   0.778   4.098  1.00  0.00&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    124  H59 UNK 0   1       9.391   1.922   7.099  1.00  0.00&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    125  H60 UNK 0   1       8.249   2.330   6.128  1.00  0.00&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    126  H61 UNK 0   1      11.301  -0.034  10.172  1.00  0.00&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    127  H62 UNK 0   1       8.344  -2.245   4.515  1.00  0.00&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    128  H63 UNK 0   1      12.991  -1.261   4.491  1.00  0.00&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    129  H64 UNK 0   1       7.291   5.701   2.119  1.00  0.00&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    130  H65 UNK 0   1       4.496   5.446   1.961  1.00  0.00&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    131  H66 UNK 0   1       5.609   7.596   2.424  1.00  0.00&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    132  H67 UNK 0   1       6.352   8.496   5.832  1.00  0.00&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    133  H68 UNK 0   1       4.769  10.215   6.611  1.00  0.00&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    134  H69 UNK 0   1       4.308  10.741   5.225  1.00  0.00&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    135  H70 UNK 0   1       2.319   3.147   7.060  1.00  0.00&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    136  H71 UNK 0   1       5.793   6.418   4.966  1.00  0.00&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    137  H72 UNK 0   1      -1.823   4.302   2.821  1.00  0.00&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    138  H73 UNK 0   1      -0.339   3.831   3.457  1.00  0.00&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    139  H74 UNK 0   1       8.137   6.064  -0.019  1.00  0.00&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    140  H75 UNK 0   1       2.630   7.650  12.060  1.00  0.00&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    141  H76 UNK 0   1       4.498   3.646   5.411  1.00  0.00&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    142  H77 UNK 0   1      11.137  -1.200  11.098  1.00  0.00&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    143  H78 UNK 0   1      11.531  -1.392   9.609  1.00  0.00&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    144  H79 UNK 0   1      10.095   0.059   8.192  1.00  0.00&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    145  H80 UNK 0   1       6.443   3.641   2.498  1.00  0.00&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT    1   23&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT    2   16&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT    3   20   66&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT    4   26   37&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT    5   45&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT    6   15   22&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT    7   40  121&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT    8   39   60&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT    9   22&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   10   58&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   11   20   24&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   12   63   67&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   13   61   62&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   14   23   27   33&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   15    6   46   48  135&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   16    2   20   23&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   17   24   26   99  130&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   18   19   64   68&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   19   18   45   65   69&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   20    3   11   16   21&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   21   20   29   31   70&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   22    6    9   27&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   23    1   14   16&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   24   11   17   32  131&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   25   50   56   71&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   26    4   17   28  129&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   27   14   22   36  113&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   28   26   38   49&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   29   21   32   72  132&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   30   48   73  114  115&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   31   21   74  133  134&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   32   24   29   75  136&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   33   14   34   76  112&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   34   33   35  107  108&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   35   34   36  137  138&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   36   27   35   77  111&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   37    4  100  101  139&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   38   28   78  109  110&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   39    8   40   44  119&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   40    7   39   41  118&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   41   40   42  117  140&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   42   41   43   79  102&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   43   42   44   47   80&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   44   39   43   81   82&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   45    5   19   46&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   46   15   45   83  141&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   47   43   48   84  116&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   48   15   30   47   85&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   49   28   50   86&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   50   25   49  103&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   51   52   56  106&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   52   51   53   54   87&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   53   52   88  104  128&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   54   52   55   89   90&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   55   54   57   58   91&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   56   25   51   92&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   57   55   93  105  127&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   58   10   55   61&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   59   64   94  124  125&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   60    8   95   96  120&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   61   13   58   63  144&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   62   13  126  142  143&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   63   12   61   64   97&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   64   18   59   63&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   65   19   98  122  123&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   66    3&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   67   12&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   68   18&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   69   19&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   70   21&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   71   25&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   72   29&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   73   30&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   74   31&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   75   32&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   76   33&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   77   36&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   78   38&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   79   42&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   80   43&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   81   44&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   82   44&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   83   46&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   84   47&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   85   48&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   86   49&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   87   52&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   88   53&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   89   54&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   90   54&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   91   55&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   92   56&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   93   57&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   94   59&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   95   60&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   96   60&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   97   63&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   98   65&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   99   17&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT  100   37&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT  101   37&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT  102   42&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT  103   50&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT  104   53&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT  105   57&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT  106   51&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT  107   34&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT  108   34&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT  109   38&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT  110   38&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT  111   36&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT  112   33&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT  113   27&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT  114   30&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT  115   30&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT  116   47&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT  117   41&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT  118   40&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT  119   39&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT  120   60&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT  121    7&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT  122   65&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT  123   65&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT  124   59&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT  125   59&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT  126   62&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT  127   57&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT  128   53&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT  129   26&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT  130   17&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT  131   24&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT  132   29&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT  133   31&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT  134   31&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT  135   15&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT  136   32&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT  137   35&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT  138   35&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT  139   37&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT  140   41&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT  141   46&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT  142   62&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT  143   62&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT  144   61&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT  145    0&lt;br /&gt;
MASTER        0    0    0    0    0    0    0    0  145    0  145    0&lt;br /&gt;
END&amp;lt;/inlineContents&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/jmolApplet&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/jmol&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;font size=5&amp;gt;&amp;lt;font color=red&amp;gt;References&amp;lt;/font size&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/font color&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br&amp;gt; &lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
1) [http://www.proteinkinase.biz/html/protein_kinase_inhibitors.html © Biaffin GmbH &amp;amp; Co KG, Protein kinase inhibitors]&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
2) Kuo CJ, Chung J, Fiorentino DF, Flanagan WM, Blenis J, Crabtree GR (1992) &amp;quot;Rapamycin selectively inhibits interleukin-2 activation of p70 S6 kinase&amp;quot; Nature 358(6381):70-3&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
3) Kahan BD, Murgia MG, Slaton J, et al. Potential applications of therapeutic drug monitoring of sirolimus immunosuppression in clinical renal transplantation. Ther Drug Monit. 1995;17:672-675. &amp;lt;br&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
4) http://www.healthtouch.com/bin/EContent_HT/drugShowLfts.asp?fname=usp0790.htm&amp;amp;title=Rapamycin&amp;amp;cid=HT 5)http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?artid=1169993&amp;amp;blobtype=pdf&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
6) K. C. Nicolaou, T. K. Chakraborty, A. D. Piscopio, N. Minowa, P. Bertinato;  J. Am. Chem. Soc.; 115; 1993; 4419-4420 &amp;lt;br&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
7) D. Romo, D. D. Johnson, L. Plamondon, T. Miwa, S. L. Schreiber; J. Org. Chem.;  57; 1992; 5060-5063 &amp;lt;br&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
8) http://www-ermm.cbcu.cam.ac.uk/00001794h.htm &amp;lt;br&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
9) &#039;&#039;How Rapamycin works&#039;&#039; diagram taken from http://www-ermm.cbcu.cam.ac.uk/00001794h.htm &amp;lt;br&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
10) http://www.rapamycin.org/rapamycin.html&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
11) &#039;&#039;3D structure of the binding protein, &lt;br /&gt;
FKBP 12.6 in complex with a rapamycin molecule&#039;&#039; &lt;br /&gt;
image taken from http://www.rcsb.org/pdb/explore.do?structureId=1C9H&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Hp305</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://chemwiki.ch.ic.ac.uk/index.php?title=It:Gingerone&amp;diff=4212</id>
		<title>It:Gingerone</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://chemwiki.ch.ic.ac.uk/index.php?title=It:Gingerone&amp;diff=4212"/>
		<updated>2006-10-26T13:17:53Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Hp305: IR assignments&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;{| class=&amp;quot;toccolours&amp;quot; border=&amp;quot;1&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;float: right; clear: right; margin: 0 0 1em 1em; border-collapse: collapse;&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
! {{chembox header}}  colspan=&amp;quot;3&amp;quot; |2D Structure of Zingerone &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| align=&amp;quot;center&amp;quot; colspan=&amp;quot;3&amp;quot; bgcolour=&amp;quot;#ffffff&amp;quot; | [[Image:Untitled.gif]]  &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! {{chembox header}}  colspan=&amp;quot;3&amp;quot; |3D structure of Zingerone &amp;lt;jmol&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;jmolApplet&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;size&amp;gt;200&amp;lt;/size&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;color&amp;gt;white&amp;lt;/color&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;script&amp;gt;zoom 80; cpk on;frame 1; move 10 -20 10 0 0 0 0 0 3; delay 1;&amp;lt;/script&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;inlineContents&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
HEADER    NONAME 20-Oct-06                                              NONE   1&lt;br /&gt;
TITLE                                                                   NONE   2&lt;br /&gt;
AUTHOR    WWW daemon apache                                             NONE   3&lt;br /&gt;
REVDAT   1  20-Oct-06     0                                             NONE   4&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM      1  O           0       3.909  -1.039  -0.489  0.00  0.00           O+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM      2  C           0       2.599  -0.845  -0.181  0.00  0.00           C+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM      3  C           0       2.106   0.445  -0.009  0.00  0.00           C+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM      4  O           0       2.934   1.515  -0.149  0.00  0.00           O+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM      5  C           0       2.143   2.682   0.086  0.00  0.00           C+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM      6  C           0       0.770   0.636   0.305  0.00  0.00           C+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM      7  C           0      -0.070  -0.452   0.446  0.00  0.00           C+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM      8  C           0      -1.523  -0.242   0.787  0.00  0.00           C+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM      9  C           0      -2.335  -0.105  -0.502  0.00  0.00           C+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     10  C           0      -3.788   0.105  -0.161  0.00  0.00           C+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     11  C           0      -4.804   0.269  -1.261  0.00  0.00           C+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     12  O           0      -4.137   0.142   0.995  0.00  0.00           O+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     13  C           0       0.419  -1.734   0.275  0.00  0.00           C+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     14  C           0       1.750  -1.932  -0.044  0.00  0.00           C+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     15  H           0       4.384  -1.120   0.349  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     16  H           0       1.331   2.723  -0.641  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     17  H           0       1.728   2.643   1.093  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     18  H           0       2.767   3.570  -0.016  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     19  H           0       0.385   1.637   0.439  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     20  H           0      -1.889  -1.094   1.359  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     21  H           0      -1.629   0.666   1.381  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     22  H           0      -1.969   0.747  -1.074  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     23  H           0      -2.229  -1.013  -1.096  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     24  H           0      -4.306   0.208  -2.228  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     25  H           0      -5.551  -0.521  -1.186  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     26  H           0      -5.291   1.240  -1.164  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     27  H           0      -0.240  -2.582   0.386  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     28  H           0       2.130  -2.934  -0.178  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT    1    2   15    0    0                                         NONE  33&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT    2    1   14    3    0                                         NONE  34&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT    3    2    4    6    0                                         NONE  35&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT    4    3    5    0    0                                         NONE  36&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT    5    4   16   17   18                                         NONE  37&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT    6    3    7   19    0                                         NONE  38&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT    7    6    8   13    0                                         NONE  39&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT    8    7    9   20   21                                         NONE  40&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT    9    8   10   22   23                                         NONE  41&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   10    9   11   12    0                                         NONE  42&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   11   10   24   25   26                                         NONE  43&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   12   10    0    0    0                                         NONE  44&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   13    7   14   27    0                                         NONE  45&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   14   13    2   28    0                                         NONE  46&lt;br /&gt;
END                                                                     NONE  47&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/inlineContents&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/jmolApplet&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/jmol&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! {{chembox header}} colspan=&amp;quot;3&amp;quot; | Properties&lt;br /&gt;
|- &lt;br /&gt;
| colspan=&amp;quot;1&amp;quot; |IUPAC Systematic Name&lt;br /&gt;
| colspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot;|4-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-2-butanone&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| colspan=&amp;quot;1&amp;quot; |Molecular formula&lt;br /&gt;
| colspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot; |C&amp;lt;sub&amp;gt;11&amp;lt;/sub&amp;gt;H&amp;lt;sub&amp;gt;14&amp;lt;/sub&amp;gt;O&amp;lt;sub&amp;gt;3&amp;lt;/sub&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| colspan=&amp;quot;1&amp;quot; |SMILES String&lt;br /&gt;
| colspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot; |OC1=C(OC)C=C(CCC(C)=O)C=C1 &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| colspan=&amp;quot;1&amp;quot; |Molecular Mass&lt;br /&gt;
| colspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot; |194 g/mol&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| colspan=&amp;quot;1&amp;quot; |Appearance&lt;br /&gt;
| colspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot; |&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|colspan=&amp;quot;1&amp;quot; |Beilstein Registry number&lt;br /&gt;
| colspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot; |2051099&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| colspan=&amp;quot;1&amp;quot; |CAS Registry Number&lt;br /&gt;
| colspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot; |122-48-5&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! {{chembox header}} colspan=&amp;quot;3&amp;quot;| Properties&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| Melting Point&lt;br /&gt;
| colspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot; |40-42°C&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Zingerone== is the molecule responsible for most of the taste of cooked ginger.  It is also a week antioxidant, and this may account for some of the proposed medicinal properties of the compound.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Many other molecules which give foods taste and smell are chemically similar to zingerone, most notably capsaicin and vanillin, which  give vanilla and hot peppers their tastes.  Zingerone  has a higher molecular weight than vanillin, and contains a carbonyl side group which allows stronger Van Der Waals interactions.  This means zingerone can bind strongly to itself when compared with molecules like vanillin.  This in turn makes zingerone less volatile, which accounts for the fact that while vanilla and ginger give similarly strong tastes, vanilla&#039;s smell is much more potent.  It can escape more readily as a gas.  On the other hand, capsaicin is a heavier molecule than zingerone, is much less volatile, and therefore is completely odourless.&lt;br /&gt;
To compare zingerone with several other &#039;taste&#039; molecules see [http://antoine.frostburg.edu/chem/senese/101/features/capsaicin.shtml General Chemistry Online: Fire and Spice]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Fresh ginger contains no zingerone.  When ginger is cooked gingerol, a molecule present in fresh ginger, reacts to give zingerone.  Whereas gingerol has an extremely strong taste, zingerone has a milder, sweeter taste.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Image:gingerol.gif|50px]] &lt;br /&gt;
Chemical structure of gingerol, a precursor of gingerone&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
There is some evidence that gingerol has therapeutic properties that help with symptoms like nausea and vomiting, and may be of some use as a natural remedy to things like morning sickness and seasickness.  There is some controversy as to these effects because not all studies show any effect when compared with a placebo.&lt;br /&gt;
[http://bja.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/abstract/84/3/367 Article:efficacy of ginger for nausea and vomiting]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;Zingerone synthesis&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Image:Zingerone synthesis.gif|thumb|Description]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In 1968 CONNELL and SUTHERLAND examined the structures and synthesis of zingerone.  They found that it was possible to synthesise zingerone by hydrolysing gingerol using hot aqueous barium hydroxide solution.  Other aldehydes are also produced in this reaction.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Image:Gingerol hydrolysis.gif|thumb|Description]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{|-&lt;br /&gt;
! {{chembox header}} colspan=&amp;quot;3&amp;quot; | Properties of Gingerol&lt;br /&gt;
|- &lt;br /&gt;
| colspan=&amp;quot;1&amp;quot; |CAS Registry Number&lt;br /&gt;
| colspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot;|41743-68-4, 77398-90-4&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| colspan=&amp;quot;1&amp;quot; |Chemical Name&lt;br /&gt;
| colspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot; |[4]-Gingerol&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| colspan=&amp;quot;1&amp;quot; |Autoname&lt;br /&gt;
| colspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot; |5-hydroxy-1-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxy-phenyl)-octan-3-one&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| colspan=&amp;quot;1&amp;quot; |Molecular Formula&lt;br /&gt;
| colspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot; |C15H22O4&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| colspan=&amp;quot;1&amp;quot; |Molecular Weight&lt;br /&gt;
| colspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot; |266.34&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|colspan=&amp;quot;1&amp;quot; |Beilstein Registry number&lt;br /&gt;
| colspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot; |2051099&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| Melting Point&lt;br /&gt;
| colspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot; |74-75°C  &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Spectra of Zingerone==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;Infrared Spectrum&#039;&#039;:&lt;br /&gt;
[[Image:irzingerone.PNG]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;Infra Red Assignements for Zingerone:&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
C = O - 1700 cm&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;-1&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
O - H - 3410 cm&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;-1&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;Mass Spectrum&#039;&#039;: &lt;br /&gt;
[[Image:Zingerone.jpg|thumb|Description]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==References==&lt;br /&gt;
* Spectra obtained from NIST Chemistry Web book - [http://webbook.nist.gov/chemistry/]&lt;br /&gt;
* Connell, D. W.; Sutherland, M. D. A Re-Examination of Gingerol, Shogaol, and Zingerone, The Pungent Principles of Ginger (Zingiber Officinule Roscoe). Aust. J. Chem. 1969,22,&lt;br /&gt;
1033-1043, and references cited therein.&lt;br /&gt;
* Properties of Gingerol was obtained from Beilstein (Beilstein registry number 1991143).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Further Abstract &amp;amp; Syntheses]]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Hp305</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://chemwiki.ch.ic.ac.uk/index.php?title=It:Rapamycin&amp;diff=4189</id>
		<title>It:Rapamycin</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://chemwiki.ch.ic.ac.uk/index.php?title=It:Rapamycin&amp;diff=4189"/>
		<updated>2006-10-26T13:02:35Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Hp305: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;{| class=&amp;quot;toccolours&amp;quot; border=&amp;quot;1&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;float: right; clear: right; margin: 0 0 1em 1em; border-collapse: collapse;&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
! {{chembox header}}  colspan=&amp;quot;3&amp;quot; |2D Structure of Rapamycin &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| align=&amp;quot;center&amp;quot; colspan=&amp;quot;3&amp;quot; bgcolor=&amp;quot;#ffffff&amp;quot; | [[Image:Rapamycin.gif|50|2D structure of Rapamycin|50]] &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! {{chembox header}}  colspan=&amp;quot;3&amp;quot; |3D structure of Rapamycin&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| align=&amp;quot;center&amp;quot; colspan=&amp;quot;3&amp;quot; bgcolor=&amp;quot;#ffffff&amp;quot; | &amp;lt;jmol&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;jmolApplet&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;size&amp;gt;200&amp;lt;/size&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;color&amp;gt;white&amp;lt;/color&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;script&amp;gt;zoom 100; cpk off;frame 1; move 10 -20 10 0 0 0 0 0 3; delay 1;&amp;lt;/script&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;inlineContents&amp;gt;HEADER    NONAME 20-Oct-06                                              NONE   1&lt;br /&gt;
TITLE                                                                   NONE   2&lt;br /&gt;
AUTHOR    WWW daemon apache                                             NONE   3&lt;br /&gt;
REVDAT   1  20-Oct-06     0                                             NONE   4&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM      1  C           0       8.027  -2.746  -4.135  0.00  0.00           C+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM      2  C           0       7.216  -2.718  -2.837  0.00  0.00           C+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM      3  H           0       7.321  -3.673  -2.322  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM      4  C           0       5.742  -2.472  -3.162  0.00  0.00           C+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM      5  C           0       4.931  -2.444  -1.865  0.00  0.00           C+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM      6  C           0       5.449  -1.320  -0.965  0.00  0.00           C+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM      7  H           0       5.344  -0.365  -1.479  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM      8  C           0       4.639  -1.292   0.333  0.00  0.00           C+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM      9  C           0       3.335  -0.525   0.103  0.00  0.00           C+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     10  H           0       3.556   0.438  -0.356  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     11  C           0       2.631  -0.302   1.444  0.00  0.00           C+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     12  H           0       1.638   0.111   1.269  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     13  C           0       3.449   0.674   2.294  0.00  0.00           C+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     14  C           0       3.608   1.975   1.552  0.00  0.00           C+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     15  C           0       4.139   3.193   2.262  0.00  0.00           C+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     16  H           0       5.049   3.534   1.768  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     17  C           0       3.105   4.290   2.221  0.00  0.00           C+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     18  C           0       2.929   4.986   1.125  0.00  0.00           C+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     19  C           0       1.891   6.076   1.084  0.00  0.00           C+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     20  H           0       1.797   6.526   2.072  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     21  C           0       0.544   5.485   0.663  0.00  0.00           C+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     22  H           0       0.700   4.760  -0.135  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     23  C           0      -0.363   6.585   0.171  0.00  0.00           C+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     24  C           0      -1.520   6.258  -0.736  0.00  0.00           C+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     25  H           0      -1.874   5.250  -0.524  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     26  C           0      -2.655   7.256  -0.501  0.00  0.00           C+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     27  C           0      -3.869   6.866  -1.351  0.00  0.00           C+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     28  H           0      -3.539   6.593  -2.353  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     29  C           0      -4.834   8.051  -1.437  0.00  0.00           C+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     30  C           0      -4.569   5.694  -0.716  0.00  0.00           C+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     31  C           0      -5.039   4.699  -1.461  0.00  0.00           C+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     32  C           0      -5.680   3.547  -0.814  0.00  0.00           C+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     33  C           0      -5.738   2.362  -1.443  0.00  0.00           C+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     34  C           0      -6.260   1.179  -0.765  0.00  0.00           C+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     35  C           0      -5.863  -0.027  -1.176  0.00  0.00           C+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     36  C           0      -6.343  -1.283  -0.487  0.00  0.00           C+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     37  H           0      -5.654  -1.547   0.315  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     38  C           0      -6.393  -2.409  -1.510  0.00  0.00           C+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     39  C           0      -5.584  -3.615  -1.052  0.00  0.00           C+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     40  H           0      -5.100  -4.072  -1.926  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     41  C           0      -6.509  -4.652  -0.412  0.00  0.00           C+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     42  C           0      -5.694  -5.912  -0.091  0.00  0.00           C+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     43  C           0      -4.503  -5.493   0.786  0.00  0.00           C+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     44  H           0      -4.868  -5.107   1.738  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     45  C           0      -3.596  -6.700   1.033  0.00  0.00           C+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     46  C           0      -3.722  -4.398   0.050  0.00  0.00           C+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     47  O           0      -3.362  -4.898  -1.247  0.00  0.00           O+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     48  O           0      -4.554  -3.254  -0.129  0.00  0.00           O+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     49  O           0      -7.648  -1.064   0.055  0.00  0.00           O+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     50  C           0      -7.475  -0.784   1.446  0.00  0.00           C+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     51  C           0      -4.918  -0.135  -2.344  0.00  0.00           C+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     52  C           0      -1.064   6.342  -2.194  0.00  0.00           C+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     53  O           0      -0.162   7.728   0.506  0.00  0.00           O+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     54  O           0      -0.060   4.837   1.784  0.00  0.00           O+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     55  C           0      -0.557   3.581   1.316  0.00  0.00           C+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     56  O           0       2.287   7.075   0.141  0.00  0.00           O+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     57  C           0       3.770   4.698  -0.093  0.00  0.00           C+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     58  C           0       4.450   2.840   3.718  0.00  0.00           C+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     59  O           0       3.309   2.041   0.384  0.00  0.00           O+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     60  O           0       2.514  -1.566   2.146  0.00  0.00           O+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     