ChemWiki - User contributions [en]

It:Acrolein

2006-11-08T15:23:26Z

Cn205:

{| class="toccolours" border="1" style="float: right; clear: right; margin: 0 0 1em 1em; border-collapse: collapse;"
! {{chembox header}} | Acrolein
|-
| align="center" colspan="2" bgcolor="#ffffff" | [[Image:Acrolein.png|250px|Acrolein]]
|-
! {{chembox header}} | General [http://physchem.ox.ac.uk/MSDS/AC/acrolein.html]
|-
| Systematic name
| 2-propenal
|-
| Other Names
| Prop-2-en-1-al 2-propene-1-one Propenal Acraldehyde Acrylic Aldehyde Allyl Aldehyde Ethylene aldehyde acrylaldehyde Aqualin Magnacide H NSC 8819 and many more...
|-
| Molecular Formula
| C3H4O
|-
| Molar Mass
| 56.06 g/mol
|-
| CAS Number
| 107-02-8
|-
| {{chembox header}} | Properties
|-
| Melting Point
| -87°C
|-
| Boiling Poing
| 52.7°C
|-
| Appearance
| Colorless liquid
|-
| Vapor Density
| 1.94 (where air = 1)
|-
| Vapour Pressure
| 286 mbar at 20°C
|-
| Auto-ignition Temperature
| 233°C
|-
|}

==General==
Acrolein, the simplest unsaturated aldehyde, is a colourless volatile liquid that burns easily with an acrid smell. It is soluble in water, alcohol and ether.

It is formed as the long chain fatty acids in meat break down when heated to 280°C, the glycerol molecule loses two molecules of water and hence forming acrolein. The acrid smell is responsible for the flavour of barbecue food. The process of heating and partially decomposition of sucrose lead to the characteristic smell of caramel. [4] Small amounts of acrolein may be found in cooking oils and roasted coffee.

Acrolein readily polymerizes exothermically, especially when it is in contact with strong acids or bases. Dimerization may occur at temperature higher than 150°C. [http://www.chemicalland21.com/industrialchem/organic/ACROLEIN.htm]

<jmol>
<jmolApplet>
<size>250</size>
<color>white</color>
<script>zoom 150; cpk off;frame 1; move 10 -20 10 0 0 0 0 0 3; delay 1;</script>
<inlineContents>acrolein.mol
title1
title2
5 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0999 V2000
7.6733 -9.8632 -0.0010 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1
8.5469 -9.3765 -0.0004 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2
9.8024 -10.1267 0.0000 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3
10.9647 -9.4775 0.0007 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4
8.5662 -8.1405 -0.0001 O 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5
1 2 1 0 0 0
2 3 1 0 0 0
3 4 2 0 0 0
2 5 2 0 0 0
M END</inlineContents>
</jmolApplet>
</jmol>
[[User:cn205|cn205]] 10:50, 7 November 2006

==Hazards==
Acrolein can be formed from the breakdown of pollutants found in the atmosphere, as well as from burning tobacco or gasoline. It is found to have major connections between tobacco cigarettes and the risk of lung caner. However, it has no direct information to prove that acrolein is carcinogenic due to the lack of human data.

When acrolein is injected directly into the embryo tissue of rats and is found to cause birth defects; but it does not affect the number of pregnancies. However, effects of acrolein in humans on reproductive or developmental have not yet been proved. [http://www.lakes-environmental.com/toxic/ACROLEIN.HTML]

Acrolein is:
* Flammable
* Highly toxic if swallowed and by inhalation (inhalation exposure to high levels such as 10 ppm may be fatal
* Severe eye irritation or causes burns to the eye
* Skin exposure causes serious damage
* Poisonous at low ppm concentrations; immediately dangerous to life at 2 ppm [2]

==Uses==
Acrolein is used to make other chemicals and pesticides.

==References==
1. http://physchem.ox.ac.uk/MSDS/AC/acrolein.html

2. http://www.chemicalland21.com/industrialchem/organic/ACROLEIN.htm

3. http://www.lakes-environmental.com/toxic/ACROLEIN.HTML

4. Atkins’ Molecules 2nd ed., Peter Atkins, CUP, 2003, pages 140-141

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acrolein

It:Acrolein

2006-11-07T13:31:56Z

Cn205: /* References */

{| class="toccolours" border="1" style="float: right; clear: right; margin: 0 0 1em 1em; border-collapse: collapse;"
! {{chembox header}} | Acrolein
|-
| align="center" colspan="2" bgcolor="#ffffff" | [[Image:Acrolein.png|250px|Acrolein]]
|-
! {{chembox header}} | General [http://physchem.ox.ac.uk/MSDS/AC/acrolein.html]
|-
| Systematic name
| 2-propenal
|-
| Other Names
| Prop-2-en-1-al 2-propene-1-one Acraldehyde Acrylic Aldehyde Allyl Aldehyde Ethylene Aldehyde and many more…
|-
| Molecular Formula
| C3H4O
|-
| Molar Mass
| 56.06 g/mol
|-
| CAS Number
| 107-02-8
|-
| {{chembox header}} | Properties
|-
| Melting Point
| -87°C
|-
| Boiling Poing
| 52.7°C
|-
| Appearance
| Colorless liquid
|-
| Vapor Density
| 1.94 (where air = 1)
|-
| Vapour Pressure
| 286 mbar at 20°C
|-
| Auto-ignition Temperature
| 233°C
|-
|}

==General==
Acrolein, the simplest unsaturated aldehyde, is a colourless volatile liquid that burns easily with an acrid smell. It is soluble in water, alcohol and ether.

It is formed as the long chain fatty acids in meat break down when heated to 280°C, the glycerol molecule loses two molecules of water and hence forming acrolein. The acrid smell is responsible for the flavour of barbecue food. The process of heating and partially decomposition of sucrose lead to the characteristic smell of caramel. [4] Small amounts of acrolein may be found in cooking oils and roasted coffee.

Acrolein readily polymerizes exothermically, especially when it is in contact with strong acids or bases. Dimerization may occur at temperature higher than 150°C. [http://www.chemicalland21.com/industrialchem/organic/ACROLEIN.htm]

<jmol>
<jmolApplet>
<size>250</size>
<color>white</color>
<script>zoom 150; cpk off;frame 1; move 10 -20 10 0 0 0 0 0 3; delay 1;</script>
<inlineContents>acrolein.mol
title1
title2
5 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0999 V2000
7.6733 -9.8632 -0.0010 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1
8.5469 -9.3765 -0.0004 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2
9.8024 -10.1267 0.0000 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3
10.9647 -9.4775 0.0007 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4
8.5662 -8.1405 -0.0001 O 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5
1 2 1 0 0 0
2 3 1 0 0 0
3 4 2 0 0 0
2 5 2 0 0 0
M END</inlineContents>
</jmolApplet>
</jmol>
[[User:cn205|cn205]] 10:50, 7 November 2006

==Hazards==
Acrolein can be formed from the breakdown of pollutants found in the atmosphere, as well as from burning tobacco or gasoline. It is found to have major connections between tobacco cigarettes and the risk of lung caner. However, it has no direct information to prove that acrolein is carcinogenic due to the lack of human data.

When acrolein is injected directly into the embryo tissue of rats and is found to cause birth defects; but it does not affect the number of pregnancies. However, effects of acrolein in humans on reproductive or developmental have not yet been proved. [http://www.lakes-environmental.com/toxic/ACROLEIN.HTML]

Acrolein is:
* Flammable
* Highly toxic if swallowed and by inhalation (inhalation exposure to high levels such as 10 ppm may be fatal
* Severe eye irritation or causes burns to the eye
* Skin exposure causes serious damage
* Poisonous at low ppm concentrations; immediately dangerous to life at 2 ppm [2]

==Uses==
Acrolein is used to make other chemicals and pesticides.

==References==
1. http://physchem.ox.ac.uk/MSDS/AC/acrolein.html

2. http://www.chemicalland21.com/industrialchem/organic/ACROLEIN.htm

3. http://www.lakes-environmental.com/toxic/ACROLEIN.HTML

4. Atkins’ Molecules 2nd ed., Peter Atkins, CUP, 2003, pages 140-141

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acrolein

It:Acrolein

2006-11-07T13:30:48Z

Cn205:

{| class="toccolours" border="1" style="float: right; clear: right; margin: 0 0 1em 1em; border-collapse: collapse;"
! {{chembox header}} | Acrolein
|-
| align="center" colspan="2" bgcolor="#ffffff" | [[Image:Acrolein.png|250px|Acrolein]]
|-
! {{chembox header}} | General [http://physchem.ox.ac.uk/MSDS/AC/acrolein.html]
|-
| Systematic name
| 2-propenal
|-
| Other Names
| Prop-2-en-1-al 2-propene-1-one Acraldehyde Acrylic Aldehyde Allyl Aldehyde Ethylene Aldehyde and many more…
|-
| Molecular Formula
| C3H4O
|-
| Molar Mass
| 56.06 g/mol
|-
| CAS Number
| 107-02-8
|-
| {{chembox header}} | Properties
|-
| Melting Point
| -87°C
|-
| Boiling Poing
| 52.7°C
|-
| Appearance
| Colorless liquid
|-
| Vapor Density
| 1.94 (where air = 1)
|-
| Vapour Pressure
| 286 mbar at 20°C
|-
| Auto-ignition Temperature
| 233°C
|-
|}

==General==
Acrolein, the simplest unsaturated aldehyde, is a colourless volatile liquid that burns easily with an acrid smell. It is soluble in water, alcohol and ether.

It is formed as the long chain fatty acids in meat break down when heated to 280°C, the glycerol molecule loses two molecules of water and hence forming acrolein. The acrid smell is responsible for the flavour of barbecue food. The process of heating and partially decomposition of sucrose lead to the characteristic smell of caramel. [4] Small amounts of acrolein may be found in cooking oils and roasted coffee.

Acrolein readily polymerizes exothermically, especially when it is in contact with strong acids or bases. Dimerization may occur at temperature higher than 150°C. [http://www.chemicalland21.com/industrialchem/organic/ACROLEIN.htm]

<jmol>
<jmolApplet>
<size>250</size>
<color>white</color>
<script>zoom 150; cpk off;frame 1; move 10 -20 10 0 0 0 0 0 3; delay 1;</script>
<inlineContents>acrolein.mol
title1
title2
5 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0999 V2000
7.6733 -9.8632 -0.0010 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1
8.5469 -9.3765 -0.0004 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2
9.8024 -10.1267 0.0000 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3
10.9647 -9.4775 0.0007 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4
8.5662 -8.1405 -0.0001 O 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5
1 2 1 0 0 0
2 3 1 0 0 0
3 4 2 0 0 0
2 5 2 0 0 0
M END</inlineContents>
</jmolApplet>
</jmol>
[[User:cn205|cn205]] 10:50, 7 November 2006

==Hazards==
Acrolein can be formed from the breakdown of pollutants found in the atmosphere, as well as from burning tobacco or gasoline. It is found to have major connections between tobacco cigarettes and the risk of lung caner. However, it has no direct information to prove that acrolein is carcinogenic due to the lack of human data.

When acrolein is injected directly into the embryo tissue of rats and is found to cause birth defects; but it does not affect the number of pregnancies. However, effects of acrolein in humans on reproductive or developmental have not yet been proved. [http://www.lakes-environmental.com/toxic/ACROLEIN.HTML]

Acrolein is:
* Flammable
* Highly toxic if swallowed and by inhalation (inhalation exposure to high levels such as 10 ppm may be fatal
* Severe eye irritation or causes burns to the eye
* Skin exposure causes serious damage
* Poisonous at low ppm concentrations; immediately dangerous to life at 2 ppm [2]

==Uses==
Acrolein is used to make other chemicals and pesticides.

==References==
1. http://physchem.ox.ac.uk/MSDS/AC/acrolein.html

2. http://www.chemicalland21.com/industrialchem/organic/ACROLEIN.htm

3. http://www.lakes-environmental.com/toxic/ACROLEIN.HTML

4. Atkins’ Molecules 2nd ed., Peter Atkins, CUP, 2003, pages 140-141

It:Acrolein

2006-11-07T12:45:48Z

Cn205:

{| class="toccolours" border="1" style="float: right; clear: right; margin: 0 0 1em 1em; border-collapse: collapse;"
! {{chembox header}} | Acrolein
|-
| align="center" colspan="2" bgcolor="#ffffff" | [[Image:Acrolein.png|250px|Acrolein]]
|-
! {{chembox header}} | General
|-
| Systematic name
| 2-propenal
|-
| Other Names
| Prop-2-en-1-al 2-propene-1-one Acraldehyde Acrylic Aldehyde Allyl Aldehyde Ethylene Aldehyde and many more…
|-
| Molecular Formula
| C3H4O
|-
| Molar Mass
| 56.06 g/mol
|-
| CAS Number
| 107-02-8
|-
| {{chembox header}} | Properties
|-
| Melting Point
| -87°C
|-
| Boiling Poing
| 52.7°C
|-
| Appearance
| Colorless liquid
|-
| Vapor Density
| 1.94 (where air = 1)
|-
| Vapour Pressure
| 286 mbar at 20°C
|-
| Auto-ignition Temperature
| 233°C
|-
|}

==General==
Acrolein, the simplest unsaturated aldehyde, is a colourless volatile liquid that burns easily with an acrid smell. It is soluble in water, alcohol and ether.

It is formed as the long chain fatty acids in meat break down when heated to 280°C, the glycerol molecule loses two molecules of water and hence forming acrolein. The acrid smell is responsible for the flavour of barbecue food. The process of heating and partially decomposition of sucrose lead to the characteristic smell of caramel. [3]

Acrolein readily polymerizes exothermically, especially when it is in contact with strong acids or bases. Dimerization may occur at temperature higher than 150°C. [http://www.chemicalland21.com/industrialchem/organic/ACROLEIN.htm]

<jmol>
<jmolApplet>
<size>250</size>
<color>white</color>
<script>zoom 150; cpk off;frame 1; move 10 -20 10 0 0 0 0 0 3; delay 1;</script>
<inlineContents>acrolein.mol
title1
title2
5 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0999 V2000
7.6733 -9.8632 -0.0010 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1
8.5469 -9.3765 -0.0004 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2
9.8024 -10.1267 0.0000 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3
10.9647 -9.4775 0.0007 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4
8.5662 -8.1405 -0.0001 O 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5
1 2 1 0 0 0
2 3 1 0 0 0
3 4 2 0 0 0
2 5 2 0 0 0
M END</inlineContents>
</jmolApplet>
</jmol>
[[User:cn205|cn205]] 10:50, 7 November 2006

==Hazards==
Acrolein is found to have major connections between tobacco cigarettes and the risk of lung caner. However, it has no direct information to prove that acrolein is carcinogenic due to lack of human data.

Its potential hazards:
* Flammable
* Highly toxic if swallowed and by inhalation (inhalation exposure to high levels such as 10 ppm may be fatal
* Severe eye irritation or causes burns to the eye
* Skin exposure causes serious damage
* Poisonous at low ppm concentrations; immediately dangerous to life at 2 ppm [http://www.lakes-environmental.com/toxic/ACROLEIN.HTML]

==Uses==
Acrolein is used to make other chemicals and pesticides.

==References==
1. http://www.chemicalland21.com/industrialchem/organic/ACROLEIN.htm

2. http://www.lakes-environmental.com/toxic/ACROLEIN.HTML

3. Atkins’ Molecules 2nd ed., Peter Atkins, CUP, 2003, pages 140-141

It:Acrolein

2006-11-07T10:53:23Z

Cn205:

{| class="toccolours" border="1" style="float: right; clear: right; margin: 0 0 1em 1em; border-collapse: collapse;"
! {{chembox header}} | Acrolein
|-
| align="center" colspan="2" bgcolor="#ffffff" | [[Image:Acrolein.png|250px|Acrolein]]
|-
! {{chembox header}} | General
|-
| Systematic name
| 2-propenal
|-
| Other Names
| Prop-2-en-1-al 2-propene-1-one Acraldehyde Acrylic Aldehyde Allyl Aldehyde Ethylene Aldehyde and many more…
|-
| Molecular Formula
| C3H4O
|-
| Molar Mass
| 56.06 g/mol
|-
| CAS Number
| 107-02-8
|-
| {{chembox header}} | Properties
|-
| Melting Point
| -87°C
|-
| Boiling Poing
| 53°C
|-
| Appearance
| Colorless liquid
|-
| Vapor Density
| 1.94 (where air = 1)
|-
| Vapour Pressure
| 286 mbar at 20°C
|-
| Auto-ignition Temperature
| 233°C
|-
|}

==General==
Acrolein, the simplest unsaturated aldehyde, is a colourless volatile liquid that burns easily with an acrid smell. It is formed as the long chain fatty acids in meat break down when heated to 280°C, the glycerol molecule loses two molecules of water and hence forming acrolein. The acrid smell is responsible for the flavour of barbecue food. The process of heating and partially decomposition of sucrose lead to the characteristic smell of caramel. [3]

Acrolein is stable but readily polymerizes, especially when it is in contact with strong acids or bases.

<jmol>
<jmolApplet>
<size>250</size>
<color>white</color>
<script>zoom 150; cpk off;frame 1; move 10 -20 10 0 0 0 0 0 3; delay 1;</script>
<inlineContents>acrolein.mol
title1
title2
5 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0999 V2000
7.6733 -9.8632 -0.0010 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1
8.5469 -9.3765 -0.0004 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2
9.8024 -10.1267 0.0000 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3
10.9647 -9.4775 0.0007 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4
8.5662 -8.1405 -0.0001 O 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5
1 2 1 0 0 0
2 3 1 0 0 0
3 4 2 0 0 0
2 5 2 0 0 0
M END</inlineContents>
</jmolApplet>
</jmol>
[[User:cn205|cn205]] 10:50, 7 November 2006

==Hazards==
Acrolein is found to have major connections between tobacco cigarettes and the risk of lung caner. However, it has no direct information to prove that acrolein is carcinogenic due to lack of human data.

Its potential hazards:
* Flammable
* Highly toxic if swallowed and by inhalation (inhalation exposure to high levels such as 10 ppm may be fatal
* Severe eye irritation or causes burns to the eye
* Skin exposure causes serious damage
* Poisonous at low ppm concentrations; immediately dangerous to life at 2 ppm [http://www.lakes-environmental.com/toxic/ACROLEIN.HTML]

==Uses==
Acrolein is used to make other chemicals and pesticides.

==References==
1. http://www.lakes-environmental.com/toxic/ACROLEIN.HTML

2.

3. Atkins’ Molecules 2nd ed., Peter Atkins, CUP, 2003, pages 140-141

It:Acrolein

2006-11-07T10:52:51Z

Cn205:

{| class="toccolours" border="1" style="float: right; clear: right; margin: 0 0 1em 1em; border-collapse: collapse;"
! {{chembox header}} | Acrolein
|-
| align="center" colspan="2" bgcolor="#ffffff" | [[Image:Acrolein.png|250px|Acrolein]]
|-
! {{chembox header}} | General
|-
| Systematic name
| 2-propenal
|-
| Other Names
| Prop-2-en-1-al 2-propene-1-one Acraldehyde Acrylic Aldehyde Allyl Aldehyde Ethylene Aldehyde and many more…
|-
| Molecular Formula
| C3H4O
|-
| Molar Mass
| 56.06 g/mol
|-
| CAS Number
| 107-02-8
|-
| {{chembox header}} | Properties
|-
| Melting Point
| -87°C
|-
| Boiling Poing
| 53°C
|-
| Appearance
| Colorless liquid
|-
| Vapor Density
| 1.94 (where air = 1)
|-
| Vapour Pressure
| 286 mbar at 20°C
|-
| Auto-ignition Temperature
| 233°C
|-
|}

<jmol>
<jmolApplet>
<size>250</size>
<color>white</color>
<script>zoom 150; cpk off;frame 1; move 10 -20 10 0 0 0 0 0 3; delay 1;</script>
<inlineContents>acrolein.mol
title1
title2
5 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0999 V2000
7.6733 -9.8632 -0.0010 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1
8.5469 -9.3765 -0.0004 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2
9.8024 -10.1267 0.0000 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3
10.9647 -9.4775 0.0007 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4
8.5662 -8.1405 -0.0001 O 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5
1 2 1 0 0 0
2 3 1 0 0 0
3 4 2 0 0 0
2 5 2 0 0 0
M END</inlineContents>
</jmolApplet>
</jmol>
[[User:cn205|cn205]] 10:50, 7 November 2006

==General==
Acrolein, the simplest unsaturated aldehyde, is a colourless volatile liquid that burns easily with an acrid smell. It is formed as the long chain fatty acids in meat break down when heated to 280°C, the glycerol molecule loses two molecules of water and hence forming acrolein. The acrid smell is responsible for the flavour of barbecue food. The process of heating and partially decomposition of sucrose lead to the characteristic smell of caramel. [3]

Acrolein is stable but readily polymerizes, especially when it is in contact with strong acids or bases.

==Hazards==
Acrolein is found to have major connections between tobacco cigarettes and the risk of lung caner. However, it has no direct information to prove that acrolein is carcinogenic due to lack of human data.

Its potential hazards:
* Flammable
* Highly toxic if swallowed and by inhalation (inhalation exposure to high levels such as 10 ppm may be fatal
* Severe eye irritation or causes burns to the eye
* Skin exposure causes serious damage
* Poisonous at low ppm concentrations; immediately dangerous to life at 2 ppm [http://www.lakes-environmental.com/toxic/ACROLEIN.HTML]

==Uses==
Acrolein is used to make other chemicals and pesticides.

==References==
1. http://www.lakes-environmental.com/toxic/ACROLEIN.HTML

2.

3. Atkins’ Molecules 2nd ed., Peter Atkins, CUP, 2003, pages 140-141

It:Acrolein

2006-11-07T10:52:31Z

Cn205:

{| class="toccolours" border="1" style="float: right; clear: right; margin: 0 0 1em 1em; border-collapse: collapse;"
! {{chembox header}} | Acrolein
|-
| align="center" colspan="2" bgcolor="#ffffff" | [[Image:Acrolein.png|250px|Acrolein]]
|-
! {{chembox header}} | General
|-
| Systematic name
| 2-propenal
|-
| Other Names
| Prop-2-en-1-al 2-propene-1-one Acraldehyde Acrylic Aldehyde Allyl Aldehyde Ethylene Aldehyde and many more…
|-
| Molecular Formula
| C3H4O
|-
| Molar Mass
| 56.06 g/mol
|-
| CAS Number
| 107-02-8
|-
| {{chembox header}} | Properties
|-
| Melting Point
| -87°C
|-
| Boiling Poing
| 53°C
|-
| Appearance
| Colorless liquid
|-
| Vapor Density
| 1.94 (where air = 1)
|-
| Vapour Pressure
| 286 mbar at 20°C
|-
| Auto-ignition Temperature
| 233°C
|-
|}

<jmol>
<jmolApplet>
<size>200</size>
<color>white</color>
<script>zoom 100; cpk off;frame 1; move 10 -20 10 0 0 0 0 0 3; delay 1;</script>
<inlineContents>acrolein.mol
title1
title2
5 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0999 V2000
7.6733 -9.8632 -0.0010 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1
8.5469 -9.3765 -0.0004 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2
9.8024 -10.1267 0.0000 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3
10.9647 -9.4775 0.0007 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4
8.5662 -8.1405 -0.0001 O 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5
1 2 1 0 0 0
2 3 1 0 0 0
3 4 2 0 0 0
2 5 2 0 0 0
M END</inlineContents>
</jmolApplet>
</jmol>
[[User:cn205|cn205]] 10:50, 7 November 2006

==General==
Acrolein, the simplest unsaturated aldehyde, is a colourless volatile liquid that burns easily with an acrid smell. It is formed as the long chain fatty acids in meat break down when heated to 280°C, the glycerol molecule loses two molecules of water and hence forming acrolein. The acrid smell is responsible for the flavour of barbecue food. The process of heating and partially decomposition of sucrose lead to the characteristic smell of caramel. [3]

Acrolein is stable but readily polymerizes, especially when it is in contact with strong acids or bases.

