ChemWiki - User contributions [en]

It:Pelargonidin

2006-11-14T12:10:19Z

Elw05: /* References */

== '''Flavonoids, Nature's Paintbox''' ==

Flavonids are responsible for many bright colours in nature.

[[Image:Flavonid_MJL.gif|thumb|Flavonid 2D structure]]

In this basic structure only the two end rings are aromatic.

Various different colours can be formed by varying the basic flavonid structure in three main ways. By attaching different groups (mainly OH) to different points around the rings; by bonding to different sugars (to form glycosides); or by adjusting the acidity of their surroundings.

==Structures of Pelargonidin==

Pelargonidin is a simple anthocyanidin (a class of flavonid) with the following structure:

[[Image:Pelargonidin_MJL.gif|thumb|Pelargonidin 2D structure]]

<jmol>
<jmolApplet>
<size>400</size>
<color>white</color>
<script>zoom 100; ball and stick on;frame 1; move 10 -20 10 0 0 0 0 0 3; delay 1;</script>
<inlineContents>Pelargonidin
WLViewer 3D 0

31 33 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0999 V2000
12.7970 11.6294 -0.0062 O 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1
12.8081 13.0150 -0.0035 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2
14.0814 13.7220 -0.0005 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3
11.6669 13.6981 -0.0023 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4
14.1264 15.0524 0.0007 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5
15.2970 12.9728 0.0000 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6
11.7024 15.1646 0.0013 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 7
15.3425 15.7179 -0.0003 O 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 8
12.8708 15.8096 0.0023 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 9
16.4460 13.6215 -0.0000 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 10
10.5177 15.8822 0.0031 O 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 11
16.4345 15.1110 -0.0011 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 12
17.6205 12.8810 0.0001 O 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 13
17.7180 15.8874 0.0001 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 14
17.7048 17.2205 -0.0046 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 15
19.0118 15.1908 0.0061 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 16
18.9809 17.9651 -0.0043 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 17
20.1571 15.8606 0.0066 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 18
20.1435 17.3097 0.0015 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 19
21.3451 18.0059 0.0037 O 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 20
11.8518 11.3031 -0.0080 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
10.7910 13.2155 -0.0039 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
15.2778 11.9730 0.0004 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
12.8899 16.8094 0.0041 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
10.7206 16.8614 0.0055 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
18.4056 13.5003 0.0000 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
16.8352 17.7142 -0.0083 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
19.0295 14.1910 0.0098 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
18.9735 18.9651 -0.0085 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
21.0268 15.3671 0.0106 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
22.1065 17.3577 0.0081 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
1 2 1 0 0 0
2 3 1 0 0 0
2 4 2 0 0 0
3 5 2 0 0 0
3 6 1 0 0 0
4 7 1 0 0 0
5 8 1 0 0 0
5 9 1 0 0 0
6 10 2 0 0 0
7 9 2 0 0 0
7 11 1 0 0 0
8 12 2 0 0 0
10 12 1 0 0 0
10 13 1 0 0 0
12 14 1 0 0 0
14 15 2 0 0 0
14 16 1 0 0 0
15 17 1 0 0 0
16 18 2 0 0 0
17 19 2 0 0 0
18 19 1 0 0 0
19 20 1 0 0 0
1 21 1 0 0 0
4 22 1 0 0 0
6 23 1 0 0 0
9 24 1 0 0 0
11 25 1 0 0 0
13 26 1 0 0 0
15 27 1 0 0 0
16 28 1 0 0 0
17 29 1 0 0 0
18 30 1 0 0 0
20 31 1 0 0 0
M END</inlineContents>
</jmolApplet>
</jmol>

All three rings here are aromatic and the ‘central’ oxygen has a formal charge of +1 (and thus this molecule is sometimes shown with a counter anion such as Cl<sup>-</sup>).

Cyanidin is also an anthocyanidin and differs from pelargonidin by the addition of an OH to the meta position on the right hand ring and its structure is shown below:

[[Image:Cyanidin_MJL.gif|thumb|Cyanidin 2D structure]]

<jmol>
<jmolApplet>
<size>400</size>
<color>white</color>
<script>zoom 100; ball and stick on;frame 1; move 10 -20 10 0 0 0 0 0 3; delay 1;</script>
<inlineContents>Cyanidin
WLViewer 3D 0

32 34 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0999 V2000
17.6462 12.9341 -0.0048 O 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1
16.4712 13.6724 -0.0037 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2
16.4573 15.1648 -0.0041 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3
15.3249 13.0194 -0.0026 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4
15.3617 15.7682 -0.0043 O 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5
17.7481 15.9415 -0.0008 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6
14.1090 13.7632 -0.0012 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 7
14.1463 15.0937 -0.0028 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 8
17.7468 17.2747 -0.0026 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 9
19.0378 15.2374 0.0036 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 10
12.8456 13.0514 0.0031 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 11
12.8832 15.8411 -0.0027 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 12
19.0340 18.0081 -0.0009 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 13
20.1893 15.8964 0.0046 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 14
12.8461 11.6662 0.0050 O 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 15
11.6989 13.7247 0.0062 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 16
11.7207 15.1880 0.0026 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 17
19.0389 19.3912 -0.0027 O 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 18
20.1898 17.3428 0.0025 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 19
10.5307 15.8963 0.0041 O 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 20
21.3969 18.0288 0.0047 O 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 21
17.4273 11.9584 -0.0043 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
15.3094 12.0196 -0.0027 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
16.8820 17.7767 -0.0051 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
19.0479 14.2375 0.0060 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
12.8944 16.8410 -0.0066 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
21.0542 15.3946 0.0068 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
11.9036 11.3321 0.0080 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
10.8274 13.2344 0.0110 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
19.9827 19.7216 -0.0012 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
9.7618 15.2570 0.0082 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
22.1528 17.3742 0.0071 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
1 2 1 0 0 0
2 3 1 0 0 0
2 4 2 0 0 0
3 5 2 0 0 0
3 6 1 0 0 0
4 7 1 0 0 0
5 8 1 0 0 0
6 9 2 0 0 0
6 10 1 0 0 0
7 8 2 0 0 0
7 11 1 0 0 0
8 12 1 0 0 0
9 13 1 0 0 0
10 14 2 0 0 0
11 15 1 0 0 0
11 16 2 0 0 0
12 17 2 0 0 0
13 18 1 0 0 0
13 19 2 0 0 0
14 19 1 0 0 0
16 17 1 0 0 0
17 20 1 0 0 0
19 21 1 0 0 0
1 22 1 0 0 0
4 23 1 0 0 0
9 24 1 0 0 0
10 25 1 0 0 0
12 26 1 0 0 0
14 27 1 0 0 0
15 28 1 0 0 0
16 29 1 0 0 0
18 30 1 0 0 0
20 31 1 0 0 0
21 32 1 0 0 0
M END</inlineContents>
</jmolApplet>
</jmol>

==What is Pelargonidin?==
Pelargonidin and Cyanidin are both types of anthocyanidins. These are antioxidants that have been found to help improve blood vessel function in humans and animals.[http://www.5aday.com/html/phytochem/anthocyanidins.php 1] Anthocyanidins are found in blue, purple and red fruits and vegetables such as:
* blueberries
* blackberries
* plums
* cranberries
* raspberries
* strawberries.

Anthocyanidins have the general structure:

[[Image:Anthocyanidin.gif|thumb|anthocynaidin structure]]

The different R-groups determine the different types of anthocyanidin. Pelargonidin has a characteristic orange colour and Cyanidin has a characteristic orange-red colour.

Anthocyanidins are found in the cell's cell sap (unlike chlorophyll and carotene that are attatched to cell membranes). The colour of the pigment is altered by the pH of the cell sap. More acidic cell sap gives a red colour. Less acidic cell sap gives a more purple colour.<sup>2</sup>

==Commercial uses of the Pigments==
Anthocyanins are used in processed foods (drinks and confectionery) to avoid using synthetic additives. They are used as natural additives because they are brightly coluored and not subject to legal restrictions (as many synthetic additives are). They are also used for their nutraceutical (nutritionally beneficial) properties.

The problem with anthocyanins however, is that they can become instable during processing and storage.<sup>3</sup>

==References==
*1 - http://www.5aday.com/html/phytochem/anthocyanidins.php
*2 - http://scifun.chem.wisc.edu/chemweek/fallcolr/fallcolr.html
*3 - http://ift.confex.com/ift/2002/techprogram/paper_13499.htm

It:Pelargonidin

2006-11-14T12:09:52Z

Elw05: /* Commercial uses of the Pigments */

It:Pelargonidin

2006-11-14T12:09:03Z

Elw05: /* What is Pelargonidin? */

== '''Flavonoids, Nature's Paintbox''' ==

Flavonids are responsible for many bright colours in nature.

[[Image:Flavonid_MJL.gif|thumb|Flavonid 2D structure]]

In this basic structure only the two end rings are aromatic.

Various different colours can be formed by varying the basic flavonid structure in three main ways. By attaching different groups (mainly OH) to different points around the rings; by bonding to different sugars (to form glycosides); or by adjusting the acidity of their surroundings.

==Structures of Pelargonidin==

Pelargonidin is a simple anthocyanidin (a class of flavonid) with the following structure:

[[Image:Pelargonidin_MJL.gif|thumb|Pelargonidin 2D structure]]

<jmol>
<jmolApplet>
<size>400</size>
<color>white</color>
<script>zoom 100; ball and stick on;frame 1; move 10 -20 10 0 0 0 0 0 3; delay 1;</script>
<inlineContents>Pelargonidin
WLViewer 3D 0

31 33 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0999 V2000
12.7970 11.6294 -0.0062 O 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1
12.8081 13.0150 -0.0035 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2
14.0814 13.7220 -0.0005 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3
11.6669 13.6981 -0.0023 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4
14.1264 15.0524 0.0007 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5
15.2970 12.9728 0.0000 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6
11.7024 15.1646 0.0013 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 7
15.3425 15.7179 -0.0003 O 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 8
12.8708 15.8096 0.0023 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 9
16.4460 13.6215 -0.0000 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 10
10.5177 15.8822 0.0031 O 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 11
16.4345 15.1110 -0.0011 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 12
17.6205 12.8810 0.0001 O 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 13
17.7180 15.8874 0.0001 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 14
17.7048 17.2205 -0.0046 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 15
19.0118 15.1908 0.0061 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 16
18.9809 17.9651 -0.0043 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 17
20.1571 15.8606 0.0066 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 18
20.1435 17.3097 0.0015 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 19
21.3451 18.0059 0.0037 O 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 20
11.8518 11.3031 -0.0080 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
10.7910 13.2155 -0.0039 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
15.2778 11.9730 0.0004 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
12.8899 16.8094 0.0041 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
10.7206 16.8614 0.0055 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
18.4056 13.5003 0.0000 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
16.8352 17.7142 -0.0083 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
19.0295 14.1910 0.0098 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
18.9735 18.9651 -0.0085 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
21.0268 15.3671 0.0106 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
22.1065 17.3577 0.0081 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
1 2 1 0 0 0
2 3 1 0 0 0
2 4 2 0 0 0
3 5 2 0 0 0
3 6 1 0 0 0
4 7 1 0 0 0
5 8 1 0 0 0
5 9 1 0 0 0
6 10 2 0 0 0
7 9 2 0 0 0
7 11 1 0 0 0
8 12 2 0 0 0
10 12 1 0 0 0
10 13 1 0 0 0
12 14 1 0 0 0
14 15 2 0 0 0
14 16 1 0 0 0
15 17 1 0 0 0
16 18 2 0 0 0
17 19 2 0 0 0
18 19 1 0 0 0
19 20 1 0 0 0
1 21 1 0 0 0
4 22 1 0 0 0
6 23 1 0 0 0
9 24 1 0 0 0
11 25 1 0 0 0
13 26 1 0 0 0
15 27 1 0 0 0
16 28 1 0 0 0
17 29 1 0 0 0
18 30 1 0 0 0
20 31 1 0 0 0
M END</inlineContents>
</jmolApplet>
</jmol>

All three rings here are aromatic and the ‘central’ oxygen has a formal charge of +1 (and thus this molecule is sometimes shown with a counter anion such as Cl<sup>-</sup>).

