https://chemwiki.ch.ic.ac.uk/api.php?action=feedcontributions&feedformat=atom&user=Aoa105 2026-05-18T00:00:30Z User contributions MediaWiki 1.43.0 https://chemwiki.ch.ic.ac.uk/index.php?title=It:Cis-platin&diff=7757 2006-12-07T22:02:46Z

<p>Aoa105: </p> <hr /> <div>=Cis-Platin=<br /> [[image:cisplatin(isis).bmp]]<br /> [[image:cisplatin.jpg]]<br /> <br /> ===Abstract===<br /> Cis-Platin (cis-diamminedichloroplatinum(II)) is a platinum based drug used in medcine to treat many different types of cancers, including sarcomas carcinomars and lymphomars.<br /> PtCl&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;(NH&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;)&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; has 2 isomers; cis-PtCl&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;(NH&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;)&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; and trans-PtCl&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;(NH&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;)&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;. <br /> Both compounds have a square planer geometry, and have been found not to isomerize at room temperature.<br /> <br /> =Physical properties=<br /> Empirical formula: PtCl&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;(NH&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;)&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;<br /> <br /> Molecular weight: 300.05 g/mol<br /> <br /> Melting point: 270&lt;sup&gt;o&lt;/sup&gt;C<br /> <br /> Cis-platin is a radioactive substance. It has a very short half life of only about 23 minutes.<br /> <br /> =Synthesis=<br /> Cis-platin is synthesised completely from potassium tetracloroplatinate which is comercially available, the first NH&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt; group can be added to any of the four equivalent Cl gruops, but then the next NH&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt; can be added either cis or trans to the first one, leading to 2 possible isomers. The trans directing nature of the Cl group (stronger than that of the NH&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt; group) means that the cis-platin is favoured and formed more readily. In order to ensure more complete formation of cis-platin over trans-platin the potassium tetracloroplatinate is often converted to a tetraiodo compound before addition of the NH&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt; group. This is to take advantage of the fact that Trans directing power of the halogens increases down the group, meaning that the iodoplatinate ill direct the NH&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt; group cis to the other one more powerfully than the Chloroplatinate<br /> <br /> =Pharmacology=<br /> ==mode of action==<br /> Cis-platin works by interfacing with DNA and crosslinking the DNA in a number of different ways. This makes it impossible for the DNA to successfuly replicate itself. The drug must be administered in saline solution in order to work. The trans isomer does not have the same effect on DNA and as a result has no use as an anti-cancer drug.<br /> <br /> [[image:DNA_CISPLATIN.jpg]]<br /> <br /> ==Side Effects==<br /> Cis-platin has many side effects, and as a result of this its use is limited. The side effects can include: Kidney damage, nerve damage, nausea and vomiting, hair loss and also sometimes the loss of hearing.</div>

Aoa105 https://chemwiki.ch.ic.ac.uk/index.php?title=It:Cis-platin&diff=7756 2006-12-07T22:02:20Z

<p>Aoa105: /* Cis-Platin */</p> <hr /> <div>=Cis-Platin=<br /> [[image:cisplatin(isis).bmp]]<br /> [[image:cisplatin.jpg]]<br /> <br /> ==Introduction==<br /> Cis-Platin (cis-diamminedichloroplatinum(II)) is a platinum based drug used in medcine to treat many different types of cancers, including sarcomas carcinomars and lymphomars.<br /> PtCl&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;(NH&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;)&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; has 2 isomers; cis-PtCl&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;(NH&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;)&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; and trans-PtCl&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;(NH&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;)&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;. <br /> Both compounds have a square planer geometry, and have been found not to isomerize at room temperature.<br /> <br /> =Physical properties=<br /> Empirical formula: PtCl&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;(NH&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;)&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;<br /> <br /> Molecular weight: 300.05 g/mol<br /> <br /> Melting point: 270&lt;sup&gt;o&lt;/sup&gt;C<br /> <br /> Cis-platin is a radioactive substance. It has a very short half life of only about 23 minutes.<br /> <br /> =Synthesis=<br /> Cis-platin is synthesised completely from potassium tetracloroplatinate which is comercially available, the first NH&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt; group can be added to any of the four equivalent Cl gruops, but then the next NH&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt; can be added either cis or trans to the first one, leading to 2 possible isomers. The trans directing nature of the Cl group (stronger than that of the NH&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt; group) means that the cis-platin is favoured and formed more readily. In order to ensure more complete formation of cis-platin over trans-platin the potassium tetracloroplatinate is often converted to a tetraiodo compound before addition of the NH&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt; group. This is to take advantage of the fact that Trans directing power of the halogens increases down the group, meaning that the iodoplatinate ill direct the NH&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt; group cis to the other one more powerfully than the Chloroplatinate<br /> <br /> =Pharmacology=<br /> ==mode of action==<br /> Cis-platin works by interfacing with DNA and crosslinking the DNA in a number of different ways. This makes it impossible for the DNA to successfuly replicate itself. The drug must be administered in saline solution in order to work. The trans isomer does not have the same effect on DNA and as a result has no use as an anti-cancer drug.<br /> <br /> [[image:DNA_CISPLATIN.jpg]]<br /> <br /> ==Side Effects==<br /> Cis-platin has many side effects, and as a result of this its use is limited. The side effects can include: Kidney damage, nerve damage, nausea and vomiting, hair loss and also sometimes the loss of hearing.</div>

Aoa105 https://chemwiki.ch.ic.ac.uk/index.php?title=It:Cis-platin&diff=7753 2006-12-07T21:57:59Z

<p>Aoa105: /* mode of action */</p> <hr /> <div>=Cis-Platin=<br /> ==Introduction==<br /> [[image:cisplatin.jpg|right]]<br /> Cis-Platin (cis-diamminedichloroplatinum(II)) is a platinum based drug used in medcine to treat many different types of cancers, including sarcomas carcinomars and lymphomars.<br /> PtCl&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;(NH&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;)&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; has 2 isomers; cis-PtCl&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;(NH&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;)&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; and trans-PtCl&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;(NH&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;)&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;. <br /> Both compounds have a square planer geometry, and have been found not to isomerize at room temperature.<br /> <br /> =Physical properties=<br /> Empirical formula: PtCl&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;(NH&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;)&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;<br /> <br /> Molecular weight: 300.05 g/mol<br /> <br /> Melting point: 270&lt;sup&gt;o&lt;/sup&gt;C<br /> <br /> Cis-platin is a radioactive substance. It has a very short half life of only about 23 minutes.<br /> <br /> =Synthesis=<br /> Cis-platin is synthesised completely from potassium tetracloroplatinate which is comercially available, the first NH&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt; group can be added to any of the four equivalent Cl gruops, but then the next NH&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt; can be added either cis or trans to the first one, leading to 2 possible isomers. The trans directing nature of the Cl group (stronger than that of the NH&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt; group) means that the cis-platin is favoured and formed more readily. In order to ensure more complete formation of cis-platin over trans-platin the potassium tetracloroplatinate is often converted to a tetraiodo compound before addition of the NH&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt; group. This is to take advantage of the fact that Trans directing power of the halogens increases down the group, meaning that the iodoplatinate ill direct the NH&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt; group cis to the other one more powerfully than the Chloroplatinate<br /> <br /> =Pharmacology=<br /> ==mode of action==<br /> Cis-platin works by interfacing with DNA and crosslinking the DNA in a number of different ways. This makes it impossible for the DNA to successfuly replicate itself. The drug must be administered in saline solution in order to work. The trans isomer does not have the same effect on DNA and as a result has no use as an anti-cancer drug.<br /> <br /> [[image:DNA_CISPLATIN.jpg]]<br /> <br /> ==Side Effects==<br /> Cis-platin has many side effects, and as a result of this its use is limited. The side effects can include: Kidney damage, nerve damage, nausea and vomiting, hair loss and also sometimes the loss of hearing.</div>