61  C           0       1.650  -2.503   1.716  0.00  0.00           C+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     62  C           0       1.540  -3.803   2.471  0.00  0.00           C+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     63  H           0       1.763  -3.606   3.528  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     64  C           0       0.145  -4.393   2.344  0.00  0.00           C+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     65  N           0      -0.076  -4.877   0.987  0.00  0.00           N+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     66  C           0      -1.182  -4.622   0.288  0.00  0.00           C+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     67  C           0      -2.462  -4.084   0.810  0.00  0.00           C+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     68  O           0      -2.490  -3.413   1.814  0.00  0.00           O+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     69  O           0      -1.137  -4.858  -0.902  0.00  0.00           O+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     70  C           0       0.938  -5.754   0.364  0.00  0.00           C+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     71  C           0       2.303  -5.066   0.463  0.00  0.00           C+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     72  C           0       2.582  -4.793   1.944  0.00  0.00           C+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     73  O           0       0.971  -2.305   0.736  0.00  0.00           O+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     74  C           0       2.424  -1.334  -0.822  0.00  0.00           C+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     75  C           0       6.924  -1.566  -0.639  0.00  0.00           C+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     76  C           0       7.734  -1.594  -1.937  0.00  0.00           C+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     77  H           0       7.629  -0.639  -2.451  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     78  O           0       9.111  -1.823  -1.633  0.00  0.00           O+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     79  C           0       9.713  -0.540  -1.448  0.00  0.00           C+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     80  H           0       7.922  -1.791  -4.649  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     81  H           0       9.077  -2.921  -3.903  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     82  H           0       7.658  -3.547  -4.776  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     83  H           0       5.637  -1.517  -3.677  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     84  H           0       5.373  -3.273  -3.803  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     85  H           0       3.881  -2.269  -2.096  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     86  H           0       5.036  -3.399  -1.350  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     87  H           0       4.411  -2.312   0.641  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     88  H           0       5.218  -0.798   1.113  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     89  H           0       2.933   0.855   3.237  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     90  H           0       4.432   0.247   2.493  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     91  H           0       2.512   4.505   3.097  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     92  H           0      -2.933   7.248   0.553  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     93  H           0      -2.323   8.256  -0.780  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     94  H           0      -4.326   8.900  -1.895  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     95  H           0      -5.697   7.774  -2.041  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     96  H           0      -5.164   8.324  -0.435  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     97  H           0      -4.685   5.661   0.359  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     98  H           0      -4.958   4.739  -2.535  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     99  H           0      -6.116   3.662   0.168  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    100  H           0      -5.409   2.280  -2.473  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    101  H           0      -6.962   1.272   0.047  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    102  H           0      -7.430  -2.711  -1.657  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    103  H           0      -5.991  -2.049  -2.457  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    104  H           0      -6.932  -4.246   0.508  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    105  H           0      -7.312  -4.902  -1.105  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    106  H           0      -6.316  -6.626   0.448  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    107  H           0      -5.330  -6.360  -1.016  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    108  H           0      -3.227  -7.079   0.080  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    109  H           0      -2.754  -6.400   1.656  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    110  H           0      -4.162  -7.482   1.540  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    111  H           0      -2.872  -4.193  -1.692  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    112  H           0      -6.892   0.129   1.562  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    113  H           0      -8.451  -0.653   1.914  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    114  H           0      -6.952  -1.613   1.922  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    115  H           0      -4.220   0.701  -2.325  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    116  H           0      -4.364  -1.072  -2.277  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    117  H           0      -5.486  -0.114  -3.274  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    118  H           0      -0.257   5.629  -2.363  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    119  H           0      -1.901   6.106  -2.851  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    120  H           0      -0.708   7.350  -2.406  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    121  H           0      -1.241   3.749   0.483  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    122  H           0       0.276   2.962   0.983  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    123  H           0      -1.086   3.076   2.123  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    124  H           0       3.137   7.422   0.443  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    125  H           0       4.462   3.885   0.127  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    126  H           0       3.123   4.410  -0.922  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    127  H           0       4.333   5.591  -0.365  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    128  H           0       5.198   2.048   3.747  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    129  H           0       4.833   3.721   4.231  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    130  H           0       3.539   2.499   4.211  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    131  H           0       0.039  -5.222   3.045  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    132  H           0      -0.593  -3.627   2.579  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    133  H           0       0.970  -6.709   0.888  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    134  H           0       0.686  -5.918  -0.684  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    135  H           0       3.076  -5.718   0.056  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    136  H           0       2.284  -4.126  -0.089  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    137  H           0       3.579  -4.367   2.056  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    138  H           0       2.516  -5.725   2.506  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    139  H           0       1.388  -1.033  -0.667  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    140  H           0       2.704  -1.150  -1.859  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    141  H           0       2.530  -2.396  -0.600  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    142  H           0       7.292  -0.765   0.002  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    143  H           0       7.028  -2.521  -0.125  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    144  H           0      10.770  -0.665  -1.213  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    145  H           0       9.610   0.044  -2.362  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    146  H           0       9.217  -0.022  -0.628  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT    1    2   80   81   82                                         NONE 151&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT    2    1    3   76    4                                         NONE 152&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT    4    2    5   83   84                                         NONE 153&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT    5    4    6   85   86                                         NONE 154&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT    6    5    7    8   75                                         NONE 155&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT    8    6    9   87   88                                         NONE 156&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT    9    8   10   11   74                                         NONE 157&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   11    9   12   13   60                                         NONE 158&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   13   11   14   89   90                                         NONE 159&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   14   13   15   59    0                                         NONE 160&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   15   14   16   17   58                                         NONE 161&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   17   15   18   91    0                                         NONE 162&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   18   17   19   57    0                                         NONE 163&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   19   18   20   21   56                                         NONE 164&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   21   19   22   23   54                                         NONE 165&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   23   21   24   53    0                                         NONE 166&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   24   23   25   26   52                                         NONE 167&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   26   24   27   92   93                                         NONE 168&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   27   26   28   29   30                                         NONE 169&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   29   27   94   95   96                                         NONE 170&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   30   27   31   97    0                                         NONE 171&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   31   30   32   98    0                                         NONE 172&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   32   31   33   99    0                                         NONE 173&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   33   32   34  100    0                                         NONE 174&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   34   33   35  101    0                                         NONE 175&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   35   34   36   51    0                                         NONE 176&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   36   35   37   38   49                                         NONE 177&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   38   36   39  102  103                                         NONE 178&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   39   38   40   48   41                                         NONE 179&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   41   39   42  104  105                                         NONE 180&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   42   41   43  106  107                                         NONE 181&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   43   42   44   45   46                                         NONE 182&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   45   43  108  109  110                                         NONE 183&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   46   43   47   67   48                                         NONE 184&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   47   46  111    0    0                                         NONE 185&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   48   46   39    0    0                                         NONE 186&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   49   36   50    0    0                                         NONE 187&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   50   49  112  113  114                                         NONE 188&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   51   35  115  116  117                                         NONE 189&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   52   24  118  119  120                                         NONE 190&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   53   23    0    0    0                                         NONE 191&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   54   21   55    0    0                                         NONE 192&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   55   54  121  122  123                                         NONE 193&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   56   19  124    0    0                                         NONE 194&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   57   18  125  126  127                                         NONE 195&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   58   15  128  129  130                                         NONE 196&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   59   14    0    0    0                                         NONE 197&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   60   11   61    0    0                                         NONE 198&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   61   60   62   73    0                                         NONE 199&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   62   61   63   72   64                                         NONE 200&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   64   62   65  131  132                                         NONE 201&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   65   64   66   70    0                                         NONE 202&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   66   65   67   69    0                                         NONE 203&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   67   66   46   68    0                                         NONE 204&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   68   67    0    0    0                                         NONE 205&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   69   66    0    0    0                                         NONE 206&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   70   65   71  133  134                                         NONE 207&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   71   70   72  135  136                                         NONE 208&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   72   71   62  137  138                                         NONE 209&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   73   61    0    0    0                                         NONE 210&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   74    9  139  140  141                                         NONE 211&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   75    6   76  142  143                                         NONE 212&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   76   75   77    2   78                                         NONE 213&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   78   76   79    0    0                                         NONE 214&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   79   78  144  145  146                                         NONE 215&lt;br /&gt;
END  &lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/inlineContents&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/jmolApplet&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/jmol&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| align=&amp;quot;center&amp;quot; colspan=&amp;quot;3&amp;quot; bgcolor=&amp;quot;#ffffff&amp;quot; |&lt;br /&gt;
|- &lt;br /&gt;
! {{chembox header}} colspan=&amp;quot;3&amp;quot;| Properties&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| CA Index Name&lt;br /&gt;
| colspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot;| Rapamycin- (9CI)&lt;br /&gt;
|- &lt;br /&gt;
| Other Names&lt;br /&gt;
|colspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot;| Sirolimus&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Rapamune&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
AY-22989&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
RAPA&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
NSC-226080&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| Chemical formula|Molecular formula&lt;br /&gt;
| colspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot; | C&amp;lt;sub&amp;gt;51&amp;lt;/sub&amp;gt;H&amp;lt;sub&amp;gt;79&amp;lt;/sub&amp;gt;N&amp;lt;sub&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/sub&amp;gt;O&amp;lt;sub&amp;gt;13 &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| Molar mass&lt;br /&gt;
| colspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot; | 914.17 g/mol&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| CAS registry number|CAS number&lt;br /&gt;
| colspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot; | 53123-88-9&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| Appearance&lt;br /&gt;
| colspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot; | White to off-white solid&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| Melting point&lt;br /&gt;
| colspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot; | 183-185 °C&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| pKa&lt;br /&gt;
| colspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot; | ~10.4&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;Rapamycin&#039;&#039;&#039; also known as Sirolimus, is a potent immunosuppressive and anti-proliferative natural product isolated from the bacteria strain &#039;&#039;Streptomyces hygroscopicus&#039;&#039;. It is used as a drug to help prevent the body from rejecting organ and bone marrow transplants and also being studied as a treatment for cancer.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Rapamycin is the type of macrolides that do not obtain sugar moieties, which is that there is a sub group in the presence of an amino acid within the macrocyclic ring; therefore it has both an ester and an amide bond in the ring.&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;font size=5&amp;gt;&amp;lt;font color=red&amp;gt;How does Rapamycin work?&amp;lt;/font size&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/font color&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
Rapamycin potently inhibits downstream signaling from the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) proteins which functions in a signaling pathway to promote tumor growth&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;2&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt;. It coordinates the balance between protein synthesis and protein degradation in response to nutrient quality and quantity. Rapamycin binds to the FK-506 binding protein and the rapamycin/FKBP12 complex then binds to mTOR and prevents interaction of mTOR with target proteins in this signaling pathway.&amp;lt;br&amp;gt; &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Rapamycin selectively inhibits the phosphorylation and activation of p70 S6 kinase&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;3&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt;. It prevents the translational activation of IGF-II and inhibits later signaling events such as p110Rb phosphorylation and cyclin A synthesis. &amp;lt;br&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The rapamycin is thought to target the proteins &amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;8&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt;:&lt;br /&gt;
(1) 70-kD S6 protein kinase p70&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;S6K&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
(2) Eukaryotic initiation factor eIF-4F&lt;br /&gt;
(3) G1-controlling cyclin-dependent kinase (cdk) proteins &lt;br /&gt;
(4) Kinase inhibitory protein Kip1 (p27&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;kip&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt;), which blocks cell progression to the S phase.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The diagram below shows how the mechanism steps of how rapamycin works:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;How Rapamycin works&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
[[Image:mechanism.gif]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;Note:&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
SRL  = Sirolimus (rapamycin)&lt;br /&gt;
mTOR = mammalian target of rapamycin&lt;br /&gt;
CsA  = Cyclosporine&lt;br /&gt;
PTKs = protein tyrosine kinases&lt;br /&gt;
p34&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;cdc2&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt; = a kinase&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Below is the 3D structure of the binding protein, FKBP 12.6 in complex with a rapamycin molecule: &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;jmol&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;jmolApplet&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;size&amp;gt;200&amp;lt;/size&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;color&amp;gt;black&amp;lt;/color&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;script&amp;gt;zoom 100; cpk on;frame 1; move 10 -20 10 0 0 0 0 0 3; delay 1;&amp;lt;/script&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;inlineContents&amp;gt;REMARK   MSI WebLab Viewer PDB file&lt;br /&gt;
REMARK   Created:  Thu Oct 26 13:37:31 GMT Standard Time 2006&lt;br /&gt;
CRYST1   45.696   49.288   51.694  90.00  90.00  90.00 P212121&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM      1  N   GLY A   1      -6.981   2.196  -6.695  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM      2  CA  GLY A   1      -8.065   1.703  -5.797  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM      3  C   GLY A   1      -9.417   2.193  -6.277  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM      4  O   GLY A   1      -9.620   2.391  -7.474  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM      5  N   VAL A   2     -10.341   2.395  -5.345  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM      6  CA  VAL A   2     -11.672   2.874  -5.688  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM      7  C   VAL A   2     -11.896   4.253  -5.093  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM      8  O   VAL A   2     -11.650   4.467  -3.906  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM      9  CB  VAL A   2     -12.775   1.964  -5.119  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     10  CG1 VAL A   2     -14.094   2.249  -5.822  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     11  CG2 VAL A   2     -12.376   0.517  -5.254  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     12  N   GLU A   3     -12.355   5.183  -5.923  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     13  CA  GLU A   3     -12.654   6.535  -5.471  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     14  C   GLU A   3     -14.163   6.708  -5.554  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     15  O   GLU A   3     -14.802   6.200  -6.474  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     16  CB  GLU A   3     -11.955   7.572  -6.348  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     17  CG  GLU A   3     -10.439   7.498  -6.286  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     18  CD  GLU A   3      -9.773   8.693  -6.944  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     19  OE1 GLU A   3     -10.120   9.004  -8.106  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     20  OE2 GLU A   3      -8.902   9.321  -6.299  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     21  N   ILE A   4     -14.724   7.428  -4.590  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     22  CA  ILE A   4     -16.160   7.645  -4.517  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     23  C   ILE A   4     -16.539   9.118  -4.648  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     24  O   ILE A   4     -15.943   9.977  -4.004  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     25  CB  ILE A   4     -16.728   7.152  -3.150  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     26  CG1 ILE A   4     -16.327   5.697  -2.890  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     27  CG2 ILE A   4     -18.232   7.308  -3.120  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     28  CD1 ILE A   4     -16.872   4.708  -3.892  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     29  N   GLU A   5     -17.527   9.393  -5.494  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     30  CA  GLU A   5     -18.054  10.744  -5.669  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     31  C   GLU A   5     -19.552  10.561  -5.505  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     32  O   GLU A   5     -20.210   9.962  -6.357  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     33  CB  GLU A   5     -17.748  11.307  -7.060  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     34  CG  GLU A   5     -16.281  11.588  -7.305  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     35  CD  GLU A   5     -16.027  12.152  -8.688  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     36  OE1 GLU A   5     -16.467  13.290  -8.959  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     37  OE2 GLU A   5     -15.390  11.452  -9.505  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     38  N   THR A   6     -20.086  11.064  -4.401  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     39  CA  THR A   6     -21.503  10.918  -4.115  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     40  C   THR A   6     -22.435  11.594  -5.113  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     41  O   THR A   6     -22.225  12.741  -5.517  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     42  CB  THR A   6     -21.819  11.427  -2.699  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     43  OG1 THR A   6     -21.153  10.595  -1.743  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     44  CG2 THR A   6     -23.321  11.402  -2.440  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     45  N   ILE A   7     -23.461  10.853  -5.514  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     46  CA  ILE A   7     -24.471  11.341  -6.443  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     47  C   ILE A   7     -25.656  11.812  -5.601  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     48  O   ILE A   7     -26.213  12.891  -5.818  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     49  CB  ILE A   7     -24.909  10.212  -7.401  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     50  CG1 ILE A   7     -23.758   9.896  -8.365  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     51  CG2 ILE A   7     -26.173  10.614  -8.163  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     52  CD1 ILE A   7     -24.015   8.709  -9.281  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     53  N   SER A   8     -26.033  10.977  -4.639  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     54  CA  SER A   8     -27.119  11.267  -3.707  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     55  C   SER A   8     -26.659  10.688  -2.380  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     56  O   SER A   8     -26.206   9.549  -2.323  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     57  CB  SER A   8     -28.422  10.596  -4.144  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     58  OG  SER A   8     -29.022  11.290  -5.223  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     59  N   PRO A   9     -26.773  11.462  -1.292  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     60  CA  PRO A   9     -26.339  10.972   0.020  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     61  C   PRO A   9     -27.220   9.882   0.618  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     62  O   PRO A   9     -28.409   9.801   0.324  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     63  CB  PRO A   9     -26.321  12.244   0.868  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     64  CG  PRO A   9     -27.477  13.024   0.300  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     65  CD  PRO A   9     -27.298  12.837  -1.201  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     66  N   GLY A  10     -26.617   9.034   1.446  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     67  CA  GLY A  10     -27.365   7.973   2.098  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     68  C   GLY A  10     -27.791   8.483   3.463  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     69  O   GLY A  10     -27.748   9.688   3.707  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     70  N   ASP A  11     -28.198   7.595   4.363  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     71  CA  ASP A  11     -28.605   8.063   5.682  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     72  C   ASP A  11     -27.363   8.404   6.509  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     73  O   ASP A  11     -27.462   8.997   7.583  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     74  CB  ASP A  11     -29.469   7.014   6.394  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     75  CG  ASP A  11     -28.717   5.729   6.695  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     76  OD1 ASP A  11     -27.485   5.676   6.484  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     77  OD2 ASP A  11     -29.373   4.771   7.158  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     78  N   GLY A  12     -26.196   8.029   5.990  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     79  CA  GLY A  12     -24.941   8.314   6.664  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     80  C   GLY A  12     -24.631   7.519   7.920  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     81  O   GLY A  12     -23.743   7.898   8.690  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     82  N   ARG A  13     -25.335   6.415   8.137  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     83  CA  ARG A  13     -25.084   5.619   9.329  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     84  C   ARG A  13     -25.326   4.126   9.156  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     85  O   ARG A  13     -24.781   3.320   9.907  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     86  CB  ARG A  13     -25.919   6.156  10.498  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     87  CG  ARG A  13     -27.396   6.326  10.197  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     88  CD  ARG A  13     -28.075   7.146  11.295  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     89  NE  ARG A  13     -29.469   7.446  10.981  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     90  CZ  ARG A  13     -30.430   6.533  10.895  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     91  NH1 ARG A  13     -30.152   5.252  11.103  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     92  NH2 ARG A  13     -31.669   6.897  10.593  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     93  N   THR A  14     -26.126   3.755   8.163  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     94  CA  THR A  14     -26.420   2.346   7.925  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     95  C   THR A  14     -25.571   1.781   6.791  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     96  O   THR A  14     -25.933   1.895   5.619  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     97  CB  THR A  14     -27.907   2.141   7.586  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     98  OG1 THR A  14     -28.718   2.756   8.599  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     99  CG2 THR A  14     -28.236   0.657   7.519  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    100  N   PHE A  15     -24.445   1.166   7.150  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    101  CA  PHE A  15     -23.527   0.588   6.174  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    102  C   PHE A  15     -23.654  -0.930   6.104  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    103  O   PHE A  15     -24.151  -1.569   7.035  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    104  CB  PHE A  15     -22.074   0.944   6.521  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    105  CG  PHE A  15     -21.800   2.422   6.558  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    106  CD1 PHE A  15     -22.182   3.186   7.656  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    107  CD2 PHE A  15     -21.176   3.052   5.488  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    108  CE1 PHE A  15     -21.943   4.564   7.689  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    109  CE2 PHE A  15     -20.933   4.429   5.508  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    110  CZ  PHE A  15     -21.318   5.184   6.614  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    111  N   PRO A  16     -23.198  -1.529   4.994  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    112  CA  PRO A  16     -23.272  -2.984   4.832  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    113  C   PRO A  16     -22.464  -3.715   5.904  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    114  O   PRO A  16     -21.291  -3.410   6.120  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    115  CB  PRO A  16     -22.694  -3.205   3.433  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    116  CG  PRO A  16     -23.072  -1.940   2.713  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    117  CD  PRO A  16     -22.744  -0.887   3.748  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    118  N   LYS A  17     -23.102  -4.668   6.578  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    119  CA  LYS A  17     -22.435  -5.451   7.614  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    120  C   LYS A  17     -21.978  -6.781   7.019  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    121  O   LYS A  17     -22.447  -7.190   5.959  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    122  CB  LYS A  17     -23.385  -5.729   8.782  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    123  CG  LYS A  17     -23.891  -4.500   9.515  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    124  CD  LYS A  17     -24.763  -4.914  10.696  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    125  CE  LYS A  17     -25.272  -3.707  11.472  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    126  NZ  LYS A  17     -26.068  -4.106  12.674  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    127  N   LYS A  18     -21.072  -7.460   7.713  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    128  CA  LYS A  18     -20.565  -8.745   7.243  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    129  C   LYS A  18     -21.705  -9.742   7.046  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    130  O   LYS A  18     -22.583  -9.871   7.896  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    131  CB  LYS A  18     -19.559  -9.310   8.247  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    132  CG  LYS A  18     -18.379  -8.395   8.523  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    133  CD  LYS A  18     -17.434  -9.010   9.547  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    134  CE  LYS A  18     -16.263  -8.085   9.851  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    135  NZ  LYS A  18     -15.335  -8.691  10.844  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    136  N   GLY A  19     -21.692 -10.435   5.912  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    137  CA  GLY A  19     -22.726 -11.418   5.637  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    138  C   GLY A  19     -24.002 -10.886   5.009  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    139  O   GLY A  19     -24.752 -11.645   4.390  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    140  N   GLN A  20     -24.262  -9.590   5.165  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    141  CA  GLN A  20     -25.464  -8.992   4.596  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    142  C   GLN A  20     -25.453  -9.062   3.079  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    143  O   GLN A  20     -24.400  -9.216   2.457  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    144  CB  GLN A  20     -25.602  -7.527   5.016  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    145  CG  GLN A  20     -26.018  -7.319   6.456  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    146  CD  GLN A  20     -26.535  -5.914   6.703  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    147  OE1 GLN A  20     -25.795  -4.937   6.592  