==Hazards==
Acrolein is found to have major connections between tobacco cigarettes and the risk of lung caner. However, it has no direct information to prove that acrolein is carcinogenic due to lack of human data.

Its potential hazards:
* Flammable
* Highly toxic if swallowed and by inhalation (inhalation exposure to high levels such as 10 ppm may be fatal
* Severe eye irritation or causes burns to the eye
* Skin exposure causes serious damage
* Poisonous at low ppm concentrations; immediately dangerous to life at 2 ppm [http://www.lakes-environmental.com/toxic/ACROLEIN.HTML]

==Uses==
Acrolein is used to make other chemicals and pesticides.

==References==
1. http://www.lakes-environmental.com/toxic/ACROLEIN.HTML

2.

3. Atkins’ Molecules 2nd ed., Peter Atkins, CUP, 2003, pages 140-141

It:Acrolein

2006-11-07T10:52:08Z

Cn205:

{| class="toccolours" border="1" style="float: right; clear: right; margin: 0 0 1em 1em; border-collapse: collapse;"
! {{chembox header}} | Acrolein
|-
| align="center" colspan="2" bgcolor="#ffffff" | [[Image:Acrolein.png|250px|Acrolein]]
|-
! {{chembox header}} | General
|-
| Systematic name
| 2-propenal
|-
| Other Names
| Prop-2-en-1-al 2-propene-1-one Acraldehyde Acrylic Aldehyde Allyl Aldehyde Ethylene Aldehyde and many more…
|-
| Molecular Formula
| C3H4O
|-
| Molar Mass
| 56.06 g/mol
|-
| CAS Number
| 107-02-8
|-
| {{chembox header}} | Properties
|-
| Melting Point
| -87°C
|-
| Boiling Poing
| 53°C
|-
| Appearance
| Colorless liquid
|-
| Vapor Density
| 1.94 (where air = 1)
|-
| Vapour Pressure
| 286 mbar at 20°C
|-
| Auto-ignition Temperature
| 233°C
|-
|}

<jmol>
<jmolApplet>
<size>300</size>
<color>white</color>
<script>zoom 100; cpk off;frame 1; move 10 -20 10 0 0 0 0 0 3; delay 1;</script>
<inlineContents>acrolein.mol
title1
title2
5 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0999 V2000
7.6733 -9.8632 -0.0010 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1
8.5469 -9.3765 -0.0004 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2
9.8024 -10.1267 0.0000 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3
10.9647 -9.4775 0.0007 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4
8.5662 -8.1405 -0.0001 O 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5
1 2 1 0 0 0
2 3 1 0 0 0
3 4 2 0 0 0
2 5 2 0 0 0
M END</inlineContents>
</jmolApplet>
</jmol>
[[User:cn205|cn205]] 10:50, 7 November 2006

==General==
Acrolein, the simplest unsaturated aldehyde, is a colourless volatile liquid that burns easily with an acrid smell. It is formed as the long chain fatty acids in meat break down when heated to 280°C, the glycerol molecule loses two molecules of water and hence forming acrolein. The acrid smell is responsible for the flavour of barbecue food. The process of heating and partially decomposition of sucrose lead to the characteristic smell of caramel. [3]

Acrolein is stable but readily polymerizes, especially when it is in contact with strong acids or bases.

==Hazards==
Acrolein is found to have major connections between tobacco cigarettes and the risk of lung caner. However, it has no direct information to prove that acrolein is carcinogenic due to lack of human data.

Its potential hazards:
* Flammable
* Highly toxic if swallowed and by inhalation (inhalation exposure to high levels such as 10 ppm may be fatal
* Severe eye irritation or causes burns to the eye
* Skin exposure causes serious damage
* Poisonous at low ppm concentrations; immediately dangerous to life at 2 ppm [http://www.lakes-environmental.com/toxic/ACROLEIN.HTML]

==Uses==
Acrolein is used to make other chemicals and pesticides.

==References==
1. http://www.lakes-environmental.com/toxic/ACROLEIN.HTML

2.

3. Atkins’ Molecules 2nd ed., Peter Atkins, CUP, 2003, pages 140-141

It:Acrolein

2006-11-07T10:50:14Z

Cn205:

{| class="toccolours" border="1" style="float: right; clear: right; margin: 0 0 1em 1em; border-collapse: collapse;"
! {{chembox header}} | Acrolein
|-
| align="center" colspan="2" bgcolor="#ffffff" | [[Image:Acrolein.png|250px|Acrolein]]
|-
! {{chembox header}} | General
|-
| Systematic name
| 2-propenal
|-
| Other Names
| Prop-2-en-1-al 2-propene-1-one Acraldehyde Acrylic Aldehyde Allyl Aldehyde Ethylene Aldehyde and many more…
|-
| Molecular Formula
| C3H4O
|-
| Molar Mass
| 56.06 g/mol
|-
| CAS Number
| 107-02-8
|-
| {{chembox header}} | Properties
|-
| Melting Point
| -87°C
|-
| Boiling Poing
| 53°C
|-
| Appearance
| Colorless liquid
|-
| Vapor Density
| 1.94 (where air = 1)
|-
| Vapour Pressure
| 286 mbar at 20°C
|-
| Auto-ignition Temperature
| 233°C
|-
|}

<jmol>
<jmolApplet>
<size>200</size>
<color>black</color>
<script>zoom 80; cpk off;frame 1; move 10 -20 10 0 0 0 0 0 3; delay 1;</script>
<inlineContents>acrolein.mol
title1
title2
5 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0999 V2000
7.6733 -9.8632 -0.0010 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1
8.5469 -9.3765 -0.0004 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2
9.8024 -10.1267 0.0000 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3
10.9647 -9.4775 0.0007 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4
8.5662 -8.1405 -0.0001 O 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5
1 2 1 0 0 0
2 3 1 0 0 0
3 4 2 0 0 0
2 5 2 0 0 0
M END</inlineContents>
</jmolApplet>
</jmol>
[[User:cn205|cn205]] 10:50, 7 November 2006

==General==
Acrolein, the simplest unsaturated aldehyde, is a colourless volatile liquid that burns easily with an acrid smell. It is formed as the long chain fatty acids in meat break down when heated to 280°C, the glycerol molecule loses two molecules of water and hence forming acrolein. The acrid smell is responsible for the flavour of barbecue food. The process of heating and partially decomposition of sucrose lead to the characteristic smell of caramel. [3]

Acrolein is stable but readily polymerizes, especially when it is in contact with strong acids or bases.

==Hazards==
Acrolein is found to have major connections between tobacco cigarettes and the risk of lung caner. However, it has no direct information to prove that acrolein is carcinogenic due to lack of human data.

Its potential hazards:
* Flammable
* Highly toxic if swallowed and by inhalation (inhalation exposure to high levels such as 10 ppm may be fatal
* Severe eye irritation or causes burns to the eye
* Skin exposure causes serious damage
* Poisonous at low ppm concentrations; immediately dangerous to life at 2 ppm [http://www.lakes-environmental.com/toxic/ACROLEIN.HTML]

==Uses==
Acrolein is used to make other chemicals and pesticides.

==References==
1. http://www.lakes-environmental.com/toxic/ACROLEIN.HTML

2.

3. Atkins’ Molecules 2nd ed., Peter Atkins, CUP, 2003, pages 140-141

It:Acrolein

2006-11-07T10:49:55Z

Cn205:

{| class="toccolours" border="1" style="float: right; clear: right; margin: 0 0 1em 1em; border-collapse: collapse;"
! {{chembox header}} | Acrolein
|-
| align="center" colspan="2" bgcolor="#ffffff" | [[Image:Acrolein.png|250px|Acrolein]]
|-
! {{chembox header}} | General
|-
| Systematic name
| 2-propenal
|-
| Other Names
| Prop-2-en-1-al 2-propene-1-one Acraldehyde Acrylic Aldehyde Allyl Aldehyde Ethylene Aldehyde and many more…
|-
| Molecular Formula
| C3H4O
|-
| Molar Mass
| 56.06 g/mol
|-
| CAS Number
| 107-02-8
|-
| {{chembox header}} | Properties
|-
| Melting Point
| -87°C
|-
| Boiling Poing
| 53°C
|-
| Appearance
| Colorless liquid
|-
| Vapor Density
| 1.94 (where air = 1)
|-
| Vapour Pressure
| 286 mbar at 20°C
|-
| Auto-ignition Temperature
| 233°C
|-
|}

<jmol>
<jmolApplet>
<size>200</size>
<color>black</color>
<script>zoom 80; cpk on;frame 1; move 10 -20 10 0 0 0 0 0 3; delay 1;</script>
<inlineContents>acrolein.mol
title1
title2
5 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0999 V2000
7.6733 -9.8632 -0.0010 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1
8.5469 -9.3765 -0.0004 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2
9.8024 -10.1267 0.0000 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3
10.9647 -9.4775 0.0007 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4
8.5662 -8.1405 -0.0001 O 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5
1 2 1 0 0 0
2 3 1 0 0 0
3 4 2 0 0 0
2 5 2 0 0 0
M END</inlineContents>
</jmolApplet>
</jmol>
[[User:cn205|cn205]] 10:50, 7 November 2006

==General==
Acrolein, the simplest unsaturated aldehyde, is a colourless volatile liquid that burns easily with an acrid smell. It is formed as the long chain fatty acids in meat break down when heated to 280°C, the glycerol molecule loses two molecules of water and hence forming acrolein. The acrid smell is responsible for the flavour of barbecue food. The process of heating and partially decomposition of sucrose lead to the characteristic smell of caramel. [3]

Acrolein is stable but readily polymerizes, especially when it is in contact with strong acids or bases.

==Hazards==
Acrolein is found to have major connections between tobacco cigarettes and the risk of lung caner. However, it has no direct information to prove that acrolein is carcinogenic due to lack of human data.

Its potential hazards:
* Flammable
* Highly toxic if swallowed and by inhalation (inhalation exposure to high levels such as 10 ppm may be fatal
* Severe eye irritation or causes burns to the eye
* Skin exposure causes serious damage
* Poisonous at low ppm concentrations; immediately dangerous to life at 2 ppm [http://www.lakes-environmental.com/toxic/ACROLEIN.HTML]

==Uses==
Acrolein is used to make other chemicals and pesticides.

==References==
1. http://www.lakes-environmental.com/toxic/ACROLEIN.HTML

2.

3. Atkins’ Molecules 2nd ed., Peter Atkins, CUP, 2003, pages 140-141

It:Acrolein

2006-11-07T10:49:29Z

Cn205:

{| class="toccolours" border="1" style="float: right; clear: right; margin: 0 0 1em 1em; border-collapse: collapse;"
! {{chembox header}} | Acrolein
|-
| align="center" colspan="2" bgcolor="#ffffff" | [[Image:Acrolein.png|250px|Acrolein]]
|-
! {{chembox header}} | General
|-
| Systematic name
| 2-propenal
|-
| Other Names
| Prop-2-en-1-al 2-propene-1-one Acraldehyde Acrylic Aldehyde Allyl Aldehyde Ethylene Aldehyde and many more…
|-
| Molecular Formula
| C3H4O
|-
| Molar Mass
| 56.06 g/mol
|-
| CAS Number
| 107-02-8
|-
| {{chembox header}} | Properties
|-
| Melting Point
| -87°C
|-
| Boiling Poing
| 53°C
|-
| Appearance
| Colorless liquid
|-
| Vapor Density
| 1.94 (where air = 1)
|-
| Vapour Pressure
| 286 mbar at 20°C
|-
| Auto-ignition Temperature
| 233°C
|-
|}

<jmol>
<jmolApplet>
<size>200</size>
<color>black</color>
<script>zoom 80; cpk on;frame 1; move 10 -20 10 0 0 0 0 0 3; delay 1;</script>
<inlineContents>acrolein.mol
5 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0999 V2000
7.6733 -9.8632 -0.0010 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1
8.5469 -9.3765 -0.0004 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2
9.8024 -10.1267 0.0000 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3
10.9647 -9.4775 0.0007 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4
8.5662 -8.1405 -0.0001 O 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5
1 2 1 0 0 0
2 3 1 0 0 0
3 4 2 0 0 0
2 5 2 0 0 0
M END</inlineContents>
</jmolApplet>
</jmol>
[[User:cn205|cn205]] 10:50, 7 November 2006

==General==
Acrolein, the simplest unsaturated aldehyde, is a colourless volatile liquid that burns easily with an acrid smell. It is formed as the long chain fatty acids in meat break down when heated to 280°C, the glycerol molecule loses two molecules of water and hence forming acrolein. The acrid smell is responsible for the flavour of barbecue food. The process of heating and partially decomposition of sucrose lead to the characteristic smell of caramel. [3]

Acrolein is stable but readily polymerizes, especially when it is in contact with strong acids or bases.

==Hazards==
Acrolein is found to have major connections between tobacco cigarettes and the risk of lung caner. However, it has no direct information to prove that acrolein is carcinogenic due to lack of human data.

Its potential hazards:
* Flammable
* Highly toxic if swallowed and by inhalation (inhalation exposure to high levels such as 10 ppm may be fatal
* Severe eye irritation or causes burns to the eye
* Skin exposure causes serious damage
* Poisonous at low ppm concentrations; immediately dangerous to life at 2 ppm [http://www.lakes-environmental.com/toxic/ACROLEIN.HTML]

==Uses==
Acrolein is used to make other chemicals and pesticides.

==References==
1. http://www.lakes-environmental.com/toxic/ACROLEIN.HTML

2.

3. Atkins’ Molecules 2nd ed., Peter Atkins, CUP, 2003, pages 140-141

It:Acrolein

2006-11-07T10:49:05Z

Cn205:

{| class="toccolours" border="1" style="float: right; clear: right; margin: 0 0 1em 1em; border-collapse: collapse;"
! {{chembox header}} | Acrolein
|-
| align="center" colspan="2" bgcolor="#ffffff" | [[Image:Acrolein.png|250px|Acrolein]]
|-
! {{chembox header}} | General
|-
| Systematic name
| 2-propenal
|-
| Other Names
| Prop-2-en-1-al 2-propene-1-one Acraldehyde Acrylic Aldehyde Allyl Aldehyde Ethylene Aldehyde and many more…
|-
| Molecular Formula
| C3H4O
|-
| Molar Mass
| 56.06 g/mol
|-
| CAS Number
| 107-02-8
|-
| {{chembox header}} | Properties
|-
| Melting Point
| -87°C
|-
| Boiling Poing
| 53°C
|-
| Appearance
| Colorless liquid
|-
| Vapor Density
| 1.94 (where air = 1)
|-
| Vapour Pressure
| 286 mbar at 20°C
|-
| Auto-ignition Temperature
| 233°C
|-
|}

<jmol>
<jmolApplet>
<size>200</size>
<color>black</color>
<script>zoom 80; cpk on;frame 1; move 10 -20 10 0 0 0 0 0 3; delay 1;</script>
<inlineContents>acrolein.mol
Molecule-1
WLViewer 3D 0

5 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0999 V2000
7.6733 -9.8632 -0.0010 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1
8.5469 -9.3765 -0.0004 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2
9.8024 -10.1267 0.0000 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3
10.9647 -9.4775 0.0007 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4
8.5662 -8.1405 -0.0001 O 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5
1 2 1 0 0 0
2 3 1 0 0 0
3 4 2 0 0 0
2 5 2 0 0 0
M END</inlineContents>
</jmolApplet>
</jmol>
[[User:cn205|cn205]] 10:50, 7 November 2006

==General==
Acrolein, the simplest unsaturated aldehyde, is a colourless volatile liquid that burns easily with an acrid smell. It is formed as the long chain fatty acids in meat break down when heated to 280°C, the glycerol molecule loses two molecules of water and hence forming acrolein. The acrid smell is responsible for the flavour of barbecue food. The process of heating and partially decomposition of sucrose lead to the characteristic smell of caramel. [3]

Acrolein is stable but readily polymerizes, especially when it is in contact with strong acids or bases.

==Hazards==
Acrolein is found to have major connections between tobacco cigarettes and the risk of lung caner. However, it has no direct information to prove that acrolein is carcinogenic due to lack of human data.

Its potential hazards:
* Flammable
* Highly toxic if swallowed and by inhalation (inhalation exposure to high levels such as 10 ppm may be fatal
* Severe eye irritation or causes burns to the eye
* Skin exposure causes serious damage
* Poisonous at low ppm concentrations; immediately dangerous to life at 2 ppm [http://www.lakes-environmental.com/toxic/ACROLEIN.HTML]

==Uses==
Acrolein is used to make other chemicals and pesticides.

==References==
1. http://www.lakes-environmental.com/toxic/ACROLEIN.HTML

2.

3. Atkins’ Molecules 2nd ed., Peter Atkins, CUP, 2003, pages 140-141

It:Acrolein

2006-11-07T10:47:32Z

Cn205:

{| class="toccolours" border="1" style="float: right; clear: right; margin: 0 0 1em 1em; border-collapse: collapse;"
! {{chembox header}} | Acrolein
|-
| align="center" colspan="2" bgcolor="#ffffff" | [[Image:Acrolein.png|250px|Acrolein]]
|-
! {{chembox header}} | General
|-
| Systematic name
| 2-propenal
|-
| Other Names
| Prop-2-en-1-al 2-propene-1-one Acraldehyde Acrylic Aldehyde Allyl Aldehyde Ethylene Aldehyde and many more…
|-
| Molecular Formula
| C3H4O
|-
| Molar Mass
| 56.06 g/mol
|-
| CAS Number
| 107-02-8
|-
| {{chembox header}} | Properties
|-
| Melting Point
| -87°C
|-
| Boiling Poing
| 53°C
|-
| Appearance
| Colorless liquid
|-
| Vapor Density
| 1.94 (where air = 1)
|-
| Vapour Pressure
| 286 mbar at 20°C
|-
| Auto-ignition Temperature
| 233°C
|-
|}

<jmol>
<jmolApplet>
<size>200</size>
<color>white</color>
<script>zoom 80; cpk on;frame 1; move 10 -20 10 0 0 0 0 0 3; delay 1;</script>
<inlineContents>acrolein.mol
Molecule-1
WLViewer 3D 0

5 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0999 V2000
7.6733 -9.8632 -0.0010 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1
8.5469 -9.3765 -0.0004 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2
9.8024 -10.1267 0.0000 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3
10.9647 -9.4775 0.0007 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4
8.5662 -8.1405 -0.0001 O 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5
1 2 1 0 0 0
2 3 1 0 0 0
3 4 2 0 0 0
2 5 2 0 0 0
M END</inlineContents>
</jmolApplet>
</jmol>
[[User:cn205|cn205]] 10:50, 7 November 2006

==General==
Acrolein, the simplest unsaturated aldehyde, is a colourless volatile liquid that burns easily with an acrid smell. It is formed as the long chain fatty acids in meat break down when heated to 280°C, the glycerol molecule loses two molecules of water and hence forming acrolein. The acrid smell is responsible for the flavour of barbecue food. The process of heating and partially decomposition of sucrose lead to the characteristic smell of caramel. [3]

Acrolein is stable but readily polymerizes, especially when it is in contact with strong acids or bases.

==Hazards==
Acrolein is found to have major connections between tobacco cigarettes and the risk of lung caner. However, it has no direct information to prove that acrolein is carcinogenic due to lack of human data.

Its potential hazards:
* Flammable
* Highly toxic if swallowed and by inhalation (inhalation exposure to high levels such as 10 ppm may be fatal
* Severe eye irritation or causes burns to the eye
* Skin exposure causes serious damage
* Poisonous at low ppm concentrations; immediately dangerous to life at 2 ppm [http://www.lakes-environmental.com/toxic/ACROLEIN.HTML]

==Uses==
Acrolein is used to make other chemicals and pesticides.

==References==
1. http://www.lakes-environmental.com/toxic/ACROLEIN.HTML

2.

3. Atkins’ Molecules 2nd ed., Peter Atkins, CUP, 2003, pages 140-141

It:Acrolein

2006-11-07T10:37:37Z

Cn205:

{| class="toccolours" border="1" style="float: right; clear: right; margin: 0 0 1em 1em; border-collapse: collapse;"
! {{chembox header}} | Acrolein
|-
| align="center" colspan="2" bgcolor="#ffffff" | [[Image:Acrolein.png|250px|Acrolein]]
|-
! {{chembox header}} | General
|-
| Systematic name
| 2-propenal
|-
| Other Names
| Prop-2-en-1-al 2-propene-1-one Acraldehyde Acrylic Aldehyde Allyl Aldehyde Ethylene Aldehyde and many more…
|-
| Molecular Formula
| C3H4O
|-
| Molar Mass
| 56.06 g/mol
|-
| CAS Number
| 107-02-8
|-
| {{chembox header}} | Properties
|-
| Melting Point
| -87°C
|-
| Boiling Poing
| 53°C
|-
| Appearance
| Colorless liquid
|-
| Vapor Density
| 1.94 (where air = 1)
|-
| Vapour Pressure
| 286 mbar at 20°C
|-
| Auto-ignition Temperature
| 233°C
|-
|}

<jmol>
<jmolApplet>
<size>350</size>
<color>white</color>
<script>zoom 120; cpk off;frame 1; move 10 -20 10 0 0 0 0 0 3; delay 1;</script>
<inlineContents>acrolein.mol

Molecule-1
WLViewer 3D 0

5 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0999 V2000
7.6733 -9.8632 -0.0010 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1
8.5469 -9.3765 -0.0004 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2
9.8024 -10.1267 0.0000 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3
10.9647 -9.4775 0.0007 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4
8.5662 -8.1405 -0.0001 O 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5
1 2 1 0 0 0
2 3 1 0 0 0
3 4 2 0 0 0
2 5 2 0 0 0
M END</inlineContents>
</jmolApplet>
</jmol>
[[User:cn205|cn205]] 10:40, 7 November 2006

==General==
Acrolein, the simplest unsaturated aldehyde, is a colourless volatile liquid that burns easily with an acrid smell. It is formed as the long chain fatty acids in meat break down when heated to 280°C, the glycerol molecule loses two molecules of water and hence forming acrolein. The acrid smell is responsible for the flavour of barbecue food. The process of heating and partially decomposition of sucrose lead to the characteristic smell of caramel. [3]

Acrolein is stable but readily polymerizes, especially when it is in contact with strong acids or bases.

==Hazards==
Acrolein is found to have major connections between tobacco cigarettes and the risk of lung caner. However, it has no direct information to prove that acrolein is carcinogenic due to lack of human data.

Its potential hazards:
* Flammable
* Highly toxic if swallowed and by inhalation (inhalation exposure to high levels such as 10 ppm may be fatal
* Severe eye irritation or causes burns to the eye
* Skin exposure causes serious damage
* Poisonous at low ppm concentrations; immediately dangerous to life at 2 ppm [http://www.lakes-environmental.com/toxic/ACROLEIN.HTML]

==Uses==
Acrolein is used to make other chemicals and pesticides.

==References==
1. http://www.lakes-environmental.com/toxic/ACROLEIN.HTML

2.