Aoa105 https://chemwiki.ch.ic.ac.uk/index.php?title=File:Cisplatin(isis).bmp&diff=7752 2006-12-07T21:54:23Z

<p>Aoa105: </p> <hr /> <div></div>

Aoa105 https://chemwiki.ch.ic.ac.uk/index.php?title=File:DNA_CISPLATIN.jpg&diff=7751 2006-12-07T21:53:26Z

<p>Aoa105: </p> <hr /> <div></div>

Aoa105 https://chemwiki.ch.ic.ac.uk/index.php?title=It:Cis-platin&diff=7750 2006-12-07T21:48:57Z

<p>Aoa105: </p> <hr /> <div>=Cis-Platin=<br /> ==Introduction==<br /> [[image:cisplatin.jpg|right]]<br /> Cis-Platin (cis-diamminedichloroplatinum(II)) is a platinum based drug used in medcine to treat many different types of cancers, including sarcomas carcinomars and lymphomars.<br /> PtCl&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;(NH&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;)&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; has 2 isomers; cis-PtCl&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;(NH&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;)&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; and trans-PtCl&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;(NH&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;)&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;. <br /> Both compounds have a square planer geometry, and have been found not to isomerize at room temperature.<br /> <br /> =Physical properties=<br /> Empirical formula: PtCl&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;(NH&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;)&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;<br /> <br /> Molecular weight: 300.05 g/mol<br /> <br /> Melting point: 270&lt;sup&gt;o&lt;/sup&gt;C<br /> <br /> Cis-platin is a radioactive substance. It has a very short half life of only about 23 minutes.<br /> <br /> =Synthesis=<br /> Cis-platin is synthesised completely from potassium tetracloroplatinate which is comercially available, the first NH&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt; group can be added to any of the four equivalent Cl gruops, but then the next NH&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt; can be added either cis or trans to the first one, leading to 2 possible isomers. The trans directing nature of the Cl group (stronger than that of the NH&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt; group) means that the cis-platin is favoured and formed more readily. In order to ensure more complete formation of cis-platin over trans-platin the potassium tetracloroplatinate is often converted to a tetraiodo compound before addition of the NH&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt; group. This is to take advantage of the fact that Trans directing power of the halogens increases down the group, meaning that the iodoplatinate ill direct the NH&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt; group cis to the other one more powerfully than the Chloroplatinate<br /> <br /> =Pharmacology=<br /> ==mode of action==<br /> Cis-platin works by interfacing with DNA and crosslinking the DNA in a number of different ways. This makes it impossible for the DNA to successfuly replicate itself. The drug must be administered in saline solution in order to work. The trans isomer does not have the same effect on DNA and as a result has no use as an anti-cancer drug.<br /> <br /> ==Side Effects==<br /> Cis-platin has many side effects, and as a result of this its use is limited. The side effects can include: Kidney damage, nerve damage, nausea and vomiting, hair loss and also sometimes the loss of hearing.</div>

Aoa105 https://chemwiki.ch.ic.ac.uk/index.php?title=It:Cis-platin&diff=7740 2006-12-07T21:35:46Z

<p>Aoa105: /* mode of action */</p> <hr /> <div>=Cis-Platin=<br /> ==Introduction==<br /> [[image:cisplatin.jpg|right]]<br /> Cis-Platin (cis-diamminedichloroplatinum(II)) is a platinum based drug used in medcine to treat many different types of cancers, including sarcomas carcinomars and lymphomars.<br /> PtCl&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;(NH&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;)&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; has 2 isomers; cis-PtCl&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;(NH&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;)&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; and trans-PtCl&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;(NH&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;)&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;. <br /> Both compounds have a square planer geometry, and have been found not to isomerize at room temperature.<br /> <br /> ==Physical properties==<br /> Empirical formula: PtCl&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;(NH&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;)&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;<br /> <br /> Molecular weight: 300.05 g/mol<br /> <br /> Melting point: 270&lt;sup&gt;o&lt;/sup&gt;C<br /> <br /> Cis-platin is a radioactive substance. It has a very short half life of only about 23 minutes.<br /> <br /> =Pharmacology=<br /> ==mode of action==<br /> Cis-platin works by interfacing with DNA and crosslinking the DNA in a number of different ways. This makes it impossible for the DNA to successfuly replicate itself. The drug must be administered in saline solution in order to work. The trans isomer does not have the same effect on DNA and as a result has no use as an anti-cancer drug.<br /> <br /> ==Side Effects==<br /> Cis-platin has many side effects, and as a result of this its use is limited. The side effects can include: Kidney damage, nerve damage, nausea and vomiting, hair loss and also sometimes the loss of hearing.</div>

Aoa105 https://chemwiki.ch.ic.ac.uk/index.php?title=It:Cis-platin&diff=7738 2006-12-07T21:34:01Z

<p>Aoa105: </p> <hr /> <div>=Cis-Platin=<br /> ==Introduction==<br /> [[image:cisplatin.jpg|right]]<br /> Cis-Platin (cis-diamminedichloroplatinum(II)) is a platinum based drug used in medcine to treat many different types of cancers, including sarcomas carcinomars and lymphomars.<br /> PtCl&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;(NH&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;)&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; has 2 isomers; cis-PtCl&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;(NH&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;)&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; and trans-PtCl&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;(NH&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;)&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;. <br /> Both compounds have a square planer geometry, and have been found not to isomerize at room temperature.<br /> <br /> ==Physical properties==<br /> Empirical formula: PtCl&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;(NH&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;)&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;<br /> <br /> Molecular weight: 300.05 g/mol<br /> <br /> Melting point: 270&lt;sup&gt;o&lt;/sup&gt;C<br /> <br /> Cis-platin is a radioactive substance. It has a very short half life of only about 23 minutes.<br /> <br /> =Pharmacology=<br /> ==mode of action==<br /> Cis-platin works by interfacing with DNA and crosslinking the DNA in a multitude of different ways. This makes it impossible for the DNA to successfuly replicate itself. The drug must be administered in saline solution in order to work. The trans isomer does not have the same effect on DNA and as a result has no use as an anti-cancer drug.<br /> <br /> ==Side Effects==<br /> Cis-platin has many side effects, and as a result of this its use is limited. The side effects can include: Kidney damage, nerve damage, nausea and vomiting, hair loss and also sometimes the loss of hearing.</div>

Aoa105 https://chemwiki.ch.ic.ac.uk/index.php?title=It:Warfarin&diff=7716 2006-12-07T20:52:28Z