Cyanidin is also an anthocyanidin and differs from pelargonidin by the addition of an OH to the meta position on the right hand ring and its structure is shown below:

[[Image:Cyanidin_MJL.gif|thumb|Cyanidin 2D structure]]

<jmol>
<jmolApplet>
<size>400</size>
<color>white</color>
<script>zoom 100; ball and stick on;frame 1; move 10 -20 10 0 0 0 0 0 3; delay 1;</script>
<inlineContents>Cyanidin
WLViewer 3D 0

32 34 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0999 V2000
17.6462 12.9341 -0.0048 O 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1
16.4712 13.6724 -0.0037 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2
16.4573 15.1648 -0.0041 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3
15.3249 13.0194 -0.0026 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4
15.3617 15.7682 -0.0043 O 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5
17.7481 15.9415 -0.0008 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6
14.1090 13.7632 -0.0012 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 7
14.1463 15.0937 -0.0028 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 8
17.7468 17.2747 -0.0026 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 9
19.0378 15.2374 0.0036 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 10
12.8456 13.0514 0.0031 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 11
12.8832 15.8411 -0.0027 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 12
19.0340 18.0081 -0.0009 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 13
20.1893 15.8964 0.0046 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 14
12.8461 11.6662 0.0050 O 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 15
11.6989 13.7247 0.0062 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 16
11.7207 15.1880 0.0026 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 17
19.0389 19.3912 -0.0027 O 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 18
20.1898 17.3428 0.0025 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 19
10.5307 15.8963 0.0041 O 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 20
21.3969 18.0288 0.0047 O 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 21
17.4273 11.9584 -0.0043 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
15.3094 12.0196 -0.0027 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
16.8820 17.7767 -0.0051 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
19.0479 14.2375 0.0060 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
12.8944 16.8410 -0.0066 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
21.0542 15.3946 0.0068 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
11.9036 11.3321 0.0080 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
10.8274 13.2344 0.0110 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
19.9827 19.7216 -0.0012 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
9.7618 15.2570 0.0082 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
22.1528 17.3742 0.0071 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
1 2 1 0 0 0
2 3 1 0 0 0
2 4 2 0 0 0
3 5 2 0 0 0
3 6 1 0 0 0
4 7 1 0 0 0
5 8 1 0 0 0
6 9 2 0 0 0
6 10 1 0 0 0
7 8 2 0 0 0
7 11 1 0 0 0
8 12 1 0 0 0
9 13 1 0 0 0
10 14 2 0 0 0
11 15 1 0 0 0
11 16 2 0 0 0
12 17 2 0 0 0
13 18 1 0 0 0
13 19 2 0 0 0
14 19 1 0 0 0
16 17 1 0 0 0
17 20 1 0 0 0
19 21 1 0 0 0
1 22 1 0 0 0
4 23 1 0 0 0
9 24 1 0 0 0
10 25 1 0 0 0
12 26 1 0 0 0
14 27 1 0 0 0
15 28 1 0 0 0
16 29 1 0 0 0
18 30 1 0 0 0
20 31 1 0 0 0
21 32 1 0 0 0
M END</inlineContents>
</jmolApplet>
</jmol>

==What is Pelargonidin?==
Pelargonidin and Cyanidin are both types of anthocyanidins. These are antioxidants that have been found to help improve blood vessel function in humans and animals.[http://www.5aday.com/html/phytochem/anthocyanidins.php 1] Anthocyanidins are found in blue, purple and red fruits and vegetables such as:
* blueberries
* blackberries
* plums
* cranberries
* raspberries
* strawberries.

Anthocyanidins have the general structure:

[[Image:Anthocyanidin.gif|thumb|anthocynaidin structure]]

The different R-groups determine the different types of anthocyanidin. Pelargonidin has a characteristic orange colour and Cyanidin has a characteristic orange-red colour.

Anthocyanidins are found in the cell's cell sap (unlike chlorophyll and carotene that are attatched to cell membranes). The colour of the pigment is altered by the pH of the cell sap. More acidic cell sap gives a red colour. Less acidic cell sap gives a more purple colour.<sup>2</sup>

==Commercial uses of the Pigments==
Anthocyanins are used in processed foods (drinks and confectionery) to avoid using synthetic additives. They are used as natural additives because they are brightly coluored and not subject to legal restrictions (as many synthetic additives are). They are also used for their nutraceutical (nutritionally beneficial) properties.

The problem with anthocyanins however, is that they can become instable during processing and storage.

==References==
*1 - http://www.5aday.com/html/phytochem/anthocyanidins.php
*2 - http://scifun.chem.wisc.edu/chemweek/fallcolr/fallcolr.html

It:Pelargonidin

2006-11-14T11:51:17Z

Elw05: /* '''Flavonoids, Nature's Paintbox''' */

== '''Flavonoids, Nature's Paintbox''' ==

Flavonids are responsible for many bright colours in nature.

[[Image:Flavonid_MJL.gif|thumb|Flavonid 2D structure]]

In this basic structure only the two end rings are aromatic.

Various different colours can be formed by varying the basic flavonid structure in three main ways. By attaching different groups (mainly OH) to different points around the rings; by bonding to different sugars (to form glycosides); or by adjusting the acidity of their surroundings.

==Structures of Pelargonidin==

Pelargonidin is a simple anthocyanidin (a class of flavonid) with the following structure:

[[Image:Pelargonidin_MJL.gif|thumb|Pelargonidin 2D structure]]

<jmol>
<jmolApplet>
<size>400</size>
<color>white</color>
<script>zoom 100; ball and stick on;frame 1; move 10 -20 10 0 0 0 0 0 3; delay 1;</script>
<inlineContents>Pelargonidin
WLViewer 3D 0

31 33 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0999 V2000
12.7970 11.6294 -0.0062 O 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1
12.8081 13.0150 -0.0035 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2
14.0814 13.7220 -0.0005 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3
11.6669 13.6981 -0.0023 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4
14.1264 15.0524 0.0007 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5
15.2970 12.9728 0.0000 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6
11.7024 15.1646 0.0013 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 7
15.3425 15.7179 -0.0003 O 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 8
12.8708 15.8096 0.0023 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 9
16.4460 13.6215 -0.0000 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 10
10.5177 15.8822 0.0031 O 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 11
16.4345 15.1110 -0.0011 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 12
17.6205 12.8810 0.0001 O 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 13
17.7180 15.8874 0.0001 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 14
17.7048 17.2205 -0.0046 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 15
19.0118 15.1908 0.0061 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 16
18.9809 17.9651 -0.0043 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 17
20.1571 15.8606 0.0066 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 18
20.1435 17.3097 0.0015 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 19
21.3451 18.0059 0.0037 O 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 20
11.8518 11.3031 -0.0080 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
10.7910 13.2155 -0.0039 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
15.2778 11.9730 0.0004 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
12.8899 16.8094 0.0041 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
10.7206 16.8614 0.0055 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
18.4056 13.5003 0.0000 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
16.8352 17.7142 -0.0083 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
19.0295 14.1910 0.0098 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
18.9735 18.9651 -0.0085 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
21.0268 15.3671 0.0106 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
22.1065 17.3577 0.0081 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
1 2 1 0 0 0
2 3 1 0 0 0
2 4 2 0 0 0
3 5 2 0 0 0
3 6 1 0 0 0
4 7 1 0 0 0
5 8 1 0 0 0
5 9 1 0 0 0
6 10 2 0 0 0
7 9 2 0 0 0
7 11 1 0 0 0
8 12 2 0 0 0
10 12 1 0 0 0
10 13 1 0 0 0
12 14 1 0 0 0
14 15 2 0 0 0
14 16 1 0 0 0
15 17 1 0 0 0
16 18 2 0 0 0
17 19 2 0 0 0
18 19 1 0 0 0
19 20 1 0 0 0
1 21 1 0 0 0
4 22 1 0 0 0
6 23 1 0 0 0
9 24 1 0 0 0
11 25 1 0 0 0
13 26 1 0 0 0
15 27 1 0 0 0
16 28 1 0 0 0
17 29 1 0 0 0
18 30 1 0 0 0
20 31 1 0 0 0
M END</inlineContents>
</jmolApplet>
</jmol>

All three rings here are aromatic and the ‘central’ oxygen has a formal charge of +1 (and thus this molecule is sometimes shown with a counter anion such as Cl<sup>-</sup>).

Cyanidin is also an anthocyanidin and differs from pelargonidin by the addition of an OH to the meta position on the right hand ring and its structure is shown below:

[[Image:Cyanidin_MJL.gif|thumb|Cyanidin 2D structure]]

<jmol>
<jmolApplet>
<size>400</size>
<color>white</color>
<script>zoom 100; ball and stick on;frame 1; move 10 -20 10 0 0 0 0 0 3; delay 1;</script>
<inlineContents>Cyanidin
WLViewer 3D 0

32 34 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0999 V2000
17.6462 12.9341 -0.0048 O 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1
16.4712 13.6724 -0.0037 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2
16.4573 15.1648 -0.0041 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3
15.3249 13.0194 -0.0026 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4
15.3617 15.7682 -0.0043 O 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5
17.7481 15.9415 -0.0008 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6
14.1090 13.7632 -0.0012 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 7
14.1463 15.0937 -0.0028 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 8
17.7468 17.2747 -0.0026 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 9
19.0378 15.2374 0.0036 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 10
12.8456 13.0514 0.0031 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 11
12.8832 15.8411 -0.0027 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 12
19.0340 18.0081 -0.0009 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 13
20.1893 15.8964 0.0046 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 14
12.8461 11.6662 0.0050 O 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 15
11.6989 13.7247 0.0062 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 16
11.7207 15.1880 0.0026 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 17
19.0389 19.3912 -0.0027 O 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 18
20.1898 17.3428 0.0025 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 19
10.5307 15.8963 0.0041 O 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 20
21.3969 18.0288 0.0047 O 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 21
17.4273 11.9584 -0.0043 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
15.3094 12.0196 -0.0027 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
16.8820 17.7767 -0.0051 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
19.0479 14.2375 0.0060 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
12.8944 16.8410 -0.0066 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
21.0542 15.3946 0.0068 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
11.9036 11.3321 0.0080 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
10.8274 13.2344 0.0110 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
19.9827 19.7216 -0.0012 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
9.7618 15.2570 0.0082 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
22.1528 17.3742 0.0071 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
1 2 1 0 0 0
2 3 1 0 0 0
2 4 2 0 0 0
3 5 2 0 0 0
3 6 1 0 0 0
4 7 1 0 0 0
5 8 1 0 0 0
6 9 2 0 0 0
6 10 1 0 0 0
7 8 2 0 0 0
7 11 1 0 0 0
8 12 1 0 0 0
9 13 1 0 0 0
10 14 2 0 0 0
11 15 1 0 0 0
11 16 2 0 0 0
12 17 2 0 0 0
13 18 1 0 0 0
13 19 2 0 0 0
14 19 1 0 0 0
16 17 1 0 0 0
17 20 1 0 0 0
19 21 1 0 0 0
1 22 1 0 0 0
4 23 1 0 0 0
9 24 1 0 0 0
10 25 1 0 0 0
12 26 1 0 0 0
14 27 1 0 0 0
15 28 1 0 0 0
16 29 1 0 0 0
18 30 1 0 0 0
20 31 1 0 0 0
21 32 1 0 0 0
M END</inlineContents>
</jmolApplet>
</jmol>

==What is Pelargonidin?==
Pelargonidin and Cyanidin are both types of anthocyanidins. These are antioxidants that have been found to help improve blood vessel function in humans and animals.[http://www.5aday.com/html/phytochem/anthocyanidins.php 1] Anthocyanidins are found in blue, purple and red fruits and vegetables such as:
* blueberries
* blackberries
* plums
* cranberries
* raspberries
* strawberries.