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    148  NE2 GLN A  20     -27.818  -5.806   7.030  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    149  N   THR A  21     -26.637  -8.950   2.490  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    150  CA  THR A  21     -26.773  -8.978   1.043  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    151  C   THR A  21     -27.114  -7.571   0.582  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    152  O   THR A  21     -28.130  -7.004   0.990  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    153  CB  THR A  21     -27.896  -9.934   0.592  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    154  OG1 THR A  21     -27.606 -11.263   1.044  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    155  CG2 THR A  21     -28.009  -9.935  -0.922  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    156  N   CYS A  22     -26.250  -7.002  -0.251  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    157  CA  CYS A  22     -26.479  -5.662  -0.765  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    158  C   CYS A  22     -27.405  -5.709  -1.970  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    159  O   CYS A  22     -27.232  -6.537  -2.866  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    160  CB  CYS A  22     -25.155  -5.012  -1.172  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    161  SG  CYS A  22     -24.056  -4.617   0.206  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    162  N   VAL A  23     -28.405  -4.835  -1.972  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    163  CA  VAL A  23     -29.329  -4.740  -3.093  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    164  C   VAL A  23     -28.961  -3.414  -3.736  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    165  O   VAL A  23     -29.121  -2.349  -3.137  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    166  CB  VAL A  23     -30.798  -4.711  -2.640  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    167  CG1 VAL A  23     -31.710  -4.703  -3.861  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    168  CG2 VAL A  23     -31.097  -5.921  -1.758  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    169  N   VAL A  24     -28.458  -3.489  -4.958  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    170  CA  VAL A  24     -28.003  -2.305  -5.665  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    171  C   VAL A  24     -28.488  -2.194  -7.105  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    172  O   VAL A  24     -28.914  -3.174  -7.716  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    173  CB  VAL A  24     -26.449  -2.289  -5.700  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    174  CG1 VAL A  24     -25.945  -1.234  -6.669  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    175  CG2 VAL A  24     -25.897  -2.045  -4.307  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    176  N   HIS A  25     -28.430  -0.973  -7.624  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    177  CA  HIS A  25     -28.737  -0.711  -9.015  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    178  C   HIS A  25     -27.410  -0.147  -9.512  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    179  O   HIS A  25     -26.775   0.644  -8.817  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    180  CB  HIS A  25     -29.841   0.328  -9.171  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    181  CG  HIS A  25     -31.102  -0.227  -9.753  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    182  ND1 HIS A  25     -31.106  -1.070 -10.844  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    183  CD2 HIS A  25     -32.399  -0.061  -9.401  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    184  CE1 HIS A  25     -32.350  -1.399 -11.138  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    185  NE2 HIS A  25     -33.154  -0.801 -10.278  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    186  N   TYR A  26     -26.967  -0.558 -10.691  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    187  CA  TYR A  26     -25.700  -0.054 -11.189  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    188  C   TYR A  26     -25.663   0.063 -12.704  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    189  O   TYR A  26     -26.477  -0.525 -13.415  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    190  CB  TYR A  26     -24.557  -0.970 -10.723  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    191  CG  TYR A  26     -24.487  -2.281 -11.480  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    192  CD1 TYR A  26     -23.818  -2.367 -12.703  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    193  CD2 TYR A  26     -25.132  -3.423 -11.002  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    194  CE1 TYR A  26     -23.791  -3.555 -13.431  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    195  CE2 TYR A  26     -25.118  -4.617 -11.726  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    196  CZ  TYR A  26     -24.445  -4.673 -12.942  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    197  OH  TYR A  26     -24.434  -5.841 -13.671  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    198  N   THR A  27     -24.697   0.840 -13.174  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    199  CA  THR A  27     -24.449   1.055 -14.587  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    200  C   THR A  27     -22.928   1.057 -14.665  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    201  O   THR A  27     -22.264   1.819 -13.956  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    202  CB  THR A  27     -24.992   2.416 -15.072  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    203  OG1 THR A  27     -26.420   2.441 -14.928  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    204  CG2 THR A  27     -24.624   2.646 -16.535  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    205  N   GLY A  28     -22.382   0.180 -15.501  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    206  CA  GLY A  28     -20.939   0.086 -15.638  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    207  C   GLY A  28     -20.472   0.667 -16.951  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    208  O   GLY A  28     -21.100   0.468 -17.994  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    209  N   MET A  29     -19.352   1.371 -16.908  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    210  CA  MET A  29     -18.826   2.009 -18.101  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    211  C   MET A  29     -17.303   2.036 -18.084  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    212  O   MET A  29     -16.690   2.198 -17.028  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    213  CB  MET A  29     -19.385   3.432 -18.163  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    214  CG  MET A  29     -18.848   4.325 -19.251  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    215  SD  MET A  29     -19.532   5.992 -19.016  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    216  CE  MET A  29     -18.323   6.720 -17.930  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    217  N   LEU A  30     -16.690   1.861 -19.248  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    218  CA  LEU A  30     -15.235   1.913 -19.343  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    219  C   LEU A  30     -14.853   3.387 -19.268  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    220  O   LEU A  30     -15.529   4.229 -19.857  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    221  CB  LEU A  30     -14.762   1.331 -20.679  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    222  CG  LEU A  30     -15.062  -0.143 -20.933  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    223  CD1 LEU A  30     -14.700  -0.502 -22.371  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    224  CD2 LEU A  30     -14.275  -0.990 -19.947  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    225  N   GLN A  31     -13.789   3.714 -18.543  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    226  CA  GLN A  31     -13.381   5.111 -18.432  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    227  C   GLN A  31     -13.116   5.621 -19.841  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    228  O   GLN A  31     -12.319   5.033 -20.568  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    229  CB  GLN A  31     -12.107   5.249 -17.595  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    230  CG  GLN A  31     -11.789   6.685 -17.216  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    231  CD  GLN A  31     -10.349   6.885 -16.801  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    232  OE1 GLN A  31      -9.782   6.078 -16.073  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    233  NE2 GLN A  31      -9.755   7.990 -17.249  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    234  N   ASN A  32     -13.784   6.706 -20.227  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    235  CA  ASN A  32     -13.610   7.268 -21.563  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    236  C   ASN A  32     -13.988   6.222 -22.620  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    237  O   ASN A  32     -13.457   6.218 -23.730  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    238  CB  ASN A  32     -12.156   7.717 -21.757  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    239  CG  ASN A  32     -11.724   8.764 -20.736  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    240  OD1 ASN A  32     -10.536   8.899 -20.437  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    241  ND2 ASN A  32     -12.689   9.514 -20.206  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    242  N   GLY A  33     -14.907   5.332 -22.262  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    243  CA  GLY A  33     -15.348   4.299 -23.183  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    244  C   GLY A  33     -16.858   4.153 -23.140  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    245  O   GLY A  33     -17.566   5.050 -22.680  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    246  N   LYS A  34     -17.356   3.013 -23.602  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    247  CA  LYS A  34     -18.790   2.760 -23.629  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    248  C   LYS A  34     -19.330   2.102 -22.363  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    249  O   LYS A  34     -18.587   1.494 -21.588  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    250  CB  LYS A  34     -19.135   1.859 -24.817  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    251  CG  LYS A  34     -18.413   0.520 -24.789  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    252  CD  LYS A  34     -19.064  -0.505 -25.711  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    253  CE  LYS A  34     -20.442  -0.915 -25.197  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    254  NZ  LYS A  34     -21.063  -1.980 -26.035  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    255  N   LYS A  35     -20.638   2.228 -22.169  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    256  CA  LYS A  35     -21.311   1.609 -21.037  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    257  C   LYS A  35     -21.391   0.141 -21.441  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    258  O   LYS A  35     -21.684  -0.160 -22.597  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    259  CB  LYS A  35     -22.716   2.190 -20.873  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    260  CG  LYS A  35     -22.736   3.676 -20.514  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    261  CD  LYS A  35     -24.154   4.236 -20.479  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    262  CE  LYS A  35     -24.787   4.206 -21.868  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    263  NZ  LYS A  35     -26.128   4.854 -21.908  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    264  N   PHE A  36     -21.128  -0.769 -20.510  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    265  CA  PHE A  36     -21.158  -2.189 -20.842  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    266  C   PHE A  36     -22.232  -2.976 -20.104  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    267  O   PHE A  36     -22.508  -4.124 -20.445  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    268  CB  PHE A  36     -19.777  -2.815 -20.593  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    269  CG  PHE A  36     -19.232  -2.572 -19.209  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    270  CD1 PHE A  36     -19.712  -3.287 -18.118  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    271  CD2 PHE A  36     -18.236  -1.618 -18.999  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    272  CE1 PHE A  36     -19.205  -3.056 -16.834  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    273  CE2 PHE A  36     -17.726  -1.380 -17.724  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    274  CZ  PHE A  36     -18.213  -2.103 -16.640  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    275  N   ASP A  37     -22.847  -2.363 -19.099  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    276  CA  ASP A  37     -23.888  -3.052 -18.350  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    277  C   ASP A  37     -24.728  -2.064 -17.552  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    278  O   ASP A  37     -24.242  -1.013 -17.128  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    279  CB  ASP A  37     -23.264  -4.088 -17.408  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    280  CG  ASP A  37     -24.275  -5.107 -16.911  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    281  OD1 ASP A  37     -25.448  -5.030 -17.330  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    282  OD2 ASP A  37     -23.902  -5.987 -16.110  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    283  N   SER A  38     -25.997  -2.404 -17.358  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    284  CA  SER A  38     -26.901  -1.548 -16.603  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    285  C   SER A  38     -28.049  -2.351 -16.013  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    286  O   SER A  38     -28.886  -2.886 -16.743  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    287  CB  SER A  38     -27.462  -0.441 -17.503  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    288  OG  SER A  38     -28.493   0.280 -16.846  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    289  N   SER A  39     -28.078  -2.442 -14.687  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    290  CA  SER A  39     -29.145  -3.159 -14.003  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    291  C   SER A  39     -30.408  -2.309 -14.118  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    292  O   SER A  39     -31.523  -2.822 -14.055  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    293  CB  SER A  39     -28.796  -3.363 -12.525  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    294  OG  SER A  39     -28.735  -2.119 -11.842  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    295  N   ARG A  40     -30.220  -1.003 -14.289  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    296  CA  ARG A  40     -31.340  -0.074 -14.416  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    297  C   ARG A  40     -32.046  -0.233 -15.762  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    298  O   ARG A  40     -33.268  -0.120 -15.839  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    299  CB  ARG A  40     -30.860   1.376 -14.262  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    300  CG  ARG A  40     -30.171   1.692 -12.932  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    301  CD  ARG A  40     -29.980   3.199 -12.746  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    302  NE  ARG A  40     -29.299   3.527 -11.494  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    303  CZ  ARG A  40     -27.977   3.548 -11.339  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    304  NH1 ARG A  40     -27.178   3.265 -12.361  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    305  NH2 ARG A  40     -27.449   3.841 -10.153  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    306  N   ASP A  41     -31.276  -0.491 -16.818  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    307  CA  ASP A  41     -31.847  -0.660 -18.154  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    308  C   ASP A  41     -32.739  -1.890 -18.276  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    309  O   ASP A  41     -33.630  -1.937 -19.128  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    310  CB  ASP A  41     -30.746  -0.731 -19.217  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    311  CG  ASP A  41     -30.151   0.634 -19.535  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    312  OD1 ASP A  41     -30.877   1.647 -19.413  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    313  OD2 ASP A  41     -28.964   0.691 -19.925  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    314  N   ARG A  42     -32.489  -2.895 -17.444  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    315  CA  ARG A  42     -33.302  -4.107 -17.468  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    316  C   ARG A  42     -34.241  -4.125 -16.269  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    317  O   ARG A  42     -34.891  -5.134 -15.990  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    318  CB  ARG A  42     -32.417  -5.356 -17.459  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    319  CG  ARG A  42     -31.297  -5.319 -16.444  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    320  CD  ARG A  42     -30.666  -6.691 -16.265  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    321  NE  ARG A  42     -29.464  -6.621 -15.438  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    322  CZ  ARG A  42     -28.287  -6.179 -15.867  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    323  NH1 ARG A  42     -28.146  -5.769 -17.122  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    324  NH2 ARG A  42     -27.250  -6.139 -15.040  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    325  N   ASN A  43     -34.319  -2.988 -15.579  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    326  CA  ASN A  43     -35.175  -2.829 -14.406  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    327  C   ASN A  43     -35.087  -4.044 -13.488  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    328  O   ASN A  43     -36.086  -4.718 -13.240  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    329  CB  ASN A  43     -36.634  -2.621 -14.832  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    330  CG  ASN A  43     -36.826  -1.385 -15.700  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    331  OD1 ASN A  43     -36.462  -1.371 -16.879  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    332  ND2 ASN A  43     -37.400  -0.339 -15.115  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    333  N   LYS A  44     -33.893  -4.322 -12.982  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    334  CA  LYS A  44     -33.703  -5.468 -12.103  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    335  C   LYS A  44     -32.517  -5.268 -11.166  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    336  O   LYS A  44     -31.362  -5.377 -11.579  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    337  CB  LYS A  44     -33.500  -6.736 -12.942  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    338  CG  LYS A  44     -33.408  -8.027 -12.139  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    339  CD  LYS A  44     -33.426  -9.243 -13.063  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    340  CE  LYS A  44     -33.317 -10.554 -12.291  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    341  NZ  LYS A  44     -31.978 -10.744 -11.666  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    342  N   PRO A  45     -32.793  -4.960  -9.888  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    343  CA  PRO A  45     -31.738  -4.748  -8.893  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    344  C   PRO A  45     -30.772  -5.928  -8.838  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    345  O   PRO A  45     -31.162  -7.077  -9.061  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    346  CB  PRO A  45     -32.522  -4.579  -7.598  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    347  CG  PRO A  45     -33.763  -3.883  -8.066  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    348  CD  PRO A  45     -34.118  -4.669  -9.310  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    349  N   PHE A  46     -29.514  -5.626  -8.539  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    350  CA  PHE A  46     -28.450  -6.619  -8.448  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    351  C   PHE A  46     -28.140  -6.901  -6.973  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    352  O   PHE A  46     -28.031  -5.971  -6.170  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    353  CB  PHE A  46     -27.201  -6.068  -9.142  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    354  CG  PHE A  46     -26.012  -6.979  -9.083  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    355  CD1 PHE A  46     -25.932  -8.098  -9.908  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    356  CD2 PHE A  46     -24.952  -6.703  -8.220  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    357  CE1 PHE A  46     -24.806  -8.931  -9.877  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    358  CE2 PHE A  46     -23.823  -7.527  -8.179  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    359  CZ  PHE A  46     -23.747  -8.641  -9.008  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    360  N   LYS A  47     -27.997  -8.174  -6.618  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    361  CA  LYS A  47     -27.697  -8.540  -5.235  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    362  C   LYS A  47     -26.396  -9.325  -5.123  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    363  O   LYS A  47     -26.051 -10.107  -6.012  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    364  CB  LYS A  47     -28.832  -9.389  -4.641  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    365  CG  LYS A  47     -30.208  -8.726  -4.643  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    366  CD  LYS A  47     -31.244  -9.609  -3.937  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    367  CE  LYS A  47     -32.640  -9.011  -4.018  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    368  NZ  LYS A  47     -33.644  -9.817  -3.269  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    369  N   PHE A  48     -25.672  -9.108  -4.031  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    370  CA  PHE A  48     -24.429  -9.829  -3.781  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    371  C   PHE A  48     -24.117  -9.793  -2.295  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    372  O   PHE A  48     -24.493  -8.851  -1.596  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    373  CB  PHE A  48     -23.255  -9.237  -4.575  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    374  CG  PHE A  48     -22.809  -7.880  -4.098  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    375  CD1 PHE A  48     -23.532  -6.738  -4.423  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    376  CD2 PHE A  48     -21.653  -7.745  -3.334  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    377  CE1 PHE A  48     -23.105  -5.470  -3.995  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    378  CE2 PHE A  48     -21.218  -6.489  -2.900  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    379  CZ  PHE A  48     -21.947  -5.350  -3.233  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    380  N   ARG A  49     -23.429 -10.829  -1.825  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    381  CA  ARG A  49     -23.059 -10.968  -0.418  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    382  C   ARG A  49     -21.734 -10.287  -0.090  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    383  O   ARG A  49     -20.716 -10.525  -0.748  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    384  CB  ARG A  49     -22.951 -12.452  -0.058  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    385  CG  ARG A  49     -24.171 -13.286  -0.420  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    386  CD  ARG A  49     -23.766 -14.719  -0.764  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    387  NE  ARG A  49     -23.007 -15.364   0.306  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    388  CZ  ARG A  49     -22.374 -16.527   0.179  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    389  NH1 ARG A  49     -22.404 -17.182  -0.975  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    390  NH2 ARG A  49     -21.708 -17.040   1.206  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    391  N   ILE A  50     -21.755  -9.451   0.942  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    392  CA  ILE A  50     -20.566  -8.739   1.395  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    393  C   ILE A  50     -19.517  -9.697   1.954  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    394  O   ILE A  50     -19.832 -10.568   2.758  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    395  CB  ILE A  50     -20.925  -7.719   2.508  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    396  CG1 ILE A  50     -21.499  -6.444   1.886  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    397  CG2 ILE A  50     -19.697  -7.414   3.361  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    398  CD1 ILE A  50     -20.498  -5.673   1.043  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    399  N   GLY A  51     -18.272  -9.530   1.522  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    400  CA  GLY A  51     -17.189 -10.361   2.021  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    401  C   GLY A  51     -17.100 -11.785   1.506  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    402  O   GLY A  51     -16.335 -12.591   2.044  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    403  N   LYS A  52     -17.870 -12.107   0.472  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    404  CA  LYS A  52     -17.849 -13.452  -0.086  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    405  C   LYS A  52     -17.088 -13.521  -1.405  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    406  O   LYS A  52     -17.124 -14.539  -2.097  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    407  CB  LYS A  52     -19.277 -13.965  -0.282  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    408  CG  LYS A  52     -20.037 -14.182   1.018  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    409  CD  LYS A  52     -19.334 -15.209   1.898  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    410  CE  LYS A  52     -20.107 -15.474   3.179  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    411  NZ  LYS A  52     -19.443 -16.511   4.020  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    412  N   GLN A  53     -16.403 -12.435  -1.749  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    413  CA  GLN A  53     -15.627 -12.380  -2.984  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    414  C   GLN A  53     -16.453 -12.745  -4.212  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    415  O   GLN A  53     -15.972 -13.447  -5.103  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    416  CB  GLN A  53     -14.432 -13.326  -2.889  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    417  CG  GLN A  53     -13.499 -13.013  -1.738  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    418  CD  GLN A  53     -12.503 -14.119  -1.491  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    419  OE1 GLN A  53     -12.881 -15.255  -1.200  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    420  NE2 GLN A  53     -11.219 -13.796  -1.602  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    421  N   GLU A  54     -17.692 -12.271  -4.268  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    422  CA  GLU A  54     -18.543 -12.569  -5.416  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    423  C   GLU A  54     -18.362 -11.547  -6.533  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    424  O   GLU A  54     -18.608 -11.846  -7.702  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    425  CB  GLU A  54     -20.012 -12.595  -4.999  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    426  CG  GLU A  54     -20.307 -13.506  -3.826  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    427  CD  GLU A  54     -21.785 -13.651  -3.582  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    428  OE1 GLU A  54     -22.499 -12.628  -3.654  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    429  OE2 GLU A  54     -22.232 -14.786  -3.313  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    430  N   VAL A  55     -17.933 -10.341  -6.172  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    431  CA  VAL A  55     -17.741  -9.276  -7.152  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    432  C   VAL A  55     -16.340  -8.677  -7.046  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    433  O   VAL A  55     -15.673  -8.827  -6.022  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    434  CB  VAL A  55     -18.788  -8.160  -6.951  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    435  CG1 VAL A  55     -20.200  -8.755  -7.006  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    436  CG2 VAL A  55     -18.560  -7.464  -5.613  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    437  N   ILE A  56     -15.894  -7.999  -8.100  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    438  CA  ILE A  56     -14.564  -7.394  -8.092  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    439  C   ILE A  56     -14.374  -6.523  -6.853  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    440  O   ILE A  56     -15.321  -5.901  -6.371  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    441  CB  ILE A  56     -14.307  -6.554  -9.375  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    442  CG1 ILE A  56     -15.440  -5.551  -9.602  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    443  CG2 ILE A  56     -14.182  -7.488 -10.575  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    444  CD1 ILE A  56     -15.210  -4.630 -10.793  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    445  N   LYS A  57     -13.144  -6.485  -6.345  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    446  CA  LYS A  57     -12.824  -5.723  -5.138  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    447  C   LYS A  57     -13.315  -4.287  -5.109  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    448  O   LYS A  57     -13.879  -3.841  -4.111  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    449  CB  LYS A  57     -11.313  -5.731  -4.885  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    450  CG  LYS A  57     -10.787  -7.039  -4.334  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    451  CD  LYS A  57      -9.324  -6.910  -3.923  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    452  CE  LYS A  57      -8.825  -8.180  -3.246  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    453  NZ  LYS A  57      -7.395  -8.065  -2.826  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    454  N   GLY A  58     -13.080  -3.562  -6.199  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    455  CA  GLY A  58     -13.492  -2.175  -6.264  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    456  C   GLY A  58     -14.979  -1.931  -6.085  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    457  O   GLY A  58     -15.385  -0.942  -5.471  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    458  N   PHE A  59     -15.797  -2.826  -6.624  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    459  CA  PHE A  59     -17.242  -2.687  -6.527  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    460  C   PHE A  59     -17.673  -2.948  -5.086  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    461  O   PHE A  59     -18.462  -2.191  -4.519  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    462  CB  PHE A  59     -17.915  -3.664  -7.498  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    463  CG  PHE A  59     -19.390  -3.413  -7.703  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    464  CD1 PHE A  59     -20.328  -3.891  -6.788  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    465  CD2 PHE A  59     -19.840  -2.725  -8.828  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    466  CE1 PHE A  59     -21.693  -3.692  -6.990  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    467  CE2 PHE A  59     -21.204  -2.517  -9.044  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    468  CZ  PHE A  59     -22.136  -3.003  -8.123  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    469  N   GLU A  60     -17.132  -4.001  -4.482  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    470  CA  GLU A  60     -17.483  -4.323  -3.105  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    471  C   GLU A  60     -16.952  -3.283  -2.119  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    472  O   GLU A  60     -17.652  -2.894  -1.191  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    473  CB  GLU A  60     -16.958  -5.706  -2.707  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    474  CG  GLU A  60     -17.614  -6.211  -1.425  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    475  CD  GLU A  60     -17.145  -7.584  -1.006  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    476  OE1 GLU A  60     -16.906  -8.432  -1.892  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    477  OE2 GLU A  60     -17.035  -7.820   0.218  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    478  N   GLU A  61     -15.713  -2.837  -2.311  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    479  CA  GLU A  61     -15.147  -1.839  -1.410  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    480  C   GLU A  61     -15.923  -0.531  -1.516  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    481  O   GLU A  61     -16.061   0.204  -0.537  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    482  CB  GLU A  61     -13.669  -1.603  -1.728  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    483  CG  GLU A  61     -12.814  -2.848  -1.570  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    484  CD  GLU A  61     -11.345  -2.583  -1.813  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    485  OE1 GLU A  61     -11.027  -1.644  -2.575  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    486  OE2 GLU A  61     -10.510  -3.324  -1.255  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    487  N   GLY A  62     -16.429  -0.240  -2.709  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    488  CA  GLY A  62     -17.199   0.974  -2.888  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    489  C   GLY A  62     -18.501   0.877  -2.109  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    490  O   GLY A  62     -18.852   1.769  -1.333  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    491  N   ALA A  63     -19.212  -0.228  -2.306  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    492  CA  ALA A  63     -20.487  -0.447  -1.635  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    493  C   ALA A  63     -20.334  -0.496  -0.123  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    494  O   ALA A  63     -21.180   0.016   0.615  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    495  CB  ALA A  63     -21.115  -1.742  -2.131  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    496  N   ALA A  64     -19.252  -1.118   0.337  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    497  CA  ALA A  64     -19.001  -1.252   1.764  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    498  C   ALA A  64     -18.902   0.092   2.481  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    499  O   ALA A  64     -19.242   0.190   3.661  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    500  CB  ALA A  64     -17.731  -2.069   1.996  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    501  N   GLN A  65     -18.452   1.129   1.779  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    502  CA  GLN A  65     -18.321   2.444   2.408  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    503  C   GLN A  65     -19.489   3.386   2.132  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    504  O   GLN A  65     -19.404   4.588   2.396  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    505  CB  GLN A  65     -17.011   3.111   1.981  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    506  CG  GLN A  65     -16.896   3.386   0.498  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    507  CD  GLN A  65     -15.542   3.956   0.135  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    508  OE1 GLN A  65     -15.246   5.122   0.416  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    509  NE2 GLN A  65     -14.705   3.135  -0.473  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    510  N   MET A  66     -20.574   2.837   1.599  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    511  CA  MET A  66     -21.769   3.621   1.297  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    512  C   MET A  66     -22.858   3.312   2.322  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    513  O   MET A  66     -22.951   2.186   2.809  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    514  CB  MET A  66     -22.278   3.286  -0.107  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    515  CG  MET A  66     -21.360   3.779  -1.227  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    516  SD  MET A  66     -21.802   3.102  -2.840  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    517  CE  MET A  66     -23.385   3.919  -3.121  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    518  N   SER A  67     -23.673   4.307   2.655  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    519  CA  SER A  67     -24.753   4.094   3.613  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    520  C   SER A  67     -26.065   3.852   2.864  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    521  O   SER A  67     -26.175   4.150   1.668  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    522  CB  SER A  67     -24.879   5.289   4.574  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    523  OG  SER A  67     -25.060   6.519   3.893  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    