3. Atkins’ Molecules 2nd ed., Peter Atkins, CUP, 2003, pages 140-141

It:Acrolein

2006-11-07T10:24:34Z

Cn205:

It:Acrolein

2006-11-07T10:15:59Z

Cn205:

==Properties==
{| class="toccolours" border="1" style="float: right; clear: right; margin: 0 0 1em 1em; border-collapse: collapse;"
! {{chembox header}} | Acrolein
|-
| align="center" colspan="2" bgcolor="#ffffff" | [[Image:Acrolein.png|300px|Acrolein]]
|-
! {{chembox header}} | General
|-
| Systematic name
| 2-propenal
|-
| Other Names
| Prop-2-en-1-al 2-propene-1-one Acraldehyde Acrylic Aldehyde Allyl Aldehyde Ethylene Aldehyde and many more…
|-
| Molecular Formula
| C3H4O
|-
| Molar Mass
| 56.06 g/mol
|-
| CAS Number
| 107-02-8
|-
| {{chembox header}} | Properties
|-
| Melting Point
| -87°C
|-
| Boiling Poing
| 53°C
|-
| Appearance
| Colorless liquid
|-
| Vapor Density
| 1.94 (where air = 1)
|-
| Vapour Pressure
| 286 mbar at 20°C
|-
| Auto-ignition Temperature
| 233°C
|-
|}

File:Acrolein.png

2006-11-07T10:15:43Z

Cn205:

File:Acrolein.png

2006-11-07T10:12:44Z

Cn205:

File:Acrolein.png

2006-11-07T10:10:36Z

Cn205:

File:Acrolein.png

2006-11-07T10:06:50Z

Cn205:

It:projects

2006-11-07T10:02:41Z

Cn205: /* Supplemental Project Page */

__FORCETOC__

'''''You MUST use the Edit buttons on the right to edit this content. Do NOT use the Edit button on the top of this page.'''''
== Sandbox (Play-Pen) ==

This is an area where you can play without worrying what you do. Enter it by pressing the [Edit] button '''on the right''' and '''not''' at the top. Go here for a [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Cheatsheet ''cheat sheet''] summary of how to create a Wiki page. It's a free-for-all in here! Learn how to use a Wiki by coming here! PS This is how to do Greek: Α, α, β Δ, δ
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----

== Main Project Page ==
'''Please do not edit this page itself'''. Click on one of the titles to start editing.
{| summary="CIT Project Titles" border="1"
! bgcolor="cyan" |Project Number
! bgcolor="cyan" |General Keywords
|-
| bgcolor="#CCFF00" |01
| bgcolor="#CCFF00" | [[it:Lignocaine|Lignocaine (used in dentistry as a "local")]]
|-
| bgcolor="#CCFF00" |02
| bgcolor="#66FF99" | [[it:Piperine|Piperine (active ingredient of both black and white pepper)]]
|-
| bgcolor="#CCFF00" |03
| bgcolor="#CCFF00" | [[it:Rapamycin|Rapamycin (prevents transplant rejection)]]
|-
| bgcolor="#CCFF00" |04
| bgcolor="#66FF99" | [[it:Gossypol|Gossypol (male birth control)]]
|-
| bgcolor="#CCFF00" |05
| bgcolor="#CCFF00" | [[it:Gentamycin|Gentamicin A (aminoglycoside antibiotic)]]
|-
| bgcolor="#CCFF00" |06
| bgcolor="#66FF99" | [[it:Herceptin|Herceptin (topical anticancer drug)]]
|-
| bgcolor="#CCFF00" |07
| bgcolor="#CCFF00" | [[it:Gingerone|Zingerone (the characteristic smell of ginger)]]
|-
| bgcolor="#CCFF00" |08
| bgcolor="#66FF99" | [[it:Sucralose|Sucralose (non-metabolizable sweetening agent)]]
|-
| bgcolor="#CCFF00" |09
| bgcolor="#CCFF00" | [[it:Bufotoxin|Bufotoxin (active component of the toad ''Bufo vulgaris'')]]
|-
| bgcolor="#CCFF00" |10
| bgcolor="#66FF99" | [[it:Roaccutane|Roaccutane (treatment for severe acne)]]
|-
| bgcolor="#CCFF00" |11
| bgcolor="#CCFF00" | [[it:Sibutramine|Sibutramine (appetite suppresor)]]
|-
| bgcolor="#CCFF00" |12
| bgcolor="#66FF99" | [[it:Anandamide|Anandamide (the "feel-good" factor in chocolate)]]
|-
| bgcolor="#CCFF00" |13
| bgcolor="#CCFF00" | [[it:h3nbh3|Ammonia-borane: H3N-BH3 (Hydrogen storage molecule?)]]
|-
| bgcolor="#CCFF00" |14
| bgcolor="#66FF99" | [[it:Methoxsalen|Methoxsalen (Treatment of psoriasis)]]
|-
| bgcolor="#CCFF00" |15
| bgcolor="#CCFF00" | [[it:Hycocine|Hyoscine (From Mandrake and Witches Henbane, pre-med before surgery)]]
|-
| bgcolor="#CCFF00" |16
| bgcolor="#66FF99" | [[it:Capreomycin|Capreomycin (Drug-resistant TB)]]
|-
| bgcolor="#CCFF00" |17
| bgcolor="#CCFF00" | [[it:wilkinson|Wilkinson's catalyst]]
|-
| bgcolor="#CCFF00" |18
| bgcolor="#66FF99" | [[it:Jacobsen|Jacobsen's epoxidation catalyst]]
|-
| bgcolor="#CCFF00" |19
| bgcolor="#CCFF00" | [[it:Methylaluminoxane|Methylaluminoxane: MAO - hugely important ethylene polymerisation cocatalyst]]
|-
| bgcolor="#CCFF00" |20
| bgcolor="#66FF99" | [[it:Schwartz|Schwartz reagent for the hydrozirconation of alkenes and alkynes]]
|}

== Supplemental Project Page ==

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then add an entry below as follows

*<nowiki> [[it:name_of_project|Descriptive name of intended project]]</nowiki>
*This will produce the effect: [[it:name_of_project|Descriptive name of intended project]]
----
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If someone else starts editing a page at the same time as you, the system will detect this and offer alternatives for you to deal with. For example, it may suggest you copy the contents of the page you have been editing and merge it into the other person's page,
so that both the sets of edits are preserved. Read the on-screen instructions carefully!

Another precaution you could take is to keep a copy of the contents of the page you are editing in eg Wordpad (or Word),
make the changes there, and then copy the entire lot to the Wiki page to preview and then save. That way, if your contribution
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----
--[[User:Rzepa|Rzepa]] 12:25, 19 October 2006 (BST)--[[User:Rzepa|Rzepa]] 08:31, 5 November 2006 (UTC)

== Wiki Utillities ==
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----
[[Template:Chem-Data]]

It:Methylaluminoxane

2006-10-26T15:27:48Z

Cn205:

Methylaluminoxane, also known as MAO, is mostly used as an important cocatalyst for Ziegler-Natta polymerisations of alkenes.

==Introduction==

Methylaluminoxane or MAO [(-Al(CH3)O-)n] is a white solid. It is primarily used as a catalyst component in the Ziegler-Natta systems for olefin polymerization.

MAO reacts vigorously with any chemical with an acidic proton. It is highly soluble in hydrocarbon and hence it is usually used as a solution.

==Structure==
The precise structure of Methylaluminoxane is largely unknown as it is not possible to isolate the crystalline sample of this compound.1 Also, NMR studies of this compound is hindered by disproportionation reactions at high temperatures and association in solution yielding a mixture of different oligomers with multiple equilibria.2 The general chemical formula of this compound is (-Al(CH3)O-)n where Oxygen joins two aluminium atoms that still bear a CH3 group.3

[[Image:Methylaluminoxane.gif|thumb|center|200|Structure of Methylaluminoxane]]

==Synthesis==
MAO is generally prepared by partial hydrolysis of trimethylaluminum, TMA. This is done using hydrated salt dispersed in toluene. Depending on the nature of the salt used and the reaction conditions, MAO with widely differing activities as cocatalysts in polymerization of ethylene is formed.3

==Proposed mechanisms for its uses==

===Activating the catalyst===
[[Image:MAOactivator.JPG]]5

It is generally believed that MAO alkylates and then activates the metal-chloride pre-catalyst species, forming an ion pair which should allow ethene insertion.4

[[Image:MAO2.JPG]]1

This equation illustrates the possible role of the product cation as a catalyst in olefin polymerisation

==References==
1.Mason, M. R.; Smith, J. M.; Bott, S. G.; Barron, A. R. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1993, 115, 4971

2.E. Zurek, T. K. Woo, T. K. Firman, T. Ziegler, Inorg. Chem. 2001, 40, 361-370

3.S. Srinivasa Reddy, K. Radhakrishnan, S. Sivaram, Polymer Bulletin. 1996, 36, 165-171

4.http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methylaluminoxane

5.Sinn, H.; Kaminsky, W.; Vollmer, H. J.; Woldt, R. Angew. Chem. 1980, 92, 396

It:Methylaluminoxane

2006-10-26T15:25:59Z

Cn205: /* Structure */

Methylaluminoxane, also known as MAO, is mostly used as an important cocatalyst for Ziegler-Natta polymerisations of alkenes.

==Introduction==

Methylaluminoxane or MAO [(-Al(CH3)O-)n] is a white solid. It is primarily used as a catalyst component in the Ziegler-Natta systems for olefin polymerization.

MAO reacts vigorously with any chemical with an acidic proton. It is highly soluble in hydrocarbon and hence it is usually used as a solution.

==Structure==
The precise structure of Methylaluminoxane is largely unknown as it is not possible to isolate the crystalline sample of this compound.1 Also, NMR studies of this compound is hindered by disproportionation reactions at high temperatures and association in solution yielding a mixture of different oligomers with multiple equilibria.2 The general chemical formula of this compound is (-Al(CH3)O-)n where Oxygen joins two aluminium atoms that still bear a CH3 group.3

[[Image:Methylaluminoxane.gif|thumb|left|200|Structure of Methylaluminoxane]]

==Synthesis==
MAO is generally prepared by partial hydrolysis of trimethylaluminum, TMA. This is done using hydrated salt dispersed in toluene. Depending on the nature of the salt used and the reaction conditions, MAO with widely differing activities as cocatalysts in polymerization of ethylene is formed.3

==Proposed mechanisms for its uses==

===Activating the catalyst===
[[Image:MAOactivator.JPG]]5

It is generally believed that MAO alkylates and then activates the metal-chloride pre-catalyst species, forming an ion pair which should allow ethene insertion.4

[[Image:MAO2.JPG]]1

This equation illustrates the possible role of the product cation as a catalyst in olefin polymerisation

==References==
1.Mason, M. R.; Smith, J. M.; Bott, S. G.; Barron, A. R. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1993, 115, 4971

2.E. Zurek, T. K. Woo, T. K. Firman, T. Ziegler, Inorg. Chem. 2001, 40, 361-370

3.S. Srinivasa Reddy, K. Radhakrishnan, S. Sivaram, Polymer Bulletin. 1996, 36, 165-171

4.http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methylaluminoxane

5.Sinn, H.; Kaminsky, W.; Vollmer, H. J.; Woldt, R. Angew. Chem. 1980, 92, 396

It:Methylaluminoxane

2006-10-26T15:22:53Z

Cn205: /* Introduction */

Methylaluminoxane, also known as MAO, is mostly used as an important cocatalyst for Ziegler-Natta polymerisations of alkenes.

==Introduction==

Methylaluminoxane or MAO [(-Al(CH3)O-)n] is a white solid. It is primarily used as a catalyst component in the Ziegler-Natta systems for olefin polymerization.

MAO reacts vigorously with any chemical with an acidic proton. It is highly soluble in hydrocarbon and hence it is usually used as a solution.

==Structure==
The precise structure of Methylaluminoxane is largely unknown as it is not possible to isolate the crystalline sample of this compound.1 Also, NMR studies of this compound is hindered by disproportionation reactions at high temperatures and association in solution yielding a mixture of different oligomers with multiple equilibria.2 The general chemical formula of this compound is (-Al(CH3)O-)n where Oxygen joins two aluminium atoms that still bear a CH3 group.3[[Image:Methylaluminoxane.gif|thumb|right|200|Structure of Methylaluminoxane]]

==Synthesis==
MAO is generally prepared by partial hydrolysis of trimethylaluminum, TMA. This is done using hydrated salt dispersed in toluene. Depending on the nature of the salt used and the reaction conditions, MAO with widely differing activities as cocatalysts in polymerization of ethylene is formed.3

==Proposed mechanisms for its uses==

===Activating the catalyst===
[[Image:MAOactivator.JPG]]5

It is generally believed that MAO alkylates and then activates the metal-chloride pre-catalyst species, forming an ion pair which should allow ethene insertion.4

[[Image:MAO2.JPG]]1

This equation illustrates the possible role of the product cation as a catalyst in olefin polymerisation

==References==
1.Mason, M. R.; Smith, J. M.; Bott, S. G.; Barron, A. R. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1993, 115, 4971

2.E. Zurek, T. K. Woo, T. K. Firman, T. Ziegler, Inorg. Chem. 2001, 40, 361-370

3.S. Srinivasa Reddy, K. Radhakrishnan, S. Sivaram, Polymer Bulletin. 1996, 36, 165-171

4.http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methylaluminoxane

5.Sinn, H.; Kaminsky, W.; Vollmer, H. J.; Woldt, R. Angew. Chem. 1980, 92, 396

It:h3nbh3

2006-10-26T14:11:21Z

Cn205: /* Applications */

Ammonia Borane is a coordination compound which has been recently discovered to be a good source of hydrogen for future hydrogen-fuelled engines.

{| class="toccolours" border="1" style="float: right; clear: right; margin: 0 0 1em 1em; border-collapse: collapse;"
! {{chembox header}} colspan="3" |Structure of Ammonia Borane
|-
| align="center" colspan="3" bgcolor="#ffffff" | [[Image:ammonia-borane.gif|200px{{PAGENAME}}]]
|-
! {{chembox header}} colspan="3" |3D structure
|-
| align="center" colspan="3" bgcolor="#ffffff" | <jmol>
<jmolApplet>
<size>200</size>
<color>white</color>
<script>zoom 100; cpk on;frame 1; move 10 -20 10 0 0 0 0 0 3; delay 1;</script>
<inlineContents>HEADER CSD ENTRY XICKAV
CRYST1 8.5594 6.0337 11.0220 90.00 105.97 90.00 P21/c
SCALE1 0.116831 -0.000000 0.033428 0.000000
SCALE2 -0.000000 0.165736 -0.000000 0.000000
SCALE3 -0.000000 0.000000 0.094368 0.000000
ATOM 1 H 0 1.255 -0.989 0.559 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 2 B 0 0.830 -0.000 0.005 0.00 0.00 B+0
ATOM 3 H 0 1.191 0.001 -1.150 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 4 N 0 -0.679 -0.000 0.061 0.00 0.00 N+0
ATOM 5 H 0 -1.778 -0.000 0.102 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 6 H 0 -0.699 0.953 -0.487 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 7 H 0 -0.699 -0.952 -0.489 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 8 H 0 1.255 0.987 0.561 0.00 0.00 H+0
CONECT 2 1 3 4 8 NONE 13
CONECT 4 2 5 6 7 NONE 14
MASTER 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 14 0 14 0
END</inlineContents>
</jmolApplet>
</jmol>
|-
| align="center" colspan="3" bgcolor="#ffffff" |
|-
| [[CA Index Name]]
| colspan="2"| Boron, amminetrihydro-, (T-4)- (9CI)
|-
| [[Systematic Name]]
|colspan="2"| Ammonia Borane
|-
| [[Other Name]]
|colspan="2"|Borazane [http://pubs.acs.org/cen/coverstory/83/8334altenergy.html]
|-
| [[Chemical formula|Molecular formula]]
| colspan="2" | BH6N
|-
| [[Molar mass]]
| colspan="2" |30.87 g/mol
|-
| [[CAS registry number|CAS number]]
| colspan="2" | 13774-81-7
|-
| [[Appearance]]
| colspan="2" | colorless, waxy solid
|-
! {{chembox header}} colspan="3"| Properties
|-
| [[Density]] and [[Phase (matter)|phase]]
| colspan="2" | 0.780 g/cm3
|-
| [[Solubility]] in [[Water_(molecule)|water (ph=7)]]
| colspan="2" |
|-
| [[Melting point]]
| colspan="2" | 111-114°C
|-
| [[Boiling point]]
| colspan="2" | decomposes
|-
| [[Acid dissociation constant|Acidity]] (p''Ka'') 
| colspan="2" |
|-
| [[Enthalpy of Vaporization]]
| colspan="2" |
|-
! {{chembox header}} colspan="3"| Structure
|-
| [[Crystal structure]] 
| colspan="2"|
|-
| [[Dipole#Molecular_dipoles|Dipole moment]]
| colspan="2" |5.2[[Debye|D]]
|-
| {{chembox header}} colspan="3"| Except where noted otherwise, data are given for materials in their [[standard state|standard state (at 25 °C, 100 kPa)]] [[wikipedia:Chemical infobox|Infobox disclaimer and references]]
|-
|}

==Properties==
Although ammonia borane is isoelectronic with ethane, ammonia borane is a solid while ethane is a gas with m.p. of −181°C; and there is a difference of 284°C between their melting points. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ammonia_borane]

==Synthesis==
Ammonia Borane is formed from a subsitution reaction:

BH3(THF) + NH3 → BH3NH3 + THF

==Uses==

When heated, ammonia-borane releases two thirds of its hydrogen atoms at relatively low temperatures: 110 and 150 C.

The reaction is NH3BH3 + 2H2O --> NH4+ + BO2- +3H2

==Applications==

Vehicles can run on hydrogen-powered, environmentally-friendly fuel cells instead of gasoline engines. Replacing non-renewable fossil fuel with hydrogen has a lot of benefits. In a fuel cell, hydrogen can burn with oxygen to release energy and produce water. This reaction does not generate pollutants such as greenhouse gases and hence reducing the level of pollution, as well as reducing the dependency on fossil fuels which its demand is increasing everyday. [http://pubs.acs.org/cen/coverstory/83/8334altenergy.html]

However, the problem is how to store and carry the hydrogen, which can be released when needed. As ammonia borane decomposes, it evolves hydrogen is evolved at a slow rate on heating at below 80°C; where it firstly polymerize to (NH2BH2)n, and then to (NHBH)n.

In order to increase the rate of hydrogen releasing process, a nanoscale mesoporous silica material is used. In this way, the hydrogen can be released at a lower temperature, i.e. below 80°C. It is important to keep the reaction temperature low because additional energy is not required to maintain the reaction. Once the compound is heated sufficiently, the decomposition reaction will proceed on its own. [http://www.azonano.com/details.asp?ArticleID=1164]

==Future Plans==
Further development on this field will eventually lend to a reversible reaction, and would be able to allow the storage material to be regenerated, as well as providing a sustainable hydrogen storage compound with a longer lifetime.

==References==
http://pubs.acs.org/cen/coverstory/83/8334altenergy.html

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ammonia_borane

http://www.azonano.com/details.asp?ArticleID=1164

http://www.americanscientist.org/template/AssetDetail/assetid/45942

It:h3nbh3

2006-10-26T14:07:01Z

Cn205:

Ammonia Borane is a coordination compound which has been recently discovered to be a good source of hydrogen for future hydrogen-fuelled engines.

{| class="toccolours" border="1" style="float: right; clear: right; margin: 0 0 1em 1em; border-collapse: collapse;"
! {{chembox header}} colspan="3" |Structure of Ammonia Borane
|-
| align="center" colspan="3" bgcolor="#ffffff" | [[Image:ammonia-borane.gif|200px{{PAGENAME}}]]
|-
! {{chembox header}} colspan="3" |3D structure
|-
| align="center" colspan="3" bgcolor="#ffffff" | <jmol>
<jmolApplet>
<size>200</size>
<color>white</color>
<script>zoom 100; cpk on;frame 1; move 10 -20 10 0 0 0 0 0 3; delay 1;</script>
<inlineContents>HEADER CSD ENTRY XICKAV
CRYST1 8.5594 6.0337 11.0220 90.00 105.97 90.00 P21/c
SCALE1 0.116831 -0.000000 0.033428 0.000000
SCALE2 -0.000000 0.165736 -0.000000 0.000000
SCALE3 -0.000000 0.000000 0.094368 0.000000
ATOM 1 H 0 1.255 -0.989 0.559 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 2 B 0 0.830 -0.000 0.005 0.00 0.00 B+0
ATOM 3 H 0 1.191 0.001 -1.150 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 4 N 0 -0.679 -0.000 0.061 0.00 0.00 N+0
ATOM 5 H 0 -1.778 -0.000 0.102 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 6 H 0 -0.699 0.953 -0.487 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 7 H 0 -0.699 -0.952 -0.489 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 8 H 0 1.255 0.987 0.561 0.00 0.00 H+0
CONECT 2 1 3 4 8 NONE 13
CONECT 4 2 5 6 7 NONE 14
MASTER 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 14 0 14 0
END</inlineContents>
</jmolApplet>
</jmol>
|-
| align="center" colspan="3" bgcolor="#ffffff" |
|-
| [[CA Index Name]]
| colspan="2"| Boron, amminetrihydro-, (T-4)- (9CI)
|-
| [[Systematic Name]]
|colspan="2"| Ammonia Borane
|-
| [[Other Name]]
|colspan="2"|Borazane [http://pubs.acs.org/cen/coverstory/83/8334altenergy.html]
|-
| [[Chemical formula|Molecular formula]]
| colspan="2" | BH6N
|-
| [[Molar mass]]
| colspan="2" |30.87 g/mol
|-
| [[CAS registry number|CAS number]]
| colspan="2" | 13774-81-7
|-
| [[Appearance]]
| colspan="2" | colorless, waxy solid
|-
! {{chembox header}} colspan="3"| Properties
|-
| [[Density]] and [[Phase (matter)|phase]]
| colspan="2" | 0.780 g/cm3
|-
| [[Solubility]] in [[Water_(molecule)|water (ph=7)]]
| colspan="2" |
|-
| [[Melting point]]
| colspan="2" | 111-114°C
|-
| [[Boiling point]]
| colspan="2" | decomposes
|-
| [[Acid dissociation constant|Acidity]] (p''Ka'') 
| colspan="2" |
|-
| [[Enthalpy of Vaporization]]
| colspan="2" |
|-
! {{chembox header}} colspan="3"| Structure
|-
| [[Crystal structure]] 
| colspan="2"|
|-
| [[Dipole#Molecular_dipoles|Dipole moment]]
| colspan="2" |5.2[[Debye|D]]
|-
| {{chembox header}} colspan="3"| Except where noted otherwise, data are given for materials in their [[standard state|standard state (at 25 °C, 100 kPa)]] [[wikipedia:Chemical infobox|Infobox disclaimer and references]]
|-
|}

==Properties==
Although ammonia borane is isoelectronic with ethane, ammonia borane is a solid while ethane is a gas with m.p. of −181°C; and there is a difference of 284°C between their melting points. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ammonia_borane]

==Synthesis==
Ammonia Borane is formed from a subsitution reaction:

BH3(THF) + NH3 → BH3NH3 + THF

==Uses==

When heated, ammonia-borane releases two thirds of its hydrogen atoms at relatively low temperatures: 110 and 150 C.

The reaction is NH3BH3 + 2H2O --> NH4+ + BO2- +3H2

==Applications==

Vehicles can run on hydrogen-powered, environmentally-friendly fuel cells instead of gasoline engines. Replacing non-renewable fossil fuel with hydrogen has a lot of benefits. In a fuel cell, hydrogen can burn with oxygen to release energy and produce water. This reaction does not generate pollutants such as greenhouse gases and hence reducing the level of pollution, as well as reducing the dependency on fossil fuels which its demand is increasing everyday. [http://pubs.acs.org/cen/coverstory/83/8334altenergy.html]

However, the problem is how to store and carry the hydrogen, which can be released when needed. By using ammonia borane, hydrogen is evolved at a slow rate on heating at below 80°C; where it firstly polymerize to (NH2BH2)n, and then to (NHBH)n.