Anthocyanidins have the general structure:

[[Image:Anthocyanidin.gif|thumb|anthocynaidin structure]]

The different R-groups determine the different types of anthocyanidin. Pelargonidin has a characteristic orange colour and Cyanidin has a characteristic orange-red colour.

Anthocyanidins are found in the cell's cell sap (unlike chlorophyll and carotene that are attatched to cell membranes). The colour of the pigment is altered by the pH of the cell sap. More acidic cell sap gives a red colour. Less acidic cell sap gives a more purple colour.<sup>2</sup>

==References==
*1 - http://www.5aday.com/html/phytochem/anthocyanidins.php
*2 - http://scifun.chem.wisc.edu/chemweek/fallcolr/fallcolr.html

It:Pelargonidin

2006-11-14T11:49:20Z

Elw05: /* Structures of Pelargonidin */

== '''Flavonoids, Nature's Paintbox''' ==

Flavonids are responsible for many bright colours in nature.

[[Image:Flavonid_MJL.gif|thumb|Flavonid 2D structure]]

In this basic structure only the two end rings are aromatic.

They are formed by the reaction of sugars with proteins that are present in cell sap. The reaction requires light - this is why some apples are red on one side and green on the other. The red side was in the sun, but the green side was not.<sup>2</sup>

Various different colours can be formed by varying the basic flavonid structure in three main ways. By attaching different groups (mainly OH) to different points around the rings; by bonding to different sugars (to form glycosides); or by adjusting the acidity of their surroundings.

==Structures of Pelargonidin==

Pelargonidin is a simple anthocyanidin (a class of flavonid) with the following structure:

[[Image:Pelargonidin_MJL.gif|thumb|Pelargonidin 2D structure]]

<jmol>
<jmolApplet>
<size>400</size>
<color>white</color>
<script>zoom 100; ball and stick on;frame 1; move 10 -20 10 0 0 0 0 0 3; delay 1;</script>
<inlineContents>Pelargonidin
WLViewer 3D 0

31 33 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0999 V2000
12.7970 11.6294 -0.0062 O 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1
12.8081 13.0150 -0.0035 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2
14.0814 13.7220 -0.0005 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3
11.6669 13.6981 -0.0023 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4
14.1264 15.0524 0.0007 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5
15.2970 12.9728 0.0000 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6
11.7024 15.1646 0.0013 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 7
15.3425 15.7179 -0.0003 O 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 8
12.8708 15.8096 0.0023 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 9
16.4460 13.6215 -0.0000 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 10
10.5177 15.8822 0.0031 O 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 11
16.4345 15.1110 -0.0011 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 12
17.6205 12.8810 0.0001 O 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 13
17.7180 15.8874 0.0001 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 14
17.7048 17.2205 -0.0046 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 15
19.0118 15.1908 0.0061 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 16
18.9809 17.9651 -0.0043 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 17
20.1571 15.8606 0.0066 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 18
20.1435 17.3097 0.0015 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 19
21.3451 18.0059 0.0037 O 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 20
11.8518 11.3031 -0.0080 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
10.7910 13.2155 -0.0039 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
15.2778 11.9730 0.0004 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
12.8899 16.8094 0.0041 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
10.7206 16.8614 0.0055 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
18.4056 13.5003 0.0000 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
16.8352 17.7142 -0.0083 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
19.0295 14.1910 0.0098 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
18.9735 18.9651 -0.0085 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
21.0268 15.3671 0.0106 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
22.1065 17.3577 0.0081 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
1 2 1 0 0 0
2 3 1 0 0 0
2 4 2 0 0 0
3 5 2 0 0 0
3 6 1 0 0 0
4 7 1 0 0 0
5 8 1 0 0 0
5 9 1 0 0 0
6 10 2 0 0 0
7 9 2 0 0 0
7 11 1 0 0 0
8 12 2 0 0 0
10 12 1 0 0 0
10 13 1 0 0 0
12 14 1 0 0 0
14 15 2 0 0 0
14 16 1 0 0 0
15 17 1 0 0 0
16 18 2 0 0 0
17 19 2 0 0 0
18 19 1 0 0 0
19 20 1 0 0 0
1 21 1 0 0 0
4 22 1 0 0 0
6 23 1 0 0 0
9 24 1 0 0 0
11 25 1 0 0 0
13 26 1 0 0 0
15 27 1 0 0 0
16 28 1 0 0 0
17 29 1 0 0 0
18 30 1 0 0 0
20 31 1 0 0 0
M END</inlineContents>
</jmolApplet>
</jmol>

All three rings here are aromatic and the ‘central’ oxygen has a formal charge of +1 (and thus this molecule is sometimes shown with a counter anion such as Cl<sup>-</sup>).

Cyanidin is also an anthocyanidin and differs from pelargonidin by the addition of an OH to the meta position on the right hand ring and its structure is shown below:

[[Image:Cyanidin_MJL.gif|thumb|Cyanidin 2D structure]]

<jmol>
<jmolApplet>
<size>400</size>
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<script>zoom 100; ball and stick on;frame 1; move 10 -20 10 0 0 0 0 0 3; delay 1;</script>
<inlineContents>Cyanidin
WLViewer 3D 0

32 34 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0999 V2000
17.6462 12.9341 -0.0048 O 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1
16.4712 13.6724 -0.0037 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2
16.4573 15.1648 -0.0041 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3
15.3249 13.0194 -0.0026 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4
15.3617 15.7682 -0.0043 O 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5
17.7481 15.9415 -0.0008 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6
14.1090 13.7632 -0.0012 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 7
14.1463 15.0937 -0.0028 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 8
17.7468 17.2747 -0.0026 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 9
19.0378 15.2374 0.0036 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 10
12.8456 13.0514 0.0031 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 11
12.8832 15.8411 -0.0027 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 12
19.0340 18.0081 -0.0009 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 13
20.1893 15.8964 0.0046 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 14
12.8461 11.6662 0.0050 O 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 15
11.6989 13.7247 0.0062 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 16
11.7207 15.1880 0.0026 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 17
19.0389 19.3912 -0.0027 O 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 18
20.1898 17.3428 0.0025 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 19
10.5307 15.8963 0.0041 O 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 20
21.3969 18.0288 0.0047 O 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 21
17.4273 11.9584 -0.0043 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
15.3094 12.0196 -0.0027 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
16.8820 17.7767 -0.0051 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
19.0479 14.2375 0.0060 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
12.8944 16.8410 -0.0066 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
21.0542 15.3946 0.0068 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
11.9036 11.3321 0.0080 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
10.8274 13.2344 0.0110 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
19.9827 19.7216 -0.0012 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
9.7618 15.2570 0.0082 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
22.1528 17.3742 0.0071 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
1 2 1 0 0 0
2 3 1 0 0 0
2 4 2 0 0 0
3 5 2 0 0 0
3 6 1 0 0 0
4 7 1 0 0 0
5 8 1 0 0 0
6 9 2 0 0 0
6 10 1 0 0 0
7 8 2 0 0 0
7 11 1 0 0 0
8 12 1 0 0 0
9 13 1 0 0 0
10 14 2 0 0 0
11 15 1 0 0 0
11 16 2 0 0 0
12 17 2 0 0 0
13 18 1 0 0 0
13 19 2 0 0 0
14 19 1 0 0 0
16 17 1 0 0 0
17 20 1 0 0 0
19 21 1 0 0 0
1 22 1 0 0 0
4 23 1 0 0 0
9 24 1 0 0 0
10 25 1 0 0 0
12 26 1 0 0 0
14 27 1 0 0 0
15 28 1 0 0 0
16 29 1 0 0 0
18 30 1 0 0 0
20 31 1 0 0 0
21 32 1 0 0 0
M END</inlineContents>
</jmolApplet>
</jmol>

==What is Pelargonidin?==
Pelargonidin and Cyanidin are both types of anthocyanidins. These are antioxidants that have been found to help improve blood vessel function in humans and animals.[http://www.5aday.com/html/phytochem/anthocyanidins.php 1] Anthocyanidins are found in blue, purple and red fruits and vegetables such as:
* blueberries
* blackberries
* plums
* cranberries
* raspberries
* strawberries.

Anthocyanidins have the general structure:

[[Image:Anthocyanidin.gif|thumb|anthocynaidin structure]]

The different R-groups determine the different types of anthocyanidin. Pelargonidin has a characteristic orange colour and Cyanidin has a characteristic orange-red colour.

Anthocyanidins are found in the cell's cell sap (unlike chlorophyll and carotene that are attatched to cell membranes). The colour of the pigment is altered by the pH of the cell sap. More acidic cell sap gives a red colour. Less acidic cell sap gives a more purple colour.<sup>2</sup>

==References==
*1 - http://www.5aday.com/html/phytochem/anthocyanidins.php
*2 - http://scifun.chem.wisc.edu/chemweek/fallcolr/fallcolr.html

It:Pelargonidin

2006-11-14T11:45:29Z

Elw05: /* Structures of Pelargonidin */

== '''Flavonoids, Nature's Paintbox''' ==

Flavonids are responsible for many bright colours in nature.

[[Image:Flavonid_MJL.gif|thumb|Flavonid 2D structure]]

In this basic structure only the two end rings are aromatic.

They are formed by the reaction of sugars with proteins that are present in cell sap. The reaction requires light - this is why some apples are red on one side and green on the other. The red side was in the sun, but the green side was not.<sup>2</sup>

Various different colours can be formed by varying the basic flavonid structure in three main ways. By attaching different groups (mainly OH) to different points around the rings; by bonding to different sugars (to form glycosides); or by adjusting the acidity of their surroundings.

==Structures of Pelargonidin==

Pelargonidin is a simple anthocyanin (a class of flavonid) with the following structure:

[[Image:Pelargonidin_MJL.gif|thumb|Pelargonidin 2D structure]]

<jmol>
<jmolApplet>
<size>400</size>
<color>white</color>
<script>zoom 100; ball and stick on;frame 1; move 10 -20 10 0 0 0 0 0 3; delay 1;</script>
<inlineContents>Pelargonidin
WLViewer 3D 0

31 33 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0999 V2000
12.7970 11.6294 -0.0062 O 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1
12.8081 13.0150 -0.0035 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2
14.0814 13.7220 -0.0005 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3
11.6669 13.6981 -0.0023 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4
14.1264 15.0524 0.0007 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5
15.2970 12.9728 0.0000 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6
11.7024 15.1646 0.0013 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 7
15.3425 15.7179 -0.0003 O 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 8
12.8708 15.8096 0.0023 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 9
16.4460 13.6215 -0.0000 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 10
10.5177 15.8822 0.0031 O 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 11
16.4345 15.1110 -0.0011 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 12
17.6205 12.8810 0.0001 O 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 13
17.7180 15.8874 0.0001 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 14
17.7048 17.2205 -0.0046 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 15
19.0118 15.1908 0.0061 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 16
18.9809 17.9651 -0.0043 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 17
20.1571 15.8606 0.0066 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 18
20.1435 17.3097 0.0015 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 19
21.3451 18.0059 0.0037 O 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 20
11.8518 11.3031 -0.0080 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
10.7910 13.2155 -0.0039 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
15.2778 11.9730 0.0004 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
12.8899 16.8094 0.0041 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
10.7206 16.8614 0.0055 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
18.4056 13.5003 0.0000 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
16.8352 17.7142 -0.0083 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
19.0295 14.1910 0.0098 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
18.9735 18.9651 -0.0085 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
21.0268 15.3671 0.0106 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
22.1065 17.3577 0.0081 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
1 2 1 0 0 0
2 3 1 0 0 0
2 4 2 0 0 0
3 5 2 0 0 0
3 6 1 0 0 0
4 7 1 0 0 0
5 8 1 0 0 0
5 9 1 0 0 0
6 10 2 0 0 0
7 9 2 0 0 0
7 11 1 0 0 0
8 12 2 0 0 0
10 12 1 0 0 0
10 13 1 0 0 0
12 14 1 0 0 0
14 15 2 0 0 0
14 16 1 0 0 0
15 17 1 0 0 0
16 18 2 0 0 0
17 19 2 0 0 0
18 19 1 0 0 0
19 20 1 0 0 0
1 21 1 0 0 0
4 22 1 0 0 0
6 23 1 0 0 0
9 24 1 0 0 0
11 25 1 0 0 0
13 26 1 0 0 0
15 27 1 0 0 0
16 28 1 0 0 0
17 29 1 0 0 0
18 30 1 0 0 0
20 31 1 0 0 0
M END</inlineContents>
</jmolApplet>
</jmol>

All three rings here are aromatic and the ‘central’ oxygen has a formal charge of +1 (and thus this molecule is sometimes shown with a counter anion such as Cl<sup>-</sup>).