524  N   LEU A  68     -27.052   3.300   3.565  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    525  CA  LEU A  68     -28.343   2.990   2.959  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    526  C   LEU A  68     -28.934   4.161   2.183  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    527  O   LEU A  68     -29.022   5.274   2.697  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    528  CB  LEU A  68     -29.337   2.534   4.033  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    529  CG  LEU A  68     -30.677   2.004   3.514  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    530  CD1 LEU A  68     -30.438   0.840   2.560  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    531  CD2 LEU A  68     -31.539   1.556   4.689  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    532  N   GLY A  69     -29.331   3.896   0.940  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    533  CA  GLY A  69     -29.915   4.928   0.094  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    534  C   GLY A  69     -28.910   5.768  -0.678  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    535  O   GLY A  69     -29.282   6.535  -1.569  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    536  N   GLN A  70     -27.629   5.632  -0.348  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    537  CA  GLN A  70     -26.611   6.413  -1.033  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    538  C   GLN A  70     -26.414   5.947  -2.464  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    539  O   GLN A  70     -26.568   4.764  -2.770  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    540  CB  GLN A  70     -25.268   6.322  -0.299  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    541  CG  GLN A  70     -24.212   7.269  -0.843  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    542  CD  GLN A  70     -22.892   7.173  -0.083  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    543  OE1 GLN A  70     -22.825   6.580   0.993  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    544  NE2 GLN A  70     -21.841   7.771  -0.640  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    545  N   ARG A  71     -26.081   6.899  -3.334  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    546  CA  ARG A  71     -25.802   6.632  -4.739  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    547  C   ARG A  71     -24.497   7.348  -5.030  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    548  O   ARG A  71     -24.319   8.513  -4.659  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    549  CB  ARG A  71     -26.902   7.190  -5.646  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    550  CG  ARG A  71     -26.590   7.038  -7.127  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    551  CD  ARG A  71     -27.729   7.569  -7.984  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    552  NE  ARG A  71     -27.481   7.406  -9.413  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    553  CZ  ARG A  71     -28.266   7.914 -10.361  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    554  NH1 ARG A  71     -29.343   8.617 -10.021  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    555  NH2 ARG A  71     -27.983   7.719 -11.644  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    556  N   ALA A  72     -23.575   6.664  -5.692  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    557  CA  ALA A  72     -22.300   7.284  -5.968  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    558  C   ALA A  72     -21.643   6.762  -7.226  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    559  O   ALA A  72     -21.975   5.689  -7.726  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    560  CB  ALA A  72     -21.367   7.083  -4.781  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    561  N   LYS A  73     -20.706   7.552  -7.728  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    562  CA  LYS A  73     -19.935   7.202  -8.907  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    563  C   LYS A  73     -18.658   6.549  -8.385  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    564  O   LYS A  73     -17.917   7.162  -7.608  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    565  CB  LYS A  73     -19.588   8.471  -9.689  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    566  CG  LYS A  73     -18.573   8.289 -10.805  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    567  CD  LYS A  73     -18.169   9.649 -11.368  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    568  CE  LYS A  73     -17.260   9.522 -12.575  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    569  NZ  LYS A  73     -16.030   8.757 -12.253  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    570  N   LEU A  74     -18.405   5.303  -8.780  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    571  CA  LEU A  74     -17.196   4.628  -8.326  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    572  C   LEU A  74     -16.200   4.546  -9.470  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    573  O   LEU A  74     -16.546   4.130 -10.578  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    574  CB  LEU A  74     -17.487   3.201  -7.844  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    575  CG  LEU A  74     -18.759   2.834  -7.078  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    576  CD1 LEU A  74     -18.576   1.442  -6.495  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    577  CD2 LEU A  74     -19.045   3.828  -5.981  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    578  N   THR A  75     -14.967   4.958  -9.209  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    579  CA  THR A  75     -13.935   4.865 -10.222  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    580  C   THR A  75     -12.982   3.799  -9.704  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    581  O   THR A  75     -12.352   3.969  -8.658  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    582  CB  THR A  75     -13.196   6.197 -10.409  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    583  OG1 THR A  75     -14.144   7.221 -10.746  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    584  CG2 THR A  75     -12.171   6.078 -11.536  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    585  N   CYS A  76     -12.897   2.695 -10.437  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    586  CA  CYS A  76     -12.063   1.569 -10.044  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    587  C   CYS A  76     -10.873   1.349 -10.972  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    588  O   CYS A  76     -11.045   1.139 -12.174  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    589  CB  CYS A  76     -12.909   0.292 -10.016  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    590  SG  CYS A  76     -14.468   0.417  -9.079  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    591  N   THR A  77      -9.669   1.395 -10.411  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    592  CA  THR A  77      -8.467   1.159 -11.203  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    593  C   THR A  77      -8.425  -0.340 -11.518  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    594  O   THR A  77      -9.075  -1.147 -10.845  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    595  CB  THR A  77      -7.188   1.575 -10.434  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    596  OG1 THR A  77      -7.215   1.014  -9.116  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    597  CG2 THR A  77      -7.096   3.094 -10.336  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    598  N   PRO A  78      -7.664  -0.731 -12.551  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    599  CA  PRO A  78      -7.550  -2.137 -12.953  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    600  C   PRO A  78      -7.252  -3.129 -11.823  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    601  O   PRO A  78      -7.852  -4.205 -11.765  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    602  CB  PRO A  78      -6.432  -2.110 -13.995  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    603  CG  PRO A  78      -6.552  -0.742 -14.588  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    604  CD  PRO A  78      -6.785   0.122 -13.373  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    605  N   ASP A  79      -6.335  -2.771 -10.926  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    606  CA  ASP A  79      -5.965  -3.672  -9.836  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    607  C   ASP A  79      -7.124  -4.062  -8.914  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    608  O   ASP A  79      -7.050  -5.081  -8.227  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    609  CB  ASP A  79      -4.814  -3.077  -9.015  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    610  CG  ASP A  79      -5.149  -1.726  -8.445  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    611  OD1 ASP A  79      -5.459  -0.813  -9.233  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    612  OD2 ASP A  79      -5.101  -1.574  -7.212  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    613  N   VAL A  80      -8.183  -3.254  -8.885  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    614  CA  VAL A  80      -9.349  -3.580  -8.067  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    615  C   VAL A  80     -10.546  -3.901  -8.971  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    616  O   VAL A  80     -11.698  -3.845  -8.544  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    617  CB  VAL A  80      -9.716  -2.432  -7.082  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    618  CG1 VAL A  80      -8.655  -2.336  -5.979  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    619  CG2 VAL A  80      -9.832  -1.108  -7.826  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    620  N   ALA A  81     -10.252  -4.235 -10.227  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    621  CA  ALA A  81     -11.277  -4.602 -11.196  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    622  C   ALA A  81     -10.854  -5.906 -11.884  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    623  O   ALA A  81     -10.777  -6.951 -11.233  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    624  CB  ALA A  81     -11.466  -3.486 -12.227  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    625  N   TYR A  82     -10.555  -5.848 -13.180  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    626  CA  TYR A  82     -10.157  -7.049 -13.914  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    627  C   TYR A  82      -8.664  -7.146 -14.248  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    628  O   TYR A  82      -8.232  -8.062 -14.952  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    629  CB  TYR A  82     -11.020  -7.178 -15.178  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    630  CG  TYR A  82     -12.484  -7.397 -14.844  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    631  CD1 TYR A  82     -12.947  -8.650 -14.432  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    632  CD2 TYR A  82     -13.393  -6.338 -14.870  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    633  CE1 TYR A  82     -14.280  -8.841 -14.046  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    634  CE2 TYR A  82     -14.730  -6.518 -14.490  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    635  CZ  TYR A  82     -15.162  -7.770 -14.076  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    636  OH  TYR A  82     -16.466  -7.938 -13.668  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    637  N   GLY A  83      -7.885  -6.198 -13.739  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    638  CA  GLY A  83      -6.445  -6.208 -13.944  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    639  C   GLY A  83      -5.895  -6.301 -15.357  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    640  O   GLY A  83      -6.486  -5.792 -16.307  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    641  N   ALA A  84      -4.746  -6.959 -15.486  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    642  CA  ALA A  84      -4.080  -7.109 -16.776  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    643  C   ALA A  84      -4.792  -8.114 -17.665  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    644  O   ALA A  84      -4.618  -8.108 -18.883  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    645  CB  ALA A  84      -2.636  -7.538 -16.568  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    646  N   THR A  85      -5.596  -8.971 -17.048  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    647  CA  THR A  85      -6.330  -9.998 -17.776  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    648  C   THR A  85      -7.594  -9.470 -18.440  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    649  O   THR A  85      -7.944  -9.903 -19.538  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    650  CB  THR A  85      -6.745 -11.156 -16.843  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    651  OG1 THR A  85      -5.584 -11.705 -16.214  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    652  CG2 THR A  85      -7.459 -12.252 -17.633  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    653  N   GLY A  86      -8.275  -8.542 -17.771  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    654  CA  GLY A  86      -9.514  -8.003 -18.301  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    655  C   GLY A  86     -10.593  -9.071 -18.186  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    656  O   GLY A  86     -10.348 -10.127 -17.610  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    657  N   HIS A  87     -11.787  -8.796 -18.704  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    658  CA  HIS A  87     -12.871  -9.776 -18.677  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    659  C   HIS A  87     -13.148 -10.182 -20.125  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    660  O   HIS A  87     -13.560  -9.354 -20.939  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    661  CB  HIS A  87     -14.139  -9.181 -18.057  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    662  CG  HIS A  87     -15.283 -10.143 -18.001  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    663  ND1 HIS A  87     -15.322 -11.202 -17.118  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    664  CD2 HIS A  87     -16.407 -10.233 -18.748  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    665  CE1 HIS A  87     -16.424 -11.903 -17.324  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    666  NE2 HIS A  87     -17.100 -11.337 -18.309  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    667  N   PRO A  88     -12.927 -11.464 -20.460  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    668  CA  PRO A  88     -13.140 -11.985 -21.813  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    669  C   PRO A  88     -14.260 -11.359 -22.632  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    670  O   PRO A  88     -15.435 -11.455 -22.277  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    671  CB  PRO A  88     -13.354 -13.476 -21.570  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    672  CG  PRO A  88     -12.350 -13.741 -20.477  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    673  CD  PRO A  88     -12.577 -12.558 -19.532  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    674  N   GLY A  89     -13.870 -10.708 -23.726  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    675  CA  GLY A  89     -14.820 -10.091 -24.638  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    676  C   GLY A  89     -15.633  -8.892 -24.181  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    677  O   GLY A  89     -16.491  -8.427 -24.926  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    678  N   VAL A  90     -15.378  -8.376 -22.982  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    679  CA  VAL A  90     -16.140  -7.228 -22.492  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    680  C   VAL A  90     -15.254  -6.116 -21.923  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    681  O   VAL A  90     -15.404  -4.945 -22.280  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    682  CB  VAL A  90     -17.147  -7.655 -21.395  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    683  CG1 VAL A  90     -18.042  -6.484 -21.030  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    684  CG2 VAL A  90     -17.979  -8.835 -21.881  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    685  N   ILE A  91     -14.338  -6.491 -21.034  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    686  CA  ILE A  91     -13.427  -5.533 -20.408  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    687  C   ILE A  91     -11.994  -5.844 -20.841  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    688  O   ILE A  91     -11.483  -6.937 -20.583  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    689  CB  ILE A  91     -13.467  -5.634 -18.864  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    690  CG1 ILE A  91     -14.913  -5.540 -18.355  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    691  CG2 ILE A  91     -12.562  -4.552 -18.250  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    692  CD1 ILE A  91     -15.621  -4.225 -18.679  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    693  N   PRO A  92     -11.321  -4.886 -21.501  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    694  CA  PRO A  92      -9.941  -5.129 -21.936  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    695  C   PRO A  92      -8.929  -5.029 -20.802  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    696  O   PRO A  92      -9.249  -4.561 -19.706  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    697  CB  PRO A  92      -9.716  -4.042 -22.985  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    698  CG  PRO A  92     -10.539  -2.910 -22.458  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    699  CD  PRO A  92     -11.822  -3.607 -22.031  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    700  N   PRO A  93      -7.691  -5.487 -21.050  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    701  CA  PRO A  93      -6.636  -5.431 -20.038  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    702  C   PRO A  93      -6.411  -3.987 -19.571  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    703  O   PRO A  93      -6.597  -3.040 -20.345  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    704  CB  PRO A  93      -5.426  -5.984 -20.780  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    705  CG  PRO A  93      -6.045  -7.000 -21.701  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    706  CD  PRO A  93      -7.251  -6.261 -22.228  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    707  N   ASN A  94      -6.030  -3.837 -18.304  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    708  CA  ASN A  94      -5.740  -2.536 -17.692  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    709  C   ASN A  94      -6.852  -1.503 -17.804  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    710  O   ASN A  94      -6.586  -0.313 -17.988  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    711  CB  ASN A  94      -4.470  -1.934 -18.295  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    712  CG  ASN A  94      -3.777  -0.985 -17.335  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    713  OD1 ASN A  94      -3.383  -1.387 -16.244  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    714  ND2 ASN A  94      -3.630   0.271 -17.730  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    715  N   ALA A  95      -8.093  -1.941 -17.669  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    716  CA  ALA A  95      -9.198  -1.012 -17.786  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    717  C   ALA A  95      -9.671  -0.422 -16.469  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    718  O   ALA A  95      -9.956  -1.148 -15.512  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    719  CB  ALA A  95     -10.369  -1.684 -18.494  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    720  N   THR A  96      -9.736   0.904 -16.423  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    721  CA  THR A  96     -10.260   1.593 -15.252  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    722  C   THR A  96     -11.769   1.614 -15.502  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    723  O   THR A  96     -12.228   1.995 -16.589  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    724  CB  THR A  96      -9.700   3.031 -15.148  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    725  OG1 THR A  96      -8.320   2.970 -14.751  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    726  CG2 THR A  96     -10.492   3.849 -14.140  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    727  N   LEU A  97     -12.543   1.190 -14.510  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    728  CA  LEU A  97     -13.992   1.121 -14.674  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    729  C   LEU A  97     -14.761   2.144 -13.861  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    730  O   LEU A  97     -14.368   2.492 -12.747  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    731  CB  LEU A  97     -14.474  -0.283 -14.303  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    732  CG  LEU A  97     -13.732  -1.432 -14.998  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    733  CD1 LEU A  97     -14.256  -2.769 -14.495  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    734  CD2 LEU A  97     -13.910  -1.313 -16.508  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    735  N   ILE A  98     -15.865   2.618 -14.428  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    736  CA  ILE A  98     -16.720   3.582 -13.753  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    737  C   ILE A  98     -18.046   2.901 -13.478  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    738  O   ILE A  98     -18.666   2.370 -14.400  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    739  CB  ILE A  98     -17.013   4.822 -14.628  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    740  CG1 ILE A  98     -15.711   5.516 -15.032  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    741  CG2 ILE A  98     -17.929   5.777 -13.861  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    742  CD1 ILE A  98     -14.936   6.099 -13.871  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    743  N   PHE A  99     -18.476   2.921 -12.217  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    744  CA  PHE A  99     -19.741   2.310 -11.814  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    745  C   PHE A  99     -20.619   3.308 -11.065  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    746  O   PHE A  99     -20.193   3.871 -10.056  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    747  CB  PHE A  99     -19.500   1.114 -10.882  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    748  CG  PHE A  99     -19.076  -0.153 -11.583  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    749  CD1 PHE A  99     -20.014  -0.953 -12.233  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    750  CD2 PHE A  99     -17.749  -0.566 -11.554  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    751  CE1 PHE A  99     -19.630  -2.152 -12.841  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    752  CE2 PHE A  99     -17.354  -1.757 -12.157  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    753  CZ  PHE A  99     -18.295  -2.554 -12.801  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    754  N   ASP A 100     -21.832   3.531 -11.567  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    755  CA  ASP A 100     -22.802   4.417 -10.919  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    756  C   ASP A 100     -23.593   3.425 -10.072  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    757  O   ASP A 100     -24.371   2.636 -10.609  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    758  CB  ASP A 100     -23.724   5.061 -11.962  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    759  CG  ASP A 100     -24.763   5.989 -11.343  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    760  OD1 ASP A 100     -25.159   5.770 -10.176  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    761  OD2 ASP A 100     -25.198   6.931 -12.040  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    762  N   VAL A 101     -23.385   3.462  -8.761  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    763  CA  VAL A 101     -24.031   2.520  -7.849  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    764  C   VAL A 101     -24.972   3.155  -6.828  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    765  O   VAL A 101     -24.646   4.181  -6.223  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    766  CB  VAL A 101     -22.950   1.715  -7.068  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    767  CG1 VAL A 101     -23.601   0.831  -6.002  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    768  CG2 VAL A 101     -22.130   0.866  -8.039  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    769  N   GLU A 102     -26.132   2.535  -6.635  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    770  CA  GLU A 102     -27.102   3.019  -5.652  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    771  C   GLU A 102     -27.435   1.886  -4.674  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    772  O   GLU A 102     -27.954   0.845  -5.079  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    773  CB  GLU A 102     -28.390   3.503  -6.335  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    774  CG  GLU A 102     -29.434   3.975  -5.324  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    775  CD  GLU A 102     -30.725   4.468  -5.956  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    776  OE1 GLU A 102     -30.943   4.228  -7.167  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    777  OE2 GLU A 102     -31.531   5.086  -5.224  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    778  N   LEU A 103     -27.117   2.088  -3.392  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    779  CA  LEU A 103     -27.380   1.085  -2.366  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    780  C   LEU A 103     -28.842   1.202  -1.953  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    781  O   LEU A 103     -29.199   2.007  -1.094  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    782  CB  LEU A 103     -26.468   1.305  -1.156  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    783  CG  LEU A 103     -26.609   0.303  -0.005  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    784  CD1 LEU A 103     -26.382  -1.118  -0.505  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    785  CD2 LEU A 103     -25.609   0.653   1.081  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    786  N   LEU A 104     -29.675   0.377  -2.570  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    787  CA  LEU A 104     -31.111   0.393  -2.332  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    788  C   LEU A 104     -31.576  -0.236  -1.027  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    789  O   LEU A 104     -32.426   0.320  -0.330  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    790  CB  LEU A 104     -31.816  -0.302  -3.490  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    791  CG  LEU A 104     -31.473   0.249  -4.875  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    792  CD1 LEU A 104     -31.942  -0.729  -5.949  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    793  CD2 LEU A 104     -32.120   1.615  -5.046  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    794  N   ASN A 105     -31.021  -1.393  -0.691  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    795  CA  ASN A 105     -31.449  -2.075   0.517  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    796  C   ASN A 105     -30.377  -3.035   1.005  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    797  O   ASN A 105     -29.434  -3.353   0.276  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    798  CB  ASN A 105     -32.746  -2.835   0.206  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    799  CG  ASN A 105     -33.449  -3.342   1.448  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    800  OD1 ASN A 105     -33.342  -2.754   2.523  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    801  ND2 ASN A 105     -34.195  -4.431   1.298  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    802  N   LEU A 106     -30.524  -3.481   2.248  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    803  CA  LEU A 106     -29.600  -4.429   2.856  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    804  C   LEU A 106     -30.427  -5.586   3.404  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    805  O   LEU A 106     -31.322  -5.377   4.224  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    806  CB  LEU A 106     -28.812  -3.754   3.981  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    807  CG  LEU A 106     -27.682  -2.843   3.494  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    808  CD1 LEU A 106     -27.164  -1.983   4.632  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    809  CD2 LEU A 106     -26.563  -3.714   2.914  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    810  N   GLU A 107     -30.132  -6.800   2.946  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    811  CA  GLU A 107     -30.875  -7.980   3.382  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    812  C   GLU A 107     -29.979  -9.012   4.061  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    813  O   GLU A 107     -28.799  -8.767   4.306  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    814  CB  GLU A 107     -31.571  -8.626   2.183  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    815  CG  GLU A 107     -32.261  -7.635   1.263  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    816  CD  GLU A 107     -32.909  -8.302   0.067  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    817  OE1 GLU A 107     -32.510  -9.436  -0.265  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    818  OE2 GLU A 107     -33.806  -7.687  -0.549  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
TER&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    819  C1  RAP A 108     -18.510  -8.134 -11.063  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    820  O1  RAP A 108     -18.969  -9.229 -11.856  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    821  O2  RAP A 108     -17.819  -8.381 -10.069  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    822  C2  RAP A 108     -18.857  -6.680 -11.413  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    823  C3  RAP A 108     -19.378  -5.903 -10.192  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    824  C4  RAP A 108     -20.810  -6.269  -9.768  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    825  C5  RAP A 108     -21.748  -6.104 -10.968  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    826  C6  RAP A 108     -21.289  -6.956 -12.126  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    827  N7  RAP A 108     -19.893  -6.531 -12.486  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    828  C8  RAP A 108     -19.513  -6.171 -13.744  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    829  O3  RAP A 108     -18.296  -5.996 -13.976  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    830  C9  RAP A 108     -20.424  -5.985 -14.822  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    831  O4  RAP A 108     -21.015  -4.900 -14.935  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    832  C10 RAP A 108     -20.701  -7.102 -15.860  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    833  O5  RAP A 108     -21.536  -8.043 -15.186  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    834  O6  RAP A 108     -21.405  -6.534 -16.979  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    835  C11 RAP A 108     -19.388  -7.854 -16.375  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    836  C12 RAP A 108     -19.775  -9.075 -17.246  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    837  C13 RAP A 108     -20.761  -9.975 -16.480  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    838  C14 RAP A 108     -21.967  -9.211 -15.854  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    839  C15 RAP A 108     -22.672 -10.085 -14.824  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    840  C16 RAP A 108     -23.453 -11.289 -15.379  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    841  O7  RAP A 108     -24.420 -10.794 -16.279  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    842  C17 RAP A 108     -24.142 -12.089 -14.269  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    843  C18 RAP A 108     -23.665 -13.315 -13.987  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    844  C19 RAP A 108     -24.201 -14.242 -12.966  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    845  C20 RAP A 108     -23.630 -15.435 -12.786  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    846  C21 RAP A 108     -24.162 -16.384 -11.781  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    847  C22 RAP A 108     -23.444 -17.370 -11.268  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    848  C23 RAP A 108     -23.906 -18.220 -10.081  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    849  C24 RAP A 108     -22.851 -18.127  -8.963  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    850  C25 RAP A 108     -22.360 -16.747  -8.519  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    851  C26 RAP A 108     -21.023 -16.845  -7.774  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    852  O8  RAP A 108     -20.965 -16.994  -6.547  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    853  C27 RAP A 108     -19.745 -16.757  -8.633  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    854  O9  RAP A 108     -18.698 -17.397  -7.951  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    855  C28 RAP A 108     -19.234 -15.293  -8.931  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    856  O10 RAP A 108     -19.259 -14.553  -7.701  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    857  C29 RAP A 108     -20.070 -14.540 -10.006  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    858  C30 RAP A 108     -20.851 -13.477  -9.720  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    859  C31 RAP A 108     -21.739 -12.610 -10.632  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    860  C32 RAP A 108     -21.031 -11.274 -10.909  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    861  O11 RAP A 108     -21.295 -10.239 -10.286  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    862  C33 RAP A 108     -19.966 -11.303 -12.008  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    863  C34 RAP A 108     -18.698 -10.575 -11.585  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    864  C35 RAP A 108     -17.359 -10.916 -12.304  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    865  C36 RAP A 108     -16.786 -12.266 -11.815  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    866  C37 RAP A 108     -16.322 -12.376 -10.346  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    867  C38 RAP A 108     -15.790 -13.811 -10.060  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    868  C39 RAP A 108     -15.278 -14.019  -8.595  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    869  O12 RAP A 108     -14.646 -15.301  -8.504  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    870  C40 RAP A 108     -14.253 -12.869  -8.176  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    871  O13 RAP A 108     -14.019 -12.970  -6.766  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    872  C41 RAP A 108     -14.775 -11.432  -8.497  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    873  C42 RAP A 108     -15.251 -11.324  -9.952  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    874  C43 RAP A 108     -18.390  -6.936 -17.162  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    875  C44 RAP A 108     -25.350 -11.389 -13.580  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    876  C45 RAP A 108     -24.081 -19.670 -10.522  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    877  C46 RAP A 108     -23.414 -16.041  -7.644  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    878  C47 RAP A 108     -19.924 -15.115 -11.414  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    879  C48 RAP A 108     -23.101 -12.375  -9.939  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    880  C49 RAP A 108     -17.519 -10.949 -13.817  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    881  C50 RAP A 108     -24.780 -11.612 -17.353  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    882  C51 RAP A 108     -18.394 -18.690  -8.368  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    883  C52 RAP A 108     -13.537 -15.605  -9.312  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    884  O   MOL     1     -14.467  -0.075   1.713  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    885  O   MOL     1      -3.747 -10.364 -12.950  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    886  O   MOL     1      -3.863   1.423 -20.222  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    887  O   MOL     1     -33.153   2.955 -17.490  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    888  O   MOL     1     -11.437 -10.318  -9.024  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    889  O   MOL     1      -8.994  -5.070 -17.002  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    890  O   MOL     1     -16.599   7.684   0.589  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    891  O   MOL     1     -10.617  -3.779 -15.257  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    892  O   MOL     1      -7.744  -0.765 -21.451  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    893  O   MOL     1     -30.531  10.772  -1.245  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    894  O   MOL     1      -9.991   5.189  -8.561  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    895  O   MOL     1     -15.383   8.367  -8.819  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    896  O   MOL     1     -22.582   7.719   3.484  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    897  O   MOL     1     -31.535   6.282   3.044  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    898  O   MOL     1      -6.221 -11.354 -21.344  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    899  O   MOL     1     -30.986   8.365  -2.508  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    