In order to increase the rate of hydrogen releasing process, a nanoscale mesoporous silica material is used. In this way, the hydrogen can be released at a lower temperature, i.e. below 80°C. It is important to keep the reaction temperature low because additional energy is not required to maintain the reaction. Once the compound is heated sufficiently, the decomposition reaction will proceed on its own. [http://www.azonano.com/details.asp?ArticleID=1164]

==Future Plans==
Further development on this field will eventually lend to a reversible reaction, and would be able to allow the storage material to be regenerated, as well as providing a sustainable hydrogen storage compound with a longer lifetime.

==References==
http://pubs.acs.org/cen/coverstory/83/8334altenergy.html

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ammonia_borane

http://www.azonano.com/details.asp?ArticleID=1164

http://www.americanscientist.org/template/AssetDetail/assetid/45942

It:h3nbh3

2006-10-26T14:06:05Z

Cn205: /* Applications */

Ammonia Borane is a coordination compound which has been recently discovered to be a good source of hydrogen for future hydrogen-fuelled engines.

{| class="toccolours" border="1" style="float: right; clear: right; margin: 0 0 1em 1em; border-collapse: collapse;"
! {{chembox header}} colspan="3" |Structure of Ammonia Borane
|-
| align="center" colspan="3" bgcolor="#ffffff" | [[Image:ammonia-borane.gif|200px{{PAGENAME}}]]
|-
! {{chembox header}} colspan="3" |3D structure
|-
| align="center" colspan="3" bgcolor="#ffffff" | <jmol>
<jmolApplet>
<size>200</size>
<color>white</color>
<script>zoom 100; cpk on;frame 1; move 10 -20 10 0 0 0 0 0 3; delay 1;</script>
<inlineContents>HEADER CSD ENTRY XICKAV
CRYST1 8.5594 6.0337 11.0220 90.00 105.97 90.00 P21/c
SCALE1 0.116831 -0.000000 0.033428 0.000000
SCALE2 -0.000000 0.165736 -0.000000 0.000000
SCALE3 -0.000000 0.000000 0.094368 0.000000
ATOM 1 H 0 1.255 -0.989 0.559 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 2 B 0 0.830 -0.000 0.005 0.00 0.00 B+0
ATOM 3 H 0 1.191 0.001 -1.150 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 4 N 0 -0.679 -0.000 0.061 0.00 0.00 N+0
ATOM 5 H 0 -1.778 -0.000 0.102 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 6 H 0 -0.699 0.953 -0.487 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 7 H 0 -0.699 -0.952 -0.489 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 8 H 0 1.255 0.987 0.561 0.00 0.00 H+0
CONECT 2 1 3 4 8 NONE 13
CONECT 4 2 5 6 7 NONE 14
MASTER 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 14 0 14 0
END</inlineContents>
</jmolApplet>
</jmol>
|-
| align="center" colspan="3" bgcolor="#ffffff" |
|-
| [[CA Index Name]]
| colspan="2"| Boron, amminetrihydro-, (T-4)- (9CI)
|-
| [[Systematic Name]]
|colspan="2"| Ammonia Borane
|-
| [[Other Name]]
|colspan="2"|Borazane[http://pubs.acs.org/cen/coverstory/83/8334altenergy.html]
|-
| [[Chemical formula|Molecular formula]]
| colspan="2" | BH6N
|-
| [[Molar mass]]
| colspan="2" |30.87 g/mol
|-
| [[CAS registry number|CAS number]]
| colspan="2" | 13774-81-7
|-
| [[Appearance]]
| colspan="2" | colorless, waxy solid
|-
! {{chembox header}} colspan="3"| Properties
|-
| [[Density]] and [[Phase (matter)|phase]]
| colspan="2" | 0.780 g/cm3
|-
| [[Solubility]] in [[Water_(molecule)|water (ph=7)]]
| colspan="2" |
|-
| [[Melting point]]
| colspan="2" | 111-114°C
|-
| [[Boiling point]]
| colspan="2" | decomposes
|-
| [[Acid dissociation constant|Acidity]] (p''Ka'') 
| colspan="2" |
|-
| [[Enthalpy of Vaporization]]
| colspan="2" |
|-
! {{chembox header}} colspan="3"| Structure
|-
| [[Crystal structure]] 
| colspan="2"|
|-
| [[Dipole#Molecular_dipoles|Dipole moment]]
| colspan="2" |5.2[[Debye|D]]
|-
| {{chembox header}} colspan="3"| Except where noted otherwise, data are given for materials in their [[standard state|standard state (at 25 °C, 100 kPa)]] [[wikipedia:Chemical infobox|Infobox disclaimer and references]]
|-
|}

==Properties==
Although ammonia borane is isoelectronic with ethane, ammonia borane is a solid while ethane is a gas with m.p. of −181°C; and there is a difference of 284°C between their melting points. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ammonia_borane]

==Synthesis==
Ammonia Borane is formed from a subsitution reaction:

BH3(THF) + NH3 → BH3NH3 + THF

==Uses==

When heated, ammonia-borane releases two thirds of its hydrogen atoms at relatively low temperatures: 110 and 150 C.

The reaction is NH3BH3 + 2H2O --> NH4+ + BO2- +3H2

==Applications==

Vehicles can run on hydrogen-powered, environmentally-friendly fuel cells instead of gasoline engines. Replacing non-renewable fossil fuel with hydrogen has a lot of benefits. In a fuel cell, hydrogen can burn with oxygen to release energy and produce water. This reaction does not generate pollutants such as greenhouse gases and hence reducing the level of pollution, as well as reducing the dependency on fossil fuels which its demand is increasing everyday. [http://pubs.acs.org/cen/coverstory/83/8334altenergy.html]

However, the problem is how to store and carry the hydrogen, which can be released when needed. By using ammonia borane, hydrogen is evolved at a slow rate on heating at below 80°C; where it firstly polymerize to (NH2BH2)n, and then to (NHBH)n.

In order to increase the rate of hydrogen releasing process, a nanoscale mesoporous silica material is used. In this way, the hydrogen can be released at a lower temperature, i.e. below 80°C. It is important to keep the reaction temperature low because additional energy is not required to maintain the reaction. Once the compound is heated sufficiently, the decomposition reaction will proceed on its own. [http://www.azonano.com/details.asp?ArticleID=1164]

==Future Plans==
Further development on this field will eventually lend to a reversible reaction, and would be able to allow the storage material to be regenerated, as well as providing a sustainable hydrogen storage compound with a longer lifetime.

==References==
http://pubs.acs.org/cen/coverstory/83/8334altenergy.html

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ammonia_borane

http://www.azonano.com/details.asp?ArticleID=1164

http://www.americanscientist.org/template/AssetDetail/assetid/45942

It:h3nbh3

2006-10-26T13:51:09Z

Cn205:

Ammonia Borane is a coordination compound which has been recently discovered to be a good source of hydrogen for future hydrogen-fuelled engines.

{| class="toccolours" border="1" style="float: right; clear: right; margin: 0 0 1em 1em; border-collapse: collapse;"
! {{chembox header}} colspan="3" |Structure of Ammonia Borane
|-
| align="center" colspan="3" bgcolor="#ffffff" | [[Image:ammonia-borane.gif|200px{{PAGENAME}}]]
|-
! {{chembox header}} colspan="3" |3D structure
|-
| align="center" colspan="3" bgcolor="#ffffff" | <jmol>
<jmolApplet>
<size>200</size>
<color>white</color>
<script>zoom 100; cpk on;frame 1; move 10 -20 10 0 0 0 0 0 3; delay 1;</script>
<inlineContents>HEADER CSD ENTRY XICKAV
CRYST1 8.5594 6.0337 11.0220 90.00 105.97 90.00 P21/c
SCALE1 0.116831 -0.000000 0.033428 0.000000
SCALE2 -0.000000 0.165736 -0.000000 0.000000
SCALE3 -0.000000 0.000000 0.094368 0.000000
ATOM 1 H 0 1.255 -0.989 0.559 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 2 B 0 0.830 -0.000 0.005 0.00 0.00 B+0
ATOM 3 H 0 1.191 0.001 -1.150 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 4 N 0 -0.679 -0.000 0.061 0.00 0.00 N+0
ATOM 5 H 0 -1.778 -0.000 0.102 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 6 H 0 -0.699 0.953 -0.487 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 7 H 0 -0.699 -0.952 -0.489 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 8 H 0 1.255 0.987 0.561 0.00 0.00 H+0
CONECT 2 1 3 4 8 NONE 13
CONECT 4 2 5 6 7 NONE 14
MASTER 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 14 0 14 0
END</inlineContents>
</jmolApplet>
</jmol>
|-
| align="center" colspan="3" bgcolor="#ffffff" |
|-
| [[CA Index Name]]
| colspan="2"| Boron, amminetrihydro-, (T-4)- (9CI)
|-
| [[Systematic Name]]
|colspan="2"| Ammonia Borane
|-
| [[Other Name]]
|colspan="2"|Borazane[http://pubs.acs.org/cen/coverstory/83/8334altenergy.html]
|-
| [[Chemical formula|Molecular formula]]
| colspan="2" | BH6N
|-
| [[Molar mass]]
| colspan="2" |30.87 g/mol
|-
| [[CAS registry number|CAS number]]
| colspan="2" | 13774-81-7
|-
| [[Appearance]]
| colspan="2" | colorless, waxy solid
|-
! {{chembox header}} colspan="3"| Properties
|-
| [[Density]] and [[Phase (matter)|phase]]
| colspan="2" | 0.780 g/cm3
|-
| [[Solubility]] in [[Water_(molecule)|water (ph=7)]]
| colspan="2" |
|-
| [[Melting point]]
| colspan="2" | 111-114°C
|-
| [[Boiling point]]
| colspan="2" | decomposes
|-
| [[Acid dissociation constant|Acidity]] (p''Ka'') 
| colspan="2" |
|-
| [[Enthalpy of Vaporization]]
| colspan="2" |
|-
! {{chembox header}} colspan="3"| Structure
|-
| [[Crystal structure]] 
| colspan="2"|
|-
| [[Dipole#Molecular_dipoles|Dipole moment]]
| colspan="2" |5.2[[Debye|D]]
|-
| {{chembox header}} colspan="3"| Except where noted otherwise, data are given for materials in their [[standard state|standard state (at 25 °C, 100 kPa)]] [[wikipedia:Chemical infobox|Infobox disclaimer and references]]
|-
|}

==Properties==
Although ammonia borane is isoelectronic with ethane, ammonia borane is a solid while ethane is a gas with m.p. of −181°C; and there is a difference of 284°C between their melting points. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ammonia_borane]

==Synthesis==
Ammonia Borane is formed from a subsitution reaction:

BH3(THF) + NH3 → BH3NH3 + THF

==Uses==

When heated, ammonia-borane releases two thirds of its hydrogen atoms at relatively low temperatures: 110 and 150 C.

The reaction is NH3BH3 + 2H2O --> NH4+ + BO2- +3H2

==Applications==

Vehicles can run on hydrogen-powered, environmentally-friendly fuel cells instead of gasoline engines. However, the problem is how to store and carry the hydrogen, which can be released when needed. By using ammonia borane, hydrogen is evolved at a slow rate on heating at below 80°C; where it firstly polymerize to (NH2BH2)n, and then to (NHBH)n.

In order to increase the rate of hydrogen releasing process, a nanoscale mesoporous silica material is used. In this way, the hydrogen can be released at a lower temperature, i.e. below 80°C. It is important to keep the reaction temperature low because additional energy is not required to maintain the reaction. Once the compound is heated sufficiently, the decomposition reaction will proceed on its own. [http://www.azonano.com/details.asp?ArticleID=1164]

==Future Plans==
Further development on this field will eventually lend to a reversible reaction, and would be able to allow the storage material to be regenerated, as well as providing a sustainable hydrogen storage compound with a longer lifetime.

==References==
http://pubs.acs.org/cen/coverstory/83/8334altenergy.html

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ammonia_borane

http://www.azonano.com/details.asp?ArticleID=1164

http://www.americanscientist.org/template/AssetDetail/assetid/45942

It:h3nbh3

2006-10-26T13:44:52Z

Cn205: /* References */

Ammonia Borane is a coordination compound which has been recently discovered to be a good source of hydrogen for future hydrogen-fuelled engines.

{| class="toccolours" border="1" style="float: right; clear: right; margin: 0 0 1em 1em; border-collapse: collapse;"
! {{chembox header}} colspan="3" |Structure of Ammonia Borane
|-
| align="center" colspan="3" bgcolor="#ffffff" | [[Image:ammonia-borane.gif|200px{{PAGENAME}}]]
|-
! {{chembox header}} colspan="3" |3D structure
|-
| align="center" colspan="3" bgcolor="#ffffff" | <jmol>
<jmolApplet>
<size>200</size>
<color>white</color>
<script>zoom 100; cpk on;frame 1; move 10 -20 10 0 0 0 0 0 3; delay 1;</script>
<inlineContents>HEADER CSD ENTRY XICKAV
CRYST1 8.5594 6.0337 11.0220 90.00 105.97 90.00 P21/c
SCALE1 0.116831 -0.000000 0.033428 0.000000
SCALE2 -0.000000 0.165736 -0.000000 0.000000
SCALE3 -0.000000 0.000000 0.094368 0.000000
ATOM 1 H 0 1.255 -0.989 0.559 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 2 B 0 0.830 -0.000 0.005 0.00 0.00 B+0
ATOM 3 H 0 1.191 0.001 -1.150 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 4 N 0 -0.679 -0.000 0.061 0.00 0.00 N+0
ATOM 5 H 0 -1.778 -0.000 0.102 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 6 H 0 -0.699 0.953 -0.487 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 7 H 0 -0.699 -0.952 -0.489 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 8 H 0 1.255 0.987 0.561 0.00 0.00 H+0
CONECT 2 1 3 4 8 NONE 13
CONECT 4 2 5 6 7 NONE 14
MASTER 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 14 0 14 0
END</inlineContents>
</jmolApplet>
</jmol>
|-
| align="center" colspan="3" bgcolor="#ffffff" |
|-
| [[CA Index Name]]
| colspan="2"| Boron, amminetrihydro-, (T-4)- (9CI)
|-
| [[Systematic Name]]
|colspan="2"| Ammonia Borane

|-
| [[Chemical formula|Molecular formula]]
| colspan="2" | BH6N
|-
| [[Molar mass]]
| colspan="2" |30.87 g/mol
|-
| [[CAS registry number|CAS number]]
| colspan="2" | 13774-81-7
|-
| [[Appearance]]
| colspan="2" | colorless, waxy solid
|-
! {{chembox header}} colspan="3"| Properties
|-
| [[Density]] and [[Phase (matter)|phase]]
| colspan="2" | 0.780 g/cm3
|-
| [[Solubility]] in [[Water_(molecule)|water (ph=7)]]
| colspan="2" |
|-
| [[Melting point]]
| colspan="2" | 111-114°C
|-
| [[Boiling point]]
| colspan="2" | decomposes
|-
| [[Acid dissociation constant|Acidity]] (p''Ka'') 
| colspan="2" |
|-
| [[Enthalpy of Vaporization]]
| colspan="2" |
|-
! {{chembox header}} colspan="3"| Structure
|-
| [[Crystal structure]] 
| colspan="2"|
|-
| [[Dipole#Molecular_dipoles|Dipole moment]]
| colspan="2" |5.2[[Debye|D]]
|-
| {{chembox header}} colspan="3"| Except where noted otherwise, data are given for materials in their [[standard state|standard state (at 25 °C, 100 kPa)]] [[wikipedia:Chemical infobox|Infobox disclaimer and references]]
|-
|}

==Properties==
Although ammonia borane is isoelectronic with ethane, ammonia borane is a solid while ethane is a gas with m.p. of −181°C; and there is a difference of 284°C between their melting points. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ammonia_borane]

==Synthesis==
Ammonia Borane is formed from a subsitution reaction:

BH3(THF) + NH3 → BH3NH3 + THF

==Uses==

When heated, ammonia-borane releases two thirds of its hydrogen atoms at relatively low temperatures: 110 and 150 C.

The reaction is NH3BH3 + 2H2O --> NH4+ + BO2- +3H2

==Applications==

Vehicles can run on hydrogen-powered, environmentally-friendly fuel cells instead of gasoline engines. However, the problem is how to store and carry the hydrogen, which can be released when needed. By using ammonia borane, hydrogen is evolved at a slow rate on heating at below 80°C; where it firstly polymerize to (NH2BH2)n, and then to (NHBH)n.

In order to increase the rate of hydrogen releasing process, a nanoscale mesoporous silica material is used. In this way, the hydrogen can be released at a lower temperature, i.e. below 80°C. It is important to keep the reaction temperature low because additional energy is not required to maintain the reaction. Once the compound is heated sufficiently, the decomposition reaction will proceed on its own. [http://www.azonano.com/details.asp?ArticleID=1164]

==Future Plans==
Further development on this field will eventually lend to a reversible reaction, and would be able to allow the storage material to be regenerated, as well as providing a sustainable hydrogen storage compound with a longer lifetime.

==References==
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ammonia_borane

http://www.azonano.com/details.asp?ArticleID=1164

http://www.americanscientist.org/template/AssetDetail/assetid/45942

It:Anandamide

2006-10-26T13:37:57Z

Cn205: /* Introduction */

== Introduction ==

Anandamide (which is also known as arachidonoylethanolamide) is a naturally occurring endogenous cannabinoid neurotransmitter that plays a role in pain relief, eating and sleeping patterns, depression, memory and fertility. It can be found in the organs of both humans and animals, in particular the brain. Anandamide is responsible for the narcotic effect of marijuana, which produces a natural high. It is also found in high concentrations in chocolate. It is thought that Anandamide attaches to the protein receptor THC (tetrahydrocannabinol) on the membrane of cells and triggers a reaction inside the cells that makes us feel high. Anandamide is broken down fast naturally by the body but chocolate contains two substances, N-oleoylethanolamine and N-linoleoylethaolamine, which inhibit the natural breakdown of anandamide, hence preserving the natural high.

Anandamide got its name from the "''Sanskrit''" word "ananda", which means "bliss" i.e. a state of extreme happiness and amide. It was first isolated and structurally discovered in 1992, by Lumír Ondřej Hanuš and William Anthony Devane in the Laboratory of Raphael Mechoulam, at the Hebrew University.

{| class="toccolours" border="1" style="float: right; clear: right; margin: 0 0 1em 1em; border-collapse: collapse;"
! {{chembox header}}| '''Anandamide'''
|-
| align="center" colspan="2" bgcolor="#ffffff" | [[Image:anandamide-struct.gif]]
|-
!{{chembox header}}| General
|-
! Systematic Chemical name
| (5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z)-N-(2-hydroxyethyl)
icosa-5,8,11,14-tetraenamide
|-
!Synonyms
| Arachidonylethanolamide(AEA)
Arachidonic acid N-(hydroxyethyl)amide
|-
!Appearance
|Light yellow oil
|-
! Chemical formula
|C22H37NO2
|-
! Molecular Weight
| 347.54
|-
! CAS number
| 94421-68-8
|-
! Smile string
|CCCCC\C=C/C\C=C/C\C=C/C\C=C/CCCC(NCCO)=O
|-
!{{chembox header}}| Physical Properties
|-
!Solubility
|Soluble in ethanol
|-
!Density
|0.92g/mL (at 25oC)
|-
!{{chembox header}}|Safety
|-
!Precautions
|Keep away from skin and eyes
|-
|}

<jmol>
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title1
title2
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[http://c4.cabrillo.edu/features/news.html]
[[User:cn205|cn205]] 14:25, 26 October 2006 (BST)

<jmol>
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<inlineContents>HEADER NONAME 19-Oct-06 NONE 1
TITLE NONE 2
AUTHOR WWW daemon apache NONE 3
REVDAT 1 19-Oct-06 0 NONE 4
ATOM 1 C 0 10.383 0.053 -2.692 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 2 C 0 9.332 1.090 -2.291 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 3 C 0 8.617 0.627 -1.021 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 4 C 0 7.566 1.665 -0.620 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 5 C 0 6.851 1.202 0.651 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 6 C 0 5.816 2.224 1.045 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 7 C 0 4.578 1.853 1.262 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 8 C 0 4.223 0.388 1.280 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 9 C 0 3.509 0.060 2.566 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 10 C 0 2.354 -0.557 2.535 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 11 C 0 1.817 -1.084 1.229 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 12 C 0 1.480 -2.546 1.379 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 13 C 0 0.288 -2.980 1.053 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 14 C 0 -0.688 -2.059 0.368 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 15 C 0 -1.192 -2.711 -0.894 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 16 C 0 -2.480 -2.834 -1.099 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 17 C 0 -3.458 -2.180 -0.157 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 18 C 0 -4.447 -1.330 -0.958 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 19 C 0 -5.440 -0.666 -0.002 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 20 C 0 -6.413 0.171 -0.791 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 21 N 0 -7.385 0.854 -0.154 0.00 0.00 N+0
ATOM 22 C 0 -8.332 1.668 -0.921 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 23 C 0 -9.325 2.332 0.036 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 24 O 0 -8.631 3.253 0.879 0.00 0.00 O+0
ATOM 25 O 0 -6.322 0.231 -1.999 0.00 0.00 O+0
ATOM 26 H 0 11.109 -0.059 -1.886 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 27 H 0 9.896 -0.905 -2.877 0.00 0.00 H+0
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ATOM 35 H 0 6.364 0.245 0.466 0.00 0.00 H+0
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ATOM 46 H 0 0.005 -3.998 1.277 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 47 H 0 -1.528 -1.859 1.033 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 48 H 0 -0.190 -1.122 0.119 0.00 0.00 H+0
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ATOM 50 H 0 -2.841 -3.403 -1.943 0.00 0.00 H+0
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ATOM 52 H 0 -2.918 -1.544 0.544 0.00 0.00 H+0
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CONECT 1 2 26 27 28 NONE 67
CONECT 2 1 3 29 30 NONE 68
CONECT 3 2 4 31 32 NONE 69
CONECT 4 3 5 33 34 NONE 70
CONECT 5 4 6 35 36 NONE 71
CONECT 6 5 7 37 0 NONE 72
CONECT 7 6 8 38 0 NONE 73
CONECT 8 7 9 39 40 NONE 74
CONECT 9 8 10 41 0 NONE 75
CONECT 10 9 11 42 0 NONE 76
CONECT 11 10 12 43 44 NONE 77
CONECT 12 11 13 45 0 NONE 78
CONECT 13 12 14 46 0 NONE 79
CONECT 14 13 15 47 48 NONE 80
CONECT 15 14 16 49 0 NONE 81
CONECT 16 15 17 50 0 NONE 82
CONECT 17 16 18 51 52 NONE 83
CONECT 18 17 19 53 54 NONE 84
CONECT 19 18 20 55 56 NONE 85
CONECT 20 19 21 25 0 NONE 86
CONECT 21 20 22 57 0 NONE 87
CONECT 22 21 23 58 59 NONE 88
CONECT 23 22 24 60 61 NONE 89
CONECT 24 23 62 0 0 NONE 90
CONECT 25 20 0 0 0 NONE 91
END NONE 92
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[[User:Smbc05|Smbc05]] 14:53, 20 October 2006 (BST)

==Structure==
Anandamide is fat-soluble due to its long hydrocarbon tail. It can pass through the hydrocarbon-rich curtain which isolates the brain from the bloodstream easily. Unlike THC, anandamide breaks down very quickly in the body; which is also the reason why anandamide does not produce an everlasting natural 'high'. [http://antoine.frostburg.edu/chem/senese/101/features/anandamide.shtml]

With the long unsaturated hydrocarbon chain, anandamide possesses a very flexible structure of 16 torsion angles allowing hundreds of conformers. However, researchs showed that the molecule lacks internal folding of the aliphatic chain and its structure is somewhere between linear and U-shaped. This may explain the function of anandamide as a ligand for cannabinoid receptors such as CB1 and CB2.
{|
|-
| align="center" colspan="2" bgcolor="#ffffff" |[[Image: Prefered_conformation_of_anandamide.jpg]] ||Summary of NMR-based structural calculation of AEA conformations in chloroform solution, 32 sets of conformational families were generated and grouped together with the cutoff energy of 36 kcal/mol, showing that AEA mainly assumes 36% of the conformers in extended pseudo helical shapes (A in a side view and a top view), 17% in the twisted “U”-shapes” (B), 17% in the “L” shapes, 6% in “Γ” shapes, and 24% in “C” shapes (E). The energy differences among these conformers are about 0.2~2.5 kcal/mol.
|-
|}
==Functions in human body==
Anandamide has certain functions in our body, and it is not as simple as producing happiness. Anandamide is synthesized in those areas in the brain that are important in memory and higher thought processes, as well as areas which control movements. Anandamide or N-arachidonoylethanolamine (AnNH) plays important roles in the nervous and immune system. Anandamide receptors were originally found due to sensitivity to Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ9-THC), which is a component of marijuana. The chemical affects the short term memory and some human behaviour like sleeping and eating pattern and also in pain relieves. It was also found out that anadamide plays an important role in implantation of the embryo stage; hence Δ9-THC might obstruct the early stages of pregnancy.