Cyanidin is also an anthocyanidin and differs from pelargonidin by the addition of an OH to the meta position on the right hand ring and its structure is shown below:

[[Image:Cyanidin_MJL.gif|thumb|Cyanidin 2D structure]]

<jmol>
<jmolApplet>
<size>400</size>
<color>white</color>
<script>zoom 100; ball and stick on;frame 1; move 10 -20 10 0 0 0 0 0 3; delay 1;</script>
<inlineContents>Cyanidin
WLViewer 3D 0

32 34 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0999 V2000
17.6462 12.9341 -0.0048 O 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1
16.4712 13.6724 -0.0037 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2
16.4573 15.1648 -0.0041 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3
15.3249 13.0194 -0.0026 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4
15.3617 15.7682 -0.0043 O 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5
17.7481 15.9415 -0.0008 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6
14.1090 13.7632 -0.0012 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 7
14.1463 15.0937 -0.0028 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 8
17.7468 17.2747 -0.0026 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 9
19.0378 15.2374 0.0036 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 10
12.8456 13.0514 0.0031 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 11
12.8832 15.8411 -0.0027 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 12
19.0340 18.0081 -0.0009 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 13
20.1893 15.8964 0.0046 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 14
12.8461 11.6662 0.0050 O 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 15
11.6989 13.7247 0.0062 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 16
11.7207 15.1880 0.0026 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 17
19.0389 19.3912 -0.0027 O 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 18
20.1898 17.3428 0.0025 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 19
10.5307 15.8963 0.0041 O 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 20
21.3969 18.0288 0.0047 O 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 21
17.4273 11.9584 -0.0043 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
15.3094 12.0196 -0.0027 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
16.8820 17.7767 -0.0051 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
19.0479 14.2375 0.0060 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
12.8944 16.8410 -0.0066 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
21.0542 15.3946 0.0068 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
11.9036 11.3321 0.0080 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
10.8274 13.2344 0.0110 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
19.9827 19.7216 -0.0012 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
9.7618 15.2570 0.0082 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
22.1528 17.3742 0.0071 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
1 2 1 0 0 0
2 3 1 0 0 0
2 4 2 0 0 0
3 5 2 0 0 0
3 6 1 0 0 0
4 7 1 0 0 0
5 8 1 0 0 0
6 9 2 0 0 0
6 10 1 0 0 0
7 8 2 0 0 0
7 11 1 0 0 0
8 12 1 0 0 0
9 13 1 0 0 0
10 14 2 0 0 0
11 15 1 0 0 0
11 16 2 0 0 0
12 17 2 0 0 0
13 18 1 0 0 0
13 19 2 0 0 0
14 19 1 0 0 0
16 17 1 0 0 0
17 20 1 0 0 0
19 21 1 0 0 0
1 22 1 0 0 0
4 23 1 0 0 0
9 24 1 0 0 0
10 25 1 0 0 0
12 26 1 0 0 0
14 27 1 0 0 0
15 28 1 0 0 0
16 29 1 0 0 0
18 30 1 0 0 0
20 31 1 0 0 0
21 32 1 0 0 0
M END</inlineContents>
</jmolApplet>
</jmol>

==What is Pelargonidin?==
Pelargonidin and Cyanidin are both types of anthocyanidins. These are antioxidants that have been found to help improve blood vessel function in humans and animals.[http://www.5aday.com/html/phytochem/anthocyanidins.php 1] Anthocyanidins are found in blue, purple and red fruits and vegetables such as:
* blueberries
* blackberries
* plums
* cranberries
* raspberries
* strawberries.

Anthocyanidins have the general structure:

[[Image:Anthocyanidin.gif|thumb|anthocynaidin structure]]

The different R-groups determine the different types of anthocyanidin. Pelargonidin has a characteristic orange colour and Cyanidin has a characteristic orange-red colour.

Anthocyanidins are found in the cell's cell sap (unlike chlorophyll and carotene that are attatched to cell membranes). The colour of the pigment is altered by the pH of the cell sap. More acidic cell sap gives a red colour. Less acidic cell sap gives a more purple colour.<sup>2</sup>

==References==
*1 - http://www.5aday.com/html/phytochem/anthocyanidins.php
*2 - http://scifun.chem.wisc.edu/chemweek/fallcolr/fallcolr.html

It:Pelargonidin

2006-11-14T11:44:50Z

Elw05: /* '''Flavonoids, Nature's Paintbox''' */

== '''Flavonoids, Nature's Paintbox''' ==

Flavonids are responsible for many bright colours in nature.

[[Image:Flavonid_MJL.gif|thumb|Flavonid 2D structure]]

In this basic structure only the two end rings are aromatic.

They are formed by the reaction of sugars with proteins that are present in cell sap. The reaction requires light - this is why some apples are red on one side and green on the other. The red side was in the sun, but the green side was not.<sup>2</sup>

Various different colours can be formed by varying the basic flavonid structure in three main ways. By attaching different groups (mainly OH) to different points around the rings; by bonding to different sugars (to form glycosides); or by adjusting the acidity of their surroundings.

==Structures of Pelargonidin==

Pelargonidin is a simple anthocyanidin (a class of flavonid) with the following structure:

[[Image:Pelargonidin_MJL.gif|thumb|Pelargonidin 2D structure]]

<jmol>
<jmolApplet>
<size>400</size>
<color>white</color>
<script>zoom 100; ball and stick on;frame 1; move 10 -20 10 0 0 0 0 0 3; delay 1;</script>
<inlineContents>Pelargonidin
WLViewer 3D 0

31 33 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0999 V2000
12.7970 11.6294 -0.0062 O 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1
12.8081 13.0150 -0.0035 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2
14.0814 13.7220 -0.0005 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3
11.6669 13.6981 -0.0023 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4
14.1264 15.0524 0.0007 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5
15.2970 12.9728 0.0000 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6
11.7024 15.1646 0.0013 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 7
15.3425 15.7179 -0.0003 O 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 8
12.8708 15.8096 0.0023 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 9
16.4460 13.6215 -0.0000 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 10
10.5177 15.8822 0.0031 O 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 11
16.4345 15.1110 -0.0011 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 12
17.6205 12.8810 0.0001 O 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 13
17.7180 15.8874 0.0001 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 14
17.7048 17.2205 -0.0046 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 15
19.0118 15.1908 0.0061 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 16
18.9809 17.9651 -0.0043 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 17
20.1571 15.8606 0.0066 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 18
20.1435 17.3097 0.0015 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 19
21.3451 18.0059 0.0037 O 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 20
11.8518 11.3031 -0.0080 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
10.7910 13.2155 -0.0039 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
15.2778 11.9730 0.0004 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
12.8899 16.8094 0.0041 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
10.7206 16.8614 0.0055 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
18.4056 13.5003 0.0000 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
16.8352 17.7142 -0.0083 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
19.0295 14.1910 0.0098 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
18.9735 18.9651 -0.0085 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
21.0268 15.3671 0.0106 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
22.1065 17.3577 0.0081 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
1 2 1 0 0 0
2 3 1 0 0 0
2 4 2 0 0 0
3 5 2 0 0 0
3 6 1 0 0 0
4 7 1 0 0 0
5 8 1 0 0 0
5 9 1 0 0 0
6 10 2 0 0 0
7 9 2 0 0 0
7 11 1 0 0 0
8 12 2 0 0 0
10 12 1 0 0 0
10 13 1 0 0 0
12 14 1 0 0 0
14 15 2 0 0 0
14 16 1 0 0 0
15 17 1 0 0 0
16 18 2 0 0 0
17 19 2 0 0 0
18 19 1 0 0 0
19 20 1 0 0 0
1 21 1 0 0 0
4 22 1 0 0 0
6 23 1 0 0 0
9 24 1 0 0 0
11 25 1 0 0 0
13 26 1 0 0 0
15 27 1 0 0 0
16 28 1 0 0 0
17 29 1 0 0 0
18 30 1 0 0 0
20 31 1 0 0 0
M END</inlineContents>
</jmolApplet>
</jmol>

All three rings here are aromatic and the ‘central’ oxygen has a formal charge of +1 (and thus this molecule is sometimes shown with a counter anion such as Cl<sup>-</sup>).

Cyanidin is also an anthocyanidin and differs from pelargonidin by the addition of an OH to the meta position on the right hand ring and its structure is shown below:

[[Image:Cyanidin_MJL.gif|thumb|Cyanidin 2D structure]]

<jmol>
<jmolApplet>
<size>400</size>
<color>white</color>
<script>zoom 100; ball and stick on;frame 1; move 10 -20 10 0 0 0 0 0 3; delay 1;</script>
<inlineContents>Cyanidin
WLViewer 3D 0

32 34 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0999 V2000
17.6462 12.9341 -0.0048 O 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1
16.4712 13.6724 -0.0037 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2
16.4573 15.1648 -0.0041 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3
15.3249 13.0194 -0.0026 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4
15.3617 15.7682 -0.0043 O 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5
17.7481 15.9415 -0.0008 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6
14.1090 13.7632 -0.0012 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 7
14.1463 15.0937 -0.0028 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 8
17.7468 17.2747 -0.0026 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 9
19.0378 15.2374 0.0036 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 10
12.8456 13.0514 0.0031 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 11
12.8832 15.8411 -0.0027 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 12
19.0340 18.0081 -0.0009 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 13
20.1893 15.8964 0.0046 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 14
12.8461 11.6662 0.0050 O 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 15
11.6989 13.7247 0.0062 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 16
11.7207 15.1880 0.0026 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 17
19.0389 19.3912 -0.0027 O 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 18
20.1898 17.3428 0.0025 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 19
10.5307 15.8963 0.0041 O 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 20
21.3969 18.0288 0.0047 O 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 21
17.4273 11.9584 -0.0043 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
15.3094 12.0196 -0.0027 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
16.8820 17.7767 -0.0051 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
19.0479 14.2375 0.0060 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
12.8944 16.8410 -0.0066 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
21.0542 15.3946 0.0068 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
11.9036 11.3321 0.0080 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
10.8274 13.2344 0.0110 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
19.9827 19.7216 -0.0012 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
9.7618 15.2570 0.0082 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
22.1528 17.3742 0.0071 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
1 2 1 0 0 0
2 3 1 0 0 0
2 4 2 0 0 0
3 5 2 0 0 0
3 6 1 0 0 0
4 7 1 0 0 0
5 8 1 0 0 0
6 9 2 0 0 0
6 10 1 0 0 0
7 8 2 0 0 0
7 11 1 0 0 0
8 12 1 0 0 0
9 13 1 0 0 0
10 14 2 0 0 0
11 15 1 0 0 0
11 16 2 0 0 0
12 17 2 0 0 0
13 18 1 0 0 0
13 19 2 0 0 0
14 19 1 0 0 0
16 17 1 0 0 0
17 20 1 0 0 0
19 21 1 0 0 0
1 22 1 0 0 0
4 23 1 0 0 0
9 24 1 0 0 0
10 25 1 0 0 0
12 26 1 0 0 0
14 27 1 0 0 0
15 28 1 0 0 0
16 29 1 0 0 0
18 30 1 0 0 0
20 31 1 0 0 0
21 32 1 0 0 0
M END</inlineContents>
</jmolApplet>
</jmol>

==What is Pelargonidin?==
Pelargonidin and Cyanidin are both types of anthocyanidins. These are antioxidants that have been found to help improve blood vessel function in humans and animals.[http://www.5aday.com/html/phytochem/anthocyanidins.php 1] Anthocyanidins are found in blue, purple and red fruits and vegetables such as:
* blueberries
* blackberries
* plums
* cranberries
* raspberries
* strawberries.