900  O   MOL     1     -26.122   5.808 -14.288  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    901  O   MOL     1     -28.681   6.587 -14.636  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    902  O   MOL     1     -30.242   9.407  -6.889  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    903  O   MOL     1      -4.086  -4.225 -12.418  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    904  O   MOL     1     -13.558   9.340 -12.463  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    905  O   MOL     1     -24.024   9.804   2.183  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    906  O   MOL     1     -28.911 -10.292  -8.292  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    907  O   MOL     1     -10.002 -11.107 -20.617  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    908  O   MOL     1      -3.379  -1.268 -11.644  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    909  O   MOL     1      -3.814  -6.433 -11.116  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    910  O   MOL     1      -6.811   1.796 -20.467  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    911  O   MOL     1      -5.042   0.450  -5.739  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    912  O   MOL     1     -13.226   8.110  -2.465  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    913  O   MOL     1     -11.705  -0.385   1.598  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    914  O   MOL     1     -26.811 -13.511 -10.984  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    915  O   MOL     1     -12.132   3.844  -1.192  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    916  O   MOL     1     -12.915   6.445  -0.256  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    917  O   MOL     1     -14.006  10.177 -15.559  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    918  O   MOL     1      -6.462   2.069 -16.582  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    919  O   MOL     1     -21.593  -5.761 -22.112  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    920  O   MOL     1     -22.112   4.659  11.361  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    921  O   MOL     1     -24.505  -7.743 -19.597  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    922  O   MOL     1      -2.660  -0.168 -14.034  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    923  O   MOL     1      -2.685  -8.544 -20.622  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    924  O   MOL     1     -30.204   4.761 -16.268  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    925  O   MOL     1      -1.421   1.865 -16.896  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    926  O   MOL     1     -22.558  11.507   0.921  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    927  O   MOL     1     -32.805  11.307   0.058  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    928  O   MOL     1      -3.446  -8.060 -13.318  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    929  O   MOL     1     -29.831   4.936  -9.378  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    930  O   MOL     1      -7.164   5.063 -13.547  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    931  O   MOL     1      -4.420   2.292 -14.820  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    932  O   MOL     1      -5.770  -9.954 -14.183  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    933  O   MOL     1     -27.557 -11.487  -9.884  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    934  O   MOL     1     -31.664   4.503  -2.445  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    935  O   MOL     1     -25.729  -8.264 -16.380  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    936  O   MOL     1     -21.969  10.396   5.765  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    937  O   MOL     1      -7.004  -0.510  -2.928  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    938  O   MOL     1     -30.875   7.805 -13.213  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    939  O   MOL     1     -18.401  12.641  -2.383  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    940  O   MOL     1     -18.898  -7.605 -25.486  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    941  O   MOL     1     -25.575  -5.788 -20.825  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    942  O   MOL     1      -7.654   5.064  -6.946  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    943  O   MOL     1     -10.256  -9.151 -22.336  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    944  O   MOL     1     -19.822  -4.848 -24.124  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    945  O   MOL     1     -23.526 -17.086  -4.354  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    946  O   MOL     1     -18.719 -10.494  -2.408  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    947  O   MOL     1     -17.490  -3.388 -23.343  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    948  O   MOL     1     -30.962  10.093 -11.750  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    949  O   MOL     1     -18.908  -1.315 -28.688  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    950  O   MOL     1      -3.124  -4.146 -15.431  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    951  O   MOL     1      -9.221   2.699 -18.647  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    952  O   MOL     1     -11.056  -7.239  -8.343  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    953  O   MOL     1     -13.633 -12.173 -15.090  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    954  O   MOL     1     -15.513 -10.202  -0.432  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    955  O   MOL     1     -28.234   2.974 -16.765  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    956  O   MOL     1     -15.150   1.628 -25.119  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    957  O   MOL     1     -27.057  11.649   5.648  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    958  O   MOL     1     -35.417   1.166  -8.176  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    959  O   MOL     1     -32.217   9.638  -9.089  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    960  O   MOL     1     -19.494   6.929   1.151  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    961  O   MOL     1      -9.252   2.616  -2.781  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    962  O   MOL     1     -24.348  -8.092 -23.126  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    963  O   MOL     1     -21.693  -7.243 -19.749  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    964  O   MOL     1     -11.065   8.058 -14.677  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    965  O   MOL     1     -21.355   0.992 -27.640  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    966  O   MOL     1      -8.191   6.228 -11.230  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    967  O   MOL     1      -1.738  -5.828  -9.719  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    968  O   MOL     1      -5.954   3.838  -4.110  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    969  O   MOL     1      -0.305  -0.954 -13.761  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    970  O   MOL     1     -35.121   9.765  -8.231  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    971  O   MOL     1      -9.195   7.921 -12.896  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    972  O   MOL     1     -11.412  -8.346 -24.443  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    973  O   MOL     1     -18.575  -4.730   5.949  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    974  O   MOL     1     -24.572  -2.651 -22.639  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    975  O   MOL     1     -17.538 -17.548  -1.182  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    976  O   MOL     1     -28.405   1.980  11.352  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    977  O   MOL     1     -27.591   2.765 -19.420  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    978  O   MOL     1     -17.468   7.579 -21.396  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    979  O   MOL     1     -31.391   9.463   3.968  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    980  O   MOL     1     -24.855  11.287   4.464  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    981  O   MOL     1     -32.329  -2.161   4.687  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    982  O   MOL     1     -31.502  -1.553   7.124  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    983  O   MOL     1      -5.167  -3.927  -5.363  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    984  O   MOL     1     -12.442 -12.583 -11.643  1.00  0.00              &lt;br /&gt;
TER&amp;lt;/inlineContents&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/jmolApplet&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/jmol&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;font size=5&amp;gt;&amp;lt;font color=red&amp;gt;Side Effects taking of Rapamycin&amp;lt;/font size&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/font color&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
While taking Rapamycin, there are certain side effects that occur in the body. &lt;br /&gt;
Some of the side effects may take place after many years of taking the medicine. These delayed effects, can also include certain cancers, such as lymphoma, though these are extreme cases.  &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Common side effects include chest pains, abdominal pain, fever, muscle pains or cramps, nausea, mood changes, tiredness and weakness. &lt;br /&gt;
Less common side effects include, skin ulcers, nose bleeds and in rare cases weight gain may also occur. &amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;4&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt; &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;font size=5&amp;gt;&amp;lt;font color=red&amp;gt;Synthesis of Rapamycin &amp;lt;/font size&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/font color&amp;gt; &amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;6,7&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Rapamycin is a very complicated molecule. It had a 31 memembered ring, and also possesses many chiral centres, and different functional groups. Due to its complexity, it has proved a challenge to synthesise for many synthetic chemists. &lt;br /&gt;
Methods have therefore been suggested, to prepare fragments of the molecule, and then combine them to get the total molecule of rapamycin.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The first fragment prepared is the fragment from C&amp;lt;sub&amp;gt;10&amp;lt;/sub&amp;gt; to C&amp;lt;sub&amp;gt;21&amp;lt;/sub&amp;gt;. &lt;br /&gt;
The starting material used is (R)-methyl 3-hydroxy-2-methylpropionate. This is converted to an alcohol in a four step reaction, as shown below:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Image:synthesisstep.gif]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Then from this molecule, further complicated synthesis steps yield the following fragment:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Image:Fragment1.gif]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The second fragment prepared is the fragment from C&amp;lt;sub&amp;gt;22&amp;lt;/sub&amp;gt; - C&amp;lt;sub&amp;gt;42&amp;lt;/sub&amp;gt;. This is prepared through complicated synthetic methods. The second fragment obtained is shown below:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Image:Fragment2.gif]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The second fragment was then combined with the first fragment under certain required conditions, yielding the synthetic rapamycin, which was judged as identical to the natural occuring rapamycin molecule through comparison of physical properties, 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR, IR and UV spectral data.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The various complicated synthesis steps, and conditions are all in the cited journals, from which this all synthetic information was gained.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Rapamycin can also be synthesised by using trans-1,2-Bis(tri-n-butylstannyl)ethylen reacting with the reagants diisopropylethylamine and Pd(CH&amp;lt;sub&amp;gt;3&amp;lt;/sub&amp;gt;CN)&amp;lt;sub&amp;gt;2&amp;lt;/sub&amp;gt; C&amp;lt;sub&amp;gt;12&amp;lt;/sub&amp;gt;, using dimethylformide, and tetrahydrofuran as the solvents.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Image:synthesis.JPG]] &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
However, the starting material is hard to synthesise, so is usually only the fragment method of synthesis is used for synthetic rapamycin production&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;font size=5&amp;gt;&amp;lt;font color=red&amp;gt;History&amp;lt;/font size&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/font color&amp;gt;&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;10&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
Rapamycin is a 31-memebered macrolide which is first isolated in 1975. The property of that its potent immunosuppressive and antiumour activities were first discovered in 1977. The studies of the prevention of organ rejection after transplant surgery, and phase III clinical trials were completed in 1999.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
X-ray crystallography determined the solid state structure of rapamycin in 1978, followed by degradation studies in 1980 and correct NMR published in 1991. &lt;br /&gt;
The solution-phase structure was confirmed using molecular modelling calculations.&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;font size=5&amp;gt;&amp;lt;font color=red&amp;gt;How does rapamycin work in mammalian cells?&amp;lt;/font size&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/font color&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
The bacterial macrolide--immunosuppressant rapamycin in the mammalian cells suppresses mitogen-induced translation of mRNAs selectively, which is the most notably mRNAs encoding ribosomal proteins and elongation factors. In a mean time, rapamycin also blocks mitogen-induced p70 ribosomal protein S6 kinase (p70s6k) phosphorlation and activation.&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;font size=5&amp;gt;&amp;lt;font color=red&amp;gt;Biosynthesis--the formation of Rapamycin&amp;lt;/font size&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/font color&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
Rapamycin having the isotope-labelled is produced via a polyketide pathway. The polyketide chain is formed by condensation of seven acetate components and same number of propionate units. The cyclohexyl starter units produced that derived from shikimc acid then via a dihydroxycyclohexanecarboxylic intermediate. The pipecolate moiety is formed from free pipecolic acid which is made by cyclodeamination of lysine. To achieve the rapamycin also demands O-methylations by S-adenosylmethionine-dependent methyltranferases and oxidations which having cytochrome-p450 mono-oxgenases as catalysts.&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;font size=5&amp;gt;&amp;lt;font color=red&amp;gt;References&amp;lt;/font size&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/font color&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br&amp;gt; &lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
1) [http://www.proteinkinase.biz/html/protein_kinase_inhibitors.html © Biaffin GmbH &amp;amp; Co KG, Protein kinase inhibitors]&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
2) Kuo CJ, Chung J, Fiorentino DF, Flanagan WM, Blenis J, Crabtree GR (1992) &amp;quot;Rapamycin selectively inhibits interleukin-2 activation of p70 S6 kinase&amp;quot; Nature 358(6381):70-3&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
3) Kahan BD, Murgia MG, Slaton J, et al. Potential applications of therapeutic drug monitoring of sirolimus immunosuppression in clinical renal transplantation. Ther Drug Monit. 1995;17:672-675. &amp;lt;br&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
4) http://www.healthtouch.com/bin/EContent_HT/drugShowLfts.asp?fname=usp0790.htm&amp;amp;title=Rapamycin&amp;amp;cid=HT 5)http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?artid=1169993&amp;amp;blobtype=pdf&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
6) K. C. Nicolaou, T. K. Chakraborty, A. D. Piscopio, N. Minowa, P. Bertinato;  J. Am. Chem. Soc.; 115; 1993; 4419-4420 &amp;lt;br&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
7) D. Romo, D. D. Johnson, L. Plamondon, T. Miwa, S. L. Schreiber; J. Org. Chem.;  57; 1992; 5060-5063 &amp;lt;br&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
8) http://www-ermm.cbcu.cam.ac.uk/00001794h.htm &amp;lt;br&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
9) &#039;&#039;How Rapamycin works&#039;&#039; diagram taken from http://www-ermm.cbcu.cam.ac.uk/00001794h.htm &amp;lt;br&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
10) http://www.rapamycin.org/rapamycin.html&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
11) &#039;&#039;3D structure of the binding protein, &lt;br /&gt;
FKBP 12.6 in complex with a rapamycin molecule&#039;&#039; &lt;br /&gt;
image taken from http://www.rcsb.org/pdb/explore.do?structureId=1C9H&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Hp305</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://chemwiki.ch.ic.ac.uk/index.php?title=It:Rapamycin&amp;diff=4168</id>
		<title>It:Rapamycin</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://chemwiki.ch.ic.ac.uk/index.php?title=It:Rapamycin&amp;diff=4168"/>
		<updated>2006-10-26T12:16:38Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Hp305: added mechanism diagram and text&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;{| class=&amp;quot;toccolours&amp;quot; border=&amp;quot;1&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;float: right; clear: right; margin: 0 0 1em 1em; border-collapse: collapse;&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
! {{chembox header}}  colspan=&amp;quot;3&amp;quot; |2D Structure of Rapamycin &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| align=&amp;quot;center&amp;quot; colspan=&amp;quot;3&amp;quot; bgcolor=&amp;quot;#ffffff&amp;quot; | [[Image:Rapamycin.gif|50|2D structure of Rapamycin|50]] &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! {{chembox header}}  colspan=&amp;quot;3&amp;quot; |3D structure of Rapamycin&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| align=&amp;quot;center&amp;quot; colspan=&amp;quot;3&amp;quot; bgcolor=&amp;quot;#ffffff&amp;quot; | &amp;lt;jmol&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;jmolApplet&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;size&amp;gt;200&amp;lt;/size&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;color&amp;gt;white&amp;lt;/color&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;script&amp;gt;zoom 100; cpk off;frame 1; move 10 -20 10 0 0 0 0 0 3; delay 1;&amp;lt;/script&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;inlineContents&amp;gt;HEADER    NONAME 20-Oct-06                                              NONE   1&lt;br /&gt;
TITLE                                                                   NONE   2&lt;br /&gt;
AUTHOR    WWW daemon apache                                             NONE   3&lt;br /&gt;
REVDAT   1  20-Oct-06     0                                             NONE   4&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM      1  C           0       8.027  -2.746  -4.135  0.00  0.00           C+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM      2  C           0       7.216  -2.718  -2.837  0.00  0.00           C+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM      3  H           0       7.321  -3.673  -2.322  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM      4  C           0       5.742  -2.472  -3.162  0.00  0.00           C+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM      5  C           0       4.931  -2.444  -1.865  0.00  0.00           C+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM      6  C           0       5.449  -1.320  -0.965  0.00  0.00           C+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM      7  H           0       5.344  -0.365  -1.479  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM      8  C           0       4.639  -1.292   0.333  0.00  0.00           C+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM      9  C           0       3.335  -0.525   0.103  0.00  0.00           C+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     10  H           0       3.556   0.438  -0.356  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     11  C           0       2.631  -0.302   1.444  0.00  0.00           C+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     12  H           0       1.638   0.111   1.269  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     13  C           0       3.449   0.674   2.294  0.00  0.00           C+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     14  C           0       3.608   1.975   1.552  0.00  0.00           C+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     15  C           0       4.139   3.193   2.262  0.00  0.00           C+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     16  H           0       5.049   3.534   1.768  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     17  C           0       3.105   4.290   2.221  0.00  0.00           C+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     18  C           0       2.929   4.986   1.125  0.00  0.00           C+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     19  C           0       1.891   6.076   1.084  0.00  0.00           C+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     20  H           0       1.797   6.526   2.072  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     21  C           0       0.544   5.485   0.663  0.00  0.00           C+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     22  H           0       0.700   4.760  -0.135  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     23  C           0      -0.363   6.585   0.171  0.00  0.00           C+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     24  C           0      -1.520   6.258  -0.736  0.00  0.00           C+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     25  H           0      -1.874   5.250  -0.524  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     26  C           0      -2.655   7.256  -0.501  0.00  0.00           C+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     27  C           0      -3.869   6.866  -1.351  0.00  0.00           C+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     28  H           0      -3.539   6.593  -2.353  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     29  C           0      -4.834   8.051  -1.437  0.00  0.00           C+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     30  C           0      -4.569   5.694  -0.716  0.00  0.00           C+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     31  C           0      -5.039   4.699  -1.461  0.00  0.00           C+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     32  C           0      -5.680   3.547  -0.814  0.00  0.00           C+0&lt;br /&gt;
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ATOM     37  H           0      -5.654  -1.547   0.315  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
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ATOM     44  H           0      -4.868  -5.107   1.738  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
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ATOM     47  O           0      -3.362  -4.898  -1.247  0.00  0.00           O+0&lt;br /&gt;
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ATOM     52  C           0      -1.064   6.342  -2.194  0.00  0.00           C+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     53  O           0      -0.162   7.728   0.506  0.00  0.00           O+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     54  O           0      -0.060   4.837   1.784  0.00  0.00           O+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     55  C           0      -0.557   3.581   1.316  0.00  0.00           C+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     56  O           0       2.287   7.075   0.141  0.00  0.00           O+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     57  C           0       3.770   4.698  -0.093  0.00  0.00           C+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     58  C           0       4.450   2.840   3.718  0.00  0.00           C+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     59  O           0       3.309   2.041   0.384  0.00  0.00           O+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     60  O           0       2.514  -1.566   2.146  0.00  0.00           O+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     61  C           0       1.650  -2.503   1.716  0.00  0.00           C+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     62  C           0       1.540  -3.803   2.471  0.00  0.00           C+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     63  H           0       1.763  -3.606   3.528  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     64  C           0       0.145  -4.393   2.344  0.00  0.00           C+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     65  N           0      -0.076  -4.877   0.987  0.00  0.00           N+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     66  C           0      -1.182  -4.622   0.288  0.00  0.00           C+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     67  C           0      -2.462  -4.084   0.810  0.00  0.00           C+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     68  O           0      -2.490  -3.413   1.814  0.00  0.00           O+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     69  O           0      -1.137  -4.858  -0.902  0.00  0.00           O+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     70  C           0       0.938  -5.754   0.364  0.00  0.00           C+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     71  C           0       2.303  -5.066   0.463  0.00  0.00           C+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     72  C           0       2.582  -4.793   1.944  0.00  0.00           C+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     73  O           0       0.971  -2.305   0.736  0.00  0.00           O+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     74  C           0       2.424  -1.334  -0.822  0.00  0.00           C+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     75  C           0       6.924  -1.566  -0.639  0.00  0.00           C+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     76  C           0       7.734  -1.594  -1.937  0.00  0.00           C+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     77  H           0       7.629  -0.639  -2.451  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     78  O           0       9.111  -1.823  -1.633  0.00  0.00           O+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     79  C           0       9.713  -0.540  -1.448  0.00  0.00           C+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     80  H           0       7.922  -1.791  -4.649  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     81  H           0       9.077  -2.921  -3.903  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     82  H           0       7.658  -3.547  -4.776  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     83  H           0       5.637  -1.517  -3.677  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     84  H           0       5.373  -3.273  -3.803  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     85  H           0       3.881  -2.269  -2.096  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     86  H           0       5.036  -3.399  -1.350  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     87  H           0       4.411  -2.312   0.641  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     88  H           0       5.218  -0.798   1.113  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     89  H           0       2.933   0.855   3.237  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     90  H           0       4.432   0.247   2.493  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     91  H           0       2.512   4.505   3.097  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     92  H           0      -2.933   7.248   0.553  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     93  H           0      -2.323   8.256  -0.780  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     94  H           0      -4.326   8.900  -1.895  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     95  H           0      -5.697   7.774  -2.041  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     96  H           0      -5.164   8.324  -0.435  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     97  H           0      -4.685   5.661   0.359  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     98  H           0      -4.958   4.739  -2.535  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     99  H           0      -6.116   3.662   0.168  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    100  H           0      -5.409   2.280  -2.473  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    101  H           0      -6.962   1.272   0.047  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    102  H           0      -7.430  -2.711  -1.657  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    103  H           0      -5.991  -2.049  -2.457  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    104  H           0      -6.932  -4.246   0.508  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    105  H           0      -7.312  -4.902  -1.105  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    106  H           0      -6.316  -6.626   0.448  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    107  H           0      -5.330  -6.360  -1.016  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    108  H           0      -3.227  -7.079   0.080  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    109  H           0      -2.754  -6.400   1.656  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    110  H           0      -4.162  -7.482   1.540  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    111  H           0      -2.872  -4.193  -1.692  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    112  H           0      -6.892   0.129   1.562  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    113  H           0      -8.451  -0.653   1.914  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    114  H           0      -6.952  -1.613   1.922  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    115  H           0      -4.220   0.701  -2.325  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    116  H           0      -4.364  -1.072  -2.277  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    117  H           0      -5.486  -0.114  -3.274  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    118  H           0      -0.257   5.629  -2.363  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    119  H           0      -1.901   6.106  -2.851  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    120  H           0      -0.708   7.350  -2.406  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    121  H           0      -1.241   3.749   0.483  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    122  H           0       0.276   2.962   0.983  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    123  H           0      -1.086   3.076   2.123  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    124  H           0       3.137   7.422   0.443  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    125  H           0       4.462   3.885   0.127  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    126  H           0       3.123   4.410  -0.922  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    127  H           0       4.333   5.591  -0.365  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    128  H           0       5.198   2.048   3.747  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    129  H           0       4.833   3.721   4.231  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    130  H           0       3.539   2.499   4.211  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    131  H           0       0.039  -5.222   3.045  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    132  H           0      -0.593  -3.627   2.579  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    133  H           0       0.970  -6.709   0.888  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    134  H           0       0.686  -5.918  -0.684  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    135  H           0       3.076  -5.718   0.056  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    136  H           0       2.284  -4.126  -0.089  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    137  H           0       3.579  -4.367   2.056  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    138  H           0       2.516  -5.725   2.506  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    139  H           0       1.388  -1.033  -0.667  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    140  H           0       2.704  -1.150  -1.859  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    141  H           0       2.530  -2.396  -0.600  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    142  H           0       7.292  -0.765   0.002  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    143  H           0       7.028  -2.521  -0.125  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    144  H           0      10.770  -0.665  -1.213  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    145  H           0       9.610   0.044  -2.362  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    146  H           0       9.217  -0.022  -0.628  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT    1    2   80   81   82                                         NONE 151&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT    2    1    3   76    4                                         NONE 152&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT    4    2    5   83   84                                         NONE 153&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT    5    4    6   85   86                                         NONE 154&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT    6    5    7    8   75                                         NONE 155&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT    8    6    9   87   88                                         NONE 156&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT    9    8   10   11   74                                         NONE 157&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   11    9   12   13   60                                         NONE 158&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   13   11   14   89   90                                         NONE 159&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   14   13   15   59    0                                         NONE 160&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   15   14   16   17   58                                         NONE 161&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   17   15   18   91    0                                         NONE 162&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   18   17   19   57    0                                         NONE 163&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   19   18   20   21   56                                         NONE 164&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   21   19   22   23   54                                         NONE 165&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   23   21   24   53    0                                         NONE 166&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   24   23   25   26   52                                         NONE 167&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   26   24   27   92   93                                         NONE 168&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   27   26   28   29   30                                         NONE 169&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   29   27   94   95   96                                         NONE 170&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   30   27   31   97    0                                         NONE 171&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   31   30   32   98    0                                         NONE 172&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   32   31   33   99    0                                         NONE 173&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   33   32   34  100    0                                         NONE 174&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   34   33   35  101    0                                         NONE 175&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   35   34   36   51    0                                         NONE 176&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   36   35   37   38   49                                         NONE 177&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   38   36   39  102  103                                         NONE 178&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   39   38   40   48   41                                         NONE 179&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   41   39   42  104  105                                         NONE 180&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   42   41   43  106  107                                         NONE 181&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   43   42   44   45   46                                         NONE 182&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   45   43  108  109  110                                         NONE 183&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   46   43   47   67   48                                         NONE 184&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   47   46  111    0    0                                         NONE 185&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   48   46   39    0    0                                         NONE 186&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   49   36   50    0    0                                         NONE 187&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   50   49  112  113  114                                         NONE 188&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   51   35  115  116  117                                         NONE 189&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   52   24  118  119  120                                         NONE 190&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   53   23    0    0    0                                         NONE 191&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   54   21   55    0    0                                         NONE 192&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   55   54  121  122  123                                         NONE 193&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   56   19  124    0    0                                         NONE 194&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   57   18  125  126  127                                         NONE 195&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   58   15  128  129  130                                         NONE 196&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   59   14    0    0    0                                         NONE 197&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   60   11   61    0    0                                         NONE 198&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   61   60   62   73    0                                         NONE 199&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   62   61   63   72   64                                         NONE 200&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   64   62   65  131  132                                         NONE 201&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   65   64   66   70    0                                         NONE 202&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   66   65   67   69    0                                         NONE 203&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   67   66   46   68    0                                         NONE 204&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   68   67    0    0    0                                         NONE 205&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   69   66    0    0    0                                         NONE 206&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   70   65   71  133  134                                         NONE 207&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   71   70   72  135  136                                         NONE 208&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   72   71   62  137  138                                         NONE 209&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   73   61    0    0    0                                         NONE 210&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   74    9  139  140  141                                         NONE 211&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   75    6   76  142  143                                         NONE 212&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   76   75   77    2   78                                         NONE 213&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   78   76   79    0    0                                         NONE 214&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   79   78  144  145  146                                         NONE 215&lt;br /&gt;