<p>Aoa105: /* Biochemistry of anticoagulation */</p> <hr /> <div>==Warfarin==<br /> <br /> ===History===<br /> It was found that cows that grazed in fields planted with Sweet Clover would die from bleeds whose origin was unknown. The condition became known as Sweet clover disease. In 1921 it was found that rotting sweet clover was the cause of the disease and not the plant while it was growing in the field. It was not until 1941 that the molecule causing the bleeding was found within the mulch, when Karl Link found that dicoumarol had anticoagulant properties and was present within the decaying clover. From this he later synthesised the stronger blood thinner warfarin, to be used as rat poison.<br /> <br /> ===Structure===<br /> [[Image:war.gif|thumb|Structure]]<br /> Warfarin contains a chiral centre, and therefore exists as two enantiomers, one with the benzene ring at the top of the diagram pointing out of the screen, and the other with it pointing down into the screen.<br /> <br /> <br /> &lt;jmol&gt;<br /> &lt;jmolApplet&gt;<br /> &lt;size&gt;200&lt;/size&gt;<br /> &lt;color&gt;white&lt;/color&gt;<br /> &lt;script&gt;zoom 100; cpk on;frame 1; move 10 -20 10 0 0 0 0 0 3; delay 1;&lt;/script&gt;<br /> &lt;inlineContents&gt;HEADER NONAME 05-Dec-06 NONE 1<br /> TITLE NONE 2<br /> AUTHOR WWW daemon apache NONE 3<br /> REVDAT 1 05-Dec-06 0 NONE 4<br /> ATOM 1 O 0 0.293 2.520 -1.433 0.00 0.00 O+0<br /> ATOM 2 C 0 -0.365 2.910 -0.499 0.00 0.00 C+0<br /> ATOM 3 C 0 -0.157 4.302 0.040 0.00 0.00 C+0<br /> ATOM 4 C 0 -1.399 2.008 0.124 0.00 0.00 C+0<br /> ATOM 5 C 0 -1.413 0.666 -0.610 0.00 0.00 C+0<br /> ATOM 6 C 0 -0.047 0.034 -0.526 0.00 0.00 C+0<br /> ATOM 7 C 0 0.832 0.426 0.445 0.00 0.00 C+0<br /> ATOM 8 O 0 0.499 1.381 1.342 0.00 0.00 O+0<br /> ATOM 9 C 0 2.153 -0.223 0.483 0.00 0.00 C+0<br /> ATOM 10 C 0 3.100 0.129 1.448 0.00 0.00 C+0<br /> ATOM 11 C 0 4.326 -0.498 1.457 0.00 0.00 C+0<br /> ATOM 12 C 0 4.622 -1.472 0.515 0.00 0.00 C+0<br /> ATOM 13 C 0 3.696 -1.828 -0.443 0.00 0.00 C+0<br /> ATOM 14 C 0 2.452 -1.209 -0.470 0.00 0.00 C+0<br /> ATOM 15 O 0 1.533 -1.546 -1.400 0.00 0.00 O+0<br /> ATOM 16 C 0 0.324 -0.964 -1.440 0.00 0.00 C+0<br /> ATOM 17 O 0 -0.469 -1.305 -2.300 0.00 0.00 O+0<br /> ATOM 18 C 0 -2.428 -0.246 0.030 0.00 0.00 C+0<br /> ATOM 19 C 0 -3.427 -0.815 -0.738 0.00 0.00 C+0<br /> ATOM 20 C 0 -4.358 -1.651 -0.151 0.00 0.00 C+0<br /> ATOM 21 C 0 -4.291 -1.918 1.204 0.00 0.00 C+0<br /> ATOM 22 C 0 -3.292 -1.350 1.971 0.00 0.00 C+0<br /> ATOM 23 C 0 -2.358 -0.517 1.384 0.00 0.00 C+0<br /> ATOM 24 H 0 0.622 4.802 -0.536 0.00 0.00 H+0<br /> ATOM 25 H 0 -1.086 4.866 -0.041 0.00 0.00 H+0<br /> ATOM 26 H 0 0.144 4.246 1.086 0.00 0.00 H+0<br /> ATOM 27 H 0 -1.155 1.846 1.174 0.00 0.00 H+0<br /> ATOM 28 H 0 -2.382 2.474 0.047 0.00 0.00 H+0<br /> ATOM 29 H 0 -1.676 0.825 -1.655 0.00 0.00 H+0<br /> ATOM 30 H 0 1.262 1.495 1.925 0.00 0.00 H+0<br /> ATOM 31 H 0 2.872 0.887 2.182 0.00 0.00 H+0<br /> ATOM 32 H 0 5.061 -0.229 2.200 0.00 0.00 H+0<br /> ATOM 33 H 0 5.587 -1.957 0.531 0.00 0.00 H+0<br /> ATOM 34 H 0 3.937 -2.588 -1.172 0.00 0.00 H+0<br /> ATOM 35 H 0 -3.480 -0.606 -1.796 0.00 0.00 H+0<br /> ATOM 36 H 0 -5.139 -2.095 -0.750 0.00 0.00 H+0<br /> ATOM 37 H 0 -5.019 -2.571 1.663 0.00 0.00 H+0<br /> ATOM 38 H 0 -3.239 -1.558 3.030 0.00 0.00 H+0<br /> ATOM 39 H 0 -1.577 -0.073 1.983 0.00 0.00 H+0<br /> CONECT 1 2 0 0 0 NONE 44<br /> CONECT 2 1 3 4 0 NONE 45<br /> CONECT 3 2 24 25 26 NONE 46<br /> CONECT 4 2 5 27 28 NONE 47<br /> CONECT 5 4 6 18 29 NONE 48<br /> CONECT 6 5 16 7 0 NONE 49<br /> CONECT 7 6 8 9 0 NONE 50<br /> CONECT 8 7 30 0 0 NONE 51<br /> CONECT 9 7 10 14 0 NONE 52<br /> CONECT 10 9 11 31 0 NONE 53<br /> CONECT 11 10 12 32 0 NONE 54<br /> CONECT 12 11 13 33 0 NONE 55<br /> CONECT 13 12 14 34 0 NONE 56<br /> CONECT 14 9 13 15 0 NONE 57<br /> CONECT 15 14 16 0 0 NONE 58<br /> CONECT 16 15 6 17 0 NONE 59<br /> CONECT 17 16 0 0 0 NONE 60<br /> CONECT 18 5 23 19 0 NONE 61<br /> CONECT 19 18 20 35 0 NONE 62<br /> CONECT 20 19 21 36 0 NONE 63<br /> CONECT 21 20 22 37 0 NONE 64<br /> CONECT 22 21 23 38 0 NONE 65<br /> CONECT 23 22 18 39 0 NONE 66<br /> END NONE 67<br /> &lt;/inlineContents&gt;<br /> &lt;/jmolApplet&gt;<br /> &lt;/jmol&gt;<br /> <br /> <br /> [[Image:warir.gif|thumb|IR spectrum]]<br /> <br /> ===Biochemistry of anticoagulation===<br /> Warfarin gains it’s anticoagulation properties from its ability to disrupt the metabolism of vitamin K. Vitamin K is used in the synthesis of human clotting factors, the chemicals that instigate blood clotting, therefore if these are not present the blood will not start to clot. Warfarin does this by binding to the proteins needed to break down the vitamin K.<br /> <br /> ===Conditions treated by Warfarin===<br /> Warfarin is used to treat all conditions caused by blood clots, eg strokes and DVTs. It is also used during certain surgeries to prevent clots forming during the operation. It has been used with other medicine to treat forms of lung cancer.<br /> <br /> ===Side effects of treatment===<br /> Headache, <br /> upset stomach, <br /> diarrhea, <br /> fever, and <br /> skin rash.<br /> <br /> =====Serious side effects=====<br /> Unusual bleeding or bruising, <br /> black or bloody stools, <br /> blood in the urine, <br /> tiredness, <br /> unexplained fever, <br /> chills, <br /> sore throat, and<br /> stomach pain.<br /> <br /> ===Resistance in rats===<br /> Over time rats have gained resistance to warfarin poisoning. Their blood clotting is effected, but it is merely slowed down rather than stopped all together. Their resistance is caused by their livers producing warfarin converting enzymes; these remove the warfarin from the blood and convert it into a metabolite of warfarin, which does not bind to vitamin K metabolic enzymes. Another possibility is that warfarin resistant rats have very slightly different vitamin K metabolic enzymes, that have a lower affinity for both vitamin K and warfarin, therefore these enzymes are inhibited much slower, allowing the body to remove the warfarin before it can have the desired effect.<br /> <br /> ===References===<br /> [http://www.chemsoc.org/ExemplarChem/entries/2003/imperial_Bhono/historical.html http://www.chemsoc.org/ExemplarChem/entries/2003/imperial_Bhono/historical.html]<br /> <br /> [http://z.about.com/d/chemistry/1/0/R/war.gif Structure]<br /> <br /> [http://www.aist.go.jp/RIODB/SDBS/cgi-bin/IMG.cgi?imgdir=ir&amp;fname=NIDA29094&amp;sdbsno=21930 http://www.aist.go.jp/RIODB/SDBS/cgi-bin/IMG.cgi?imgdir=ir&amp;fname=NIDA29094&amp;sdbsno=21930]<br /> <br /> [http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=1146900 http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=1146900]<br /> <br /> [http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/medmaster/a682277.html http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/medmaster/a682277.html]<br /> <br /> [http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/medmaster/a682277.html http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/medmaster/a682277.html]<br /> <br /> [http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/picrender.fcgi?artid=1179227&amp;blobtype=pdf http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/picrender.fcgi?artid=1179227&amp;blobtype=pdf]</div>