Anthocyanidins have the general structure:

[[Image:Anthocyanidin.gif|thumb|anthocynaidin structure]]

The different R-groups determine the different types of anthocyanidin. Pelargonidin has a characteristic orange colour and Cyanidin has a characteristic orange-red colour.

Anthocyanidins are found in the cell's cell sap (unlike chlorophyll and carotene that are attatched to cell membranes). The colour of the pigment is altered by the pH of the cell sap. More acidic cell sap gives a red colour. Less acidic cell sap gives a more purple colour.<sup>2</sup>

==References==
*1 - http://www.5aday.com/html/phytochem/anthocyanidins.php
*2 - http://scifun.chem.wisc.edu/chemweek/fallcolr/fallcolr.html

It:Pelargonidin

2006-11-14T11:38:23Z

Elw05: /* '''Flavonoids, Nature's Paintbox''' */

== '''Flavonoids, Nature's Paintbox''' ==

Flavonids are responsible for many bright colours in nature.

[[Image:Flavonid_MJL.gif|thumb|Flavonid 2D structure]]

In this basic structure only the two end rings are aromatic.

They are formed by the reaction of sugars with proteins that are present in cell sap. The reaction requires light - this is why some apples are red on one side and green on the other. The red side was in the sun, but the green side was not.<sup>2</sup>

Various different colours can be formed by varying the basic flavonid structure in three main ways. By attaching different groups (mainly OH) to different points around the rings; by bonding to different sugars (to form glycosides); or by adjusting the acidity of their surroundings.

==Structures of Pelargonidin==

Pelargonidin is a simple anthocyanidin (a class of flavonid) with the following structure:

[[Image:Pelargonidin_MJL.gif|thumb|Pelargonidin 2D structure]]

<jmol>
<jmolApplet>
<size>400</size>
<color>white</color>
<script>zoom 100; ball and stick on;frame 1; move 10 -20 10 0 0 0 0 0 3; delay 1;</script>
<inlineContents>Pelargonidin
WLViewer 3D 0

31 33 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0999 V2000
12.7970 11.6294 -0.0062 O 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1
12.8081 13.0150 -0.0035 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2
14.0814 13.7220 -0.0005 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3
11.6669 13.6981 -0.0023 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4
14.1264 15.0524 0.0007 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5
15.2970 12.9728 0.0000 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6
11.7024 15.1646 0.0013 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 7
15.3425 15.7179 -0.0003 O 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 8
12.8708 15.8096 0.0023 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 9
16.4460 13.6215 -0.0000 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 10
10.5177 15.8822 0.0031 O 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 11
16.4345 15.1110 -0.0011 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 12
17.6205 12.8810 0.0001 O 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 13
17.7180 15.8874 0.0001 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 14
17.7048 17.2205 -0.0046 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 15
19.0118 15.1908 0.0061 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 16
18.9809 17.9651 -0.0043 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 17
20.1571 15.8606 0.0066 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 18
20.1435 17.3097 0.0015 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 19
21.3451 18.0059 0.0037 O 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 20
11.8518 11.3031 -0.0080 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
10.7910 13.2155 -0.0039 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
15.2778 11.9730 0.0004 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
12.8899 16.8094 0.0041 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
10.7206 16.8614 0.0055 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
18.4056 13.5003 0.0000 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
16.8352 17.7142 -0.0083 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
19.0295 14.1910 0.0098 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
18.9735 18.9651 -0.0085 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
21.0268 15.3671 0.0106 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
22.1065 17.3577 0.0081 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
1 2 1 0 0 0
2 3 1 0 0 0
2 4 2 0 0 0
3 5 2 0 0 0
3 6 1 0 0 0
4 7 1 0 0 0
5 8 1 0 0 0
5 9 1 0 0 0
6 10 2 0 0 0
7 9 2 0 0 0
7 11 1 0 0 0
8 12 2 0 0 0
10 12 1 0 0 0
10 13 1 0 0 0
12 14 1 0 0 0
14 15 2 0 0 0
14 16 1 0 0 0
15 17 1 0 0 0
16 18 2 0 0 0
17 19 2 0 0 0
18 19 1 0 0 0
19 20 1 0 0 0
1 21 1 0 0 0
4 22 1 0 0 0
6 23 1 0 0 0
9 24 1 0 0 0
11 25 1 0 0 0
13 26 1 0 0 0
15 27 1 0 0 0
16 28 1 0 0 0
17 29 1 0 0 0
18 30 1 0 0 0
20 31 1 0 0 0
M END</inlineContents>
</jmolApplet>
</jmol>

All three rings here are aromatic and the ‘central’ oxygen has a formal charge of +1 (and thus this molecule is sometimes shown with a counter anion such as Cl<sup>-</sup>).

Cyanidin is also an anthocyanidin and differs from pelargonidin by the addition of an OH to the meta position on the right hand ring and its structure is shown below:

[[Image:Cyanidin_MJL.gif|thumb|Cyanidin 2D structure]]

<jmol>
<jmolApplet>
<size>400</size>
<color>white</color>
<script>zoom 100; ball and stick on;frame 1; move 10 -20 10 0 0 0 0 0 3; delay 1;</script>
<inlineContents>Cyanidin
WLViewer 3D 0

32 34 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0999 V2000
17.6462 12.9341 -0.0048 O 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1
16.4712 13.6724 -0.0037 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2
16.4573 15.1648 -0.0041 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3
15.3249 13.0194 -0.0026 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4
15.3617 15.7682 -0.0043 O 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5
17.7481 15.9415 -0.0008 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6
14.1090 13.7632 -0.0012 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 7
14.1463 15.0937 -0.0028 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 8
17.7468 17.2747 -0.0026 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 9
19.0378 15.2374 0.0036 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 10
12.8456 13.0514 0.0031 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 11
12.8832 15.8411 -0.0027 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 12
19.0340 18.0081 -0.0009 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 13
20.1893 15.8964 0.0046 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 14
12.8461 11.6662 0.0050 O 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 15
11.6989 13.7247 0.0062 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 16
11.7207 15.1880 0.0026 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 17
19.0389 19.3912 -0.0027 O 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 18
20.1898 17.3428 0.0025 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 19
10.5307 15.8963 0.0041 O 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 20
21.3969 18.0288 0.0047 O 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 21
17.4273 11.9584 -0.0043 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
15.3094 12.0196 -0.0027 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
16.8820 17.7767 -0.0051 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
19.0479 14.2375 0.0060 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
12.8944 16.8410 -0.0066 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
21.0542 15.3946 0.0068 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
11.9036 11.3321 0.0080 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
10.8274 13.2344 0.0110 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
19.9827 19.7216 -0.0012 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
9.7618 15.2570 0.0082 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
22.1528 17.3742 0.0071 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
1 2 1 0 0 0
2 3 1 0 0 0
2 4 2 0 0 0
3 5 2 0 0 0
3 6 1 0 0 0
4 7 1 0 0 0
5 8 1 0 0 0
6 9 2 0 0 0
6 10 1 0 0 0
7 8 2 0 0 0
7 11 1 0 0 0
8 12 1 0 0 0
9 13 1 0 0 0
10 14 2 0 0 0
11 15 1 0 0 0
11 16 2 0 0 0
12 17 2 0 0 0
13 18 1 0 0 0
13 19 2 0 0 0
14 19 1 0 0 0
16 17 1 0 0 0
17 20 1 0 0 0
19 21 1 0 0 0
1 22 1 0 0 0
4 23 1 0 0 0
9 24 1 0 0 0
10 25 1 0 0 0
12 26 1 0 0 0
14 27 1 0 0 0
15 28 1 0 0 0
16 29 1 0 0 0
18 30 1 0 0 0
20 31 1 0 0 0
21 32 1 0 0 0
M END</inlineContents>
</jmolApplet>
</jmol>

==What is Pelargonidin?==
Pelargonidin and Cyanidin are both types of anthocyanidins. These are antioxidants that have been found to help improve blood vessel function in humans and animals.[http://www.5aday.com/html/phytochem/anthocyanidins.php 1] Anthocyanidins are found in blue, purple and red fruits and vegetables such as:
* blueberries
* blackberries
* plums
* cranberries
* raspberries
* strawberries.

Anthocyanidins have the general structure:

[[Image:Anthocyanidin.gif|thumb|anthocynaidin structure]]

The different R-groups determine the different types of anthocyanidin. Pelargonidin has a characteristic orange colour and Cyanidin has a characteristic orange-red colour.

Anthocyanidins are found in the cell's cell sap (unlike chlorophyll and carotene that are attatched to cell membranes). The colour of the pigment is altered by the pH of the cell sap. More acidic cell sap gives a red colour. Less acidic cell sap gives a more purple colour.<sup>2</sup>

==References==
*1 - http://www.5aday.com/html/phytochem/anthocyanidins.php
*2 - http://scifun.chem.wisc.edu/chemweek/fallcolr/fallcolr.html

It:Pelargonidin

2006-11-14T11:30:08Z

Elw05: /* References */

== '''Flavonoids, Nature's Paintbox''' ==

Flavonids are responsible for many bright colours in nature.

[[Image:Flavonid_MJL.gif|thumb|Flavonid 2D structure]]

In this basic structure only the two end rings are aromatic.

Various different colours can be formed by varying the basic flavonid structure in three main ways. They are by attaching different groups (mainly OH) at different points around the rings, bonding to different sugars (to form glycosides) or adjusting the acidity of their surroundings.