END  &lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/inlineContents&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/jmolApplet&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/jmol&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| align=&amp;quot;center&amp;quot; colspan=&amp;quot;3&amp;quot; bgcolor=&amp;quot;#ffffff&amp;quot; |&lt;br /&gt;
|- &lt;br /&gt;
! {{chembox header}} colspan=&amp;quot;3&amp;quot;| Properties&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| CA Index Name&lt;br /&gt;
| colspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot;| Rapamycin- (9CI)&lt;br /&gt;
|- &lt;br /&gt;
| Other Names&lt;br /&gt;
|colspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot;| Sirolimus&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Rapamune&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
AY-22989&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
RAPA&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
NSC-226080&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| Chemical formula|Molecular formula&lt;br /&gt;
| colspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot; | C&amp;lt;sub&amp;gt;51&amp;lt;/sub&amp;gt;H&amp;lt;sub&amp;gt;79&amp;lt;/sub&amp;gt;N&amp;lt;sub&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/sub&amp;gt;O&amp;lt;sub&amp;gt;13 &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| Molar mass&lt;br /&gt;
| colspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot; | 914.17 g/mol&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| CAS registry number|CAS number&lt;br /&gt;
| colspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot; | 53123-88-9&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| Appearance&lt;br /&gt;
| colspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot; | White to off-white solid&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| Melting point&lt;br /&gt;
| colspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot; | 183-185 °C&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| pKa&lt;br /&gt;
| colspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot; | ~10.4&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;Rapamycin&#039;&#039;&#039; also known as Sirolimus, is a potent immunosuppressive and anti-proliferative natural product isolated from the bacteria strain &#039;&#039;Streptomyces hygroscopicus&#039;&#039;. It is used as a drug to help prevent the body from rejecting organ and bone marrow transplants and also being studied as a treatment for cancer.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Rapamycin is the type of macrolides that do not obtain sugar moieties, which is that there is a sub group in the presence of an amino acid within the macrocyclic ring; therefore it has both an ester and an amide bond in the ring.&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;font size=5&amp;gt;&amp;lt;font color=red&amp;gt;How does Rapamycin work?&amp;lt;/font size&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/font color&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
Rapamycin potently inhibits downstream signaling from the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) proteins which functions in a signaling pathway to promote tumor growth&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;2&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt;. It coordinates the balance between protein synthesis and protein degradation in response to nutrient quality and quantity. Rapamycin binds to the FK-506 binding protein and the rapamycin/FKBP12 complex then binds to mTOR and prevents interaction of mTOR with target proteins in this signaling pathway.&amp;lt;br&amp;gt; &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Rapamycin selectively inhibits the phosphorylation and activation of p70 S6 kinase&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;3&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt;. It prevents the translational activation of IGF-II and inhibits later signaling events such as p110Rb phosphorylation and cyclin A synthesis. &amp;lt;br&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The rapamycin is thought to target the proteins &amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;8&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt;:&lt;br /&gt;
(1) 70-kD S6 protein kinase p70&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;S6K&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
(2) Eukaryotic initiation factor eIF-4F&lt;br /&gt;
(3) G1-controlling cyclin-dependent kinase (cdk) proteins &lt;br /&gt;
(4) Kinase inhibitory protein Kip1 (p27&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;kip&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt;), which blocks cell progression to the S phase.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The diagram below shows how the mechanism steps of how rapamycin works:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;How Rapamycin works&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
[[Image:mechanism.gif]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;Note:&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
SRL  = Sirolimus (rapamycin)&lt;br /&gt;
mTOR = mammalian target of rapamycin&lt;br /&gt;
CsA  = Cyclosporine&lt;br /&gt;
PTKs = protein tyrosine kinases&lt;br /&gt;
p34&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;cdc2&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt; = a kinase&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;font size=5&amp;gt;&amp;lt;font color=red&amp;gt;Side Effects taking of Rapamycin&amp;lt;/font size&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/font color&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
While taking Rapamycin, there are certain side effects that occur in the body. &lt;br /&gt;
Some of the side effects may take place after many years of taking the medicine. These delayed effects, can also include certain cancers, such as lymphoma, though these are extreme cases.  &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Common side effects include chest pains, abdominal pain, fever, muscle pains or cramps, nausea, mood changes, tiredness and weakness. &lt;br /&gt;
Less common side effects include, skin ulcers, nose bleeds and in rare cases weight gain may also occur. &amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;4&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt; &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;font size=5&amp;gt;&amp;lt;font color=red&amp;gt;Synthesis of Rapamycin &amp;lt;/font size&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/font color&amp;gt; &amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;6,7&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Rapamycin is a very complicated molecule. It had a 31 memembered ring, and also possesses many chiral centres, and different functional groups. Due to its complexity, it has proved a challenge to synthesise for many synthetic chemists. &lt;br /&gt;
Methods have therefore been suggested, to prepare fragments of the molecule, and then combine them to get the total molecule of rapamycin.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The first fragment prepared is the fragment from C&amp;lt;sub&amp;gt;10&amp;lt;/sub&amp;gt; to C&amp;lt;sub&amp;gt;21&amp;lt;/sub&amp;gt;. &lt;br /&gt;
The starting material used is (R)-methyl 3-hydroxy-2-methylpropionate. This is converted to an alcohol in a four step reaction, as shown below:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Image:synthesisstep.gif]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Then from this molecule, further complicated synthesis steps yield the following fragment:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Image:Fragment1.gif]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The second fragment prepared is the fragment from C&amp;lt;sub&amp;gt;22&amp;lt;/sub&amp;gt; - C&amp;lt;sub&amp;gt;42&amp;lt;/sub&amp;gt;. This is prepared through complicated synthetic methods. The second fragment obtained is shown below:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Image:Fragment2.gif]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The second fragment was then combined with the first fragment under certain required conditions, yielding the synthetic rapamycin, which was judged as identical to the natural occuring rapamycin molecule through comparison of physical properties, 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR, IR and UV spectral data.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The various complicated synthesis steps, and conditions are all in the cited journals, from which this all synthetic information was gained.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Rapamycin can also be synthesised by using trans-1,2-Bis(tri-n-butylstannyl)ethylen reacting with the reagants diisopropylethylamine and Pd(CH&amp;lt;sub&amp;gt;3&amp;lt;/sub&amp;gt;CN)&amp;lt;sub&amp;gt;2&amp;lt;/sub&amp;gt; C&amp;lt;sub&amp;gt;12&amp;lt;/sub&amp;gt;, using dimethylformide, and tetrahydrofuran as the solvents.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Image:synthesis.JPG]] &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
However, the starting material is hard to synthesise, so is usually only the fragment method of synthesis is used for synthetic rapamycin production&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;font size=5&amp;gt;&amp;lt;font color=red&amp;gt;History&amp;lt;/font size&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/font color&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
Rapamycin is a 31-memebered macrolide which is first isolated in 1975. The property of that its potent immunosuppressive and antiumour activities were first discovered in 1977. The studies of the prevention of organ rejection after transplant surgery, and phase III clinical trials were completed in 1999.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
X-ray crystallography determined the solid state structure of rapamycin in 1978, followed by degradation studies in 1980 and correct NMR published in 1991. &lt;br /&gt;
The solution-phase structure was confirmed using molecular modelling calculations.&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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&amp;lt;font size=5&amp;gt;&amp;lt;font color=red&amp;gt;How does rapamycin work in mammalian cells?&amp;lt;/font size&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/font color&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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The bacterial macrolide--immunosuppressant rapamycin in the mammalian cells suppresses mitogen-induced translation of mRNAs selectively, which is the most notably mRNAs encoding ribosomal proteins and elongation factors. In a mean time, rapamycin also blocks mitogen-induced p70 ribosomal protein S6 kinase (p70s6k) phosphorlation and activation.&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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&amp;lt;font size=5&amp;gt;&amp;lt;font color=red&amp;gt;Biosynthesis--the formation of Rapamycin&amp;lt;/font size&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/font color&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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Rapamycin having the isotope-labelled is produced via a polyketide pathway. The polyketide chain is formed by condensation of seven acetate components and same number of propionate units. The cyclohexyl starter units produced that derived from shikimc acid then via a dihydroxycyclohexanecarboxylic intermediate. The pipecolate moiety is formed from free pipecolic acid which is made by cyclodeamination of lysine. To achieve the rapamycin also demands O-methylations by S-adenosylmethionine-dependent methyltranferases and oxidations which having cytochrome-p450 mono-oxgenases as catalysts.&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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&amp;lt;font size=5&amp;gt;&amp;lt;font color=red&amp;gt;References&amp;lt;/font size&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/font color&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br&amp;gt; &lt;br /&gt;
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1) [http://www.proteinkinase.biz/html/protein_kinase_inhibitors.html © Biaffin GmbH &amp;amp; Co KG, Protein kinase inhibitors]&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
2) Kuo CJ, Chung J, Fiorentino DF, Flanagan WM, Blenis J, Crabtree GR (1992) &amp;quot;Rapamycin selectively inhibits interleukin-2 activation of p70 S6 kinase&amp;quot; Nature 358(6381):70-3&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
3) Kahan BD, Murgia MG, Slaton J, et al. Potential applications of therapeutic drug monitoring of sirolimus immunosuppression in clinical renal transplantation. Ther Drug Monit. 1995;17:672-675. &amp;lt;br&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
4) http://www.healthtouch.com/bin/EContent_HT/drugShowLfts.asp?fname=usp0790.htm&amp;amp;title=Rapamycin&amp;amp;cid=HT 5)http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?artid=1169993&amp;amp;blobtype=pdf&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
6) K. C. Nicolaou, T. K. Chakraborty, A. D. Piscopio, N. Minowa, P. Bertinato;  J. Am. Chem. Soc.; 115; 1993; 4419-4420 &amp;lt;br&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
7) D. Romo, D. D. Johnson, L. Plamondon, T. Miwa, S. L. Schreiber; J. Org. Chem.;  57; 1992; 5060-5063 &amp;lt;br&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
8) http://www-ermm.cbcu.cam.ac.uk/00001794h.htm &amp;lt;br&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
9) &#039;&#039;How Rapamycin works&#039;&#039; diagram taken from http://www-ermm.cbcu.cam.ac.uk/00001794h.htm &amp;lt;br&amp;gt;&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Hp305</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://chemwiki.ch.ic.ac.uk/index.php?title=File:Mechanism.gif&amp;diff=4162</id>
		<title>File:Mechanism.gif</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://chemwiki.ch.ic.ac.uk/index.php?title=File:Mechanism.gif&amp;diff=4162"/>
		<updated>2006-10-26T11:57:03Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Hp305: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Hp305</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://chemwiki.ch.ic.ac.uk/index.php?title=It:Rapamycin&amp;diff=4147</id>
		<title>It:Rapamycin</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://chemwiki.ch.ic.ac.uk/index.php?title=It:Rapamycin&amp;diff=4147"/>
		<updated>2006-10-26T11:21:40Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Hp305: added new 2D image&lt;/p&gt;
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&lt;div&gt;{| class=&amp;quot;toccolours&amp;quot; border=&amp;quot;1&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;float: right; clear: right; margin: 0 0 1em 1em; border-collapse: collapse;&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
! {{chembox header}}  colspan=&amp;quot;3&amp;quot; |2D Structure of Rapamycin &lt;br /&gt;
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| align=&amp;quot;center&amp;quot; colspan=&amp;quot;3&amp;quot; bgcolor=&amp;quot;#ffffff&amp;quot; | [[Image:Rapamycin.gif|50|2D structure of Rapamycin|50]] &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! {{chembox header}}  colspan=&amp;quot;3&amp;quot; |3D structure of Rapamycin&lt;br /&gt;
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| align=&amp;quot;center&amp;quot; colspan=&amp;quot;3&amp;quot; bgcolor=&amp;quot;#ffffff&amp;quot; | &amp;lt;jmol&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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&amp;lt;size&amp;gt;200&amp;lt;/size&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;color&amp;gt;white&amp;lt;/color&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;script&amp;gt;zoom 100; cpk off;frame 1; move 10 -20 10 0 0 0 0 0 3; delay 1;&amp;lt;/script&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;inlineContents&amp;gt;HEADER    NONAME 20-Oct-06                                              NONE   1&lt;br /&gt;
TITLE                                                                   NONE   2&lt;br /&gt;
AUTHOR    WWW daemon apache                                             NONE   3&lt;br /&gt;
REVDAT   1  20-Oct-06     0                                             NONE   4&lt;br /&gt;
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ATOM     65  N           0      -0.076  -4.877   0.987  0.00  0.00           N+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     66  C           0      -1.182  -4.622   0.288  0.00  0.00           C+0&lt;br /&gt;
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ATOM     77  H           0       7.629  -0.639  -2.451  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
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ATOM     86  H           0       5.036  -3.399  -1.350  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
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ATOM     89  H           0       2.933   0.855   3.237  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     90  H           0       4.432   0.247   2.493  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     91  H           0       2.512   4.505   3.097  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     92  H           0      -2.933   7.248   0.553  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     93  H           0      -2.323   8.256  -0.780  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     94  H           0      -4.326   8.900  -1.895  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     95  H           0      -5.697   7.774  -2.041  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     96  H           0      -5.164   8.324  -0.435  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     97  H           0      -4.685   5.661   0.359  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     98  H           0      -4.958   4.739  -2.535  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     99  H           0      -6.116   3.662   0.168  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    100  H           0      -5.409   2.280  -2.473  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    101  H           0      -6.962   1.272   0.047  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
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ATOM    117  H           0      -5.486  -0.114  -3.274  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    118  H           0      -0.257   5.629  -2.363  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    119  H           0      -1.901   6.106  -2.851  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    120  H           0      -0.708   7.350  -2.406  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    121  H           0      -1.241   3.749   0.483  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    122  H           0       0.276   2.962   0.983  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    123  H           0      -1.086   3.076   2.123  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    124  H           0       3.137   7.422   0.443  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    125  H           0       4.462   3.885   0.127  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    126  H           0       3.123   4.410  -0.922  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    127  H           0       4.333   5.591  -0.365  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    128  H           0       5.198   2.048   3.747  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    129  H           0       4.833   3.721   4.231  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    130  H           0       3.539   2.499   4.211  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    131  H           0       0.039  -5.222   3.045  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    132  H           0      -0.593  -3.627   2.579  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    133  H           0       0.970  -6.709   0.888  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    134  H           0       0.686  -5.918  -0.684  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    135  H           0       3.076  -5.718   0.056  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    136  H           0       2.284  -4.126  -0.089  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    137  H           0       3.579  -4.367   2.056  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    138  H           0       2.516  -5.725   2.506  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    139  H           0       1.388  -1.033  -0.667  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    140  H           0       2.704  -1.150  -1.859  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    141  H           0       2.530  -2.396  -0.600  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    142  H           0       7.292  -0.765   0.002  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    143  H           0       7.028  -2.521  -0.125  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    144  H           0      10.770  -0.665  -1.213  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    145  H           0       9.610   0.044  -2.362  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    146  H           0       9.217  -0.022  -0.628  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT    1    2   80   81   82                                         NONE 151&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT    2    1    3   76    4                                         NONE 152&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT    4    2    5   83   84                                         NONE 153&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT    5    4    6   85   86                                         NONE 154&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT    6    5    7    8   75                                         NONE 155&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT    8    6    9   87   88                                         NONE 156&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT    9    8   10   11   74                                         NONE 157&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   11    9   12   13   60                                         NONE 158&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   13   11   14   89   90                                         NONE 159&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   14   13   15   59    0                                         NONE 160&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   15   14   16   17   58                                         NONE 161&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   17   15   18   91    0                                         NONE 162&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   18   17   19   57    0                                         NONE 163&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   19   18   20   21   56                                         NONE 164&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   21   19   22   23   54                                         NONE 165&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   23   21   24   53    0                                         NONE 166&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   24   23   25   26   52                                         NONE 167&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   26   24   27   92   93                                         NONE 168&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   27   26   28   29   30                                         NONE 169&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   29   27   94   95   96                                         NONE 170&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   30   27   31   97    0                                         NONE 171&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   31   30   32   98    0                                         NONE 172&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   32   31   33   99    0                                         NONE 173&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   33   32   34  100    0                                         NONE 174&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   34   33   35  101    0                                         NONE 175&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   35   34   36   51    0                                         NONE 176&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   36   35   37   38   49                                         NONE 177&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   38   36   39  102  103                                         NONE 178&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   39   38   40   48   41                                         NONE 179&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   41   39   42  104  105                                         NONE 180&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   42   41   43  106  107                                         NONE 181&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   43   42   44   45   46                                         NONE 182&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   45   43  108  109  110                                         NONE 183&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   46   43   47   67   48                                         NONE 184&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   47   46  111    0    0                                         NONE 185&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   48   46   39    0    0                                         NONE 186&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   49   36   50    0    0                                         NONE 187&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   50   49  112  113  114                                         NONE 188&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   51   35  115  116  117                                         NONE 189&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   52   24  118  119  120                                         NONE 190&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   53   23    0    0    0                                         NONE 191&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   54   21   55    0    0                                         NONE 192&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   55   54  121  122  123                                         NONE 193&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   56   19  124    0    0                                         NONE 194&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   57   18  125  126  127                                         NONE 195&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   58   15  128  129  130                                         NONE 196&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   59   14    0    0    0                                         NONE 197&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   60   11   61    0    0                                         NONE 198&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   61   60   62   73    0                                         NONE 199&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   62   61   63   72   64                                         NONE 200&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   64   62   65  131  132                                         NONE 201&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   65   64   66   70    0                                         NONE 202&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   66   65   67   69    0                                         NONE 203&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   67   66   46   68    0                                         NONE 204&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   68   67    0    0    0                                         NONE 205&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   69   66    0    0    0                                         NONE 206&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   70   65   71  133  134                                         NONE 207&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   71   70   72  135  136                                         NONE 208&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   72   71   62  137  138                                         NONE 209&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   73   61    0    0    0                                         NONE 210&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   74    9  139  140  141                                         NONE 211&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   75    6   76  142  143                                         NONE 212&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   76   75   77    2   78                                         NONE 213&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   78   76   79    0    0                                         NONE 214&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   79   78  144  145  146                                         NONE 215&lt;br /&gt;
END  &lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/inlineContents&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/jmolApplet&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/jmol&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| align=&amp;quot;center&amp;quot; colspan=&amp;quot;3&amp;quot; bgcolor=&amp;quot;#ffffff&amp;quot; |&lt;br /&gt;
|- &lt;br /&gt;
! {{chembox header}} colspan=&amp;quot;3&amp;quot;| Properties&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| CA Index Name&lt;br /&gt;
| colspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot;| Rapamycin- (9CI)&lt;br /&gt;
|- &lt;br /&gt;
| Other Names&lt;br /&gt;
|colspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot;| Sirolimus&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Rapamune&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
AY-22989&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
RAPA&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
NSC-226080&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| Chemical formula|Molecular formula&lt;br /&gt;
| colspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot; | C&amp;lt;sub&amp;gt;51&amp;lt;/sub&amp;gt;H&amp;lt;sub&amp;gt;79&amp;lt;/sub&amp;gt;N&amp;lt;sub&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/sub&amp;gt;O&amp;lt;sub&amp;gt;13 &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| Molar mass&lt;br /&gt;
| colspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot; | 914.17 g/mol&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| CAS registry number|CAS number&lt;br /&gt;
| colspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot; | 53123-88-9&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| Appearance&lt;br /&gt;
| colspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot; | White to off-white solid&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| Melting point&lt;br /&gt;
| colspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot; | 183-185 °C&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| pKa&lt;br /&gt;
| colspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot; | ~10.4&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;Rapamycin&#039;&#039;&#039; also known as Sirolimus, is a potent immunosuppressive and anti-proliferative natural product isolated from the bacteria strain &#039;&#039;Streptomyces hygroscopicus&#039;&#039;. It is used as a drug to help prevent the body from rejecting organ and bone marrow transplants and also being studied as a treatment for cancer.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Rapamycin is the type of macrolides that do not obtain sugar moieties, which is that there is a sub group in the presence of an amino acid within the macrocyclic ring; therefore it has both an ester and an amide bond in the ring.&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;font size=5&amp;gt;&amp;lt;font color=red&amp;gt;How does Rapamycin work?&amp;lt;/font size&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/font color&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
Rapamycin potently inhibits downstream signaling from the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) proteins which functions in a signaling pathway to promote tumor growth&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;2&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt;. It coordinates the balance between protein synthesis and protein degradation in response to nutrient quality and quantity. Rapamycin binds to the FK-506 binding protein and the rapamycin/FKBP12 complex then binds to mTOR and prevents interaction of mTOR with target proteins in this signaling pathway.&amp;lt;br&amp;gt; &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Rapamycin selectively inhibits the phosphorylation and activation of p70 S6 kinase&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;3&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt;. It prevents the translational activation of IGF-II and inhibits later signaling events such as p110Rb phosphorylation and cyclin A synthesis. &amp;lt;br&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;font size=5&amp;gt;&amp;lt;font color=red&amp;gt;Side Effects taking of Rapamycin&amp;lt;/font size&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/font color&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
While taking Rapamycin, there are certain side effects that occur in the body. &lt;br /&gt;
Some of the side effects may take place after many years of taking the medicine. These delayed effects, can also include certain cancers, such as lymphoma, though these are extreme cases.  &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Common side effects include chest pains, abdominal pain, fever, muscle pains or cramps, nausea, mood changes, tiredness and weakness. &lt;br /&gt;
Less common side effects include, skin ulcers, nose bleeds and in rare cases weight gain may also occur. &amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;4&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt; &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;font size=5&amp;gt;&amp;lt;font color=red&amp;gt;Synthesis of Rapamycin &amp;lt;/font size&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/font color&amp;gt; &amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;6,7&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Rapamycin is a very complicated molecule. It had a 31 memembered ring, and also possesses many chiral centres, and different functional groups. Due to its complexity, it has proved a challenge to synthesise for many synthetic chemists. &lt;br /&gt;