Aoa105 https://chemwiki.ch.ic.ac.uk/index.php?title=It:Warfarin&diff=7715 2006-12-07T20:51:55Z

<p>Aoa105: </p> <hr /> <div>==Warfarin==<br /> <br /> ===History===<br /> It was found that cows that grazed in fields planted with Sweet Clover would die from bleeds whose origin was unknown. The condition became known as Sweet clover disease. In 1921 it was found that rotting sweet clover was the cause of the disease and not the plant while it was growing in the field. It was not until 1941 that the molecule causing the bleeding was found within the mulch, when Karl Link found that dicoumarol had anticoagulant properties and was present within the decaying clover. From this he later synthesised the stronger blood thinner warfarin, to be used as rat poison.<br /> <br /> ===Structure===<br /> [[Image:war.gif|thumb|Structure]]<br /> Warfarin contains a chiral centre, and therefore exists as two enantiomers, one with the benzene ring at the top of the diagram pointing out of the screen, and the other with it pointing down into the screen.<br /> <br /> <br /> &lt;jmol&gt;<br /> &lt;jmolApplet&gt;<br /> &lt;size&gt;200&lt;/size&gt;<br /> &lt;color&gt;white&lt;/color&gt;<br /> &lt;script&gt;zoom 100; cpk on;frame 1; move 10 -20 10 0 0 0 0 0 3; delay 1;&lt;/script&gt;<br /> &lt;inlineContents&gt;HEADER NONAME 05-Dec-06 NONE 1<br /> TITLE NONE 2<br /> AUTHOR WWW daemon apache NONE 3<br /> REVDAT 1 05-Dec-06 0 NONE 4<br /> ATOM 1 O 0 0.293 2.520 -1.433 0.00 0.00 O+0<br /> ATOM 2 C 0 -0.365 2.910 -0.499 0.00 0.00 C+0<br /> ATOM 3 C 0 -0.157 4.302 0.040 0.00 0.00 C+0<br /> ATOM 4 C 0 -1.399 2.008 0.124 0.00 0.00 C+0<br /> ATOM 5 C 0 -1.413 0.666 -0.610 0.00 0.00 C+0<br /> ATOM 6 C 0 -0.047 0.034 -0.526 0.00 0.00 C+0<br /> ATOM 7 C 0 0.832 0.426 0.445 0.00 0.00 C+0<br /> ATOM 8 O 0 0.499 1.381 1.342 0.00 0.00 O+0<br /> ATOM 9 C 0 2.153 -0.223 0.483 0.00 0.00 C+0<br /> ATOM 10 C 0 3.100 0.129 1.448 0.00 0.00 C+0<br /> ATOM 11 C 0 4.326 -0.498 1.457 0.00 0.00 C+0<br /> ATOM 12 C 0 4.622 -1.472 0.515 0.00 0.00 C+0<br /> ATOM 13 C 0 3.696 -1.828 -0.443 0.00 0.00 C+0<br /> ATOM 14 C 0 2.452 -1.209 -0.470 0.00 0.00 C+0<br /> ATOM 15 O 0 1.533 -1.546 -1.400 0.00 0.00 O+0<br /> ATOM 16 C 0 0.324 -0.964 -1.440 0.00 0.00 C+0<br /> ATOM 17 O 0 -0.469 -1.305 -2.300 0.00 0.00 O+0<br /> ATOM 18 C 0 -2.428 -0.246 0.030 0.00 0.00 C+0<br /> ATOM 19 C 0 -3.427 -0.815 -0.738 0.00 0.00 C+0<br /> ATOM 20 C 0 -4.358 -1.651 -0.151 0.00 0.00 C+0<br /> ATOM 21 C 0 -4.291 -1.918 1.204 0.00 0.00 C+0<br /> ATOM 22 C 0 -3.292 -1.350 1.971 0.00 0.00 C+0<br /> ATOM 23 C 0 -2.358 -0.517 1.384 0.00 0.00 C+0<br /> ATOM 24 H 0 0.622 4.802 -0.536 0.00 0.00 H+0<br /> ATOM 25 H 0 -1.086 4.866 -0.041 0.00 0.00 H+0<br /> ATOM 26 H 0 0.144 4.246 1.086 0.00 0.00 H+0<br /> ATOM 27 H 0 -1.155 1.846 1.174 0.00 0.00 H+0<br /> ATOM 28 H 0 -2.382 2.474 0.047 0.00 0.00 H+0<br /> ATOM 29 H 0 -1.676 0.825 -1.655 0.00 0.00 H+0<br /> ATOM 30 H 0 1.262 1.495 1.925 0.00 0.00 H+0<br /> ATOM 31 H 0 2.872 0.887 2.182 0.00 0.00 H+0<br /> ATOM 32 H 0 5.061 -0.229 2.200 0.00 0.00 H+0<br /> ATOM 33 H 0 5.587 -1.957 0.531 0.00 0.00 H+0<br /> ATOM 34 H 0 3.937 -2.588 -1.172 0.00 0.00 H+0<br /> ATOM 35 H 0 -3.480 -0.606 -1.796 0.00 0.00 H+0<br /> ATOM 36 H 0 -5.139 -2.095 -0.750 0.00 0.00 H+0<br /> ATOM 37 H 0 -5.019 -2.571 1.663 0.00 0.00 H+0<br /> ATOM 38 H 0 -3.239 -1.558 3.030 0.00 0.00 H+0<br /> ATOM 39 H 0 -1.577 -0.073 1.983 0.00 0.00 H+0<br /> CONECT 1 2 0 0 0 NONE 44<br /> CONECT 2 1 3 4 0 NONE 45<br /> CONECT 3 2 24 25 26 NONE 46<br /> CONECT 4 2 5 27 28 NONE 47<br /> CONECT 5 4 6 18 29 NONE 48<br /> CONECT 6 5 16 7 0 NONE 49<br /> CONECT 7 6 8 9 0 NONE 50<br /> CONECT 8 7 30 0 0 NONE 51<br /> CONECT 9 7 10 14 0 NONE 52<br /> CONECT 10 9 11 31 0 NONE 53<br /> CONECT 11 10 12 32 0 NONE 54<br /> CONECT 12 11 13 33 0 NONE 55<br /> CONECT 13 12 14 34 0 NONE 56<br /> CONECT 14 9 13 15 0 NONE 57<br /> CONECT 15 14 16 0 0 NONE 58<br /> CONECT 16 15 6 17 0 NONE 59<br /> CONECT 17 16 0 0 0 NONE 60<br /> CONECT 18 5 23 19 0 NONE 61<br /> CONECT 19 18 20 35 0 NONE 62<br /> CONECT 20 19 21 36 0 NONE 63<br /> CONECT 21 20 22 37 0 NONE 64<br /> CONECT 22 21 23 38 0 NONE 65<br /> CONECT 23 22 18 39 0 NONE 66<br /> END NONE 67<br /> &lt;/inlineContents&gt;<br /> &lt;/jmolApplet&gt;<br /> &lt;/jmol&gt;<br /> <br /> <br /> [[Image:warir.gif|thumb|IR spectrum]]<br /> <br /> ===Biochemistry of anticoagulation===<br /> Warfarin gains it’s anticoagulation properties from its ability to disrupt the metabolism of vitamin K. Vitamin K is used in the synthesis of human clotting factors, the chemicals the instigate blood clotting, therefore if these are not present the blood will not start to clot. Warfarin does this by binding to the proteins needed to break down the vitamin K.<br /> <br /> ===Conditions treated by Warfarin===<br /> Warfarin is used to treat all conditions caused by blood clots, eg strokes and DVTs. It is also used during certain surgeries to prevent clots forming during the operation. It has been used with other medicine to treat forms of lung cancer.<br /> <br /> ===Side effects of treatment===<br /> Headache, <br /> upset stomach, <br /> diarrhea, <br /> fever, and <br /> skin rash.<br /> <br /> =====Serious side effects=====<br /> Unusual bleeding or bruising, <br /> black or bloody stools, <br /> blood in the urine, <br /> tiredness, <br /> unexplained fever, <br /> chills, <br /> sore throat, and<br /> stomach pain.<br /> <br /> ===Resistance in rats===<br /> Over time rats have gained resistance to warfarin poisoning. Their blood clotting is effected, but it is merely slowed down rather than stopped all together. Their resistance is caused by their livers producing warfarin converting enzymes; these remove the warfarin from the blood and convert it into a metabolite of warfarin, which does not bind to vitamin K metabolic enzymes. Another possibility is that warfarin resistant rats have very slightly different vitamin K metabolic enzymes, that have a lower affinity for both vitamin K and warfarin, therefore these enzymes are inhibited much slower, allowing the body to remove the warfarin before it can have the desired effect.<br /> <br /> ===References===<br /> [http://www.chemsoc.org/ExemplarChem/entries/2003/imperial_Bhono/historical.html http://www.chemsoc.org/ExemplarChem/entries/2003/imperial_Bhono/historical.html]<br /> <br /> [http://z.about.com/d/chemistry/1/0/R/war.gif Structure]<br /> <br /> [http://www.aist.go.jp/RIODB/SDBS/cgi-bin/IMG.cgi?imgdir=ir&amp;fname=NIDA29094&amp;sdbsno=21930 http://www.aist.go.jp/RIODB/SDBS/cgi-bin/IMG.cgi?imgdir=ir&amp;fname=NIDA29094&amp;sdbsno=21930]<br /> <br /> [http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=1146900 http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=1146900]<br /> <br /> [http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/medmaster/a682277.html http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/medmaster/a682277.html]<br /> <br /> [http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/medmaster/a682277.html http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/medmaster/a682277.html]<br /> <br /> [http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/picrender.fcgi?artid=1179227&amp;blobtype=pdf http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/picrender.fcgi?artid=1179227&amp;blobtype=pdf]</div>