==Structures of Pelargonidin==

Pelargonidin is a simple anthocyanidin (a class of flavonid) with the following structure:

[[Image:Pelargonidin_MJL.gif|thumb|Pelargonidin 2D structure]]

<jmol>
<jmolApplet>
<size>400</size>
<color>white</color>
<script>zoom 100; ball and stick on;frame 1; move 10 -20 10 0 0 0 0 0 3; delay 1;</script>
<inlineContents>Pelargonidin
WLViewer 3D 0

31 33 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0999 V2000
12.7970 11.6294 -0.0062 O 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1
12.8081 13.0150 -0.0035 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2
14.0814 13.7220 -0.0005 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3
11.6669 13.6981 -0.0023 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4
14.1264 15.0524 0.0007 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5
15.2970 12.9728 0.0000 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6
11.7024 15.1646 0.0013 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 7
15.3425 15.7179 -0.0003 O 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 8
12.8708 15.8096 0.0023 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 9
16.4460 13.6215 -0.0000 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 10
10.5177 15.8822 0.0031 O 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 11
16.4345 15.1110 -0.0011 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 12
17.6205 12.8810 0.0001 O 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 13
17.7180 15.8874 0.0001 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 14
17.7048 17.2205 -0.0046 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 15
19.0118 15.1908 0.0061 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 16
18.9809 17.9651 -0.0043 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 17
20.1571 15.8606 0.0066 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 18
20.1435 17.3097 0.0015 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 19
21.3451 18.0059 0.0037 O 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 20
11.8518 11.3031 -0.0080 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
10.7910 13.2155 -0.0039 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
15.2778 11.9730 0.0004 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
12.8899 16.8094 0.0041 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
10.7206 16.8614 0.0055 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
18.4056 13.5003 0.0000 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
16.8352 17.7142 -0.0083 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
19.0295 14.1910 0.0098 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
18.9735 18.9651 -0.0085 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
21.0268 15.3671 0.0106 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
22.1065 17.3577 0.0081 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
1 2 1 0 0 0
2 3 1 0 0 0
2 4 2 0 0 0
3 5 2 0 0 0
3 6 1 0 0 0
4 7 1 0 0 0
5 8 1 0 0 0
5 9 1 0 0 0
6 10 2 0 0 0
7 9 2 0 0 0
7 11 1 0 0 0
8 12 2 0 0 0
10 12 1 0 0 0
10 13 1 0 0 0
12 14 1 0 0 0
14 15 2 0 0 0
14 16 1 0 0 0
15 17 1 0 0 0
16 18 2 0 0 0
17 19 2 0 0 0
18 19 1 0 0 0
19 20 1 0 0 0
1 21 1 0 0 0
4 22 1 0 0 0
6 23 1 0 0 0
9 24 1 0 0 0
11 25 1 0 0 0
13 26 1 0 0 0
15 27 1 0 0 0
16 28 1 0 0 0
17 29 1 0 0 0
18 30 1 0 0 0
20 31 1 0 0 0
M END</inlineContents>
</jmolApplet>
</jmol>

All three rings here are aromatic and the ‘central’ oxygen has a formal charge of +1 (and thus this molecule is sometimes shown with a counter anion such as Cl<sup>-</sup>).

Cyanidin is also an anthocyanidin and differs from pelargonidin by the addition of an OH to the meta position on the right hand ring and its structure is shown below:

[[Image:Cyanidin_MJL.gif|thumb|Cyanidin 2D structure]]

<jmol>
<jmolApplet>
<size>400</size>
<color>white</color>
<script>zoom 100; ball and stick on;frame 1; move 10 -20 10 0 0 0 0 0 3; delay 1;</script>
<inlineContents>Cyanidin
WLViewer 3D 0

32 34 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0999 V2000
17.6462 12.9341 -0.0048 O 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1
16.4712 13.6724 -0.0037 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2
16.4573 15.1648 -0.0041 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3
15.3249 13.0194 -0.0026 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4
15.3617 15.7682 -0.0043 O 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5
17.7481 15.9415 -0.0008 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6
14.1090 13.7632 -0.0012 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 7
14.1463 15.0937 -0.0028 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 8
17.7468 17.2747 -0.0026 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 9
19.0378 15.2374 0.0036 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 10
12.8456 13.0514 0.0031 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 11
12.8832 15.8411 -0.0027 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 12
19.0340 18.0081 -0.0009 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 13
20.1893 15.8964 0.0046 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 14
12.8461 11.6662 0.0050 O 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 15
11.6989 13.7247 0.0062 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 16
11.7207 15.1880 0.0026 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 17
19.0389 19.3912 -0.0027 O 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 18
20.1898 17.3428 0.0025 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 19
10.5307 15.8963 0.0041 O 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 20
21.3969 18.0288 0.0047 O 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 21
17.4273 11.9584 -0.0043 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
15.3094 12.0196 -0.0027 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
16.8820 17.7767 -0.0051 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
19.0479 14.2375 0.0060 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
12.8944 16.8410 -0.0066 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
21.0542 15.3946 0.0068 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
11.9036 11.3321 0.0080 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
10.8274 13.2344 0.0110 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
19.9827 19.7216 -0.0012 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
9.7618 15.2570 0.0082 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
22.1528 17.3742 0.0071 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
1 2 1 0 0 0
2 3 1 0 0 0
2 4 2 0 0 0
3 5 2 0 0 0
3 6 1 0 0 0
4 7 1 0 0 0
5 8 1 0 0 0
6 9 2 0 0 0
6 10 1 0 0 0
7 8 2 0 0 0
7 11 1 0 0 0
8 12 1 0 0 0
9 13 1 0 0 0
10 14 2 0 0 0
11 15 1 0 0 0
11 16 2 0 0 0
12 17 2 0 0 0
13 18 1 0 0 0
13 19 2 0 0 0
14 19 1 0 0 0
16 17 1 0 0 0
17 20 1 0 0 0
19 21 1 0 0 0
1 22 1 0 0 0
4 23 1 0 0 0
9 24 1 0 0 0
10 25 1 0 0 0
12 26 1 0 0 0
14 27 1 0 0 0
15 28 1 0 0 0
16 29 1 0 0 0
18 30 1 0 0 0
20 31 1 0 0 0
21 32 1 0 0 0
M END</inlineContents>
</jmolApplet>
</jmol>

==What is Pelargonidin?==
Pelargonidin and Cyanidin are both types of anthocyanidins. These are antioxidants that have been found to help improve blood vessel function in humans and animals.[http://www.5aday.com/html/phytochem/anthocyanidins.php 1] Anthocyanidins are found in blue, purple and red fruits and vegetables such as:
* blueberries
* blackberries
* plums
* cranberries
* raspberries
* strawberries.

Anthocyanidins have the general structure:

[[Image:Anthocyanidin.gif|thumb|anthocynaidin structure]]

The different R-groups determine the different types of anthocyanidin. Pelargonidin has a characteristic orange colour and Cyanidin has a characteristic orange-red colour.

Anthocyanidins are found in the cell's cell sap (unlike chlorophyll and carotene that are attatched to cell membranes). The colour of the pigment is altered by the pH of the cell sap. More acidic cell sap gives a red colour. Less acidic cell sap gives a more purple colour.<sup>2</sup>

==References==
*1 - http://www.5aday.com/html/phytochem/anthocyanidins.php
*2 - http://scifun.chem.wisc.edu/chemweek/fallcolr/fallcolr.html

It:Pelargonidin

2006-11-14T11:29:30Z

Elw05: /* What is Pelargonidin? */

== '''Flavonoids, Nature's Paintbox''' ==

Flavonids are responsible for many bright colours in nature.

[[Image:Flavonid_MJL.gif|thumb|Flavonid 2D structure]]

In this basic structure only the two end rings are aromatic.

Various different colours can be formed by varying the basic flavonid structure in three main ways. They are by attaching different groups (mainly OH) at different points around the rings, bonding to different sugars (to form glycosides) or adjusting the acidity of their surroundings.

==Structures of Pelargonidin==

Pelargonidin is a simple anthocyanidin (a class of flavonid) with the following structure:

[[Image:Pelargonidin_MJL.gif|thumb|Pelargonidin 2D structure]]

<jmol>
<jmolApplet>
<size>400</size>
<color>white</color>
<script>zoom 100; ball and stick on;frame 1; move 10 -20 10 0 0 0 0 0 3; delay 1;</script>
<inlineContents>Pelargonidin
WLViewer 3D 0

31 33 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0999 V2000
12.7970 11.6294 -0.0062 O 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1
12.8081 13.0150 -0.0035 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2
14.0814 13.7220 -0.0005 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3
11.6669 13.6981 -0.0023 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4
14.1264 15.0524 0.0007 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5
15.2970 12.9728 0.0000 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6
11.7024 15.1646 0.0013 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 7
15.3425 15.7179 -0.0003 O 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 8
12.8708 15.8096 0.0023 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 9
16.4460 13.6215 -0.0000 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 10
10.5177 15.8822 0.0031 O 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 11
16.4345 15.1110 -0.0011 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 12
17.6205 12.8810 0.0001 O 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 13
17.7180 15.8874 0.0001 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 14
17.7048 17.2205 -0.0046 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 15
19.0118 15.1908 0.0061 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 16
18.9809 17.9651 -0.0043 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 17
20.1571 15.8606 0.0066 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 18
20.1435 17.3097 0.0015 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 19
21.3451 18.0059 0.0037 O 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 20
11.8518 11.3031 -0.0080 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
10.7910 13.2155 -0.0039 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
15.2778 11.9730 0.0004 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
12.8899 16.8094 0.0041 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
10.7206 16.8614 0.0055 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
18.4056 13.5003 0.0000 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
16.8352 17.7142 -0.0083 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
19.0295 14.1910 0.0098 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
18.9735 18.9651 -0.0085 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
21.0268 15.3671 0.0106 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
22.1065 17.3577 0.0081 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
1 2 1 0 0 0
2 3 1 0 0 0
2 4 2 0 0 0
3 5 2 0 0 0
3 6 1 0 0 0
4 7 1 0 0 0
5 8 1 0 0 0
5 9 1 0 0 0
6 10 2 0 0 0
7 9 2 0 0 0
7 11 1 0 0 0
8 12 2 0 0 0
10 12 1 0 0 0
10 13 1 0 0 0
12 14 1 0 0 0
14 15 2 0 0 0
14 16 1 0 0 0
15 17 1 0 0 0
16 18 2 0 0 0
17 19 2 0 0 0
18 19 1 0 0 0
19 20 1 0 0 0
1 21 1 0 0 0
4 22 1 0 0 0
6 23 1 0 0 0
9 24 1 0 0 0
11 25 1 0 0 0
13 26 1 0 0 0
15 27 1 0 0 0
16 28 1 0 0 0
17 29 1 0 0 0
18 30 1 0 0 0
20 31 1 0 0 0
M END</inlineContents>
</jmolApplet>
</jmol>

All three rings here are aromatic and the ‘central’ oxygen has a formal charge of +1 (and thus this molecule is sometimes shown with a counter anion such as Cl<sup>-</sup>).

Cyanidin is also an anthocyanidin and differs from pelargonidin by the addition of an OH to the meta position on the right hand ring and its structure is shown below:

[[Image:Cyanidin_MJL.gif|thumb|Cyanidin 2D structure]]

<jmol>
<jmolApplet>
<size>400</size>
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<script>zoom 100; ball and stick on;frame 1; move 10 -20 10 0 0 0 0 0 3; delay 1;</script>
<inlineContents>Cyanidin
WLViewer 3D 0

32 34 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0999 V2000
17.6462 12.9341 -0.0048 O 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1
16.4712 13.6724 -0.0037 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2
16.4573 15.1648 -0.0041 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3
15.3249 13.0194 -0.0026 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4
15.3617 15.7682 -0.0043 O 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5
17.7481 15.9415 -0.0008 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6
14.1090 13.7632 -0.0012 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 7
14.1463 15.0937 -0.0028 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 8
17.7468 17.2747 -0.0026 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 9
19.0378 15.2374 0.0036 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 10
12.8456 13.0514 0.0031 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 11
12.8832 15.8411 -0.0027 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 12
19.0340 18.0081 -0.0009 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 13
20.1893 15.8964 0.0046 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 14
12.8461 11.6662 0.0050 O 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 15
11.6989 13.7247 0.0062 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 16
11.7207 15.1880 0.0026 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 17
19.0389 19.3912 -0.0027 O 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 18
20.1898 17.3428 0.0025 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 19
10.5307 15.8963 0.0041 O 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 20
21.3969 18.0288 0.0047 O 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 21
17.4273 11.9584 -0.0043 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
15.3094 12.0196 -0.0027 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
16.8820 17.7767 -0.0051 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
19.0479 14.2375 0.0060 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
12.8944 16.8410 -0.0066 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
21.0542 15.3946 0.0068 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
11.9036 11.3321 0.0080 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
10.8274 13.2344 0.0110 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
19.9827 19.7216 -0.0012 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
9.7618 15.2570 0.0082 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
22.1528 17.3742 0.0071 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
1 2 1 0 0 0
2 3 1 0 0 0
2 4 2 0 0 0
3 5 2 0 0 0
3 6 1 0 0 0
4 7 1 0 0 0
5 8 1 0 0 0
6 9 2 0 0 0
6 10 1 0 0 0
7 8 2 0 0 0
7 11 1 0 0 0
8 12 1 0 0 0
9 13 1 0 0 0
10 14 2 0 0 0
11 15 1 0 0 0
11 16 2 0 0 0
12 17 2 0 0 0
13 18 1 0 0 0
13 19 2 0 0 0
14 19 1 0 0 0
16 17 1 0 0 0
17 20 1 0 0 0
19 21 1 0 0 0
1 22 1 0 0 0
4 23 1 0 0 0
9 24 1 0 0 0
10 25 1 0 0 0
12 26 1 0 0 0
14 27 1 0 0 0
15 28 1 0 0 0
16 29 1 0 0 0
18 30 1 0 0 0
20 31 1 0 0 0
21 32 1 0 0 0
M END</inlineContents>
</jmolApplet>
</jmol>

==What is Pelargonidin?==
Pelargonidin and Cyanidin are both types of anthocyanidins. These are antioxidants that have been found to help improve blood vessel function in humans and animals.[http://www.5aday.com/html/phytochem/anthocyanidins.php 1] Anthocyanidins are found in blue, purple and red fruits and vegetables such as:
* blueberries
* blackberries
* plums
* cranberries
* raspberries
* strawberries.