Methods have therefore been suggested, to prepare fragments of the molecule, and then combine them to get the total molecule of rapamycin.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The first fragment prepared is the fragment from C&amp;lt;sub&amp;gt;10&amp;lt;/sub&amp;gt; to C&amp;lt;sub&amp;gt;21&amp;lt;/sub&amp;gt;. &lt;br /&gt;
The starting material used is (R)-methyl 3-hydroxy-2-methylpropionate. This is converted to an alcohol in a four step reaction, as shown below:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Image:synthesisstep.gif]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Then from this molecule, further complicated synthesis steps yield the following fragment:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Image:Fragment1.gif]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The second fragment prepared is the fragment from C&amp;lt;sub&amp;gt;22&amp;lt;/sub&amp;gt; - C&amp;lt;sub&amp;gt;42&amp;lt;/sub&amp;gt;. This is prepared through complicated synthetic methods. The second fragment obtained is shown below:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Image:Fragment2.gif]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The second fragment was then combined with the first fragment under certain required conditions, yielding the synthetic rapamycin, which was judged as identical to the natural occuring rapamycin molecule through comparison of physical properties, 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR, IR and UV spectral data.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The various complicated synthesis steps, and conditions are all in the cited journals, from which this all synthetic information was gained.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Rapamycin can also be synthesised by using trans-1,2-Bis(tri-n-butylstannyl)ethylen reacting with the reagants diisopropylethylamine and Pd(CH3CN)2 C12, using dimethylformide, and tetrahydrofuran as the solvents.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Image:synthesis.JPG]] &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
However, the starting material is hard to synthesise, so is usually only the fragment method of synthesis is used for synthetic rapamycin production&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;font size=5&amp;gt;&amp;lt;font color=red&amp;gt;History&amp;lt;/font size&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/font color&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
Rapamycin is a 31-memebered macrolide which is first isolated in 1975. The property of that its potent immunosuppressive and antiumour activities were first discovered in 1977. The studies of the prevention of organ rejection after transplant surgery, and phase III clinical trials were completed in 1999.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
X-ray crystallography determined the solid state structure of rapamycin in 1978, followed by degradation studies in 1980 and correct NMR published in 1991. &lt;br /&gt;
The solution-phase structure was confirmed using molecular modelling calculations.&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;font size=5&amp;gt;&amp;lt;font color=red&amp;gt;How does rapamycin work in mammalian cells?&amp;lt;/font size&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/font color&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
The bacterial macrolide--immunosuppressant rapamycin in the mammalian cells suppresses mitogen-induced translation of mRNAs selectively, which is the most notably mRNAs encoding ribosomal proteins and elongation factors. In a mean time, rapamycin also blocks mitogen-induced p70 ribosomal protein S6 kinase (p70s6k) phosphorlation and activation.&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;font size=5&amp;gt;&amp;lt;font color=red&amp;gt;Biosynthesis--the formation of Rapamycin&amp;lt;/font size&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/font color&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
Rapamycin having the isotope-labelled is produced via a polyketide pathway. The polyketide chain is formed by condensation of seven acetate components and same number of propionate units. The cyclohexyl starter units produced that derived from shikimc acid then via a dihydroxycyclohexanecarboxylic intermediate. The pipecolate moiety is formed from free pipecolic acid which is made by cyclodeamination of lysine. To achieve the rapamycin also demands O-methylations by S-adenosylmethionine-dependent methyltranferases and oxidations which having cytochrome-p450 mono-oxgenases as catalysts.&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;font size=5&amp;gt;&amp;lt;font color=red&amp;gt;References&amp;lt;/font size&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/font color&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br&amp;gt; &lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
1) [http://www.proteinkinase.biz/html/protein_kinase_inhibitors.html © Biaffin GmbH &amp;amp; Co KG, Protein kinase inhibitors]&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
2) Kuo CJ, Chung J, Fiorentino DF, Flanagan WM, Blenis J, Crabtree GR (1992) &amp;quot;Rapamycin selectively inhibits interleukin-2 activation of p70 S6 kinase&amp;quot; Nature 358(6381):70-3&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
3) Kahan BD, Murgia MG, Slaton J, et al. Potential applications of therapeutic drug monitoring of sirolimus immunosuppression in clinical renal transplantation. Ther Drug Monit. 1995;17:672-675. &amp;lt;br&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
4) http://www.healthtouch.com/bin/EContent_HT/drugShowLfts.asp?fname=usp0790.htm&amp;amp;title=Rapamycin&amp;amp;cid=HT 5)http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?artid=1169993&amp;amp;blobtype=pdf&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
6) K. C. Nicolaou, T. K. Chakraborty, A. D. Piscopio, N. Minowa, P. Bertinato;  J. Am. Chem. Soc.; 115; 1993; 4419-4420 &amp;lt;br&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
7) D. Romo, D. D. Johnson, L. Plamondon, T. Miwa, S. L. Schreiber; J. Org. Chem.;  57; 1992; 5060-5063&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Hp305</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://chemwiki.ch.ic.ac.uk/index.php?title=File:Synthesisstep.gif&amp;diff=4144</id>
		<title>File:Synthesisstep.gif</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://chemwiki.ch.ic.ac.uk/index.php?title=File:Synthesisstep.gif&amp;diff=4144"/>
		<updated>2006-10-26T11:09:59Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Hp305: &lt;/p&gt;
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	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://chemwiki.ch.ic.ac.uk/index.php?title=File:Fragment2.gif&amp;diff=4142</id>
		<title>File:Fragment2.gif</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://chemwiki.ch.ic.ac.uk/index.php?title=File:Fragment2.gif&amp;diff=4142"/>
		<updated>2006-10-26T11:09:21Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Hp305: &lt;/p&gt;
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	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://chemwiki.ch.ic.ac.uk/index.php?title=File:Fragment1.gif&amp;diff=4140</id>
		<title>File:Fragment1.gif</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://chemwiki.ch.ic.ac.uk/index.php?title=File:Fragment1.gif&amp;diff=4140"/>
		<updated>2006-10-26T11:07:21Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Hp305: &lt;/p&gt;
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	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://chemwiki.ch.ic.ac.uk/index.php?title=It:Rapamycin&amp;diff=3773</id>
		<title>It:Rapamycin</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://chemwiki.ch.ic.ac.uk/index.php?title=It:Rapamycin&amp;diff=3773"/>
		<updated>2006-10-24T12:34:17Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Hp305: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;{| class=&amp;quot;toccolours&amp;quot; border=&amp;quot;1&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;float: right; clear: right; margin: 0 0 1em 1em; border-collapse: collapse;&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
! {{chembox header}}  colspan=&amp;quot;3&amp;quot; |2D Structure of Rapamycin &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| align=&amp;quot;center&amp;quot; colspan=&amp;quot;3&amp;quot; bgcolor=&amp;quot;#ffffff&amp;quot; | [[Image:rapa2d.JPG|200|2D structure of Rapamycin|200|2D structure of Rapamycin]] &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! {{chembox header}}  colspan=&amp;quot;3&amp;quot; |3D structure of Rapamycin&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| align=&amp;quot;center&amp;quot; colspan=&amp;quot;3&amp;quot; bgcolor=&amp;quot;#ffffff&amp;quot; | &amp;lt;jmol&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;jmolApplet&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;size&amp;gt;200&amp;lt;/size&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;color&amp;gt;white&amp;lt;/color&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;script&amp;gt;zoom 100; cpk off;frame 1; move 10 -20 10 0 0 0 0 0 3; delay 1;&amp;lt;/script&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;inlineContents&amp;gt;HEADER    NONAME 20-Oct-06                                              NONE   1&lt;br /&gt;
TITLE                                                                   NONE   2&lt;br /&gt;
AUTHOR    WWW daemon apache                                             NONE   3&lt;br /&gt;
REVDAT   1  20-Oct-06     0                                             NONE   4&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM      1  C           0       8.027  -2.746  -4.135  0.00  0.00           C+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM      2  C           0       7.216  -2.718  -2.837  0.00  0.00           C+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM      3  H           0       7.321  -3.673  -2.322  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM      4  C           0       5.742  -2.472  -3.162  0.00  0.00           C+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM      5  C           0       4.931  -2.444  -1.865  0.00  0.00           C+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM      6  C           0       5.449  -1.320  -0.965  0.00  0.00           C+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM      7  H           0       5.344  -0.365  -1.479  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM      8  C           0       4.639  -1.292   0.333  0.00  0.00           C+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM      9  C           0       3.335  -0.525   0.103  0.00  0.00           C+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     10  H           0       3.556   0.438  -0.356  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     11  C           0       2.631  -0.302   1.444  0.00  0.00           C+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     12  H           0       1.638   0.111   1.269  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     13  C           0       3.449   0.674   2.294  0.00  0.00           C+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     14  C           0       3.608   1.975   1.552  0.00  0.00           C+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     15  C           0       4.139   3.193   2.262  0.00  0.00           C+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     16  H           0       5.049   3.534   1.768  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     17  C           0       3.105   4.290   2.221  0.00  0.00           C+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     18  C           0       2.929   4.986   1.125  0.00  0.00           C+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     19  C           0       1.891   6.076   1.084  0.00  0.00           C+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     20  H           0       1.797   6.526   2.072  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     21  C           0       0.544   5.485   0.663  0.00  0.00           C+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     22  H           0       0.700   4.760  -0.135  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     23  C           0      -0.363   6.585   0.171  0.00  0.00           C+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     24  C           0      -1.520   6.258  -0.736  0.00  0.00           C+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     25  H           0      -1.874   5.250  -0.524  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     26  C           0      -2.655   7.256  -0.501  0.00  0.00           C+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     27  C           0      -3.869   6.866  -1.351  0.00  0.00           C+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     28  H           0      -3.539   6.593  -2.353  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     29  C           0      -4.834   8.051  -1.437  0.00  0.00           C+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     30  C           0      -4.569   5.694  -0.716  0.00  0.00           C+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     31  C           0      -5.039   4.699  -1.461  0.00  0.00           C+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     32  C           0      -5.680   3.547  -0.814  0.00  0.00           C+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     33  C           0      -5.738   2.362  -1.443  0.00  0.00           C+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     34  C           0      -6.260   1.179  -0.765  0.00  0.00           C+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     35  C           0      -5.863  -0.027  -1.176  0.00  0.00           C+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     36  C           0      -6.343  -1.283  -0.487  0.00  0.00           C+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     37  H           0      -5.654  -1.547   0.315  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     38  C           0      -6.393  -2.409  -1.510  0.00  0.00           C+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     39  C           0      -5.584  -3.615  -1.052  0.00  0.00           C+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     40  H           0      -5.100  -4.072  -1.926  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     41  C           0      -6.509  -4.652  -0.412  0.00  0.00           C+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     42  C           0      -5.694  -5.912  -0.091  0.00  0.00           C+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     43  C           0      -4.503  -5.493   0.786  0.00  0.00           C+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     44  H           0      -4.868  -5.107   1.738  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     45  C           0      -3.596  -6.700   1.033  0.00  0.00           C+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     46  C           0      -3.722  -4.398   0.050  0.00  0.00           C+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     47  O           0      -3.362  -4.898  -1.247  0.00  0.00           O+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     48  O           0      -4.554  -3.254  -0.129  0.00  0.00           O+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     49  O           0      -7.648  -1.064   0.055  0.00  0.00           O+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     50  C           0      -7.475  -0.784   1.446  0.00  0.00           C+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     51  C           0      -4.918  -0.135  -2.344  0.00  0.00           C+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     52  C           0      -1.064   6.342  -2.194  0.00  0.00           C+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     53  O           0      -0.162   7.728   0.506  0.00  0.00           O+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     54  O           0      -0.060   4.837   1.784  0.00  0.00           O+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     55  C           0      -0.557   3.581   1.316  0.00  0.00           C+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     56  O           0       2.287   7.075   0.141  0.00  0.00           O+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     57  C           0       3.770   4.698  -0.093  0.00  0.00           C+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     58  C           0       4.450   2.840   3.718  0.00  0.00           C+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     59  O           0       3.309   2.041   0.384  0.00  0.00           O+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     60  O           0       2.514  -1.566   2.146  0.00  0.00           O+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     61  C           0       1.650  -2.503   1.716  0.00  0.00           C+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     62  C           0       1.540  -3.803   2.471  0.00  0.00           C+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     63  H           0       1.763  -3.606   3.528  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     64  C           0       0.145  -4.393   2.344  0.00  0.00           C+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     65  N           0      -0.076  -4.877   0.987  0.00  0.00           N+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     66  C           0      -1.182  -4.622   0.288  0.00  0.00           C+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     67  C           0      -2.462  -4.084   0.810  0.00  0.00           C+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     68  O           0      -2.490  -3.413   1.814  0.00  0.00           O+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     69  O           0      -1.137  -4.858  -0.902  0.00  0.00           O+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     70  C           0       0.938  -5.754   0.364  0.00  0.00           C+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     71  C           0       2.303  -5.066   0.463  0.00  0.00           C+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     72  C           0       2.582  -4.793   1.944  0.00  0.00           C+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     73  O           0       0.971  -2.305   0.736  0.00  0.00           O+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     74  C           0       2.424  -1.334  -0.822  0.00  0.00           C+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     75  C           0       6.924  -1.566  -0.639  0.00  0.00           C+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     76  C           0       7.734  -1.594  -1.937  0.00  0.00           C+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     77  H           0       7.629  -0.639  -2.451  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     78  O           0       9.111  -1.823  -1.633  0.00  0.00           O+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     79  C           0       9.713  -0.540  -1.448  0.00  0.00           C+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     80  H           0       7.922  -1.791  -4.649  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     81  H           0       9.077  -2.921  -3.903  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     82  H           0       7.658  -3.547  -4.776  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     83  H           0       5.637  -1.517  -3.677  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     84  H           0       5.373  -3.273  -3.803  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     85  H           0       3.881  -2.269  -2.096  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     86  H           0       5.036  -3.399  -1.350  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     87  H           0       4.411  -2.312   0.641  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     88  H           0       5.218  -0.798   1.113  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     89  H           0       2.933   0.855   3.237  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     90  H           0       4.432   0.247   2.493  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     91  H           0       2.512   4.505   3.097  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     92  H           0      -2.933   7.248   0.553  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     93  H           0      -2.323   8.256  -0.780  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     94  H           0      -4.326   8.900  -1.895  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     95  H           0      -5.697   7.774  -2.041  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     96  H           0      -5.164   8.324  -0.435  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     97  H           0      -4.685   5.661   0.359  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     98  H           0      -4.958   4.739  -2.535  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     99  H           0      -6.116   3.662   0.168  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    100  H           0      -5.409   2.280  -2.473  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    101  H           0      -6.962   1.272   0.047  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    102  H           0      -7.430  -2.711  -1.657  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    103  H           0      -5.991  -2.049  -2.457  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    104  H           0      -6.932  -4.246   0.508  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    105  H           0      -7.312  -4.902  -1.105  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    106  H           0      -6.316  -6.626   0.448  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    107  H           0      -5.330  -6.360  -1.016  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    108  H           0      -3.227  -7.079   0.080  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    109  H           0      -2.754  -6.400   1.656  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    110  H           0      -4.162  -7.482   1.540  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    111  H           0      -2.872  -4.193  -1.692  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    112  H           0      -6.892   0.129   1.562  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    113  H           0      -8.451  -0.653   1.914  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    114  H           0      -6.952  -1.613   1.922  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    115  H           0      -4.220   0.701  -2.325  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    116  H           0      -4.364  -1.072  -2.277  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    117  H           0      -5.486  -0.114  -3.274  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    118  H           0      -0.257   5.629  -2.363  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    119  H           0      -1.901   6.106  -2.851  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    120  H           0      -0.708   7.350  -2.406  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    121  H           0      -1.241   3.749   0.483  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    122  H           0       0.276   2.962   0.983  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    123  H           0      -1.086   3.076   2.123  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    124  H           0       3.137   7.422   0.443  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    125  H           0       4.462   3.885   0.127  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    126  H           0       3.123   4.410  -0.922  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    127  H           0       4.333   5.591  -0.365  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    128  H           0       5.198   2.048   3.747  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    129  H           0       4.833   3.721   4.231  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    130  H           0       3.539   2.499   4.211  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    131  H           0       0.039  -5.222   3.045  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    132  H           0      -0.593  -3.627   2.579  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    133  H           0       0.970  -6.709   0.888  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    134  H           0       0.686  -5.918  -0.684  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    135  H           0       3.076  -5.718   0.056  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    136  H           0       2.284  -4.126  -0.089  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    137  H           0       3.579  -4.367   2.056  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    138  H           0       2.516  -5.725   2.506  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    139  H           0       1.388  -1.033  -0.667  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    140  H           0       2.704  -1.150  -1.859  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    141  H           0       2.530  -2.396  -0.600  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    142  H           0       7.292  -0.765   0.002  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    143  H           0       7.028  -2.521  -0.125  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    144  H           0      10.770  -0.665  -1.213  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    145  H           0       9.610   0.044  -2.362  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM    146  H           0       9.217  -0.022  -0.628  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT    1    2   80   81   82                                         NONE 151&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT    2    1    3   76    4                                         NONE 152&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT    4    2    5   83   84                                         NONE 153&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT    5    4    6   85   86                                         NONE 154&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT    6    5    7    8   75                                         NONE 155&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT    8    6    9   87   88                                         NONE 156&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT    9    8   10   11   74                                         NONE 157&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   11    9   12   13   60                                         NONE 158&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   13   11   14   89   90                                         NONE 159&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   14   13   15   59    0                                         NONE 160&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   15   14   16   17   58                                         NONE 161&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   17   15   18   91    0                                         NONE 162&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   18   17   19   57    0                                         NONE 163&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   19   18   20   21   56                                         NONE 164&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   21   19   22   23   54                                         NONE 165&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   23   21   24   53    0                                         NONE 166&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   24   23   25   26   52                                         NONE 167&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   26   24   27   92   93                                         NONE 168&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   27   26   28   29   30                                         NONE 169&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   29   27   94   95   96                                         NONE 170&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   30   27   31   97    0                                         NONE 171&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   31   30   32   98    0                                         NONE 172&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   32   31   33   99    0                                         NONE 173&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   33   32   34  100    0                                         NONE 174&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   34   33   35  101    0                                         NONE 175&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   35   34   36   51    0                                         NONE 176&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   36   35   37   38   49                                         NONE 177&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   38   36   39  102  103                                         NONE 178&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   39   38   40   48   41                                         NONE 179&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   41   39   42  104  105                                         NONE 180&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   42   41   43  106  107                                         NONE 181&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   43   42   44   45   46                                         NONE 182&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   45   43  108  109  110                                         NONE 183&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   46   43   47   67   48                                         NONE 184&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   47   46  111    0    0                                         NONE 185&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   48   46   39    0    0                                         NONE 186&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   49   36   50    0    0                                         NONE 187&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   50   49  112  113  114                                         NONE 188&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   51   35  115  116  117                                         NONE 189&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   52   24  118  119  120                                         NONE 190&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   53   23    0    0    0                                         NONE 191&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   54   21   55    0    0                                         NONE 192&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   55   54  121  122  123                                         NONE 193&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   56   19  124    0    0                                         NONE 194&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   57   18  125  126  127                                         NONE 195&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   58   15  128  129  130                                         NONE 196&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   59   14    0    0    0                                         NONE 197&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   60   11   61    0    0                                         NONE 198&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   61   60   62   73    0                                         NONE 199&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   62   61   63   72   64                                         NONE 200&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   64   62   65  131  132                                         NONE 201&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   65   64   66   70    0                                         NONE 202&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   66   65   67   69    0                                         NONE 203&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   67   66   46   68    0                                         NONE 204&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   68   67    0    0    0                                         NONE 205&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   69   66    0    0    0                                         NONE 206&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   70   65   71  133  134                                         NONE 207&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   71   70   72  135  136                                         NONE 208&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   72   71   62  137  138                                         NONE 209&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   73   61    0    0    0                                         NONE 210&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   74    9  139  140  141                                         NONE 211&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   75    6   76  142  143                                         NONE 212&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   76   75   77    2   78                                         NONE 213&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   78   76   79    0    0                                         NONE 214&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   79   78  144  145  146                                         NONE 215&lt;br /&gt;
END  &lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/inlineContents&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/jmolApplet&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/jmol&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| align=&amp;quot;center&amp;quot; colspan=&amp;quot;3&amp;quot; bgcolor=&amp;quot;#ffffff&amp;quot; |&lt;br /&gt;
|- &lt;br /&gt;
! {{chembox header}} colspan=&amp;quot;3&amp;quot;| Properties&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| CA Index Name&lt;br /&gt;
| colspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot;| Rapamycin- (9CI)&lt;br /&gt;
|- &lt;br /&gt;
| Other Names&lt;br /&gt;
|colspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot;| Sirolimus&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Rapamune&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
AY-22989&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
RAPA&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
NSC-226080&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| Chemical formula|Molecular formula&lt;br /&gt;
| colspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot; | C&amp;lt;sub&amp;gt;51&amp;lt;/sub&amp;gt;H&amp;lt;sub&amp;gt;79&amp;lt;/sub&amp;gt;N&amp;lt;sub&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/sub&amp;gt;O&amp;lt;sub&amp;gt;13 &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| Molar mass&lt;br /&gt;
| colspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot; | 914.17 g/mol&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| CAS registry number|CAS number&lt;br /&gt;
| colspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot; | 53123-88-9&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| Appearance&lt;br /&gt;
| colspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot; | White to off-white solid&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| Melting point&lt;br /&gt;
| colspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot; | 183-185 °C&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| pKa&lt;br /&gt;
| colspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot; | ~10.4&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;Rapamycin&#039;&#039;&#039; also known as Sirolimus, is a potent immunosuppressive and anti-proliferative natural product isolated from the bacteria strain &#039;&#039;Streptomyces hygroscopicus&#039;&#039;. It is used as a drug to help prevent the body from rejecting organ and bone marrow transplants and also being studied as a treatment for cancer.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;font size=5&amp;gt;&amp;lt;font color=red&amp;gt;How does Rapamycin work?&amp;lt;/font size&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/font color&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
Rapamycin potently inhibits downstream signaling from the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) proteins which functions in a signaling pathway to promote tumor growth&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;2&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt;. It coordinates the balance between protein synthesis and protein degradation in response to nutrient quality and quantity. Rapamycin binds to the FK-506 binding protein and the rapamycin/FKBP12 complex then binds to mTOR and prevents interaction of mTOR with target proteins in this signaling pathway.&amp;lt;br&amp;gt; &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Rapamycin selectively inhibits the phosphorylation and activation of p70 S6 kinase&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;3&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt;. It prevents the translational activation of IGF-II and inhibits later signaling events such as p110Rb phosphorylation and cyclin A synthesis. &amp;lt;br&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;font size=5&amp;gt;&amp;lt;font color=red&amp;gt;Side Effects taking of Rapamycin&amp;lt;/font size&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/font color&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
While taking Rapamycin, there are certain side effects that occur in the body. &lt;br /&gt;
Some of the side effects may take place after many years of taking the medicine. These delayed effects, can also include certain cancers, such as lymphoma, though these are extreme cases.  &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Common side effects include chest pains, abdominal pain, fever, muscle pains or cramps, nausea, mood changes, tiredness and weakness. &lt;br /&gt;