Aoa105 https://chemwiki.ch.ic.ac.uk/index.php?title=It:Scopolamine&diff=7713 2006-12-07T20:48:34Z

<p>Aoa105: /* References */</p> <hr /> <div>==Scopolamine==<br /> <br /> ===Abstract===<br /> <br /> As is common knowledge, scopolamine (systematic name (alpha)-(hydroxymethyl) benzeneacetic acid 9-methyl-3-oxa-9-azatricyclo [3.3.1.0 &lt;sup&gt;2,4&lt;/sup&gt;] non-7-yl ester) was used during the Second World War as a 'truth drug' by the German Military and Intelligence (as many viewers and fans of 'The Guns of Navarone' would know). However, serving in this role, its success was limited, and scopolamine had (and indeed has) several other roles, neurological and otherwise, in human physiology and pharmacology. While it was used as a depressant (being an anticholigenic drug), it worked to mollify patients thanks to its sedative capabilities, thus making it easier to obtain 'blind' answers to question.<br /> <br /> However, scopolamine is one of the drugs that is not technically synthesized chemically. Like insulin, scopolamine is produced (if required to be on a mass scale) by splicing the relevant gene responsible for its (enzyme) production onto the RNA sequence of a bacterium, usually of the ''E. coli'' family, or a derivative of it. Also, even then it needs the precursor to it to be present or produced: hyoscyamine.<br /> <br /> In actuality, scopolamine is not all that common in the higher plants, one of the few plants capable of making it being ''Hyoscyamus niger''. In the case of ''H. niger'' the drug is produced in the branch roots. The reason behind the lack of frequency of the presence of scopolamine throughout the Solonaceae family of plants, is the lack of a particular gene. This gene is responsible for the production of the enzyme which catalyses the synthesis of scopolamine from hyoscyamine: hyoscyamine 6 [beta]-hydroxylase (often abbreviated to H6H).<br /> <br /> Medically speaking though, the drug is rarely taken as its naturally occurring form. As with the majority of other drugs, it is taken as a salt analogue: scopolamine hydrochloride; or -methyl nitrate. Moreover, there are other analogues of scopolamine, such as atropine, though it is considered that the former has a greater central nervous systemic effect (hence its use in the treatment of motion sickness).<br /> <br /> &lt;u&gt;'''Chemical Structure &amp; Properties'''&lt;/u&gt;<br /> <br /> Scopolamine has the structure as below:<br /> <br /> [[Image:Scopolamine.gif|thumb|left|Chemical Structure of Scopolamine]]<br /> <br /> {| border=&quot;1&quot;<br /> <br /> | {{chembox header}} | Chemical &amp; Biological Properties<br /> |- <br /> | colspan=&quot;1&quot; | Chemical Formula<br /> | colspan=&quot;2&quot; | C&lt;sub&gt;17&lt;/sub&gt;H&lt;sub&gt;21&lt;/sub&gt;NO&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | colspan=&quot;1&quot; | Melting Point<br /> | colspan=&quot;2&quot; | 381.2-390.2°C (as nitrate), 55°C (as hydrobromide trihydrate)<br /> |-<br /> | colspan=&quot;1&quot; | Principle Indications <br /> | colspan=&quot;2&quot; | excessive salivation, IBS, motion sickness<br /> |-<br /> | colspan=&quot;1&quot; | Additional<br /> | colspan=&quot;2&quot; | colicky abdominal pain, sialorrhoea<br /> |-<br /> | colspan=&quot;1&quot; | Mechanism<br /> | colspan=&quot;2&quot; | interference of ACh* in nerve impulses<br /> |-<br /> | colspan=&quot;1&quot; | Biological Half-Life<br /> | colspan=&quot;2&quot; | approx. 9.5 hours in normal adult<br /> |-<br /> | colspan=&quot;1&quot; | Solubility<br /> | colspan=&quot;2&quot; | highly soluble in both organic &amp; inorganic solvents<br /> |-<br /> | 3D Structure<br /> |&lt;jmol&gt;<br /> &lt;jmolApplet&gt;<br /> &lt;size&gt;325&lt;/size&gt;<br /> &lt;color&gt;white&lt;/color&gt;<br /> &lt;script&gt;zoom 100; cpk off;frame 1; move 10 -20 10 0 0 0 0 0 3; delay 1;&lt;/script&gt;<br /> &lt;inlineContents&gt;HEADER CSD ENTRY XICKAV<br /> ATOM 1 C1 MOL 1 17.518 11.060 2.578 1.00 0.00 <br /> ATOM 2 N2 MOL 1 18.311 10.816 1.313 1.00 0.00 <br /> ATOM 3 C3 MOL 1 17.739 9.837 0.345 1.00 0.00 <br /> ATOM 4 C4 MOL 1 18.716 11.972 0.377 1.00 0.00 <br /> ATOM 5 C5 MOL 1 18.794 9.982 -0.755 1.00 0.00 <br /> ATOM 6 C6 MOL 1 16.350 10.296 -0.244 1.00 0.00 <br /> ATOM 7 C7 MOL 1 19.631 11.141 -0.508 1.00 0.00 <br /> ATOM 8 C8 MOL 1 17.583 12.505 -0.647 1.00 0.00 <br /> ATOM 9 O9 MOL 1 20.100 9.876 -0.053 1.00 0.00 <br /> ATOM 10 C10 MOL 1 16.253 11.893 -0.265 1.00 0.00 <br /> ATOM 11 O11 MOL 1 15.129 12.413 -0.993 1.00 0.00 <br /> ATOM 12 C12 MOL 1 13.942 12.104 -0.279 1.00 0.00 <br /> ATOM 13 C13 MOL 1 12.622 12.698 -0.686 1.00 0.00 <br /> ATOM 14 O14 MOL 1 14.003 11.453 0.779 1.00 0.00 <br /> ATOM 15 C15 MOL 1 12.479 14.029 0.137 1.00 0.00 <br /> ATOM 16 C16 MOL 1 11.432 11.762 -0.382 1.00 0.00 <br /> ATOM 17 O17 MOL 1 11.300 14.783 -0.180 1.00 0.00 <br /> ATOM 18 C18 MOL 1 10.201 12.231 -0.287 1.00 0.00 <br /> ATOM 19 C19 MOL 1 11.669 10.316 -0.193 1.00 0.00 <br /> ATOM 20 C20 MOL 1 9.076 11.341 0.015 1.00 0.00 <br /> ATOM 21 C21 MOL 1 10.646 9.504 0.084 1.00 0.00 <br /> ATOM 22 C22 MOL 1 9.293 10.040 0.196 1.00 0.00 <br /> ATOM 23 H48 MOL 1 17.995 11.730 3.147 1.00 0.00 <br /> ATOM 24 H50 MOL 1 17.423 10.202 3.083 1.00 0.00 <br /> ATOM 25 H52 MOL 1 16.612 11.409 2.341 1.00 0.00 <br /> ATOM 26 H54 MOL 1 17.572 8.929 0.730 1.00 0.00 <br /> ATOM 27 H56 MOL 1 19.017 12.779 0.885 1.00 0.00 <br /> ATOM 28 H58 MOL 1 18.340 9.606 -1.563 1.00 0.00 <br /> ATOM 29 H60 MOL 1 16.257 9.948 -1.177 1.00 0.00 <br /> ATOM 30 H62 MOL 1 15.614 9.929 0.325 1.00 0.00 <br /> ATOM 31 H64 MOL 1 20.162 11.855 -0.966 1.00 0.00 <br /> ATOM 32 H66 MOL 1 17.522 13.501 -0.592 1.00 0.00 <br /> ATOM 33 H68 MOL 1 17.821 12.236 -1.580 1.00 0.00 <br /> ATOM 34 H70 MOL 1 16.055 12.184 0.671 1.00 0.00 <br /> ATOM 35 H72 MOL 1 12.607 12.851 -1.674 1.00 0.00 <br /> ATOM 36 H74 MOL 1 12.452 13.797 1.109 1.00 0.00 <br /> ATOM 37 H76 MOL 1 13.278 14.601 -0.048 1.00 0.00 <br /> ATOM 38 H78 MOL 1 11.275 15.613 0.378 1.00 0.00 <br /> ATOM 39 H80 MOL 1 10.033 13.207 -0.424 1.00 0.00 <br /> ATOM 40 H82 MOL 1 12.595 9.946 -0.273 1.00 0.00 <br /> ATOM 41 H84 MOL 1 8.150 11.710 0.085 1.00 0.00 <br /> ATOM 42 H86 MOL 1 10.808 8.525 0.215 1.00 0.00 <br /> ATOM 43 H88 MOL 1 8.529 9.430 0.408 1.00 0.00 <br /> END&lt;/inlineContents&gt;<br /> &lt;/jmolApplet&gt;<br /> &lt;/jmol&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |}<br /> * ACh = acetylcholine, see below<br /> <br /> [[Image:ACh.gif|thumb|left|Chemical Structure of Acetylcholine - ACh]]<br /> <br /> ==Biological Mechanism==<br /> <br /> Scopolamine works by interfering with one of two sets of acetylcholine receptor sites which are the nicotinic (nAChR) and muscarinic (mAChR). The drug prevents the acetylcholine from binding with the latter (and nicotine induces a hypersensitivity at the former). This Is done by the scopolamine itself binding to the receptor in the place of the ACh, thereby blocking it. Having done so, being attached, it creates no inducive effect for the nerve impulse to proceed, hence, the sedative effect, as chemical signals back and forth between brain and skeletal muscles are slowed down and/or prevented. As it acts more centrally to the spinal column and brain, it therefore dulls pain to the thorax and abdomen (the nerve arcs to the vital organs and those in close proximity being much shorter), thus its effectiveness in treating motion sickness and IBS (irritable bowel syndrome).<br /> <br /> ==Side effects==<br /> Scopolamine has a lot of nerological side effects, and overdose on thedrug can lead to dillusion, delirium, paralysis, stupour and death. It also causes the pupils to dilate, and paralysis of the eye muscles in medium doses. The drug is also known to cause anisocoria, which is an effect characterised by an unequal size of the pupils and nausea. For this reason the effects of the drug can be confused with brain cancer, as these effects (nausea, and anisocoria) are also seen in patients with brain tumours.<br /> <br /> ==Uses==<br /> Scopolamine was one of the drugs investigated in the 1950's for its 'truth drug' or mind control properties by the CIA and the British government. The investigations began on the back of intelligence obtained during the Cold War suggesting that the Soviets had themselves obtained mind control capabilities. Other drugs tested by the intelligence agencies included but were not limited to LSD, mescaline, and quinuclidinyl benzyilate other chemical psycological and biological methods of mind control were also explored including for example sleep depravation.The test subjects would be given the drugs, then interrogated and their answeres recorded and analysed. Subjects would often be given the drugs without their knowledge and their reactions would be monitored. Scopolamine was abandoned as a possible truth drug because its hallucinogenic side effects meant that the answers obtained from subjects under the influence of the drug were were prone to distortion.<br /> <br /> The drug has also found use as a 'date rape' drug, and also as an aid to robbery. In these cases the drug is usually administered to the victim by drugging the persons drink. It is used for this purpose because of its ability to cause amniesia in the victim, meaning that they forget events that happen prior to taking the drug.<br /> <br /> As mentioned above the drug is also used in the treatment of motion sickness, and has become popular among divers for its use in the treatment of sea-sickness. It must though be taken with caution by divers as it has been found to cause pain in the eyes when divers reach depths of about 50 feet. This pain usually subsides if the diver rises to 40 feet or above.<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> <br /> Extended thanks to the following locations and parties for the use of their material:<br /> <br /> [http://www.plantphysiol.org/cgi/content/abstract/105/2/483 Species-Dependent Expression of the H6H Gene in the Pericycle] Plant Physiology (Vol 105, 483-490): Molecular Biology &amp; Gene Regulation - T. Kanegae, H. Kajiya, Y. Amano, T. Hashimoto and Y. Yamada<br /> <br /> [http://redpoll.pharmacy.ualberta.ca/drugbank/cgi-bin/getCard.cgi?CARD=APRD00616.txt Scopolamine(APRD00616)] DrugBank<br /> <br /> [http://www.drugs.com/pdr/scopolamine.html Scopolamine Drug Information] Drug Information Online (Prescription Drug Information for Consumers &amp; Professionals)<br /> <br /> [http://www.rense.com/general38/frug.htm Information on Scopolamine use in illegal activities]<br /> <br /> also see [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acetylcholine Wikipedia's Acetylcholine]</div>