Anthocyanidins have the general structure:

[[Image:Anthocyanidin.gif|thumb|anthocynaidin structure]]

The different R-groups determine the different types of anthocyanidin. Pelargonidin has a characteristic orange colour and Cyanidin has a characteristic orange-red colour.

Anthocyanidins are found in the cell's cell sap (unlike chlorophyll and carotene that are attatched to cell membranes). The colour of the pigment is altered by the pH of the cell sap. More acidic cell sap gives a red colour. Less acidic cell sap gives a more purple colour.<sup>2</sup>

==References==
*1 - http://www.5aday.com/html/phytochem/anthocyanidins.php

It:Pelargonidin

2006-11-14T11:27:57Z

Elw05: /* What is Pelargonidin? */

== '''Flavonoids, Nature's Paintbox''' ==

Flavonids are responsible for many bright colours in nature.

[[Image:Flavonid_MJL.gif|thumb|Flavonid 2D structure]]

In this basic structure only the two end rings are aromatic.

Various different colours can be formed by varying the basic flavonid structure in three main ways. They are by attaching different groups (mainly OH) at different points around the rings, bonding to different sugars (to form glycosides) or adjusting the acidity of their surroundings.

==Structures of Pelargonidin==

Pelargonidin is a simple anthocyanidin (a class of flavonid) with the following structure:

[[Image:Pelargonidin_MJL.gif|thumb|Pelargonidin 2D structure]]

<jmol>
<jmolApplet>
<size>400</size>
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<script>zoom 100; ball and stick on;frame 1; move 10 -20 10 0 0 0 0 0 3; delay 1;</script>
<inlineContents>Pelargonidin
WLViewer 3D 0

31 33 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0999 V2000
12.7970 11.6294 -0.0062 O 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1
12.8081 13.0150 -0.0035 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2
14.0814 13.7220 -0.0005 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3
11.6669 13.6981 -0.0023 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4
14.1264 15.0524 0.0007 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5
15.2970 12.9728 0.0000 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6
11.7024 15.1646 0.0013 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 7
15.3425 15.7179 -0.0003 O 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 8
12.8708 15.8096 0.0023 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 9
16.4460 13.6215 -0.0000 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 10
10.5177 15.8822 0.0031 O 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 11
16.4345 15.1110 -0.0011 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 12
17.6205 12.8810 0.0001 O 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 13
17.7180 15.8874 0.0001 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 14
17.7048 17.2205 -0.0046 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 15
19.0118 15.1908 0.0061 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 16
18.9809 17.9651 -0.0043 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 17
20.1571 15.8606 0.0066 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 18
20.1435 17.3097 0.0015 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 19
21.3451 18.0059 0.0037 O 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 20
11.8518 11.3031 -0.0080 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
10.7910 13.2155 -0.0039 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
15.2778 11.9730 0.0004 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
12.8899 16.8094 0.0041 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
10.7206 16.8614 0.0055 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
18.4056 13.5003 0.0000 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
16.8352 17.7142 -0.0083 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
19.0295 14.1910 0.0098 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
18.9735 18.9651 -0.0085 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
21.0268 15.3671 0.0106 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
22.1065 17.3577 0.0081 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
1 2 1 0 0 0
2 3 1 0 0 0
2 4 2 0 0 0
3 5 2 0 0 0
3 6 1 0 0 0
4 7 1 0 0 0
5 8 1 0 0 0
5 9 1 0 0 0
6 10 2 0 0 0
7 9 2 0 0 0
7 11 1 0 0 0
8 12 2 0 0 0
10 12 1 0 0 0
10 13 1 0 0 0
12 14 1 0 0 0
14 15 2 0 0 0
14 16 1 0 0 0
15 17 1 0 0 0
16 18 2 0 0 0
17 19 2 0 0 0
18 19 1 0 0 0
19 20 1 0 0 0
1 21 1 0 0 0
4 22 1 0 0 0
6 23 1 0 0 0
9 24 1 0 0 0
11 25 1 0 0 0
13 26 1 0 0 0
15 27 1 0 0 0
16 28 1 0 0 0
17 29 1 0 0 0
18 30 1 0 0 0
20 31 1 0 0 0
M END</inlineContents>
</jmolApplet>
</jmol>

All three rings here are aromatic and the ‘central’ oxygen has a formal charge of +1 (and thus this molecule is sometimes shown with a counter anion such as Cl<sup>-</sup>).

Cyanidin is also an anthocyanidin and differs from pelargonidin by the addition of an OH to the meta position on the right hand ring and its structure is shown below:

[[Image:Cyanidin_MJL.gif|thumb|Cyanidin 2D structure]]

<jmol>
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<size>400</size>
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<inlineContents>Cyanidin
WLViewer 3D 0

32 34 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0999 V2000
17.6462 12.9341 -0.0048 O 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1
16.4712 13.6724 -0.0037 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2
16.4573 15.1648 -0.0041 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3
15.3249 13.0194 -0.0026 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4
15.3617 15.7682 -0.0043 O 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5
17.7481 15.9415 -0.0008 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6
14.1090 13.7632 -0.0012 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 7
14.1463 15.0937 -0.0028 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 8
17.7468 17.2747 -0.0026 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 9
19.0378 15.2374 0.0036 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 10
12.8456 13.0514 0.0031 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 11
12.8832 15.8411 -0.0027 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 12
19.0340 18.0081 -0.0009 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 13
20.1893 15.8964 0.0046 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 14
12.8461 11.6662 0.0050 O 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 15
11.6989 13.7247 0.0062 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 16
11.7207 15.1880 0.0026 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 17
19.0389 19.3912 -0.0027 O 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 18
20.1898 17.3428 0.0025 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 19
10.5307 15.8963 0.0041 O 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 20
21.3969 18.0288 0.0047 O 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 21
17.4273 11.9584 -0.0043 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
15.3094 12.0196 -0.0027 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
16.8820 17.7767 -0.0051 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
19.0479 14.2375 0.0060 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
12.8944 16.8410 -0.0066 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
21.0542 15.3946 0.0068 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
11.9036 11.3321 0.0080 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
10.8274 13.2344 0.0110 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
19.9827 19.7216 -0.0012 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
9.7618 15.2570 0.0082 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
22.1528 17.3742 0.0071 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
1 2 1 0 0 0
2 3 1 0 0 0
2 4 2 0 0 0
3 5 2 0 0 0
3 6 1 0 0 0
4 7 1 0 0 0
5 8 1 0 0 0
6 9 2 0 0 0
6 10 1 0 0 0
7 8 2 0 0 0
7 11 1 0 0 0
8 12 1 0 0 0
9 13 1 0 0 0
10 14 2 0 0 0
11 15 1 0 0 0
11 16 2 0 0 0
12 17 2 0 0 0
13 18 1 0 0 0
13 19 2 0 0 0
14 19 1 0 0 0
16 17 1 0 0 0
17 20 1 0 0 0
19 21 1 0 0 0
1 22 1 0 0 0
4 23 1 0 0 0
9 24 1 0 0 0
10 25 1 0 0 0
12 26 1 0 0 0
14 27 1 0 0 0
15 28 1 0 0 0
16 29 1 0 0 0
18 30 1 0 0 0
20 31 1 0 0 0
21 32 1 0 0 0
M END</inlineContents>
</jmolApplet>
</jmol>

==What is Pelargonidin?==
Pelargonidin and Cyanidin are both types of anthocyanidins. These are antioxidants that have been found to help improve blood vessel function in humans and animals.[http://www.5aday.com/html/phytochem/anthocyanidins.php 1] Anthocyanidins are found in blue, purple and red fruits and vegetables such as:
* blueberries
* blackberries
* plums
* cranberries
* raspberries
* strawberries.

Anthocyanidins have the general structure:

[[Image:Anthocyanidin.gif|thumb|anthocynaidin structure]]

The different R-groups determine the different types of anthocyanidin. Pelargonidin has a characteristic orange colour and Cyanidin has a characteristic orange-red colour.

Anthocyanidins are found in the cell's cell sap (unlike chlorophyll and carotene that are attatched to cell membranes). The colour of the pigment is altered by the pH of the cell sap. More acidic cell sap gives a red colour. Less acidic cell sap gives a more purple colour.

==References==
*1 - http://www.5aday.com/html/phytochem/anthocyanidins.php

It:Thyroxine

2006-10-31T11:55:31Z

Elw05: /* Converting T<sub>4</sub> to T<sub>3</sub><sup>3</sup> */

Thyroxine (tetraiodothyronine, T<sub>4</sub>) and triiodothyronine (T<sub>3</sub>) are hormones produced by the thyroid gland that are essential for regulating metabolism.

A lot more T<sub>4</sub> is produced than T<sub>3</sub> because it has a longer half-life. It is converted to the more potent T<sub>3</sub> (about four times more potent than T<sub>4</sub>) by a deiodination reaction.