Other than the brain, anandamide can also be found in other parts of the body, such as in the uterus. In fact, the highest concentration of anandamide found in our body is not the brain, but in the uterus just before the implantation of the embryo; and its concentration varies with the receptivity of the uterus. Anandamide acts as a chemical messenger between the embryo and uterus during the implantation of the embryo in the uterine wall, which means one of the first communications that occurs between the mother and child is carried out by anandamide. [http://antoine.frostburg.edu/chem/senese/101/features/anandamide.shtml]

'''The ligand binds to two receptors'''

Cannabinoid CB1 receptors (G-protein-coupled receptors) are found on presynaptic membranes in the brain in the nervous system. The effects are:

• Induce inhibition of forskolin-induced cAMP accumulation
• Inhibition of N-type Ca+ channels
• Activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase signal transduction pathway
• Increase in protein tyrosine phosphorylation

Cannabinoid CB2 receptors are present not in the brain in the periphery but also on cells of the immune system. The effects are:

• Inhibition of aldenylate cyclase
• Activation of the mitogen- activated proeteinkinase signaling

[http://www.jbc.org/cgi/reprint/273/48/32332.pdf]

[[Image:AnN.bmp]]

==Anandamide and Chocolate==
In 1996, Daniele Piomelli and co-workers at the Neurosciences Institute in San Diego discovered three other compounds in dark chocolate which were very similar to anandamide. Other compounds such as N-acylethanolamines were also found to block the breakdown of anandamide. Due to the inhibitation of the natural breakdown of anadamide, it may stick around in our body longer, making us feel good longer when we eat chocolate. Hence, the pleasure of chocolate is a result of the total effect of anandamide and anandamide-preserving N-acylethanolamines. [http://www.exploratorium.edu/exploring/exploring_chocolate/choc_8.html]

==Future use==
A new family of therapeutic drugs may be developed from the discovery of Anandamide.

==Reference==
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anandamide

http://antoine.frostburg.edu/chem/senese/101/features/anandamide.shtml

http://www.exploratorium.edu/exploring/exploring_chocolate/choc_8.html

http://c4.cabrillo.edu/features/news.html

Sigma-Aldrich Online MSDS: http://www.sigmaaldrich.com/catalog/search/ProductDetail/SIGMA/A0580

C. Bonechi, A. B. V. B. M. F. A. D. C. R. (2001). Conformational analysis of N-arachidonylethanolamide (anandamide) using nuclear magnetic resonance and theoretical calculations. Magn. Res. Chem. 39: 432-437.

Chen, J.-Z., X.-W. Han, et al. (2005). "Preferred conformations of endogenous cannabinoid ligand anandamide." Life Sciences 76(18): 2053-2069.

It:Anandamide

2006-10-26T13:37:31Z

Cn205: /* Reference */

== Introduction ==

Anandamide (which is also known as arachidonoylethanolamide) is a naturally occurring endogenous cannabinoid neurotransmitter that plays a role in pain relief, eating and sleeping patterns, depression, memory and fertility. It can be found in the organs of both humans and animals, in particular the brain. Anandamide is responsible for the narcotic effect of marijuana, which produces a natural high. It is also found in high concentrations in chocolate. It is thought that Anandamide attaches to the protein receptor THC (tetrahydrocannabinol) on the membrane of cells and triggers a reaction inside the cells that makes us feel high. Anandamide is broken down fast naturally by the body but chocolate contains two substances, N-oleoylethanolamine and N-linoleoylethaolamine, which inhibit the natural breakdown of anandamide, hence preserving the natural high.

Anandamide got its name from the "''Sanskrit''" word "ananda", which means "bliss" i.e. a state of extreme happiness and amide. It was first isolated and structurally discovered in 1992, by Lumír Ondřej Hanuš and William Anthony Devane in the Laboratory of Raphael Mechoulam, at the Hebrew University.

{| class="toccolours" border="1" style="float: right; clear: right; margin: 0 0 1em 1em; border-collapse: collapse;"
! {{chembox header}}| '''Anandamide'''
|-
| align="center" colspan="2" bgcolor="#ffffff" | [[Image:anandamide-struct.gif]]
|-
!{{chembox header}}| General
|-
! Systematic Chemical name
| (5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z)-N-(2-hydroxyethyl)
icosa-5,8,11,14-tetraenamide
|-
!Synonyms
| Arachidonylethanolamide(AEA)
Arachidonic acid N-(hydroxyethyl)amide
|-
!Appearance
|Light yellow oil
|-
! Chemical formula
|C22H37NO2
|-
! Molecular Weight
| 347.54
|-
! CAS number
| 94421-68-8
|-
! Smile string
|CCCCC\C=C/C\C=C/C\C=C/C\C=C/CCCC(NCCO)=O
|-
!{{chembox header}}| Physical Properties
|-
!Solubility
|Soluble in ethanol
|-
!Density
|0.92g/mL (at 25oC)
|-
!{{chembox header}}|Safety
|-
!Precautions
|Keep away from skin and eyes
|-
|}

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[http://c4.cabrillo.edu/features/news.html#1]
[[User:cn205|cn205]] 14:25, 26 October 2006 (BST)

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CONECT 1 2 26 27 28 NONE 67
CONECT 2 1 3 29 30 NONE 68
CONECT 3 2 4 31 32 NONE 69
CONECT 4 3 5 33 34 NONE 70
CONECT 5 4 6 35 36 NONE 71
CONECT 6 5 7 37 0 NONE 72
CONECT 7 6 8 38 0 NONE 73
CONECT 8 7 9 39 40 NONE 74
CONECT 9 8 10 41 0 NONE 75
CONECT 10 9 11 42 0 NONE 76
CONECT 11 10 12 43 44 NONE 77
CONECT 12 11 13 45 0 NONE 78
CONECT 13 12 14 46 0 NONE 79
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CONECT 15 14 16 49 0 NONE 81
CONECT 16 15 17 50 0 NONE 82
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CONECT 19 18 20 55 56 NONE 85
CONECT 20 19 21 25 0 NONE 86
CONECT 21 20 22 57 0 NONE 87
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CONECT 23 22 24 60 61 NONE 89
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CONECT 25 20 0 0 0 NONE 91
END NONE 92
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[[User:Smbc05|Smbc05]] 14:53, 20 October 2006 (BST)

==Structure==
Anandamide is fat-soluble due to its long hydrocarbon tail. It can pass through the hydrocarbon-rich curtain which isolates the brain from the bloodstream easily. Unlike THC, anandamide breaks down very quickly in the body; which is also the reason why anandamide does not produce an everlasting natural 'high'. [http://antoine.frostburg.edu/chem/senese/101/features/anandamide.shtml]

With the long unsaturated hydrocarbon chain, anandamide possesses a very flexible structure of 16 torsion angles allowing hundreds of conformers. However, researchs showed that the molecule lacks internal folding of the aliphatic chain and its structure is somewhere between linear and U-shaped. This may explain the function of anandamide as a ligand for cannabinoid receptors such as CB1 and CB2.
{|
|-
| align="center" colspan="2" bgcolor="#ffffff" |[[Image: Prefered_conformation_of_anandamide.jpg]] ||Summary of NMR-based structural calculation of AEA conformations in chloroform solution, 32 sets of conformational families were generated and grouped together with the cutoff energy of 36 kcal/mol, showing that AEA mainly assumes 36% of the conformers in extended pseudo helical shapes (A in a side view and a top view), 17% in the twisted “U”-shapes” (B), 17% in the “L” shapes, 6% in “Γ” shapes, and 24% in “C” shapes (E). The energy differences among these conformers are about 0.2~2.5 kcal/mol.
|-
|}
==Functions in human body==
Anandamide has certain functions in our body, and it is not as simple as producing happiness. Anandamide is synthesized in those areas in the brain that are important in memory and higher thought processes, as well as areas which control movements. Anandamide or N-arachidonoylethanolamine (AnNH) plays important roles in the nervous and immune system. Anandamide receptors were originally found due to sensitivity to Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ9-THC), which is a component of marijuana. The chemical affects the short term memory and some human behaviour like sleeping and eating pattern and also in pain relieves. It was also found out that anadamide plays an important role in implantation of the embryo stage; hence Δ9-THC might obstruct the early stages of pregnancy.

Other than the brain, anandamide can also be found in other parts of the body, such as in the uterus. In fact, the highest concentration of anandamide found in our body is not the brain, but in the uterus just before the implantation of the embryo; and its concentration varies with the receptivity of the uterus. Anandamide acts as a chemical messenger between the embryo and uterus during the implantation of the embryo in the uterine wall, which means one of the first communications that occurs between the mother and child is carried out by anandamide. [http://antoine.frostburg.edu/chem/senese/101/features/anandamide.shtml]

'''The ligand binds to two receptors'''

Cannabinoid CB1 receptors (G-protein-coupled receptors) are found on presynaptic membranes in the brain in the nervous system. The effects are:

• Induce inhibition of forskolin-induced cAMP accumulation
• Inhibition of N-type Ca+ channels
• Activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase signal transduction pathway
• Increase in protein tyrosine phosphorylation

Cannabinoid CB2 receptors are present not in the brain in the periphery but also on cells of the immune system. The effects are:

• Inhibition of aldenylate cyclase
• Activation of the mitogen- activated proeteinkinase signaling

[http://www.jbc.org/cgi/reprint/273/48/32332.pdf]

[[Image:AnN.bmp]]

==Anandamide and Chocolate==
In 1996, Daniele Piomelli and co-workers at the Neurosciences Institute in San Diego discovered three other compounds in dark chocolate which were very similar to anandamide. Other compounds such as N-acylethanolamines were also found to block the breakdown of anandamide. Due to the inhibitation of the natural breakdown of anadamide, it may stick around in our body longer, making us feel good longer when we eat chocolate. Hence, the pleasure of chocolate is a result of the total effect of anandamide and anandamide-preserving N-acylethanolamines. [http://www.exploratorium.edu/exploring/exploring_chocolate/choc_8.html]

==Future use==
A new family of therapeutic drugs may be developed from the discovery of Anandamide.

==Reference==
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anandamide

http://antoine.frostburg.edu/chem/senese/101/features/anandamide.shtml

http://www.exploratorium.edu/exploring/exploring_chocolate/choc_8.html

http://c4.cabrillo.edu/features/news.html

Sigma-Aldrich Online MSDS: http://www.sigmaaldrich.com/catalog/search/ProductDetail/SIGMA/A0580

C. Bonechi, A. B. V. B. M. F. A. D. C. R. (2001). Conformational analysis of N-arachidonylethanolamide (anandamide) using nuclear magnetic resonance and theoretical calculations. Magn. Res. Chem. 39: 432-437.

Chen, J.-Z., X.-W. Han, et al. (2005). "Preferred conformations of endogenous cannabinoid ligand anandamide." Life Sciences 76(18): 2053-2069.

It:Anandamide

2006-10-26T13:34:03Z

Cn205:

== Introduction ==

Anandamide (which is also known as arachidonoylethanolamide) is a naturally occurring endogenous cannabinoid neurotransmitter that plays a role in pain relief, eating and sleeping patterns, depression, memory and fertility. It can be found in the organs of both humans and animals, in particular the brain. Anandamide is responsible for the narcotic effect of marijuana, which produces a natural high. It is also found in high concentrations in chocolate. It is thought that Anandamide attaches to the protein receptor THC (tetrahydrocannabinol) on the membrane of cells and triggers a reaction inside the cells that makes us feel high. Anandamide is broken down fast naturally by the body but chocolate contains two substances, N-oleoylethanolamine and N-linoleoylethaolamine, which inhibit the natural breakdown of anandamide, hence preserving the natural high.

Anandamide got its name from the "''Sanskrit''" word "ananda", which means "bliss" i.e. a state of extreme happiness and amide. It was first isolated and structurally discovered in 1992, by Lumír Ondřej Hanuš and William Anthony Devane in the Laboratory of Raphael Mechoulam, at the Hebrew University.

{| class="toccolours" border="1" style="float: right; clear: right; margin: 0 0 1em 1em; border-collapse: collapse;"
! {{chembox header}}| '''Anandamide'''
|-
| align="center" colspan="2" bgcolor="#ffffff" | [[Image:anandamide-struct.gif]]
|-
!{{chembox header}}| General
|-
! Systematic Chemical name
| (5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z)-N-(2-hydroxyethyl)
icosa-5,8,11,14-tetraenamide
|-
!Synonyms
| Arachidonylethanolamide(AEA)
Arachidonic acid N-(hydroxyethyl)amide
|-
!Appearance
|Light yellow oil
|-
! Chemical formula
|C22H37NO2
|-
! Molecular Weight
| 347.54
|-
! CAS number
| 94421-68-8
|-
! Smile string
|CCCCC\C=C/C\C=C/C\C=C/C\C=C/CCCC(NCCO)=O
|-
!{{chembox header}}| Physical Properties
|-
!Solubility
|Soluble in ethanol
|-
!Density
|0.92g/mL (at 25oC)
|-
!{{chembox header}}|Safety
|-
!Precautions
|Keep away from skin and eyes
|-
|}

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[http://c4.cabrillo.edu/features/news.html#1]
[[User:cn205|cn205]] 14:25, 26 October 2006 (BST)

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[[User:Smbc05|Smbc05]] 14:53, 20 October 2006 (BST)

==Structure==
Anandamide is fat-soluble due to its long hydrocarbon tail. It can pass through the hydrocarbon-rich curtain which isolates the brain from the bloodstream easily. Unlike THC, anandamide breaks down very quickly in the body; which is also the reason why anandamide does not produce an everlasting natural 'high'. [http://antoine.frostburg.edu/chem/senese/101/features/anandamide.shtml]

With the long unsaturated hydrocarbon chain, anandamide possesses a very flexible structure of 16 torsion angles allowing hundreds of conformers. However, researchs showed that the molecule lacks internal folding of the aliphatic chain and its structure is somewhere between linear and U-shaped. This may explain the function of anandamide as a ligand for cannabinoid receptors such as CB1 and CB2.
{|
|-
| align="center" colspan="2" bgcolor="#ffffff" |[[Image: Prefered_conformation_of_anandamide.jpg]] ||Summary of NMR-based structural calculation of AEA conformations in chloroform solution, 32 sets of conformational families were generated and grouped together with the cutoff energy of 36 kcal/mol, showing that AEA mainly assumes 36% of the conformers in extended pseudo helical shapes (A in a side view and a top view), 17% in the twisted “U”-shapes” (B), 17% in the “L” shapes, 6% in “Γ” shapes, and 24% in “C” shapes (E). The energy differences among these conformers are about 0.2~2.5 kcal/mol.
|-
|}
==Functions in human body==
Anandamide has certain functions in our body, and it is not as simple as producing happiness. Anandamide is synthesized in those areas in the brain that are important in memory and higher thought processes, as well as areas which control movements. Anandamide or N-arachidonoylethanolamine (AnNH) plays important roles in the nervous and immune system. Anandamide receptors were originally found due to sensitivity to Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ9-THC), which is a component of marijuana. The chemical affects the short term memory and some human behaviour like sleeping and eating pattern and also in pain relieves. It was also found out that anadamide plays an important role in implantation of the embryo stage; hence Δ9-THC might obstruct the early stages of pregnancy.

Other than the brain, anandamide can also be found in other parts of the body, such as in the uterus. In fact, the highest concentration of anandamide found in our body is not the brain, but in the uterus just before the implantation of the embryo; and its concentration varies with the receptivity of the uterus. Anandamide acts as a chemical messenger between the embryo and uterus during the implantation of the embryo in the uterine wall, which means one of the first communications that occurs between the mother and child is carried out by anandamide. [http://antoine.frostburg.edu/chem/senese/101/features/anandamide.shtml]

'''The ligand binds to two receptors'''

Cannabinoid CB1 receptors (G-protein-coupled receptors) are found on presynaptic membranes in the brain in the nervous system. The effects are:

• Induce inhibition of forskolin-induced cAMP accumulation
• Inhibition of N-type Ca+ channels
• Activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase signal transduction pathway
• Increase in protein tyrosine phosphorylation

Cannabinoid CB2 receptors are present not in the brain in the periphery but also on cells of the immune system. The effects are:

• Inhibition of aldenylate cyclase
• Activation of the mitogen- activated proeteinkinase signaling

[http://www.jbc.org/cgi/reprint/273/48/32332.pdf]

[[Image:AnN.bmp]]

==Anandamide and Chocolate==
In 1996, Daniele Piomelli and co-workers at the Neurosciences Institute in San Diego discovered three other compounds in dark chocolate which were very similar to anandamide. Other compounds such as N-acylethanolamines were also found to block the breakdown of anandamide. Due to the inhibitation of the natural breakdown of anadamide, it may stick around in our body longer, making us feel good longer when we eat chocolate. Hence, the pleasure of chocolate is a result of the total effect of anandamide and anandamide-preserving N-acylethanolamines. [http://www.exploratorium.edu/exploring/exploring_chocolate/choc_8.html]

==Future use==
A new family of therapeutic drugs may be developed from the discovery of Anandamide.

==Reference==
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anandamide

http://antoine.frostburg.edu/chem/senese/101/features/anandamide.shtml

http://www.exploratorium.edu/exploring/exploring_chocolate/choc_8.html

http://c4.cabrillo.edu/features/news.html#1

Sigma-Aldrich Online MSDS: http://www.sigmaaldrich.com/catalog/search/ProductDetail/SIGMA/A0580

C. Bonechi, A. B. V. B. M. F. A. D. C. R. (2001). Conformational analysis of N-arachidonylethanolamide (anandamide) using nuclear magnetic resonance and theoretical calculations. Magn. Res. Chem. 39: 432-437.

Chen, J.-Z., X.-W. Han, et al. (2005). "Preferred conformations of endogenous cannabinoid ligand anandamide." Life Sciences 76(18): 2053-2069.

It:Anandamide

2006-10-26T13:25:40Z

Cn205:

== Introduction ==

Anandamide (which is also known as arachidonoylethanolamide) is a naturally occurring endogenous cannabinoid neurotransmitter that plays a role in pain relief, eating and sleeping patterns, depression, memory and fertility. It can be found in the organs of both humans and animals, in particular the brain. Anandamide is responsible for the narcotic effect of marijuana, which produces a natural high. It is also found in high concentrations in chocolate. It is thought that Anandamide attaches to the protein receptor THC (tetrahydrocannabinol) on the membrane of cells and triggers a reaction inside the cells that makes us feel high. Anandamide is broken down fast naturally by the body but chocolate contains two substances, N-oleoylethanolamine and N-linoleoylethaolamine, which inhibit the natural breakdown of anandamide, hence preserving the natural high.

Anandamide got its name from the "''Sanskrit''" word "ananda", which means "bliss" i.e. a state of extreme happiness and amide. It was first isolated and structurally discovered in 1992, by Lumír Ondřej Hanuš and William Anthony Devane in the Laboratory of Raphael Mechoulam, at the Hebrew University.

{| class="toccolours" border="1" style="float: right; clear: right; margin: 0 0 1em 1em; border-collapse: collapse;"
! {{chembox header}}| '''Anandamide'''
|-
| align="center" colspan="2" bgcolor="#ffffff" | [[Image:anandamide-struct.gif]]
|-
!{{chembox header}}| General
|-
! Systematic Chemical name
| (5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z)-N-(2-hydroxyethyl)
icosa-5,8,11,14-tetraenamide
|-
!Synonyms
| Arachidonylethanolamide(AEA)
Arachidonic acid N-(hydroxyethyl)amide
|-
!Appearance
|Light yellow oil
|-
! Chemical formula
|C22H37NO2
|-
! Molecular Weight
| 347.54
|-
! CAS number
| 94421-68-8
|-
! Smile string
|CCCCC\C=C/C\C=C/C\C=C/C\C=C/CCCC(NCCO)=O
|-
!{{chembox header}}| Physical Properties
|-
!Solubility
|Soluble in ethanol
|-
!Density
|0.92g/mL (at 25oC)
|-
!{{chembox header}}|Safety
|-
!Precautions
|Keep away from skin and eyes
|-
|}

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[[User:cn205|cn205]] 14:25, 26 October 2006 (BST)

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AUTHOR WWW daemon apache NONE 3
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[[User:Smbc05|Smbc05]] 14:53, 20 October 2006 (BST)

==Structure==
Anandamide is fat-soluble due to its long hydrocarbon tail. It can pass through the hydrocarbon-rich curtain which isolates the brain from the bloodstream easily. Unlike THC, anandamide breaks down very quickly in the body; which is also the reason why anandamide does not produce an everlasting natural 'high'. [http://antoine.frostburg.edu/chem/senese/101/features/anandamide.shtml]

With the long unsaturated hydrocarbon chain, anandamide possesses a very flexible structure of 16 torsion angles allowing hundreds of conformers. However, researchs showed that the molecule lacks internal folding of the aliphatic chain and its structure is somewhere between linear and U-shaped. This may explain the function of anandamide as a ligand for cannabinoid receptors such as CB1 and CB2.
{|
|-
| align="center" colspan="2" bgcolor="#ffffff" |[[Image: Prefered_conformation_of_anandamide.jpg]] ||Summary of NMR-based structural calculation of AEA conformations in chloroform solution, 32 sets of conformational families were generated and grouped together with the cutoff energy of 36 kcal/mol, showing that AEA mainly assumes 36% of the conformers in extended pseudo helical shapes (A in a side view and a top view), 17% in the twisted “U”-shapes” (B), 17% in the “L” shapes, 6% in “Γ” shapes, and 24% in “C” shapes (E). The energy differences among these conformers are about 0.2~2.5 kcal/mol.
|-
|}
==Functions in human body==
Anandamide has certain functions in our body, and it is not as simple as producing happiness. Anandamide is synthesized in those areas in the brain that are important in memory and higher thought processes, as well as areas which control movements. Anandamide or N-arachidonoylethanolamine (AnNH) plays important roles in the nervous and immune system. Anandamide receptors were originally found due to sensitivity to Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ9-THC), which is a component of marijuana. The chemical affects the short term memory and some human behaviour like sleeping and eating pattern and also in pain relieves. It was also found out that anadamide plays an important role in implantation of the embryo stage; hence Δ9-THC might obstruct the early stages of pregnancy.