Less common side effects include, skin ulcers, nose bleeds and in rare cases weight gain may also occur. &amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;4&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt; &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;font size=5&amp;gt;&amp;lt;font color=red&amp;gt;Synthesis of Rapamycin&amp;lt;/font size&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/font color&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
Rapamycin can be synthesised in many different ways.&lt;br /&gt;
One synthesis route is to use trans-1,2-Bis(tri-n-butylstannyl)ethylen reacting with the reagants diisopropylethylamine and Pd(CH3CN)2 C12, using dimethylformide, and tetrahydrofuran as the solvents.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Image:synthesis.JPG]] &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;font size=5&amp;gt;&amp;lt;font color=red&amp;gt;References&amp;lt;/font size&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/font color&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br&amp;gt; &lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
1) [http://www.proteinkinase.biz/html/protein_kinase_inhibitors.html © Biaffin GmbH &amp;amp; Co KG, Protein kinase inhibitors]&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
2) Kuo CJ, Chung J, Fiorentino DF, Flanagan WM, Blenis J, Crabtree GR (1992) &amp;quot;Rapamycin selectively inhibits interleukin-2 activation of p70 S6 kinase&amp;quot; Nature 358(6381):70-3&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
3) Kahan BD, Murgia MG, Slaton J, et al. Potential applications of therapeutic drug monitoring of sirolimus immunosuppression in clinical renal transplantation. Ther Drug Monit. 1995;17:672-675. &amp;lt;br&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
4) http://www.healthtouch.com/bin/EContent_HT/drugShowLfts.asp?fname=usp0790.htm&amp;amp;title=Rapamycin&amp;amp;cid=HT &amp;lt;br&amp;gt;&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Hp305</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://chemwiki.ch.ic.ac.uk/index.php?title=It:Gingerone&amp;diff=3725</id>
		<title>It:Gingerone</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://chemwiki.ch.ic.ac.uk/index.php?title=It:Gingerone&amp;diff=3725"/>
		<updated>2006-10-24T11:56:37Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Hp305: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;{| class=&amp;quot;toccolours&amp;quot; border=&amp;quot;1&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;float: right; clear: right; margin: 0 0 1em 1em; border-collapse: collapse;&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
! {{chembox header}}  colspan=&amp;quot;3&amp;quot; |2D Structure of Zingerone &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| align=&amp;quot;center&amp;quot; colspan=&amp;quot;3&amp;quot; bgcolour=&amp;quot;#ffffff&amp;quot; | [[Image:Untitled.gif]]  &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! {{chembox header}}  colspan=&amp;quot;3&amp;quot; |3D structure of Zingerone &amp;lt;jmol&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;jmolApplet&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;size&amp;gt;200&amp;lt;/size&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;color&amp;gt;white&amp;lt;/color&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;script&amp;gt;zoom 80; cpk on;frame 1; move 10 -20 10 0 0 0 0 0 3; delay 1;&amp;lt;/script&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;inlineContents&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
HEADER    NONAME 20-Oct-06                                              NONE   1&lt;br /&gt;
TITLE                                                                   NONE   2&lt;br /&gt;
AUTHOR    WWW daemon apache                                             NONE   3&lt;br /&gt;
REVDAT   1  20-Oct-06     0                                             NONE   4&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM      1  O           0       3.909  -1.039  -0.489  0.00  0.00           O+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM      2  C           0       2.599  -0.845  -0.181  0.00  0.00           C+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM      3  C           0       2.106   0.445  -0.009  0.00  0.00           C+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM      4  O           0       2.934   1.515  -0.149  0.00  0.00           O+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM      5  C           0       2.143   2.682   0.086  0.00  0.00           C+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM      6  C           0       0.770   0.636   0.305  0.00  0.00           C+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM      7  C           0      -0.070  -0.452   0.446  0.00  0.00           C+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM      8  C           0      -1.523  -0.242   0.787  0.00  0.00           C+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM      9  C           0      -2.335  -0.105  -0.502  0.00  0.00           C+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     10  C           0      -3.788   0.105  -0.161  0.00  0.00           C+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     11  C           0      -4.804   0.269  -1.261  0.00  0.00           C+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     12  O           0      -4.137   0.142   0.995  0.00  0.00           O+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     13  C           0       0.419  -1.734   0.275  0.00  0.00           C+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     14  C           0       1.750  -1.932  -0.044  0.00  0.00           C+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     15  H           0       4.384  -1.120   0.349  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     16  H           0       1.331   2.723  -0.641  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     17  H           0       1.728   2.643   1.093  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     18  H           0       2.767   3.570  -0.016  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     19  H           0       0.385   1.637   0.439  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     20  H           0      -1.889  -1.094   1.359  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     21  H           0      -1.629   0.666   1.381  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     22  H           0      -1.969   0.747  -1.074  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     23  H           0      -2.229  -1.013  -1.096  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     24  H           0      -4.306   0.208  -2.228  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     25  H           0      -5.551  -0.521  -1.186  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     26  H           0      -5.291   1.240  -1.164  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     27  H           0      -0.240  -2.582   0.386  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     28  H           0       2.130  -2.934  -0.178  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT    1    2   15    0    0                                         NONE  33&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT    2    1   14    3    0                                         NONE  34&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT    3    2    4    6    0                                         NONE  35&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT    4    3    5    0    0                                         NONE  36&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT    5    4   16   17   18                                         NONE  37&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT    6    3    7   19    0                                         NONE  38&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT    7    6    8   13    0                                         NONE  39&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT    8    7    9   20   21                                         NONE  40&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT    9    8   10   22   23                                         NONE  41&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   10    9   11   12    0                                         NONE  42&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   11   10   24   25   26                                         NONE  43&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   12   10    0    0    0                                         NONE  44&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   13    7   14   27    0                                         NONE  45&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   14   13    2   28    0                                         NONE  46&lt;br /&gt;
END                                                                     NONE  47&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/inlineContents&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/jmolApplet&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/jmol&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! {{chembox header}} colspan=&amp;quot;3&amp;quot; | Properties&lt;br /&gt;
|- &lt;br /&gt;
| colspan=&amp;quot;1&amp;quot; |IUPAC Systematic Name&lt;br /&gt;
| colspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot;|4-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-2-butanone&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| colspan=&amp;quot;1&amp;quot; |Molecular formula&lt;br /&gt;
| colspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot; |C&amp;lt;sub&amp;gt;11&amp;lt;/sub&amp;gt;H&amp;lt;sub&amp;gt;14&amp;lt;/sub&amp;gt;O&amp;lt;sub&amp;gt;3&amp;lt;/sub&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| colspan=&amp;quot;1&amp;quot; |SMILES String&lt;br /&gt;
| colspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot; |OC1=C(OC)C=C(CCC(C)=O)C=C1 &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| colspan=&amp;quot;1&amp;quot; |Molecular Mass&lt;br /&gt;
| colspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot; |194 g/mol&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| colspan=&amp;quot;1&amp;quot; |Appearance&lt;br /&gt;
| colspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot; |&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|colspan=&amp;quot;1&amp;quot; |Beilstein Registry number&lt;br /&gt;
| colspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot; |2051099&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| colspan=&amp;quot;1&amp;quot; |CAS Registry Number&lt;br /&gt;
| colspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot; |122-48-5&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! {{chembox header}} colspan=&amp;quot;3&amp;quot;| Properties&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| Melting Point&lt;br /&gt;
| colspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot; |40-42°C&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Zingerone== is the molecule responsible for most of the taste of cooked ginger.  It is also a week antioxidant, and this may account for some of the proposed medicinal properties of the compound.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Many other molecules which give foods taste and smell are chemically similar to zingerone, most notably capsaicin and vanillin, which  give vanilla and hot peppers their tastes.  Zingerone  has a higher molecular weight than vanillin, and contains a carbonyl side group which allows stronger Van Der Waals interactions.  This means zingerone can bind strongly to itself when compared with molecules like vanillin.  This in turn makes zingerone less volatile, which accounts for the fact that while vanilla and ginger give similarly strong tastes, vanilla&#039;s smell is much more potent.  It can escape more readily as a gas.  On the other hand, capsaicin is a heavier molecule than zingerone, is much less volatile, and therefore is completely odourless.&lt;br /&gt;
To compare zingerone with several other &#039;taste&#039; molecules see [http://antoine.frostburg.edu/chem/senese/101/features/capsaicin.shtml General Chemistry Online: Fire and Spice]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Fresh ginger contains no zingerone.  When ginger is cooked gingerol, a molecule present in fresh ginger, reacts to give zingerone.  Whereas gingerol has an extremely strong taste, zingerone has a milder, sweeter taste.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Image:gingerol.gif|50px]] &lt;br /&gt;
Chemical structure of gingerol, a precursor of gingerone&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
There is some evidence that gingerol has therapeutic properties that help with symptoms like nausea and vomiting, and may be of some use as a natural remedy to things like morning sickness and seasickness.  There is some controversy as to these effects because not all studies show any effect when compared with a placebo.&lt;br /&gt;
[http://bja.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/abstract/84/3/367 Article:efficacy of ginger for nausea and vomiting]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;Zingerone synthesis&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Image:Zingerone synthesis.gif|thumb|Description]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In 1968 CONNELL and SUTHERLAND examined the structures and synthesis of zingerone.  They found that it was possible to synthesise zingerone by hydrolysing gingerol using hot aqueous barium hydroxide solution.  Other aldehydes are also produced in this reaction.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Image:Gingerol hydrolysis.gif|thumb|Description]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Spectra of Zingerone==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;Infrared Spectrum&#039;&#039;:&lt;br /&gt;
[[Image:irzingerone.PNG]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;Mass Spectrum&#039;&#039;: &lt;br /&gt;
[[Image:Zingerone.jpg|thumb|Description]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==References==&lt;br /&gt;
* Spectra obtained from NIST Chemistry Web book - [http://webbook.nist.gov/chemistry/]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Hp305</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://chemwiki.ch.ic.ac.uk/index.php?title=It:Gingerone&amp;diff=3721</id>
		<title>It:Gingerone</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://chemwiki.ch.ic.ac.uk/index.php?title=It:Gingerone&amp;diff=3721"/>
		<updated>2006-10-24T11:53:45Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Hp305: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;{| class=&amp;quot;toccolours&amp;quot; border=&amp;quot;1&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;float: right; clear: right; margin: 0 0 1em 1em; border-collapse: collapse;&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
! {{chembox header}}  colspan=&amp;quot;3&amp;quot; |2D Structure of Zingerone &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| align=&amp;quot;center&amp;quot; colspan=&amp;quot;3&amp;quot; bgcolour=&amp;quot;#ffffff&amp;quot; | [[Image:Untitled.gif]]  &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! {{chembox header}}  colspan=&amp;quot;3&amp;quot; |3D structure of Zingerone &amp;lt;jmol&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;jmolApplet&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;size&amp;gt;200&amp;lt;/size&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;color&amp;gt;white&amp;lt;/color&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;script&amp;gt;zoom 80; cpk on;frame 1; move 10 -20 10 0 0 0 0 0 3; delay 1;&amp;lt;/script&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;inlineContents&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
HEADER    NONAME 20-Oct-06                                              NONE   1&lt;br /&gt;
TITLE                                                                   NONE   2&lt;br /&gt;
AUTHOR    WWW daemon apache                                             NONE   3&lt;br /&gt;
REVDAT   1  20-Oct-06     0                                             NONE   4&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM      1  O           0       3.909  -1.039  -0.489  0.00  0.00           O+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM      2  C           0       2.599  -0.845  -0.181  0.00  0.00           C+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM      3  C           0       2.106   0.445  -0.009  0.00  0.00           C+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM      4  O           0       2.934   1.515  -0.149  0.00  0.00           O+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM      5  C           0       2.143   2.682   0.086  0.00  0.00           C+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM      6  C           0       0.770   0.636   0.305  0.00  0.00           C+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM      7  C           0      -0.070  -0.452   0.446  0.00  0.00           C+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM      8  C           0      -1.523  -0.242   0.787  0.00  0.00           C+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM      9  C           0      -2.335  -0.105  -0.502  0.00  0.00           C+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     10  C           0      -3.788   0.105  -0.161  0.00  0.00           C+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     11  C           0      -4.804   0.269  -1.261  0.00  0.00           C+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     12  O           0      -4.137   0.142   0.995  0.00  0.00           O+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     13  C           0       0.419  -1.734   0.275  0.00  0.00           C+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     14  C           0       1.750  -1.932  -0.044  0.00  0.00           C+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     15  H           0       4.384  -1.120   0.349  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     16  H           0       1.331   2.723  -0.641  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     17  H           0       1.728   2.643   1.093  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     18  H           0       2.767   3.570  -0.016  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     19  H           0       0.385   1.637   0.439  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     20  H           0      -1.889  -1.094   1.359  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     21  H           0      -1.629   0.666   1.381  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     22  H           0      -1.969   0.747  -1.074  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     23  H           0      -2.229  -1.013  -1.096  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     24  H           0      -4.306   0.208  -2.228  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     25  H           0      -5.551  -0.521  -1.186  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     26  H           0      -5.291   1.240  -1.164  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     27  H           0      -0.240  -2.582   0.386  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     28  H           0       2.130  -2.934  -0.178  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT    1    2   15    0    0                                         NONE  33&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT    2    1   14    3    0                                         NONE  34&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT    3    2    4    6    0                                         NONE  35&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT    4    3    5    0    0                                         NONE  36&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT    5    4   16   17   18                                         NONE  37&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT    6    3    7   19    0                                         NONE  38&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT    7    6    8   13    0                                         NONE  39&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT    8    7    9   20   21                                         NONE  40&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT    9    8   10   22   23                                         NONE  41&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   10    9   11   12    0                                         NONE  42&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   11   10   24   25   26                                         NONE  43&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   12   10    0    0    0                                         NONE  44&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   13    7   14   27    0                                         NONE  45&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   14   13    2   28    0                                         NONE  46&lt;br /&gt;
END                                                                     NONE  47&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/inlineContents&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/jmolApplet&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/jmol&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! {{chembox header}} colspan=&amp;quot;3&amp;quot; | Properties&lt;br /&gt;
|- &lt;br /&gt;
| colspan=&amp;quot;1&amp;quot; |IUPAC Systematic Name&lt;br /&gt;
| colspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot;|4-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-2-butanone&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| colspan=&amp;quot;1&amp;quot; |Molecular formula&lt;br /&gt;
| colspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot; |C&amp;lt;sub&amp;gt;11&amp;lt;/sub&amp;gt;H&amp;lt;sub&amp;gt;14&amp;lt;/sub&amp;gt;O&amp;lt;sub&amp;gt;3&amp;lt;/sub&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| colspan=&amp;quot;1&amp;quot; |SMILES String&lt;br /&gt;
| colspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot; |OC1=C(OC)C=C(CCC(C)=O)C=C1 &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| colspan=&amp;quot;1&amp;quot; |Molecular Mass&lt;br /&gt;
| colspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot; |194 g/mol&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| colspan=&amp;quot;1&amp;quot; |Appearance&lt;br /&gt;
| colspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot; |&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|colspan=&amp;quot;1&amp;quot; |Beilstein Registry number&lt;br /&gt;
| colspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot; |2051099&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| colspan=&amp;quot;1&amp;quot; |CAS Registry Number&lt;br /&gt;
| colspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot; |122-48-5&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! {{chembox header}} colspan=&amp;quot;3&amp;quot;| Properties&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| Melting Point&lt;br /&gt;
| colspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot; |40-42°C&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Zingerone== is the molecule responsible for most of the taste of cooked ginger.  It is also a week antioxidant, and this may account for some of the proposed medicinal properties of the compound.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Many other molecules which give foods taste and smell are chemically similar to zingerone, most notably capsaicin and vanillin, which  give vanilla and hot peppers their tastes.  Zingerone  has a higher molecular weight than vanillin, and contains a carbonyl side group which allows stronger Van Der Waals interactions.  This means zingerone can bind strongly to itself when compared with molecules like vanillin.  This in turn makes zingerone less volatile, which accounts for the fact that while vanilla and ginger give similarly strong tastes, vanilla&#039;s smell is much more potent.  It can escape more readily as a gas.  On the other hand, capsaicin is a heavier molecule than zingerone, is much less volatile, and therefore is completely odourless.&lt;br /&gt;
To compare zingerone with several other &#039;taste&#039; molecules see [http://antoine.frostburg.edu/chem/senese/101/features/capsaicin.shtml General Chemistry Online: Fire and Spice]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Fresh ginger contains no zingerone.  When ginger is cooked gingerol, a molecule present in fresh ginger, reacts to give zingerone.  Whereas gingerol has an extremely strong taste, zingerone has a milder, sweeter taste.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Image:gingerol.gif|50px]] &lt;br /&gt;
Chemical structure of gingerol, a precursor of gingerone&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
There is some evidence that gingerol has therapeutic properties that help with symptoms like nausea and vomiting, and may be of some use as a natural remedy to things like morning sickness and seasickness.  There is some controversy as to these effects because not all studies show any effect when compared with a placebo.&lt;br /&gt;
[http://bja.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/abstract/84/3/367 Article:efficacy of ginger for nausea and vomiting]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;Zingerone synthesis&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Image:Zingerone synthesis.gif|thumb|Description]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In 1968 CONNELL and SUTHERLAND examined the structures and synthesis of zingerone.  They found that it was possible to synthesise zingerone by hydrolysing gingerol using hot aqueous barium hydroxide solution.  Other aldehydes are also produced in this reaction.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Image:Gingerol hydrolysis.gif|thumb|Description]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Spectra of Zingerone==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;Infrared Spectrum&#039;&#039;:&lt;br /&gt;
[[Image:irzingerone.PNG]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;Mass Spectrum&#039;&#039;: &lt;br /&gt;
[[Image:Zingerone.jpg|thumb|Description]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==References==&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Hp305</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://chemwiki.ch.ic.ac.uk/index.php?title=It:Gingerone&amp;diff=3720</id>
		<title>It:Gingerone</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://chemwiki.ch.ic.ac.uk/index.php?title=It:Gingerone&amp;diff=3720"/>
		<updated>2006-10-24T11:53:15Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Hp305: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;{| class=&amp;quot;toccolours&amp;quot; border=&amp;quot;1&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;float: right; clear: right; margin: 0 0 1em 1em; border-collapse: collapse;&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
! {{chembox header}}  colspan=&amp;quot;3&amp;quot; |2D Structure of Zingerone &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| align=&amp;quot;center&amp;quot; colspan=&amp;quot;3&amp;quot; bgcolour=&amp;quot;#ffffff&amp;quot; | [[Image:Untitled.gif]]  &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! {{chembox header}}  colspan=&amp;quot;3&amp;quot; |3D structure of Zingerone &amp;lt;jmol&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;jmolApplet&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;size&amp;gt;200&amp;lt;/size&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;color&amp;gt;white&amp;lt;/color&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;script&amp;gt;zoom 80; cpk on;frame 1; move 10 -20 10 0 0 0 0 0 3; delay 1;&amp;lt;/script&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;inlineContents&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
HEADER    NONAME 20-Oct-06                                              NONE   1&lt;br /&gt;
TITLE                                                                   NONE   2&lt;br /&gt;
AUTHOR    WWW daemon apache                                             NONE   3&lt;br /&gt;
REVDAT   1  20-Oct-06     0                                             NONE   4&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM      1  O           0       3.909  -1.039  -0.489  0.00  0.00           O+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM      2  C           0       2.599  -0.845  -0.181  0.00  0.00           C+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM      3  C           0       2.106   0.445  -0.009  0.00  0.00           C+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM      4  O           0       2.934   1.515  -0.149  0.00  0.00           O+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM      5  C           0       2.143   2.682   0.086  0.00  0.00           C+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM      6  C           0       0.770   0.636   0.305  0.00  0.00           C+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM      7  C           0      -0.070  -0.452   0.446  0.00  0.00           C+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM      8  C           0      -1.523  -0.242   0.787  0.00  0.00           C+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM      9  C           0      -2.335  -0.105  -0.502  0.00  0.00           C+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     10  C           0      -3.788   0.105  -0.161  0.00  0.00           C+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     11  C           0      -4.804   0.269  -1.261  0.00  0.00           C+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     12  O           0      -4.137   0.142   0.995  0.00  0.00           O+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     13  C           0       0.419  -1.734   0.275  0.00  0.00           C+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     14  C           0       1.750  -1.932  -0.044  0.00  0.00           C+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     15  H           0       4.384  -1.120   0.349  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     16  H           0       1.331   2.723  -0.641  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     17  H           0       1.728   2.643   1.093  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     18  H           0       2.767   3.570  -0.016  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     19  H           0       0.385   1.637   0.439  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     20  H           0      -1.889  -1.094   1.359  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     21  H           0      -1.629   0.666   1.381  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     22  H           0      -1.969   0.747  -1.074  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     23  H           0      -2.229  -1.013  -1.096  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     24  H           0      -4.306   0.208  -2.228  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     25  H           0      -5.551  -0.521  -1.186  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     26  H           0      -5.291   1.240  -1.164  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     27  H           0      -0.240  -2.582   0.386  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
ATOM     28  H           0       2.130  -2.934  -0.178  0.00  0.00           H+0&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT    1    2   15    0    0                                         NONE  33&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT    2    1   14    3    0                                         NONE  34&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT    3    2    4    6    0                                         NONE  35&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT    4    3    5    0    0                                         NONE  36&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT    5    4   16   17   18                                         NONE  37&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT    6    3    7   19    0                                         NONE  38&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT    7    6    8   13    0                                         NONE  39&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT    8    7    9   20   21                                         NONE  40&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT    9    8   10   22   23                                         NONE  41&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   10    9   11   12    0                                         NONE  42&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   11   10   24   25   26                                         NONE  43&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   12   10    0    0    0                                         NONE  44&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   13    7   14   27    0                                         NONE  45&lt;br /&gt;
CONECT   14   13    2   28    0                                         NONE  46&lt;br /&gt;
END                                                                     NONE  47&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/inlineContents&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/jmolApplet&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/jmol&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! {{chembox header}} colspan=&amp;quot;3&amp;quot; | Properties&lt;br /&gt;
|- &lt;br /&gt;
| colspan=&amp;quot;1&amp;quot; |IUPAC Systematic Name&lt;br /&gt;
| colspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot;|4-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-2-butanone&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| colspan=&amp;quot;1&amp;quot; |Molecular formula&lt;br /&gt;
| colspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot; |C&amp;lt;sub&amp;gt;11&amp;lt;/sub&amp;gt;H&amp;lt;sub&amp;gt;14&amp;lt;/sub&amp;gt;O&amp;lt;sub&amp;gt;3&amp;lt;/sub&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| colspan=&amp;quot;1&amp;quot; |SMILES String&lt;br /&gt;
| colspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot; |OC1=C(OC)C=C(CCC(C)=O)C=C1 &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| colspan=&amp;quot;1&amp;quot; |Molecular Mass&lt;br /&gt;
| colspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot; |194 g/mol&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| colspan=&amp;quot;1&amp;quot; |Appearance&lt;br /&gt;
| colspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot; |&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|colspan=&amp;quot;1&amp;quot; |Beilstein Registry number&lt;br /&gt;
| colspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot; |2051099&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| colspan=&amp;quot;1&amp;quot; |CAS Registry Number&lt;br /&gt;
| colspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot; |122-48-5&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! {{chembox header}} colspan=&amp;quot;3&amp;quot;| Properties&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| Melting Point&lt;br /&gt;
| colspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot; |40-42°C&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Zingerone== is the molecule responsible for most of the taste of cooked ginger.  It is also a week antioxidant, and this may account for some of the proposed medicinal properties of the compound.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Many other molecules which give foods taste and smell are chemically similar to zingerone, most notably capsaicin and vanillin, which  give vanilla and hot peppers their tastes.  Zingerone  has a higher molecular weight than vanillin, and contains a carbonyl side group which allows stronger Van Der Waals interactions.  This means zingerone can bind strongly to itself when compared with molecules like vanillin.  This in turn makes zingerone less volatile, which accounts for the fact that while vanilla and ginger give similarly strong tastes, vanilla&#039;s smell is much more potent.  It can escape more readily as a gas.  On the other hand, capsaicin is a heavier molecule than zingerone, is much less volatile, and therefore is completely odourless.&lt;br /&gt;
To compare zingerone with several other &#039;taste&#039; molecules see [http://antoine.frostburg.edu/chem/senese/101/features/capsaicin.shtml General Chemistry Online: Fire and Spice]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Fresh ginger contains no zingerone.  When ginger is cooked gingerol, a molecule present in fresh ginger, reacts to give zingerone.  Whereas gingerol has an extremely strong taste, zingerone has a milder, sweeter taste.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Image:gingerol.gif|50px]] &lt;br /&gt;
Chemical structure of gingerol, a precursor of gingerone&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
There is some evidence that gingerol has therapeutic properties that help with symptoms like nausea and vomiting, and may be of some use as a natural remedy to things like morning sickness and seasickness.  There is some controversy as to these effects because not all studies show any effect when compared with a placebo.&lt;br /&gt;
[http://bja.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/abstract/84/3/367 Article:efficacy of ginger for nausea and vomiting]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;Zingerone synthesis&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Image:Zingerone synthesis.gif|thumb|Description]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In 1968 CONNELL and SUTHERLAND examined the structures and synthesis of zingerone.  They found that it was possible to synthesise zingerone by hydrolysing gingerol using hot aqueous barium hydroxide solution.  Other aldehydes are also produced in this reaction.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Image:Gingerol hydrolysis.gif|thumb|Description]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Spectra of Zingerone==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;Infrared Spectrum&#039;&#039;:&lt;br /&gt;
[[Image:irzingerone.PNG]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;Mass Spectrum&#039;&#039;: &lt;br /&gt;
[[Image:Zingerone.jpg|thumb|Description]]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Hp305</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://chemwiki.ch.ic.ac.uk/index.php?title=File:Zingerone.jpg&amp;diff=3713</id>
		<title>File:Zingerone.jpg</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://chemwiki.ch.ic.ac.uk/index.php?title=File:Zingerone.jpg&amp;diff=3713"/>
		<updated>2006-10-24T11:50:04Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Hp305: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Hp305</name></author>
	</entry>
</feed>