=Structure<sup>1</sup>=
[[Image:Thyroxine.gif|thumb|left]]

<jmol>
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<size>200</size>
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<script>zoom 80; cpk off;frame 1; move 10 -20 10 0 0 0 0 0 3; delay 1;</script>
<inlineContents>HEADER CSD ENTRY XICKAV
HEADER NONAME 23-Oct-06 NONE 1
TITLE NONE 2
AUTHOR WWW daemon apache NONE 3
REVDAT 1 23-Oct-06 0 NONE 4
ATOM 1 O 0 3.931 -0.406 1.877 0.00 0.00 O+0
ATOM 2 C 0 2.936 -0.209 0.971 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 3 C 0 3.248 0.096 -0.346 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 4 I 0 5.252 0.252 -0.939 0.00 0.00 I+0
ATOM 5 C 0 2.238 0.297 -1.267 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 6 C 0 0.911 0.193 -0.875 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 7 O 0 -0.083 0.390 -1.781 0.00 0.00 O+0
ATOM 8 C 0 -1.257 0.226 -1.118 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 9 C 0 -1.871 1.313 -0.510 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 10 I 0 -0.987 3.209 -0.615 0.00 0.00 I+0
ATOM 11 C 0 -3.065 1.143 0.163 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 12 C 0 -3.649 -0.109 0.233 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 13 C 0 -4.952 -0.291 0.968 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 14 C 0 -6.118 -0.082 -0.000 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 15 C 0 -7.416 -0.383 0.704 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 16 O 0 -7.796 -1.592 0.850 0.00 0.00 O+0
ATOM 17 O 0 -8.134 0.570 1.153 0.00 0.00 O+0
ATOM 18 N 0 -6.125 1.312 -0.464 0.00 0.00 N+0
ATOM 19 C 0 -3.041 -1.193 -0.371 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 20 C 0 -1.849 -1.028 -1.051 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 21 I 0 -0.927 -2.672 -1.966 0.00 0.00 I+0
ATOM 22 C 0 0.599 -0.112 0.442 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 23 C 0 1.610 -0.318 1.362 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 24 I 0 1.138 -0.779 3.350 0.00 0.00 I+0
ATOM 25 H 0 4.126 0.456 2.270 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 26 H 0 2.481 0.535 -2.292 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 27 H 0 -3.543 1.988 0.636 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 28 H 0 -4.999 -1.298 1.381 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 29 H 0 -5.017 0.437 1.778 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 30 H 0 -6.004 -0.749 -0.855 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 31 H 0 -6.232 1.890 0.356 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 32 H 0 -5.205 1.499 -0.834 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 33 H 0 -3.499 -2.169 -0.315 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 34 H 0 -0.434 -0.193 0.747 0.00 0.00 H+0
CONECT 1 2 25 0 0 NONE 39
CONECT 2 1 23 3 0 NONE 40
CONECT 3 2 4 5 0 NONE 41
CONECT 4 3 0 0 0 NONE 42
CONECT 5 3 6 26 0 NONE 43
CONECT 6 5 7 22 0 NONE 44
CONECT 7 6 8 0 0 NONE 45
CONECT 8 7 20 9 0 NONE 46
CONECT 9 8 10 11 0 NONE 47
CONECT 10 9 0 0 0 NONE 48
CONECT 11 9 12 27 0 NONE 49
CONECT 12 11 13 19 0 NONE 50
CONECT 13 12 14 28 29 NONE 51
CONECT 14 13 15 18 30 NONE 52
CONECT 15 14 16 17 0 NONE 53
CONECT 16 15 0 0 0 NONE 54
CONECT 17 15 0 0 0 NONE 55
CONECT 18 14 31 32 0 NONE 56
CONECT 19 12 20 33 0 NONE 57
CONECT 20 19 8 21 0 NONE 58
CONECT 21 20 0 0 0 NONE 59
CONECT 22 6 23 34 0 NONE 60
CONECT 23 22 2 24 0 NONE 61
CONECT 24 23 0 0 0 NONE 62
END</inlineContents>
</jmolApplet>
</jmol>

Molecular formula – C<sub>15</sub>H<sub>11</sub>I<sub>4</sub>NO<sub>4</sub>

Molecular Weight – 776.8742

=Releasing thyroxine<sup>2</sup>=
Thyrotrophin-releasing hormone is released in the hypothalamus. It is then carried to the pituitary gland to promote the release of thyroid-stimulating hormone. When the thyroid-stimulating hormone reaches the thyroid gland, through travelling in the blood, it can stimulate the release of T<sub>4</sub> and T<sub>3</sub>.

=Mechanism for thyroxine production<sup>3</sup>=
[[Image:Making_thyroxine.gif|thumb|left]]

=Effects of Thyroxine<sup>4</sup>=
Both T<sub>4</sub> and T<sub>3</sub> increase the basal metabolic rate – so when raised levels are present there may be an increase in body temperature and sensitivity to heat. When reduced levels are present there is a decreased tolerance to cold.
Increased levels of T<sub>4</sub> and T<sub>3</sub> mean that there is increased blood flow to the skin - to reduce the body’s raised temperature.

T<sub>3</sub> and T<sub>4</sub> increase the metabolism of lipids, carbohydrates and proteins. So raised levels result in a decrease in body mass, and reduced levels result in an increase in body mass.

High levels of T<sub>4</sub> and T<sub>3</sub> are involved in the resorption of bone, which causes demineralisation and increases the risk of fracture.

T<sub>3</sub> and T<sub>4</sub> are also essential for mental development.

=Converting T<sub>4</sub> to T<sub>3</sub><sup>3</sup>=
[[Image:Thyroxine_to_T3.gif|thumb|left]]

T<sub>4</sub> is converted into T<sub>3</sub> by the deiodination of the outer ring, or rT<sub>3</sub> by the deiodination of the inner ring. rT<sub>3</sub> (reverse T<sub>3</sub>) is an inactive form of thyronine whose function is not fully understood.

=References=
1 http://www.emolecules.com/cgi-bin/search?t=ex&q=thyroxine

2 Chapter 3: How the Thyroid Works, Thyroid for Dummies, Alan Rubin

3 www.siouxvalley.org/classlibrary/page/_staticinclude/allard.ppt

4 http://www.endocrinesurgeon.co.uk/thyroid/thyroid1-3.html

It:Thyroxine

2006-10-31T11:53:23Z

Elw05: /* Converting T<sub>4</sub> to T<sub>3</sub><sup>3</sup> */

It:Thyroxine

2006-10-31T11:51:51Z

Elw05: /* Effects of Thyroxine<sup>4</sup> */

File:Thyroxine to T3.gif

2006-10-31T11:49:58Z

Elw05:

It:Thyroxine

2006-10-31T11:47:21Z

Elw05: /* Releasing thyroxine<sup>2</sup> */

It:Thyroxine

2006-10-31T11:46:36Z

Elw05: /* Mechanism for thyroxine production<sup>3</sup> */

It:Thyroxine

2006-10-31T11:41:39Z

Elw05: /* Mechanism for thyroxine production<sup>3</sup> */

It:Thyroxine

2006-10-31T11:41:02Z

Elw05: /* Structure<sup>1</sup> */

It:Thyroxine

2006-10-31T11:39:35Z

Elw05: /* Releasing thyroxine<sup>2</sup> */

Thyroxine (tetraiodothyronine, T<sub>4</sub>) and triiodothyronine (T<sub>3</sub>) are hormones produced by the thyroid gland that are essential for regulating metabolism.

A lot more T<sub>4</sub> is produced than T<sub>3</sub> because it has a longer half-life. It is converted to the more potent T<sub>3</sub> (about four times more potent than T<sub>4</sub>) by a deiodination reaction.

=Structure<sup>1</sup>=
[[Image:Thyroxine.gif|thumb|left]]

<jmol>
<jmolApplet>
<size>200</size>
<color>white</color>
<script>zoom 80; cpk off;frame 1; move 10 -20 10 0 0 0 0 0 3; delay 1;</script>
<inlineContents>HEADER CSD ENTRY XICKAV
HEADER NONAME 23-Oct-06 NONE 1
TITLE NONE 2
AUTHOR WWW daemon apache NONE 3
REVDAT 1 23-Oct-06 0 NONE 4
ATOM 1 O 0 3.931 -0.406 1.877 0.00 0.00 O+0
ATOM 2 C 0 2.936 -0.209 0.971 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 3 C 0 3.248 0.096 -0.346 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 4 I 0 5.252 0.252 -0.939 0.00 0.00 I+0
ATOM 5 C 0 2.238 0.297 -1.267 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 6 C 0 0.911 0.193 -0.875 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 7 O 0 -0.083 0.390 -1.781 0.00 0.00 O+0
ATOM 8 C 0 -1.257 0.226 -1.118 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 9 C 0 -1.871 1.313 -0.510 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 10 I 0 -0.987 3.209 -0.615 0.00 0.00 I+0
ATOM 11 C 0 -3.065 1.143 0.163 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 12 C 0 -3.649 -0.109 0.233 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 13 C 0 -4.952 -0.291 0.968 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 14 C 0 -6.118 -0.082 -0.000 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 15 C 0 -7.416 -0.383 0.704 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 16 O 0 -7.796 -1.592 0.850 0.00 0.00 O+0
ATOM 17 O 0 -8.134 0.570 1.153 0.00 0.00 O+0
ATOM 18 N 0 -6.125 1.312 -0.464 0.00 0.00 N+0
ATOM 19 C 0 -3.041 -1.193 -0.371 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 20 C 0 -1.849 -1.028 -1.051 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 21 I 0 -0.927 -2.672 -1.966 0.00 0.00 I+0
ATOM 22 C 0 0.599 -0.112 0.442 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 23 C 0 1.610 -0.318 1.362 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 24 I 0 1.138 -0.779 3.350 0.00 0.00 I+0
ATOM 25 H 0 4.126 0.456 2.270 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 26 H 0 2.481 0.535 -2.292 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 27 H 0 -3.543 1.988 0.636 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 28 H 0 -4.999 -1.298 1.381 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 29 H 0 -5.017 0.437 1.778 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 30 H 0 -6.004 -0.749 -0.855 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 31 H 0 -6.232 1.890 0.356 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 32 H 0 -5.205 1.499 -0.834 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 33 H 0 -3.499 -2.169 -0.315 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 34 H 0 -0.434 -0.193 0.747 0.00 0.00 H+0
CONECT 1 2 25 0 0 NONE 39
CONECT 2 1 23 3 0 NONE 40
CONECT 3 2 4 5 0 NONE 41
CONECT 4 3 0 0 0 NONE 42
CONECT 5 3 6 26 0 NONE 43
CONECT 6 5 7 22 0 NONE 44
CONECT 7 6 8 0 0 NONE 45
CONECT 8 7 20 9 0 NONE 46
CONECT 9 8 10 11 0 NONE 47
CONECT 10 9 0 0 0 NONE 48
CONECT 11 9 12 27 0 NONE 49
CONECT 12 11 13 19 0 NONE 50
CONECT 13 12 14 28 29 NONE 51
CONECT 14 13 15 18 30 NONE 52
CONECT 15 14 16 17 0 NONE 53
CONECT 16 15 0 0 0 NONE 54
CONECT 17 15 0 0 0 NONE 55
CONECT 18 14 31 32 0 NONE 56
CONECT 19 12 20 33 0 NONE 57
CONECT 20 19 8 21 0 NONE 58
CONECT 21 20 0 0 0 NONE 59
CONECT 22 6 23 34 0 NONE 60
CONECT 23 22 2 24 0 NONE 61
CONECT 24 23 0 0 0 NONE 62
END</inlineContents>
</jmolApplet>
</jmol>

Molecular formula – C<sub>15</sub>H<sub>11</sub>I<sub>4</sub>NO<sub>4</sub>
Molecular Weight – 776.8742

=Releasing thyroxine<sup>2</sup>=
Thyrotrophin-releasing hormone is released in the hypothalamus. It is then carried to the pituitary gland to promote the release of thyroid-stimulating hormone. When the thyroid-stimulating hormone reaches the thyroid gland, through travelling in the blood, it can stimulate the release of T<sub>4</sub> and T<sub>3</sub>.

=Mechanism for thyroxine production<sup>3</sup>=
[[Image:Making_thyroxine.gif|thumb|left|200]]

File:Making thyroxine.gif

2006-10-31T11:37:30Z

Elw05:

It:Thyroxine

2006-10-31T11:33:01Z

Elw05: /* Structure<sup>1</sup> */

It:Thyroxine

2006-10-30T16:03:05Z

Elw05: /* Structure<sup>1</sup> */

It:Thyroxine

2006-10-30T15:56:38Z

Elw05:

It:Thyroxine

2006-10-30T15:42:36Z

Elw05:

It:Thyroxine

2006-10-30T15:39:16Z

Elw05:

File:Thyroxine.gif

2006-10-30T15:37:49Z

Elw05:

It:projects

2006-10-30T15:23:12Z

Elw05: /* Supplemental Project Page */

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[[Template:Chem-Data]]