Other than the brain, anandamide can also be found in other parts of the body, such as in the uterus. In fact, the highest concentration of anandamide found in our body is not the brain, but in the uterus just before the implantation of the embryo; and its concentration varies with the receptivity of the uterus. Anandamide acts as a chemical messenger between the embryo and uterus during the implantation of the embryo in the uterine wall, which means one of the first communications that occurs between the mother and child is carried out by anandamide. [http://antoine.frostburg.edu/chem/senese/101/features/anandamide.shtml]

'''The ligand binds to two receptors'''

Cannabinoid CB1 receptors (G-protein-coupled receptors) are found on presynaptic membranes in the brain in the nervous system. The effects are:

• Induce inhibition of forskolin-induced cAMP accumulation
• Inhibition of N-type Ca+ channels
• Activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase signal transduction pathway
• Increase in protein tyrosine phosphorylation

Cannabinoid CB2 receptors are present not in the brain in the periphery but also on cells of the immune system. The effects are:

• Inhibition of aldenylate cyclase
• Activation of the mitogen- activated proeteinkinase signaling

[http://www.jbc.org/cgi/reprint/273/48/32332.pdf]

[[Image:AnN.bmp]]

==Anandamide and Chocolate==
In 1996, Daniele Piomelli and co-workers at the Neurosciences Institute in San Diego discovered three other compounds in dark chocolate which were very similar to anandamide. Other compounds such as N-acylethanolamines were also found to block the breakdown of anandamide. Due to the inhibitation of the natural breakdown of anadamide, it may stick around in our body longer, making us feel good longer when we eat chocolate. Hence, the pleasure of chocolate is a result of the total effect of anandamide and anandamide-preserving N-acylethanolamines. [http://www.exploratorium.edu/exploring/exploring_chocolate/choc_8.html]

==Future use==
A new family of therapeutic drugs may be developed from the discovery of Anandamide.

==Reference==
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anandamide

http://antoine.frostburg.edu/chem/senese/101/features/anandamide.shtml

http://www.exploratorium.edu/exploring/exploring_chocolate/choc_8.html

Sigma-Aldrich Online MSDS: http://www.sigmaaldrich.com/catalog/search/ProductDetail/SIGMA/A0580

C. Bonechi, A. B. V. B. M. F. A. D. C. R. (2001). Conformational analysis of N-arachidonylethanolamide (anandamide) using nuclear magnetic resonance and theoretical calculations. Magn. Res. Chem. 39: 432-437.

Chen, J.-Z., X.-W. Han, et al. (2005). "Preferred conformations of endogenous cannabinoid ligand anandamide." Life Sciences 76(18): 2053-2069.

It:Anandamide

2006-10-26T13:17:00Z

Cn205:

== Introduction ==

Anandamide (which is also known as arachidonoylethanolamide) is a naturally occurring endogenous cannabinoid neurotransmitter that plays a role in pain relief, eating and sleeping patterns, depression, memory and fertility. It can be found in the organs of both humans and animals, in particular the brain. Anandamide is responsible for the narcotic effect of marijuana, which produces a natural high. It is also found in high concentrations in chocolate. It is thought that Anandamide attaches to the protein receptor THC (tetrahydrocannabinol) on the membrane of cells and triggers a reaction inside the cells that makes us feel high. Anandamide is broken down fast naturally by the body but chocolate contains two substances, N-oleoylethanolamine and N-linoleoylethaolamine, which inhibit the natural breakdown of anandamide, hence preserving the natural high.

Anandamide got its name from the "''Sanskrit''" word "ananda", which means "bliss" i.e. a state of extreme happiness and amide. It was first isolated and structurally discovered in 1992, by Lumír Ondřej Hanuš and William Anthony Devane in the Laboratory of Raphael Mechoulam, at the Hebrew University.

==

{| class="toccolours" border="1" style="float: right; clear: right; margin: 0 0 1em 1em; border-collapse: collapse;"
! {{chembox header}}| '''Anandamide'''
|-
| align="center" colspan="2" bgcolor="#ffffff" | [[Image:anandamide-struct.gif]]
|-
!{{chembox header}}| General
|-
! Systematic Chemical name
| (5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z)-N-(2-hydroxyethyl)
icosa-5,8,11,14-tetraenamide
|-
!Synonyms
| Arachidonylethanolamide(AEA)
Arachidonic acid N-(hydroxyethyl)amide
|-
!Appearance
|Light yellow oil
|-
! Chemical formula
|C22H37NO2
|-
! Molecular Weight
| 347.54
|-
! CAS number
| 94421-68-8
|-
! Smile string
|CCCCC\C=C/C\C=C/C\C=C/C\C=C/CCCC(NCCO)=O
|-
!{{chembox header}}| Physical Properties
|-
!Solubility
|Soluble in ethanol
|-
!Density
|0.92g/mL (at 25oC)
|-
!{{chembox header}}|Safety
|-
!Precautions
|Keep away from skin and eyes
|-
|}

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TITLE NONE 2
AUTHOR WWW daemon apache NONE 3
REVDAT 1 19-Oct-06 0 NONE 4
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CONECT 1 2 26 27 28 NONE 67
CONECT 2 1 3 29 30 NONE 68
CONECT 3 2 4 31 32 NONE 69
CONECT 4 3 5 33 34 NONE 70
CONECT 5 4 6 35 36 NONE 71
CONECT 6 5 7 37 0 NONE 72
CONECT 7 6 8 38 0 NONE 73
CONECT 8 7 9 39 40 NONE 74
CONECT 9 8 10 41 0 NONE 75
CONECT 10 9 11 42 0 NONE 76
CONECT 11 10 12 43 44 NONE 77
CONECT 12 11 13 45 0 NONE 78
CONECT 13 12 14 46 0 NONE 79
CONECT 14 13 15 47 48 NONE 80
CONECT 15 14 16 49 0 NONE 81
CONECT 16 15 17 50 0 NONE 82
CONECT 17 16 18 51 52 NONE 83
CONECT 18 17 19 53 54 NONE 84
CONECT 19 18 20 55 56 NONE 85
CONECT 20 19 21 25 0 NONE 86
CONECT 21 20 22 57 0 NONE 87
CONECT 22 21 23 58 59 NONE 88
CONECT 23 22 24 60 61 NONE 89
CONECT 24 23 62 0 0 NONE 90
CONECT 25 20 0 0 0 NONE 91
END NONE 92
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[[User:Smbc05|Smbc05]] 14:53, 20 October 2006 (BST)

==Structure==
Anandamide is fat-soluble due to its long hydrocarbon tail. It can pass through the hydrocarbon-rich curtain which isolates the brain from the bloodstream easily. Unlike THC, anandamide breaks down very quickly in the body; which is also the reason why anandamide does not produce an everlasting natural 'high'. [http://antoine.frostburg.edu/chem/senese/101/features/anandamide.shtml]

With the long unsaturated hydrocarbon chain, anandamide possesses a very flexible structure of 16 torsion angles allowing hundreds of conformers. However, researchs showed that the molecule lacks internal folding of the aliphatic chain and its structure is somewhere between linear and U-shaped. This may explain the function of anandamide as a ligand for cannabinoid receptors such as CB1 and CB2.
{|
|-
| align="center" colspan="2" bgcolor="#ffffff" |[[Image: Prefered_conformation_of_anandamide.jpg]] ||Summary of NMR-based structural calculation of AEA conformations in chloroform solution, 32 sets of conformational families were generated and grouped together with the cutoff energy of 36 kcal/mol, showing that AEA mainly assumes 36% of the conformers in extended pseudo helical shapes (A in a side view and a top view), 17% in the twisted “U”-shapes” (B), 17% in the “L” shapes, 6% in “Γ” shapes, and 24% in “C” shapes (E). The energy differences among these conformers are about 0.2~2.5 kcal/mol.
|-
|}
==Functions in human body==
Anandamide has certain functions in our body, and it is not as simple as producing happiness. Anandamide is synthesized in those areas in the brain that are important in memory and higher thought processes, as well as areas which control movements. Anandamide or N-arachidonoylethanolamine (AnNH) plays important roles in the nervous and immune system. Anandamide receptors were originally found due to sensitivity to Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ9-THC), which is a component of marijuana. The chemical affects the short term memory and some human behaviour like sleeping and eating pattern and also in pain relieves. It was also found out that anadamide plays an important role in implantation of the embryo stage; hence Δ9-THC might obstruct the early stages of pregnancy.

Other than the brain, anandamide can also be found in other parts of the body, such as in the uterus. In fact, the highest concentration of anandamide found in our body is not the brain, but in the uterus just before the implantation of the embryo; and its concentration varies with the receptivity of the uterus. Anandamide acts as a chemical messenger between the embryo and uterus during the implantation of the embryo in the uterine wall, which means one of the first communications that occurs between the mother and child is carried out by anandamide. [http://antoine.frostburg.edu/chem/senese/101/features/anandamide.shtml]

'''The ligand binds to two receptors'''

Cannabinoid CB1 receptors (G-protein-coupled receptors) are found on presynaptic membranes in the brain in the nervous system. The effects are:

• Induce inhibition of forskolin-induced cAMP accumulation
• Inhibition of N-type Ca+ channels
• Activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase signal transduction pathway
• Increase in protein tyrosine phosphorylation

Cannabinoid CB2 receptors are present not in the brain in the periphery but also on cells of the immune system. The effects are:

• Inhibition of aldenylate cyclase
• Activation of the mitogen- activated proeteinkinase signaling

[http://www.jbc.org/cgi/reprint/273/48/32332.pdf]

[[Image:AnN.bmp]]

==Anandamide and Chocolate==
In 1996, Daniele Piomelli and co-workers at the Neurosciences Institute in San Diego discovered three other compounds in dark chocolate which were very similar to anandamide. Other compounds such as N-acylethanolamines were also found to block the breakdown of anandamide. Due to the inhibitation of the natural breakdown of anadamide, it may stick around in our body longer, making us feel good longer when we eat chocolate. Hence, the pleasure of chocolate is a result of the total effect of anandamide and anandamide-preserving N-acylethanolamines. [http://www.exploratorium.edu/exploring/exploring_chocolate/choc_8.html]

==Future use==
A new family of therapeutic drugs may be developed from the discovery of Anandamide.

==Reference==
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anandamide

http://antoine.frostburg.edu/chem/senese/101/features/anandamide.shtml

http://www.exploratorium.edu/exploring/exploring_chocolate/choc_8.html

Sigma-Aldrich Online MSDS: http://www.sigmaaldrich.com/catalog/search/ProductDetail/SIGMA/A0580

C. Bonechi, A. B. V. B. M. F. A. D. C. R. (2001). Conformational analysis of N-arachidonylethanolamide (anandamide) using nuclear magnetic resonance and theoretical calculations. Magn. Res. Chem. 39: 432-437.

Chen, J.-Z., X.-W. Han, et al. (2005). "Preferred conformations of endogenous cannabinoid ligand anandamide." Life Sciences 76(18): 2053-2069.

It:Anandamide

2006-10-26T13:09:55Z

Cn205:

== Introduction ==

Anandamide (which is also known as arachidonoylethanolamide) is a naturally occurring endogenous cannabinoid neurotransmitter that plays a role in pain relief, eating and sleeping patterns, depression, memory and fertility. It can be found in the organs of both humans and animals, in particular the brain. Anandamide is responsible for the narcotic effect of marijuana, which produces a natural high. It is also found in high concentrations in chocolate. It is thought that Anandamide attaches to the protein receptor THC (tetrahydrocannabinol) on the membrane of cells and triggers a reaction inside the cells that makes us feel high. Anandamide is broken down fast naturally by the body but chocolate contains two substances, N-oleoylethanolamine and N-linoleoylethaolamine, which inhibit the natural breakdown of anandamide, hence preserving the natural high.

Anandamide got its name from the "''Sanskrit''" word "ananda", which means "bliss" i.e. a state of extreme happiness and amide. It was first isolated and structurally discovered in 1992, by Lumír Ondřej Hanuš and William Anthony Devane in the Laboratory of Raphael Mechoulam, at the Hebrew University.

==

{| class="toccolours" border="1" style="float: right; clear: right; margin: 0 0 1em 1em; border-collapse: collapse;"
! {{chembox header}}| '''Anandamide'''
|-
| align="center" colspan="2" bgcolor="#ffffff" | [[Image:anandamide-struct.gif]]
|-
!{{chembox header}}| General
|-
! Systematic Chemical name
| (5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z)-N-(2-hydroxyethyl)
icosa-5,8,11,14-tetraenamide
|-
!Synonyms
| Arachidonylethanolamide(AEA)
Arachidonic acid N-(hydroxyethyl)amide
|-
!Appearance
|Light yellow oil
|-
! Chemical formula
|C22H37NO2
|-
! Molecular Weight
| 347.54
|-
! CAS number
| 94421-68-8
|-
! Smile string
|CCCCC\C=C/C\C=C/C\C=C/C\C=C/CCCC(NCCO)=O
|-
!{{chembox header}}| Physical Properties
|-
!Solubility
|Soluble in ethanol
|-
!Density
|0.92g/mL (at 25oC)
|-
!{{chembox header}}|Safety
|-
!Precautions
|Keep away from skin and eyes
|-
|}

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CONECT 2 1 3 29 30 NONE 68
CONECT 3 2 4 31 32 NONE 69
CONECT 4 3 5 33 34 NONE 70
CONECT 5 4 6 35 36 NONE 71
CONECT 6 5 7 37 0 NONE 72
CONECT 7 6 8 38 0 NONE 73
CONECT 8 7 9 39 40 NONE 74
CONECT 9 8 10 41 0 NONE 75
CONECT 10 9 11 42 0 NONE 76
CONECT 11 10 12 43 44 NONE 77
CONECT 12 11 13 45 0 NONE 78
CONECT 13 12 14 46 0 NONE 79
CONECT 14 13 15 47 48 NONE 80
CONECT 15 14 16 49 0 NONE 81
CONECT 16 15 17 50 0 NONE 82
CONECT 17 16 18 51 52 NONE 83
CONECT 18 17 19 53 54 NONE 84
CONECT 19 18 20 55 56 NONE 85
CONECT 20 19 21 25 0 NONE 86
CONECT 21 20 22 57 0 NONE 87
CONECT 22 21 23 58 59 NONE 88
CONECT 23 22 24 60 61 NONE 89
CONECT 24 23 62 0 0 NONE 90
CONECT 25 20 0 0 0 NONE 91
END NONE 92
</inlineContents>
</jmolApplet>
</jmol>
[[User:Smbc05|Smbc05]] 14:53, 20 October 2006 (BST)

==Structure==
Anandamide is fat-soluble due to its long hydrocarbon tail. It can pass through the hydrocarbon-rich curtain which isolates the brain from the bloodstream easily. Unlike THC, anandamide breaks down very quickly in the body; which is also the reason why anandamide does not produce an everlasting natural 'high'. [http://antoine.frostburg.edu/chem/senese/101/features/anandamide.shtml]

With the long unsaturated hydrocarbon chain, anandamide possesses a very flexible structure of 16 torsion angles allowing hundreds of conformers. However, researchs showed that the molecule lacks internal folding of the aliphatic chain and its structure is somewhere between linear and U-shaped. This may explain the function of anandamide as a ligand for cannabinoid receptors such as CB1 and CB2.
{|
|-
| align="center" colspan="2" bgcolor="#ffffff" |[[Image: Prefered_conformation_of_anandamide.jpg]] ||Summary of NMR-based structural calculation of AEA conformations in chloroform solution, 32 sets of conformational families were generated and grouped together with the cutoff energy of 36 kcal/mol, showing that AEA mainly assumes 36% of the conformers in extended pseudo helical shapes (A in a side view and a top view), 17% in the twisted “U”-shapes” (B), 17% in the “L” shapes, 6% in “Γ” shapes, and 24% in “C” shapes (E). The energy differences among these conformers are about 0.2~2.5 kcal/mol.
|-
|}
==Functions in human body==
Anandamide has certain functions in our body, and it is not as simple as producing happiness. Anandamide is synthesized in those areas in the brain that are important in memory and higher thought processes, as well as areas which control movements. Anandamide or N-arachidonoylethanolamine (AnNH) plays important roles in the nervous and immune system. Anandamide receptors were originally found due to sensitivity to Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ9-THC), which is a component of marijuana. The chemical affects the short term memory and some human behaviour like sleeping and eating pattern and also in pain relieves. It was also found out that anadamide plays an important role in implantation of the embryo stage; hence Δ9-THC might obstruct the early stages of pregnancy.

Other than the brain, anandamide can also be found in other parts of the body, such as in the uterus. In fact, the highest concentration of anandamide found in our body is not the brain, but in the uterus just before the implantation of the embryo; and its concentration varies with the receptivity of the uterus. Anandamide acts as a chemical messenger between the embryo and uterus during the implantation of the embryo in the uterine wall, which means one of the first communications that occurs between the mother and child is carried out by anandamide. [http://antoine.frostburg.edu/chem/senese/101/features/anandamide.shtml]

'''The ligand binds to two receptors'''

Cannabinoid CB1 receptors (G-protein-coupled receptors) are found on presynaptic membranes in the brain in the nervous system. The effects are:

• Induce inhibition of forskolin-induced cAMP accumulation
• Inhibition of N-type Ca+ channels
• Activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase signal transduction pathway
• Increase in protein tyrosine phosphorylation

Cannabinoid CB2 receptors are present not in the brain in the periphery but also on cells of the immune system. The effects are:

• Inhibition of aldenylate cyclase
• Activation of the mitogen- activated proeteinkinase signaling

[http://www.jbc.org/cgi/reprint/273/48/32332.pdf]

[[Image:AnN.bmp]]

==Anandamide and Chocolate==
In 1996, Daniele Piomelli and co-workers at the Neurosciences Institute in San Diego discovered three other compounds in dark chocolate which were very similar to anandamide. Other compounds such as N-acylethanolamines were also found to block the breakdown of anandamide. Due to the inhibitation of the natural breakdown of anadamide, it may stick around in our body longer, making us feel good longer when we eat chocolate. Hence, the pleasure of chocolate is a result of the total effect of anandamide and anandamide-preserving N-acylethanolamines. [http://www.exploratorium.edu/exploring/exploring_chocolate/choc_8.html]

==Future use==
A new family of therapeutic drugs may be developed from the discovery of Anandamide.

==Reference==
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anandamide

http://antoine.frostburg.edu/chem/senese/101/features/anandamide.shtml

http://www.exploratorium.edu/exploring/exploring_chocolate/choc_8.html

Sigma-Aldrich Online MSDS: http://www.sigmaaldrich.com/catalog/search/ProductDetail/SIGMA/A0580

C. Bonechi, A. B. V. B. M. F. A. D. C. R. (2001). Conformational analysis of N-arachidonylethanolamide (anandamide) using nuclear magnetic resonance and theoretical calculations. Magn. Res. Chem. 39: 432-437.

Chen, J.-Z., X.-W. Han, et al. (2005). "Preferred conformations of endogenous cannabinoid ligand anandamide." Life Sciences 76(18): 2053-2069.

It:Anandamide

2006-10-26T13:09:09Z

Cn205:

== Introduction ==

Anandamide (which is also known as arachidonoylethanolamide) is a naturally occurring endogenous cannabinoid neurotransmitter that plays a role in pain relief, eating and sleeping patterns, depression, memory and fertility. It can be found in the organs of both humans and animals, in particular the brain. Anandamide is responsible for the narcotic effect of marijuana, which produces a natural high. It is also found in high concentrations in chocolate. It is thought that Anandamide attaches to the protein receptor THC (tetrahydrocannabinol) on the membrane of cells and triggers a reaction inside the cells that makes us feel high. Anandamide is broken down fast naturally by the body but chocolate contains two substances, N-oleoylethanolamine and N-linoleoylethaolamine, which inhibit the natural breakdown of anandamide, hence preserving the natural high.

Anandamide got its name from the "''Sanskrit''" word "ananda", which means "bliss" i.e. a state of extreme happiness and amide. It was first isolated and structurally discovered in 1992, by Lumír Ondřej Hanuš and William Anthony Devane in the Laboratory of Raphael Mechoulam, at the Hebrew University.

==

{| class="toccolours" border="1" style="float: right; clear: right; margin: 0 0 1em 1em; border-collapse: collapse;"
! {{chembox header}}| '''Anandamide'''
|-
| align="center" colspan="2" bgcolor="#ffffff" | [[Image:anandamide-struct.gif]]
|-
!{{chembox header}}| General
|-
! Systematic Chemical name
| (5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z)-N-(2-hydroxyethyl)
icosa-5,8,11,14-tetraenamide
|-
!Synonyms
| Arachidonylethanolamide(AEA)
Arachidonic acid N-(hydroxyethyl)amide
|-
!Appearance
|Light yellow oil
|-
! Chemical formula
|C22H37NO2
|-
! Molecular Weight
| 347.54
|-
! CAS number
| 94421-68-8
|-
! Smile string
|CCCCC\C=C/C\C=C/C\C=C/C\C=C/CCCC(NCCO)=O
|-
!{{chembox header}}| Physical Properties
|-
!Solubility
|Soluble in ethanol
|-
!Density
|0.92g/mL (at 25oC)
|-
!{{chembox header}}|Safety
|-
!Precautions
|Keep away from skin and eyes
|-
|}

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<inlineContents>HEADER NONAME 19-Oct-06 NONE 1
TITLE NONE 2
AUTHOR WWW daemon apache NONE 3
REVDAT 1 19-Oct-06 0 NONE 4
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CONECT 1 2 26 27 28 NONE 67
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END NONE 92
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[[User:Smbc05|Smbc05]] 14:53, 20 October 2006 (BST)

==Structure==
Anandamide is fat-soluble due to its long hydrocarbon tail. It can pass through the hydrocarbon-rich curtain which isolates the brain from the bloodstream easily. Unlike THC, anandamide breaks down very quickly in the body; which is also the reason why anandamide does not produce an everlasting natural 'high'. [http://antoine.frostburg.edu/chem/senese/101/features/anandamide.shtml]

With the long unsaturated hydrocarbon chain, anandamide possesses a very flexible structure of 16 torsion angles allowing hundreds of conformers. However, researchs showed that the molecule lacks internal folding of the aliphatic chain and its structure is somewhere between linear and U-shaped. This may explain the function of anandamide as a ligand for cannabinoid receptors such as CB1 and CB2.
{|
|-
| align="center" colspan="2" bgcolor="#ffffff" |[[Image: Prefered_conformation_of_anandamide.jpg]] ||Summary of NMR-based structural calculation of AEA conformations in chloroform solution, 32 sets of conformational families were generated and grouped together with the cutoff energy of 36 kcal/mol, showing that AEA mainly assumes 36% of the conformers in extended pseudo helical shapes (A in a side view and a top view), 17% in the twisted “U”-shapes” (B), 17% in the “L” shapes, 6% in “Γ” shapes, and 24% in “C” shapes (E). The energy differences among these conformers are about 0.2~2.5 kcal/mol.
|-
|}
==Functions in human body==
Anandamide has certain functions in our body, and it is not as simple as producing happiness. Anandamide is synthesized in those areas in the brain that are important in memory and higher thought processes, as well as areas which control movements. Anandamide or N-arachidonoylethanolamine (AnNH) plays important roles in the nervous and immune system. Anandamide receptors were originally found due to sensitivity to Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ9-THC), which is a component of marijuana. The chemical affects the short term memory and some human behaviour like sleeping and eating pattern and also in pain relieves. It was also found out that anadamide plays an important role in implantation of the embryo stage; hence Δ9-THC might obstruct the early stages of pregnancy.