Aoa105 https://chemwiki.ch.ic.ac.uk/index.php?title=It:TNT&diff=7706 2006-12-07T20:31:04Z

<p>Aoa105: /* Synthesis of TNT */</p> <hr /> <div>TNT is the acronym for the explosive chemical with the common name trinitrotoluene. Its IUPAC name is 2-methyl-1,3,5-trinitrobenzene and it has the chemical formula C&lt;sub&gt;7&lt;/sub&gt;H&lt;sub&gt;5&lt;/sub&gt;N&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;O&lt;sub&gt;6&lt;/sub&gt;.<br /> <br /> Trinitrotoluene is a high explosive that is immune to ordinary shocks and so it must be set off by a detonator. This makes it relatively safe and so it is commonly used in construction and also as weaponry.<br /> <br /> Trinitrotoluene was invented by Joseph Wilbrand in 1863. The nitration of toluene is a simple method of synthesising trinitrotoluene in the laboratory.<br /> <br /> ==Structure and properties==<br /> <br /> Trinitrotoluene is in the form of long yellow crystals.<br /> <br /> It has a melting point of 80.35°C.<br /> <br /> It has a density of 1.654g/cm&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;.<br /> <br /> It has a molar mass of 227.131 g/mol.<br /> <br /> [[Image:TNT.bmp]][[Image:bang.jpg]]<br /> The big explosion picture is from http://www.hnd.usace.army.mil/pao/CEAInfo/<br /> &lt;jmol&gt;<br /> &lt;jmolApplet&gt;<br /> &lt;size&gt;200&lt;/size&gt;<br /> &lt;color&gt;white&lt;/color&gt;<br /> &lt;script&gt;zoom 80; cpk on;frame 1; move 10 -20 10 0 0 0 0 0 3; delay 1;&lt;/script&gt;<br /> &lt;inlineContents&gt;HEADER NONAME 07-Dec-06 NONE 1<br /> TITLE NONE 2<br /> AUTHOR WWW daemon apache NONE 3<br /> REVDAT 1 07-Dec-06 0 NONE 4<br /> ATOM 1 C 0 2.704 -0.001 -0.016 0.00 0.00 C+0<br /> ATOM 2 C 0 1.197 -0.001 -0.006 0.00 0.00 C+0<br /> ATOM 3 C 0 0.507 1.197 -0.002 0.00 0.00 C+0<br /> ATOM 4 N 0 1.247 2.478 -0.007 0.00 0.00 N+1<br /> ATOM 5 O 0 0.645 3.529 -0.136 0.00 0.00 O-1<br /> ATOM 6 O 0 2.459 2.482 0.117 0.00 0.00 O+0<br /> ATOM 7 C 0 -0.876 1.198 0.006 0.00 0.00 C+0<br /> ATOM 8 C 0 -1.567 0.001 0.011 0.00 0.00 C+0<br /> ATOM 9 N 0 -3.048 0.002 0.021 0.00 0.00 N+1<br /> ATOM 10 O 0 -3.656 1.057 0.024 0.00 0.00 O-1<br /> ATOM 11 O 0 -3.657 -1.053 0.025 0.00 0.00 O+0<br /> ATOM 12 C 0 -0.877 -1.197 0.007 0.00 0.00 C+0<br /> ATOM 13 C 0 0.505 -1.197 -0.007 0.00 0.00 C+0<br /> ATOM 14 N 0 1.245 -2.480 -0.011 0.00 0.00 N+1<br /> ATOM 15 O 0 0.639 -3.532 -0.108 0.00 0.00 O-1<br /> ATOM 16 O 0 2.459 -2.483 0.081 0.00 0.00 O+0<br /> ATOM 17 H 0 3.074 -0.062 1.008 0.00 0.00 H+0<br /> ATOM 18 H 0 3.063 -0.860 -0.583 0.00 0.00 H+0<br /> ATOM 19 H 0 3.065 0.917 -0.478 0.00 0.00 H+0<br /> ATOM 20 H 0 -1.415 2.133 0.009 0.00 0.00 H+0<br /> ATOM 21 H 0 -1.417 -2.132 0.011 0.00 0.00 H+0<br /> CONECT 1 2 17 18 19 NONE 26<br /> CONECT 2 1 13 3 0 NONE 27<br /> CONECT 3 2 4 7 0 NONE 28<br /> CONECT 4 3 5 6 0 NONE 29<br /> CONECT 5 4 0 0 0 NONE 30<br /> CONECT 6 4 0 0 0 NONE 31<br /> CONECT 7 3 8 20 0 NONE 32<br /> CONECT 8 7 9 12 0 NONE 33<br /> CONECT 9 8 10 11 0 NONE 34<br /> CONECT 10 9 0 0 0 NONE 35<br /> CONECT 11 9 0 0 0 NONE 36<br /> CONECT 12 8 13 21 0 NONE 37<br /> CONECT 13 12 2 14 0 NONE 38<br /> CONECT 14 13 15 16 0 NONE 39<br /> CONECT 15 14 0 0 0 NONE 40<br /> CONECT 16 14 0 0 0 NONE 41<br /> END NONE 42<br /> &lt;/inlineContents&gt;<br /> &lt;/jmolApplet&gt;<br /> &lt;/jmol&gt;<br /> <br /> <br /> ==Synthesis of TNT==<br /> <br /> Trinitrotoluene can be synthesised by the stepwise nitration of toluene involving a primary, secondary and tertiary nitration.<br /> <br /> ==Mechanism==<br /> The reaction is known as an electrophilic addition reaction.<br /> The nitric acid is initially activated by the sulphuric acid, and the two react to give a species known as the nitroneum ion. This species is then added to the toluene. <br /> <br /> [[Image:TNTSYNTHESIS.bmp]]</div>

Aoa105 https://chemwiki.ch.ic.ac.uk/index.php?title=It:Scopolamine&diff=7701 2006-12-07T20:23:34Z