Other than the brain, anandamide can also be found in other parts of the body, such as in the uterus. In fact, the highest concentration of anandamide found in our body is not the brain, but in the uterus just before the implantation of the embryo; and its concentration varies with the receptivity of the uterus. Anandamide acts as a chemical messenger between the embryo and uterus during the implantation of the embryo in the uterine wall, which means one of the first communications that occurs between the mother and child is carried out by anandamide. [http://antoine.frostburg.edu/chem/senese/101/features/anandamide.shtml]

'''The ligand binds to two receptors'''

Cannabinoid CB1 receptors (G-protein-coupled receptors) are found on presynaptic membranes in the brain in the nervous system. The effects are:

• Induce inhibition of forskolin-induced cAMP accumulation
• Inhibition of N-type Ca+ channels
• Activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase signal transduction pathway
• Increase in protein tyrosine phosphorylation

Cannabinoid CB2 receptors are present not in the brain in the periphery but also on cells of the immune system. The effects are:

• Inhibition of aldenylate cyclase
• Activation of the mitogen- activated proeteinkinase signaling

[http://www.jbc.org/cgi/reprint/273/48/32332.pdf]

[[Image:AnN.bmp]]

==Anandamide and Chocolate==
In 1996, Daniele Piomelli and co-workers at the Neurosciences Institute in San Diego discovered three other compounds in dark chocolate which were very similar to anandamide. Other compounds such as N-acylethanolamines were also found to block the breakdown of anandamide. Due to the inhibitation of the natural breakdown of anadamide, it may stick around in our body longer, making us feel good longer when we eat chocolate. Hence, the pleasure of chocolate is a result of the total effect of anandamide and anandamide-preserving N-acylethanolamines. [http://www.exploratorium.edu/exploring/exploring_chocolate/choc_8.html]

==Future use==
A new family of therapeutic drugs may be developed from the discovery of Anandamide.

==Reference==
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anandamide

http://antoine.frostburg.edu/chem/senese/101/features/anandamide.shtml

http://www.exploratorium.edu/exploring/exploring_chocolate/choc_8.html

Sigma-Aldrich Online MSDS: http://www.sigmaaldrich.com/catalog/search/ProductDetail/SIGMA/A0580

C. Bonechi, A. B. V. B. M. F. A. D. C. R. (2001). Conformational analysis of N-arachidonylethanolamide (anandamide) using nuclear magnetic resonance and theoretical calculations. Magn. Res. Chem. 39: 432-437.

Chen, J.-Z., X.-W. Han, et al. (2005). "Preferred conformations of endogenous cannabinoid ligand anandamide." Life Sciences 76(18): 2053-2069.

It:Anandamide

2006-10-26T13:08:40Z

Cn205:

== Introduction ==

Anandamide (which is also known as arachidonoylethanolamide) is a naturally occurring endogenous cannabinoid neurotransmitter that plays a role in pain relief, eating and sleeping patterns, depression, memory and fertility. It can be found in the organs of both humans and animals, in particular the brain. Anandamide is responsible for the narcotic effect of marijuana, which produces a natural high. It is also found in high concentrations in chocolate. It is thought that Anandamide attaches to the protein receptor THC (tetrahydrocannabinol) on the membrane of cells and triggers a reaction inside the cells that makes us feel high. Anandamide is broken down fast naturally by the body but chocolate contains two substances, N-oleoylethanolamine and N-linoleoylethaolamine, which inhibit the natural breakdown of anandamide, hence preserving the natural high.

Anandamide got its name from the "''Sanskrit''" word "ananda", which means "bliss" i.e. a state of extreme happiness and amide. It was first isolated and structurally discovered in 1992, by Lumír Ondřej Hanuš and William Anthony Devane in the Laboratory of Raphael Mechoulam, at the Hebrew University.

==

{| class="toccolours" border="1" style="float: right; clear: right; margin: 0 0 1em 1em; border-collapse: collapse;"
! {{chembox header}}| '''Anandamide'''
|-
| align="center" colspan="2" bgcolor="#ffffff" | [[Image:anandamide-struct.gif]]
|-
!{{chembox header}}| General
|-
! Systematic Chemical name
| (5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z)-N-(2-hydroxyethyl)
icosa-5,8,11,14-tetraenamide
|-
!Synonyms
| Arachidonylethanolamide(AEA)
Arachidonic acid N-(hydroxyethyl)amide
|-
!Appearance
|Light yellow oil
|-
! Chemical formula
|C22H37NO2
|-
! Molecular Weight
| 347.54
|-
! CAS number
| 94421-68-8
|-
! Smile string
|CCCCC\C=C/C\C=C/C\C=C/C\C=C/CCCC(NCCO)=O
|-
!{{chembox header}}| Physical Properties
|-
!Solubility
|Soluble in ethanol
|-
!Density
|0.92g/mL (at 25oC)
|-
!{{chembox header}}|Safety
|-
!Precautions
|Keep away from skin and eyes
|-
|}

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TITLE NONE 2
AUTHOR WWW daemon apache NONE 3
REVDAT 1 19-Oct-06 0 NONE 4
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CONECT 1 2 26 27 28 NONE 67
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[[User:Smbc05|Smbc05]] 14:53, 20 October 2006 (BST)

==Structure==
Anandamide is fat-soluble due to its long hydrocarbon tail. It can pass through the hydrocarbon-rich curtain which isolates the brain from the bloodstream easily. Unlike THC, anandamide breaks down very quickly in the body; which is also the reason why anandamide does not produce an everlasting natural 'high'. [http://antoine.frostburg.edu/chem/senese/101/features/anandamide.shtml]

With the long unsaturated hydrocarbon chain, anandamide possesses a very flexible structure of 16 torsion angles allowing hundreds of conformers. However, researchs showed that the molecule lacks internal folding of the aliphatic chain and its structure is somewhere between linear and U-shaped. This may explain the function of anandamide as a ligand for cannabinoid receptors such as CB1 and CB2.
{|
|-
| align="center" colspan="2" bgcolor="#ffffff" |[[Image: Prefered_conformation_of_anandamide.jpg]] ||Summary of NMR-based structural calculation of AEA conformations in chloroform solution, 32 sets of conformational families were generated and grouped together with the cutoff energy of 36 kcal/mol, showing that AEA mainly assumes 36% of the conformers in extended pseudo helical shapes (A in a side view and a top view), 17% in the twisted “U”-shapes” (B), 17% in the “L” shapes, 6% in “Γ” shapes, and 24% in “C” shapes (E). The energy differences among these conformers are about 0.2~2.5 kcal/mol.
|-
|}
==Functions in human body==
Anandamide has certain functions in our body, and it is not as simple as producing happiness. Anandamide is synthesized in those areas in the brain that are important in memory and higher thought processes, as well as areas which control movements. Anandamide or N-arachidonoylethanolamine (AnNH) plays important roles in the nervous and immune system. Anandamide receptors were originally found due to sensitivity to Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ9-THC), which is a component of marijuana. The chemical affects the short term memory and some human behaviour like sleeping and eating pattern and also in pain relieves. It was also found out that anadamide plays an important role in implantation of the embryo stage; hence Δ9-THC might obstruct the early stages of pregnancy.

Other than the brain, anandamide can also be found in other parts of the body, such as in the uterus. In fact, the highest concentration of anandamide found in our body is not the brain, but in the uterus just before the implantation of the embryo; and its concentration varies with the receptivity of the uterus. Anandamide acts as a chemical messenger between the embryo and uterus during the implantation of the embryo in the uterine wall, which means one of the first communications that occurs between the mother and child is carried out by anandamide. [http://antoine.frostburg.edu/chem/senese/101/features/anandamide.shtml]

'''The ligand binds to two receptors'''

Cannabinoid CB1 receptors (G-protein-coupled receptors) are found on presynaptic membranes in the brain in the nervous system. The effects are:

• Induce inhibition of forskolin-induced cAMP accumulation
• Inhibition of N-type Ca+ channels
• Activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase signal transduction pathway
• Increase in protein tyrosine phosphorylation

Cannabinoid CB2 receptors are present not in the brain in the periphery but also on cells of the immune system. The effects are:

• Inhibition of aldenylate cyclase
• Activation of the mitogen- activated proeteinkinase signaling

[http://www.jbc.org/cgi/reprint/273/48/32332.pdf]

[[Image:AnN.bmp]]

==Anandamide and Chocolate==
In 1996, Daniele Piomelli and co-workers at the Neurosciences Institute in San Diego discovered three other compounds in dark chocolate which were very similar to anandamide. Other compounds such as N-acylethanolamines were also found to block the breakdown of anandamide. Due to the inhibitation of the natural breakdown of anadamide, it may stick around in our body longer, making us feel good longer when we eat chocolate. Hence, the pleasure of chocolate is a result of the total effect of anandamide and anandamide-preserving N-acylethanolamines. [http://www.exploratorium.edu/exploring/exploring_chocolate/choc_8.html]

==Future use==
A new family of therapeutic drugs may be developed from the discovery of Anandamide.

==Reference==
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anandamide

http://antoine.frostburg.edu/chem/senese/101/features/anandamide.shtml

http://www.exploratorium.edu/exploring/exploring_chocolate/choc_8.html

Sigma-Aldrich Online MSDS: http://www.sigmaaldrich.com/catalog/search/ProductDetail/SIGMA/A0580

C. Bonechi, A. B. V. B. M. F. A. D. C. R. (2001). Conformational analysis of N-arachidonylethanolamide (anandamide) using nuclear magnetic resonance and theoretical calculations. Magn. Res. Chem. 39: 432-437.

Chen, J.-Z., X.-W. Han, et al. (2005). "Preferred conformations of endogenous cannabinoid ligand anandamide." Life Sciences 76(18): 2053-2069.

It:Anandamide

2006-10-26T13:08:18Z

Cn205:

== Introduction ==

Anandamide (which is also known as arachidonoylethanolamide) is a naturally occurring endogenous cannabinoid neurotransmitter that plays a role in pain relief, eating and sleeping patterns, depression, memory and fertility. It can be found in the organs of both humans and animals, in particular the brain. Anandamide is responsible for the narcotic effect of marijuana, which produces a natural high. It is also found in high concentrations in chocolate. It is thought that Anandamide attaches to the protein receptor THC (tetrahydrocannabinol) on the membrane of cells and triggers a reaction inside the cells that makes us feel high. Anandamide is broken down fast naturally by the body but chocolate contains two substances, N-oleoylethanolamine and N-linoleoylethaolamine, which inhibit the natural breakdown of anandamide, hence preserving the natural high.

Anandamide got its name from the "''Sanskrit''" word "ananda", which means "bliss" i.e. a state of extreme happiness and amide. It was first isolated and structurally discovered in 1992, by Lumír Ondřej Hanuš and William Anthony Devane in the Laboratory of Raphael Mechoulam, at the Hebrew University.

==

{| class="toccolours" border="1" style="float: right; clear: right; margin: 0 0 1em 1em; border-collapse: collapse;"
! {{chembox header}}| '''Anandamide'''
|-
| align="center" colspan="2" bgcolor="#ffffff" | [[Image:anandamide-struct.gif]]
|-
!{{chembox header}}| General
|-
! Systematic Chemical name
| (5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z)-N-(2-hydroxyethyl)
icosa-5,8,11,14-tetraenamide
|-
!Synonyms
| Arachidonylethanolamide(AEA)
Arachidonic acid N-(hydroxyethyl)amide
|-
!Appearance
|Light yellow oil
|-
! Chemical formula
|C22H37NO2
|-
! Molecular Weight
| 347.54
|-
! CAS number
| 94421-68-8
|-
! Smile string
|CCCCC\C=C/C\C=C/C\C=C/C\C=C/CCCC(NCCO)=O
|-
!{{chembox header}}| Physical Properties
|-
!Solubility
|Soluble in ethanol
|-
!Density
|0.92g/mL (at 25oC)
|-
!{{chembox header}}|Safety
|-
!Precautions
|Keep away from skin and eyes
|-
|}

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[[User:Smbc05|Smbc05]] 14:53, 20 October 2006 (BST)

==Structure==
Anandamide is fat-soluble due to its long hydrocarbon tail. It can pass through the hydrocarbon-rich curtain which isolates the brain from the bloodstream easily. Unlike THC, anandamide breaks down very quickly in the body; which is also the reason why anandamide does not produce an everlasting natural 'high'. [http://antoine.frostburg.edu/chem/senese/101/features/anandamide.shtml]

With the long unsaturated hydrocarbon chain, anandamide possesses a very flexible structure of 16 torsion angles allowing hundreds of conformers. However, researchs showed that the molecule lacks internal folding of the aliphatic chain and its structure is somewhere between linear and U-shaped. This may explain the function of anandamide as a ligand for cannabinoid receptors such as CB1 and CB2.
{|
|-
| align="center" colspan="2" bgcolor="#ffffff" |[[Image: Prefered_conformation_of_anandamide.jpg]] ||Summary of NMR-based structural calculation of AEA conformations in chloroform solution, 32 sets of conformational families were generated and grouped together with the cutoff energy of 36 kcal/mol, showing that AEA mainly assumes 36% of the conformers in extended pseudo helical shapes (A in a side view and a top view), 17% in the twisted “U”-shapes” (B), 17% in the “L” shapes, 6% in “Γ” shapes, and 24% in “C” shapes (E). The energy differences among these conformers are about 0.2~2.5 kcal/mol.
|-
|}
==Functions in human body==
Anandamide has certain functions in our body, and it is not as simple as producing happiness. Anandamide is synthesized in those areas in the brain that are important in memory and higher thought processes, as well as areas which control movements. Anandamide or N-arachidonoylethanolamine (AnNH) plays important roles in the nervous and immune system. Anandamide receptors were originally found due to sensitivity to Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ9-THC), which is a component of marijuana. The chemical affects the short term memory and some human behaviour like sleeping and eating pattern and also in pain relieves. It was also found out that anadamide plays an important role in implantation of the embryo stage; hence Δ9-THC might obstruct the early stages of pregnancy.

Other than the brain, anandamide can also be found in other parts of the body, such as in the uterus. In fact, the highest concentration of anandamide found in our body is not the brain, but in the uterus just before the implantation of the embryo; and its concentration varies with the receptivity of the uterus. Anandamide acts as a chemical messenger between the embryo and uterus during the implantation of the embryo in the uterine wall, which means one of the first communications that occurs between the mother and child is carried out by anandamide. [http://antoine.frostburg.edu/chem/senese/101/features/anandamide.shtml]

'''The ligand binds to two receptors'''

Cannabinoid CB1 receptors (G-protein-coupled receptors) are found on presynaptic membranes in the brain in the nervous system. The effects are:

• Induce inhibition of forskolin-induced cAMP accumulation
• Inhibition of N-type Ca+ channels
• Activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase signal transduction pathway
• Increase in protein tyrosine phosphorylation

Cannabinoid CB2 receptors are present not in the brain in the periphery but also on cells of the immune system. The effects are:

• Inhibition of aldenylate cyclase
• Activation of the mitogen- activated proeteinkinase signaling

[http://www.jbc.org/cgi/reprint/273/48/32332.pdf]

[[Image:AnN.bmp]]

==Anandamide and Chocolate==
In 1996, Daniele Piomelli and co-workers at the Neurosciences Institute in San Diego discovered three other compounds in dark chocolate which were very similar to anandamide. Other compounds such as N-acylethanolamines were also found to block the breakdown of anandamide. Due to the inhibitation of the natural breakdown of anadamide, it may stick around in our body longer, making us feel good longer when we eat chocolate. Hence, the pleasure of chocolate is a result of the total effect of anandamide and anandamide-preserving N-acylethanolamines. [http://www.exploratorium.edu/exploring/exploring_chocolate/choc_8.html]

==Future use==
A new family of therapeutic drugs may be developed from the discovery of Anandamide.

==Reference==
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anandamide

http://antoine.frostburg.edu/chem/senese/101/features/anandamide.shtml

http://www.exploratorium.edu/exploring/exploring_chocolate/choc_8.html

Sigma-Aldrich Online MSDS: http://www.sigmaaldrich.com/catalog/search/ProductDetail/SIGMA/A0580

C. Bonechi, A. B. V. B. M. F. A. D. C. R. (2001). Conformational analysis of N-arachidonylethanolamide (anandamide) using nuclear magnetic resonance and theoretical calculations. Magn. Res. Chem. 39: 432-437.

Chen, J.-Z., X.-W. Han, et al. (2005). "Preferred conformations of endogenous cannabinoid ligand anandamide." Life Sciences 76(18): 2053-2069.

It:Anandamide

2006-10-26T13:03:32Z

Cn205: /* Introduction */

== Introduction ==

Anandamide (which is also known as arachidonoylethanolamide) is a naturally occurring endogenous cannabinoid neurotransmitter that plays a role in pain relief, eating and sleeping patterns, depression, memory and fertility. It can be found in the organs of both humans and animals, in particular the brain. Anandamide is responsible for the narcotic effect of marijuana, which produces a natural high. It is also found in high concentrations in chocolate. It is thought that Anandamide attaches to the protein receptor THC (tetrahydrocannabinol) on the membrane of cells and triggers a reaction inside the cells that makes us feel high. Anandamide is broken down fast naturally by the body but chocolate contains two substances, N-oleoylethanolamine and N-linoleoylethaolamine, which inhibit the natural breakdown of anandamide, hence preserving the natural high.

Anandamide got its name from the "''Sanskrit''" word "ananda", which means "bliss" i.e. a state of extreme happiness and amide. It was first isolated and structurally discovered in 1992, by Lumír Ondřej Hanuš and William Anthony Devane in the Laboratory of Raphael Mechoulam, at the Hebrew University.

==

{| class="toccolours" border="1" style="float: right; clear: right; margin: 0 0 1em 1em; border-collapse: collapse;"
! {{chembox header}}| '''Anandamide'''
|-
| align="center" colspan="2" bgcolor="#ffffff" | [[Image:anandamide-struct.gif]]
|-
!{{chembox header}}| General
|-
! Systematic Chemical name
| (5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z)-N-(2-hydroxyethyl)
icosa-5,8,11,14-tetraenamide
|-
!Synonyms
| Arachidonylethanolamide(AEA)
Arachidonic acid N-(hydroxyethyl)amide
|-
!Appearance
|Light yellow oil
|-
! Chemical formula
|C22H37NO2
|-
! Molecular Weight
| 347.54
|-
! CAS number
| 94421-68-8
|-
! Smile string
|CCCCC\C=C/C\C=C/C\C=C/C\C=C/CCCC(NCCO)=O
|-
!{{chembox header}}| Physical Properties
|-
!Solubility
|Soluble in ethanol
|-
!Density
|0.92g/mL (at 25oC)
|-
!{{chembox header}}|Safety
|-
!Precautions
|Keep away from skin and eyes
|-
|}

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ATOM 35 H 0 6.364 0.245 0.466 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 36 H 0 7.577 1.091 1.456 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 37 H 0 6.094 3.262 1.148 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 38 H 0 3.813 2.596 1.429 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 39 H 0 3.573 0.162 0.436 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 40 H 0 5.133 -0.207 1.208 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 41 H 0 3.950 0.334 3.514 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 42 H 0 1.786 -0.687 3.444 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 43 H 0 0.918 -0.531 0.956 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 44 H 0 2.570 -0.962 0.451 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 45 H 0 2.223 -3.235 1.754 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 46 H 0 0.005 -3.998 1.277 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 47 H 0 -1.528 -1.859 1.033 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 48 H 0 -0.190 -1.122 0.119 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 49 H 0 -0.491 -3.078 -1.630 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 50 H 0 -2.841 -3.403 -1.943 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 51 H 0 -4.002 -2.948 0.393 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 52 H 0 -2.918 -1.544 0.544 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 53 H 0 -3.903 -0.562 -1.508 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 54 H 0 -4.987 -1.965 -1.660 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 55 H 0 -5.983 -1.434 0.548 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 56 H 0 -4.899 -0.030 0.700 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 57 H 0 -7.459 0.806 0.812 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 58 H 0 -7.788 2.436 -1.471 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 59 H 0 -8.872 1.032 -1.622 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 60 H 0 -10.082 2.865 -0.540 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 61 H 0 -9.805 1.569 0.648 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 62 H 0 -9.291 3.648 1.464 0.00 0.00 H+0
CONECT 1 2 26 27 28 NONE 67
CONECT 2 1 3 29 30 NONE 68
CONECT 3 2 4 31 32 NONE 69
CONECT 4 3 5 33 34 NONE 70
CONECT 5 4 6 35 36 NONE 71
CONECT 6 5 7 37 0 NONE 72
CONECT 7 6 8 38 0 NONE 73
CONECT 8 7 9 39 40 NONE 74
CONECT 9 8 10 41 0 NONE 75
CONECT 10 9 11 42 0 NONE 76
CONECT 11 10 12 43 44 NONE 77
CONECT 12 11 13 45 0 NONE 78
CONECT 13 12 14 46 0 NONE 79
CONECT 14 13 15 47 48 NONE 80
CONECT 15 14 16 49 0 NONE 81
CONECT 16 15 17 50 0 NONE 82
CONECT 17 16 18 51 52 NONE 83
CONECT 18 17 19 53 54 NONE 84
CONECT 19 18 20 55 56 NONE 85
CONECT 20 19 21 25 0 NONE 86
CONECT 21 20 22 57 0 NONE 87
CONECT 22 21 23 58 59 NONE 88
CONECT 23 22 24 60 61 NONE 89
CONECT 24 23 62 0 0 NONE 90
CONECT 25 20 0 0 0 NONE 91
END NONE 92
</inlineContents>
</jmolApplet>
</jmol>
[[User:Smbc05|Smbc05]] 14:53, 20 October 2006 (BST)

==Structure==
Anandamide is fat-soluble due to its long hydrocarbon tail. It can pass through the hydrocarbon-rich curtain which isolates the brain from the bloodstream easily. Unlike THC, anandamide breaks down very quickly in the body; which is also the reason why anandamide does not produce an everlasting natural 'high'. [http://antoine.frostburg.edu/chem/senese/101/features/anandamide.shtml]

With the long unsaturated hydrocarbon chain, anandamide possesses a very flexible structure of 16 torsion angles allowing hundreds of conformers. However, researchs showed that the molecule lacks internal folding of the aliphatic chain and its structure is somewhere between linear and U-shaped. This may explain the function of anandamide as a ligand for cannabinoid receptors such as CB1 and CB2.
{|
|-
| align="center" colspan="2" bgcolor="#ffffff" |[[Image: Prefered_conformation_of_anandamide.jpg]] ||Summary of NMR-based structural calculation of AEA conformations in chloroform solution, 32 sets of conformational families were generated and grouped together with the cutoff energy of 36 kcal/mol, showing that AEA mainly assumes 36% of the conformers in extended pseudo helical shapes (A in a side view and a top view), 17% in the twisted “U”-shapes” (B), 17% in the “L” shapes, 6% in “Γ” shapes, and 24% in “C” shapes (E). The energy differences among these conformers are about 0.2~2.5 kcal/mol.
|-
|}
==Functions in human body==
Anandamide has certain functions in our body, and it is not as simple as producing happiness. Anandamide is synthesized in those areas in the brain that are important in memory and higher thought processes, as well as areas which control movements. Anandamide or N-arachidonoylethanolamine (AnNH) plays important roles in the nervous and immune system. Anandamide receptors were originally found due to sensitivity to Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ9-THC), which is a component of marijuana. The chemical affects the short term memory and some human behaviour like sleeping and eating pattern and also in pain relieves. It was also found out that anadamide plays an important role in implantation of the embryo stage; hence Δ9-THC might obstruct the early stages of pregnancy.

Other than the brain, anandamide can also be found in other parts of the body, such as in the uterus. In fact, the highest concentration of anandamide found in our body is not the brain, but in the uterus just before the implantation of the embryo; and its concentration varies with the receptivity of the uterus. Anandamide acts as a chemical messenger between the embryo and uterus during the implantation of the embryo in the uterine wall, which means one of the first communications that occurs between the mother and child is carried out by anandamide. [http://antoine.frostburg.edu/chem/senese/101/features/anandamide.shtml]

'''The ligand binds to two receptors'''

Cannabinoid CB1 receptors (G-protein-coupled receptors) are found on presynaptic membranes in the brain in the nervous system. The effects are:

• Induce inhibition of forskolin-induced cAMP accumulation
• Inhibition of N-type Ca+ channels
• Activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase signal transduction pathway
• Increase in protein tyrosine phosphorylation

Cannabinoid CB2 receptors are present not in the brain in the periphery but also on cells of the immune system. The effects are:

• Inhibition of aldenylate cyclase
• Activation of the mitogen- activated proeteinkinase signaling

[http://www.jbc.org/cgi/reprint/273/48/32332.pdf]

[[Image:AnN.bmp]]

==Anandamide and Chocolate==
In 1996, Daniele Piomelli and co-workers at the Neurosciences Institute in San Diego discovered three other compounds in dark chocolate which were very similar to anandamide. Other compounds such as N-acylethanolamines were also found to block the breakdown of anandamide. Due to the inhibitation of the natural breakdown of anadamide, it may stick around in our body longer, making us feel good longer when we eat chocolate. Hence, the pleasure of chocolate is a result of the total effect of anandamide and anandamide-preserving N-acylethanolamines. [http://www.exploratorium.edu/exploring/exploring_chocolate/choc_8.html]

==Future use==
A new family of therapeutic drugs may be developed from the discovery of Anandamide.

==Reference==
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anandamide

http://antoine.frostburg.edu/chem/senese/101/features/anandamide.shtml

http://www.exploratorium.edu/exploring/exploring_chocolate/choc_8.html

Sigma-Aldrich Online MSDS: http://www.sigmaaldrich.com/catalog/search/ProductDetail/SIGMA/A0580

C. Bonechi, A. B. V. B. M. F. A. D. C. R. (2001). Conformational analysis of N-arachidonylethanolamide (anandamide) using nuclear magnetic resonance and theoretical calculations. Magn. Res. Chem. 39: 432-437.

Chen, J.-Z., X.-W. Han, et al. (2005). "Preferred conformations of endogenous cannabinoid ligand anandamide." Life Sciences 76(18): 2053-2069.

It:h3nbh3

2006-10-24T11:54:05Z

Cn205: /* Applications */

Ammonia Borane is a coordination compound which has been recently discovered to be a good source of hydrogen for future hydrogen-fuelled engines.

{| class="toccolours" border="1" style="float: right; clear: right; margin: 0 0 1em 1em; border-collapse: collapse;"
! {{chembox header}} colspan="3" |Structure of Ammonia Borane
|-
| align="center" colspan="3" bgcolor="#ffffff" | [[Image:ammonia-borane.gif|200px{{PAGENAME}}]]
|-
! {{chembox header}} colspan="3" |3D structure
|-
| align="center" colspan="3" bgcolor="#ffffff" | <jmol>
<jmolApplet>
<size>200</size>
<color>white</color>
<script>zoom 100; cpk on;frame 1; move 10 -20 10 0 0 0 0 0 3; delay 1;</script>
<inlineContents>HEADER CSD ENTRY XICKAV
CRYST1 8.5594 6.0337 11.0220 90.00 105.97 90.00 P21/c
SCALE1 0.116831 -0.000000 0.033428 0.000000
SCALE2 -0.000000 0.165736 -0.000000 0.000000
SCALE3 -0.000000 0.000000 0.094368 0.000000
ATOM 1 H 0 1.255 -0.989 0.559 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 2 B 0 0.830 -0.000 0.005 0.00 0.00 B+0
ATOM 3 H 0 1.191 0.001 -1.150 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 4 N 0 -0.679 -0.000 0.061 0.00 0.00 N+0
ATOM 5 H 0 -1.778 -0.000 0.102 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 6 H 0 -0.699 0.953 -0.487 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 7 H 0 -0.699 -0.952 -0.489 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 8 H 0 1.255 0.987 0.561 0.00 0.00 H+0
CONECT 2 1 3 4 8 NONE 13
CONECT 4 2 5 6 7 NONE 14
MASTER 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 14 0 14 0
END</inlineContents>
</jmolApplet>
</jmol>
|-
| align="center" colspan="3" bgcolor="#ffffff" |
|-
| [[CA Index Name]]
| colspan="2"| Boron, amminetrihydro-, (T-4)- (9CI)
|-
| [[Systematic Name]]
|colspan="2"| Ammonia Borane

|-
| [[Chemical formula|Molecular formula]]
| colspan="2" | BH6N
|-
| [[Molar mass]]
| colspan="2" |30.87 g/mol
|-
| [[CAS registry number|CAS number]]
| colspan="2" | 13774-81-7
|-
| [[Appearance]]
| colspan="2" | colorless, waxy solid
|-
! {{chembox header}} colspan="3"| Properties
|-
| [[Density]] and [[Phase (matter)|phase]]
| colspan="2" | 0.780 g/cm3
|-
| [[Solubility]] in [[Water_(molecule)|water (ph=7)]]
| colspan="2" |
|-
| [[Melting point]]
| colspan="2" | 111-114°C
|-
| [[Boiling point]]
| colspan="2" | decomposes
|-
| [[Acid dissociation constant|Acidity]] (p''Ka'') 
| colspan="2" |
|-
| [[Enthalpy of Vaporization]]
| colspan="2" |
|-
! {{chembox header}} colspan="3"| Structure
|-
| [[Crystal structure]] 
| colspan="2"|
|-
| [[Dipole#Molecular_dipoles|Dipole moment]]
| colspan="2" |5.2[[Debye|D]]
|-
| {{chembox header}} colspan="3"| Except where noted otherwise, data are given for materials in their [[standard state|standard state (at 25 °C, 100 kPa)]] [[wikipedia:Chemical infobox|Infobox disclaimer and references]]
|-
|}

==Properties==
Although ammonia borane is isoelectronic with ethane, ammonia borane is a solid while ethane is a gas with m.p. of −181°C; and there is a difference of 284°C between their melting points. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ammonia_borane]

==Synthesis==
Ammonia Borane is formed from a subsitution reaction:

BH3(THF) + NH3 → BH3NH3 + THF

==Uses==

When heated, ammonia-borane releases two thirds of its hydrogen atoms at relatively low temperatures: 110 and 150 C.

The reaction is NH3BH3 + 2H2O --> NH4+ + BO2- +3H2

==Applications==

Vehicles can run on hydrogen-powered, environmentally-friendly fuel cells instead of gasoline engines. However, the problem is how to store and carry the hydrogen, which can be released when needed. By using ammonia borane, hydrogen is evolved at a slow rate on heating at below 80°C; where it firstly polymerize to (NH2BH2)n, and then to (NHBH)n.

In order to increase the rate of hydrogen releasing process, a nanoscale mesoporous silica material is used. In this way, the hydrogen can be released at a lower temperature, i.e. below 80°C. It is important to keep the reaction temperature low because additional energy is not required to maintain the reaction. Once the compound is heated sufficiently, the decomposition reaction will proceed on its own. [http://www.azonano.com/details.asp?ArticleID=1164]

==Future Plans==
Further development on this field will eventually lend to a reversible reaction, and would be able to allow the storage material to be regenerated, as well as providing a sustainable hydrogen storage compound with a longer lifetime.

==References==
1. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ammonia_borane

2. http://www.azonano.com/details.asp?ArticleID=1164

http://www.americanscientist.org/template/AssetDetail/assetid/45942

It:Anandamide

2006-10-24T11:37:56Z

Cn205:

It:Anandamide

2006-10-24T11:36:58Z

Cn205:

It:h3nbh3

2006-10-24T10:28:11Z

Cn205:

Ammonia Borane is a coordination compound which has been recently discovered to be a good source of hydrogen for future hydrogen-fuelled engines.

{| class="toccolours" border="1" style="float: right; clear: right; margin: 0 0 1em 1em; border-collapse: collapse;"
! {{chembox header}} colspan="3" |Structure of Ammonia Borane
|-
| align="center" colspan="3" bgcolor="#ffffff" | [[Image:ammonia-borane.gif|200px{{PAGENAME}}]]
|-
! {{chembox header}} colspan="3" |3D structure
|-
| align="center" colspan="3" bgcolor="#ffffff" | <jmol>
<jmolApplet>
<size>200</size>
<color>white</color>
<script>zoom 100; cpk on;frame 1; move 10 -20 10 0 0 0 0 0 3; delay 1;</script>
<inlineContents>HEADER CSD ENTRY XICKAV
CRYST1 8.5594 6.0337 11.0220 90.00 105.97 90.00 P21/c
SCALE1 0.116831 -0.000000 0.033428 0.000000
SCALE2 -0.000000 0.165736 -0.000000 0.000000
SCALE3 -0.000000 0.000000 0.094368 0.000000
ATOM 1 H 0 1.255 -0.989 0.559 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 2 B 0 0.830 -0.000 0.005 0.00 0.00 B+0
ATOM 3 H 0 1.191 0.001 -1.150 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 4 N 0 -0.679 -0.000 0.061 0.00 0.00 N+0
ATOM 5 H 0 -1.778 -0.000 0.102 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 6 H 0 -0.699 0.953 -0.487 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 7 H 0 -0.699 -0.952 -0.489 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 8 H 0 1.255 0.987 0.561 0.00 0.00 H+0
CONECT 2 1 3 4 8 NONE 13
CONECT 4 2 5 6 7 NONE 14
MASTER 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 14 0 14 0
END</inlineContents>
</jmolApplet>
</jmol>
|-
| align="center" colspan="3" bgcolor="#ffffff" |
|-
| [[CA Index Name]]
| colspan="2"| Boron, amminetrihydro-, (T-4)- (9CI)
|-
| [[Systematic Name]]
|colspan="2"| Ammonia Borane

|-
| [[Chemical formula|Molecular formula]]
| colspan="2" | BH6N
|-
| [[Molar mass]]
| colspan="2" |30.87 g/mol
|-
| [[CAS registry number|CAS number]]
| colspan="2" | 13774-81-7
|-
| [[Appearance]]
| colspan="2" | colorless, waxy solid
|-
! {{chembox header}} colspan="3"| Properties
|-
| [[Density]] and [[Phase (matter)|phase]]
| colspan="2" | 0.780 g/cm3
|-
| [[Solubility]] in [[Water_(molecule)|water (ph=7)]]
| colspan="2" |
|-
| [[Melting point]]
| colspan="2" | 111-114°C
|-
| [[Boiling point]]
| colspan="2" | decomposes
|-
| [[Acid dissociation constant|Acidity]] (p''Ka'') 
| colspan="2" |
|-
| [[Enthalpy of Vaporization]]
| colspan="2" |
|-
! {{chembox header}} colspan="3"| Structure
|-
| [[Crystal structure]] 
| colspan="2"|
|-
| [[Dipole#Molecular_dipoles|Dipole moment]]
| colspan="2" |5.2[[Debye|D]]
|-
| {{chembox header}} colspan="3"| Except where noted otherwise, data are given for materials in their [[standard state|standard state (at 25 °C, 100 kPa)]] [[wikipedia:Chemical infobox|Infobox disclaimer and references]]
|-
|}

==Properties==
Although ammonia borane is isoelectronic with ethane, ammonia borane is a solid while ethane is a gas with m.p. of −181°C; and there is a difference of 284°C between their melting points. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ammonia_borane]

==Synthesis==
Ammonia Borane is formed from a subsitution reaction:

BH3(THF) + NH3 → BH3NH3 + THF

==Uses==

When heated, ammonia-borane releases two thirds of its hydrogen atoms at relatively low temperatures: 110 and 150 C.

The reaction is NH3BH3 + 2H2O --> NH4+ + BO2- +3H2

==Applications==

Vehicles can run on hydrogen-powered, environmentally-friendly fuel cells instead of gasoline engines. However, the problem is how to store and carry the hydrogen, which can be released when needed. By using ammonia borane, hydrogen can be released at a slow rate on heating at below 80°C; where it firstly polymerize to (NH2BH2)n, and then to (NHBH)n.

In order to increase the rate of hydrogen releasing process, a nanoscale mesoporous silica material is used. In this way, the hydrogen can be released at a lower temperature, i.e. below 80°C. It is important to keep the reaction temperature low because additional energy is not required to maintain the reaction. Once the compound is heated sufficiently, the decomposition reaction will proceed on its own. [http://www.azonano.com/details.asp?ArticleID=1164]

==Future Plans==
Further development on this field will eventually lend to a reversible reaction, and would be able to allow the storage material to be regenerated, as well as providing a sustainable hydrogen storage compound with a longer lifetime.

==References==
1. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ammonia_borane

2. http://www.azonano.com/details.asp?ArticleID=1164

http://www.americanscientist.org/template/AssetDetail/assetid/45942

It:Anandamide

2006-10-24T10:26:20Z

Cn205:

It:h3nbh3

2006-10-24T09:49:52Z

Cn205:

Ammonia Borane is a coordination compound which has been recently discovered to be a good source of hydrogen for future hydrogen-fuelled engines.

{| class="toccolours" border="1" style="float: right; clear: right; margin: 0 0 1em 1em; border-collapse: collapse;"
! {{chembox header}} colspan="3" |Structure of Ammonia Borane
|-
| align="center" colspan="3" bgcolor="#ffffff" | [[Image:ammonia-borane.gif|200px{{PAGENAME}}]]
|-
! {{chembox header}} colspan="3" |3D structure
|-
| align="center" colspan="3" bgcolor="#ffffff" | <jmol>
<jmolApplet>
<size>200</size>
<color>white</color>
<script>zoom 100; cpk on;frame 1; move 10 -20 10 0 0 0 0 0 3; delay 1;</script>
<inlineContents>HEADER CSD ENTRY XICKAV
CRYST1 8.5594 6.0337 11.0220 90.00 105.97 90.00 P21/c
SCALE1 0.116831 -0.000000 0.033428 0.000000
SCALE2 -0.000000 0.165736 -0.000000 0.000000
SCALE3 -0.000000 0.000000 0.094368 0.000000
ATOM 1 H 0 1.255 -0.989 0.559 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 2 B 0 0.830 -0.000 0.005 0.00 0.00 B+0
ATOM 3 H 0 1.191 0.001 -1.150 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 4 N 0 -0.679 -0.000 0.061 0.00 0.00 N+0
ATOM 5 H 0 -1.778 -0.000 0.102 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 6 H 0 -0.699 0.953 -0.487 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 7 H 0 -0.699 -0.952 -0.489 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 8 H 0 1.255 0.987 0.561 0.00 0.00 H+0
CONECT 2 1 3 4 8 NONE 13
CONECT 4 2 5 6 7 NONE 14
MASTER 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 14 0 14 0
END</inlineContents>
</jmolApplet>
</jmol>
|-
| align="center" colspan="3" bgcolor="#ffffff" |
|-
| [[CA Index Name]]
| colspan="2"| Boron, amminetrihydro-, (T-4)- (9CI)
|-
| [[Systematic Name]]
|colspan="2"| Ammonia Borane

|-
| [[Chemical formula|Molecular formula]]
| colspan="2" | BH6N
|-
| [[Molar mass]]
| colspan="2" |30.87 g/mol
|-
| [[CAS registry number|CAS number]]
| colspan="2" | 13774-81-7
|-
| [[Appearance]]
| colspan="2" | colorless, waxy solid
|-
! {{chembox header}} colspan="3"| Properties
|-
| [[Density]] and [[Phase (matter)|phase]]
| colspan="2" | 0.780 g/cm3
|-
| [[Solubility]] in [[Water_(molecule)|water (ph=7)]]
| colspan="2" |
|-
| [[Melting point]]
| colspan="2" | 111-114°C
|-
| [[Boiling point]]
| colspan="2" | decomposes
|-
| [[Acid dissociation constant|Acidity]] (p''Ka'') 
| colspan="2" |
|-
| [[Enthalpy of Vaporization]]
| colspan="2" |
|-
! {{chembox header}} colspan="3"| Structure
|-
| [[Crystal structure]] 
| colspan="2"|
|-
| [[Dipole#Molecular_dipoles|Dipole moment]]
| colspan="2" |5.2[[Debye|D]]
|-
| {{chembox header}} colspan="3"| Except where noted otherwise, data are given for materials in their [[standard state|standard state (at 25 °C, 100 kPa)]] [[wikipedia:Chemical infobox|Infobox disclaimer and references]]
|-
|}

==Properties==
Although ammonia borane is isoelectronic with ethane, ammonia borane is a solid while ethane is a gas with m.p. of −181°C; and there is a difference of 284°C between their melting points.

==Synthesis==
Ammonia Borane is formed from a subsitution reaction:

BH3(THF) + NH3 → BH3NH3 + THF

==Uses==

When heated, ammonia-borane releases two thirds of its hydrogen atoms at relatively low temperatures: 110 and 150 C.

The reaction is NH3BH3 + 2H2O --> NH4+ + BO2- +3H2

==Applications==

Vehicles can run on hydrogen-powered, environmentally-friendly fuel cells instead of gasoline engines. However, the problem is how to store and carry the hydrogen, which can be released when needed. By using ammonia borane, hydrogen can be released at a slow rate on heating at below 80°C; where it firstly polymerize to (NH2BH2)n, and then to (NHBH)n.

In order to increase the rate of hydrogen releasing process, a nanoscale mesoporous silica material is used. In this way, the hydrogen can be released at a lower temperature, i.e. below 80°C. It is important to keep the reaction temperature low because additional energy is not required to maintain the reaction. Once the compound is heated sufficiently, the decomposition reaction will proceed on its own.

==Future Plans==
Further development on this field will eventually lend to a reversible reaction, and would be able to allow the storage material to be regenerated, as well as providing a sustainable hydrogen storage compound with a longer lifetime.

==References==
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ammonia_borane

http://www.americanscientist.org/template/AssetDetail/assetid/45942

http://www.azonano.com/details.asp?ArticleID=1164

It:h3nbh3

2006-10-24T09:49:39Z

Cn205: /* Applications */

Ammonia Borane is a coordination compound which has been recently discovered to be a good source of hydrogen for future hydrogen-fuelled engines.

{| class="toccolours" border="1" style="float: right; clear: right; margin: 0 0 1em 1em; border-collapse: collapse;"
! {{chembox header}} colspan="3" |Structure of Ammonia Borane
|-
| align="center" colspan="3" bgcolor="#ffffff" | [[Image:ammonia-borane.gif|200px{{PAGENAME}}]]
|-
! {{chembox header}} colspan="3" |3D structure
|-
| align="center" colspan="3" bgcolor="#ffffff" | <jmol>
<jmolApplet>
<size>200</size>
<color>white</color>
<script>zoom 100; cpk on;frame 1; move 10 -20 10 0 0 0 0 0 3; delay 1;</script>
<inlineContents>HEADER CSD ENTRY XICKAV
CRYST1 8.5594 6.0337 11.0220 90.00 105.97 90.00 P21/c
SCALE1 0.116831 -0.000000 0.033428 0.000000
SCALE2 -0.000000 0.165736 -0.000000 0.000000
SCALE3 -0.000000 0.000000 0.094368 0.000000
ATOM 1 H 0 1.255 -0.989 0.559 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 2 B 0 0.830 -0.000 0.005 0.00 0.00 B+0
ATOM 3 H 0 1.191 0.001 -1.150 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 4 N 0 -0.679 -0.000 0.061 0.00 0.00 N+0
ATOM 5 H 0 -1.778 -0.000 0.102 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 6 H 0 -0.699 0.953 -0.487 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 7 H 0 -0.699 -0.952 -0.489 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 8 H 0 1.255 0.987 0.561 0.00 0.00 H+0
CONECT 2 1 3 4 8 NONE 13
CONECT 4 2 5 6 7 NONE 14
MASTER 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 14 0 14 0
END</inlineContents>
</jmolApplet>
</jmol>
|-
| align="center" colspan="3" bgcolor="#ffffff" |
|-
| [[CA Index Name]]
| colspan="2"| Boron, amminetrihydro-, (T-4)- (9CI)
|-
| [[Systematic Name]]
|colspan="2"| Ammonia Borane

|-
| [[Chemical formula|Molecular formula]]
| colspan="2" | BH6N
|-
| [[Molar mass]]
| colspan="2" |30.87 g/mol
|-
| [[CAS registry number|CAS number]]
| colspan="2" | 13774-81-7
|-
| [[Appearance]]
| colspan="2" | colorless, waxy solid
|-
! {{chembox header}} colspan="3"| Properties
|-
| [[Density]] and [[Phase (matter)|phase]]
| colspan="2" | 0.780 g/cm3
|-
| [[Solubility]] in [[Water_(molecule)|water (ph=7)]]
| colspan="2" |
|-
| [[Melting point]]
| colspan="2" | 111-114°C
|-
| [[Boiling point]]
| colspan="2" | decomposes
|-
| [[Acid dissociation constant|Acidity]] (p''Ka'') 
| colspan="2" |
|-
| [[Enthalpy of Vaporization]]
| colspan="2" |
|-
! {{chembox header}} colspan="3"| Structure
|-
| [[Crystal structure]] 
| colspan="2"|
|-
| [[Dipole#Molecular_dipoles|Dipole moment]]
| colspan="2" |5.2[[Debye|D]]
|-
| {{chembox header}} colspan="3"| Except where noted otherwise, data are given for materials in their [[standard state|standard state (at 25 °C, 100 kPa)]] [[wikipedia:Chemical infobox|Infobox disclaimer and references]]
|-
|}

==Properties==
Although ammonia borane is isoelectronic with ethane, ammonia borane is a solid while ethane is a gas with m.p. of −181°C; and there is a difference of 284°C between their melting points.

==Synthesis==
Ammonia Borane is formed from a subsitution reaction:

BH3(THF) + NH3 → BH3NH3 + THF

==Uses==

When heated, ammonia-borane releases two thirds of its hydrogen atoms at relatively low temperatures: 110 and 150 C.

The reaction is NH3BH3 + 2H2O --> NH4+ + BO2- +3H2

==Applications==

Vehicles can run on hydrogen-powered, environmentally-friendly fuel cells instead of gasoline engines. However, the problem is how to store and carry the hydrogen, which can be released when needed. By using ammonia borane, hydrogen can be released at a slow rate on heating at below 80°C; where it firstly polymerize to (NH2BH2)n, and then to (NHBH)n.

In order to increase the rate of hydrogen releasing process, a nanoscale mesoporous silica material is used. In this way, the hydrogen can be released at a lower temperature, i.e. below 80°C. It is important to keep the reaction temperature low because additional energy is not required to maintain the reaction. Once the compound is heated sufficiently, the decomposition reaction will proceed on its own.

==Future Plans==
Further development on this field will eventually lend to a reversible reaction, and would be able to allow the storage material to be regenerated, as well as providing a sustainable hydrogen storage compound with a longer lifetime.

==References==
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ammonia_borane

http://www.americanscientist.org/template/AssetDetail/assetid/45942

http://www.azonano.com/details.asp?ArticleID=1164

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Cn205: /* Functions in human body */

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