<p>Aoa105: </p> <hr /> <div>==Scopolamine==<br /> <br /> ===Abstract===<br /> <br /> As is common knowledge, scopolamine (systematic name (alpha)-(hydroxymethyl) benzeneacetic acid 9-methyl-3-oxa-9-azatricyclo [3.3.1.0 &lt;sup&gt;2,4&lt;/sup&gt;] non-7-yl ester) was used during the Second World War as a 'truth drug' by the German Military and Intelligence (as many viewers and fans of 'The Guns of Navarone' would know). However, serving in this role, its success was limited, and scopolamine had (and indeed has) several other roles, neurological and otherwise, in human physiology and pharmacology. While it was used as a depressant (being an anticholigenic drug), it worked to mollify patients thanks to its sedative capabilities, thus making it easier to obtain 'blind' answers to question.<br /> <br /> However, scopolamine is one of the drugs that is not technically synthesized chemically. Like insulin, scopolamine is produced (if required to be on a mass scale) by splicing the relevant gene responsible for its (enzyme) production onto the RNA sequence of a bacterium, usually of the ''E. coli'' family, or a derivative of it. Also, even then it needs the precursor to it to be present or produced: hyoscyamine.<br /> <br /> In actuality, scopolamine is not all that common in the higher plants, one of the few plants capable of making it being ''Hyoscyamus niger''. In the case of ''H. niger'' the drug is produced in the branch roots. The reason behind the lack of frequency of the presence of scopolamine throughout the Solonaceae family of plants, is the lack of a particular gene. This gene is responsible for the production of the enzyme which catalyses the synthesis of scopolamine from hyoscyamine: hyoscyamine 6 [beta]-hydroxylase (often abbreviated to H6H).<br /> <br /> Medically speaking though, the drug is rarely taken as its naturally occurring form. As with the majority of other drugs, it is taken as a salt analogue: scopolamine hydrochloride; or -methyl nitrate. Moreover, there are other analogues of scopolamine, such as atropine, though it is considered that the former has a greater central nervous systemic effect (hence its use in the treatment of motion sickness).<br /> <br /> &lt;u&gt;'''Chemical Structure &amp; Properties'''&lt;/u&gt;<br /> <br /> Scopolamine has the structure as below:<br /> <br /> [[Image:Scopolamine.gif|thumb|left|Chemical Structure of Scopolamine]]<br /> <br /> {| border=&quot;1&quot;<br /> <br /> | {{chembox header}} | Chemical &amp; Biological Properties<br /> |- <br /> | colspan=&quot;1&quot; | Chemical Formula<br /> | colspan=&quot;2&quot; | C&lt;sub&gt;17&lt;/sub&gt;H&lt;sub&gt;21&lt;/sub&gt;NO&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | colspan=&quot;1&quot; | Melting Point<br /> | colspan=&quot;2&quot; | 381.2-390.2°C (as nitrate), 55°C (as hydrobromide trihydrate)<br /> |-<br /> | colspan=&quot;1&quot; | Principle Indications <br /> | colspan=&quot;2&quot; | excessive salivation, IBS, motion sickness<br /> |-<br /> | colspan=&quot;1&quot; | Additional<br /> | colspan=&quot;2&quot; | colicky abdominal pain, sialorrhoea<br /> |-<br /> | colspan=&quot;1&quot; | Mechanism<br /> | colspan=&quot;2&quot; | interference of ACh* in nerve impulses<br /> |-<br /> | colspan=&quot;1&quot; | Biological Half-Life<br /> | colspan=&quot;2&quot; | approx. 9.5 hours in normal adult<br /> |-<br /> | colspan=&quot;1&quot; | Solubility<br /> | colspan=&quot;2&quot; | highly soluble in both organic &amp; inorganic solvents<br /> |-<br /> | 3D Structure<br /> |&lt;jmol&gt;<br /> &lt;jmolApplet&gt;<br /> &lt;size&gt;325&lt;/size&gt;<br /> &lt;color&gt;white&lt;/color&gt;<br /> &lt;script&gt;zoom 100; cpk off;frame 1; move 10 -20 10 0 0 0 0 0 3; delay 1;&lt;/script&gt;<br /> &lt;inlineContents&gt;HEADER CSD ENTRY XICKAV<br /> ATOM 1 C1 MOL 1 17.518 11.060 2.578 1.00 0.00 <br /> ATOM 2 N2 MOL 1 18.311 10.816 1.313 1.00 0.00 <br /> ATOM 3 C3 MOL 1 17.739 9.837 0.345 1.00 0.00 <br /> ATOM 4 C4 MOL 1 18.716 11.972 0.377 1.00 0.00 <br /> ATOM 5 C5 MOL 1 18.794 9.982 -0.755 1.00 0.00 <br /> ATOM 6 C6 MOL 1 16.350 10.296 -0.244 1.00 0.00 <br /> ATOM 7 C7 MOL 1 19.631 11.141 -0.508 1.00 0.00 <br /> ATOM 8 C8 MOL 1 17.583 12.505 -0.647 1.00 0.00 <br /> ATOM 9 O9 MOL 1 20.100 9.876 -0.053 1.00 0.00 <br /> ATOM 10 C10 MOL 1 16.253 11.893 -0.265 1.00 0.00 <br /> ATOM 11 O11 MOL 1 15.129 12.413 -0.993 1.00 0.00 <br /> ATOM 12 C12 MOL 1 13.942 12.104 -0.279 1.00 0.00 <br /> ATOM 13 C13 MOL 1 12.622 12.698 -0.686 1.00 0.00 <br /> ATOM 14 O14 MOL 1 14.003 11.453 0.779 1.00 0.00 <br /> ATOM 15 C15 MOL 1 12.479 14.029 0.137 1.00 0.00 <br /> ATOM 16 C16 MOL 1 11.432 11.762 -0.382 1.00 0.00 <br /> ATOM 17 O17 MOL 1 11.300 14.783 -0.180 1.00 0.00 <br /> ATOM 18 C18 MOL 1 10.201 12.231 -0.287 1.00 0.00 <br /> ATOM 19 C19 MOL 1 11.669 10.316 -0.193 1.00 0.00 <br /> ATOM 20 C20 MOL 1 9.076 11.341 0.015 1.00 0.00 <br /> ATOM 21 C21 MOL 1 10.646 9.504 0.084 1.00 0.00 <br /> ATOM 22 C22 MOL 1 9.293 10.040 0.196 1.00 0.00 <br /> ATOM 23 H48 MOL 1 17.995 11.730 3.147 1.00 0.00 <br /> ATOM 24 H50 MOL 1 17.423 10.202 3.083 1.00 0.00 <br /> ATOM 25 H52 MOL 1 16.612 11.409 2.341 1.00 0.00 <br /> ATOM 26 H54 MOL 1 17.572 8.929 0.730 1.00 0.00 <br /> ATOM 27 H56 MOL 1 19.017 12.779 0.885 1.00 0.00 <br /> ATOM 28 H58 MOL 1 18.340 9.606 -1.563 1.00 0.00 <br /> ATOM 29 H60 MOL 1 16.257 9.948 -1.177 1.00 0.00 <br /> ATOM 30 H62 MOL 1 15.614 9.929 0.325 1.00 0.00 <br /> ATOM 31 H64 MOL 1 20.162 11.855 -0.966 1.00 0.00 <br /> ATOM 32 H66 MOL 1 17.522 13.501 -0.592 1.00 0.00 <br /> ATOM 33 H68 MOL 1 17.821 12.236 -1.580 1.00 0.00 <br /> ATOM 34 H70 MOL 1 16.055 12.184 0.671 1.00 0.00 <br /> ATOM 35 H72 MOL 1 12.607 12.851 -1.674 1.00 0.00 <br /> ATOM 36 H74 MOL 1 12.452 13.797 1.109 1.00 0.00 <br /> ATOM 37 H76 MOL 1 13.278 14.601 -0.048 1.00 0.00 <br /> ATOM 38 H78 MOL 1 11.275 15.613 0.378 1.00 0.00 <br /> ATOM 39 H80 MOL 1 10.033 13.207 -0.424 1.00 0.00 <br /> ATOM 40 H82 MOL 1 12.595 9.946 -0.273 1.00 0.00 <br /> ATOM 41 H84 MOL 1 8.150 11.710 0.085 1.00 0.00 <br /> ATOM 42 H86 MOL 1 10.808 8.525 0.215 1.00 0.00 <br /> ATOM 43 H88 MOL 1 8.529 9.430 0.408 1.00 0.00 <br /> END&lt;/inlineContents&gt;<br /> &lt;/jmolApplet&gt;<br /> &lt;/jmol&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |}<br /> * ACh = acetylcholine, see below<br /> <br /> [[Image:ACh.gif|thumb|left|Chemical Structure of Acetylcholine - ACh]]<br /> <br /> ==Biological Mechanism==<br /> <br /> Scopolamine works by interfering with one of two sets of acetylcholine receptor sites which are the nicotinic (nAChR) and muscarinic (mAChR). The drug prevents the acetylcholine from binding with the latter (and nicotine induces a hypersensitivity at the former). This Is done by the scopolamine itself binding to the receptor in the place of the ACh, thereby blocking it. Having done so, being attached, it creates no inducive effect for the nerve impulse to proceed, hence, the sedative effect, as chemical signals back and forth between brain and skeletal muscles are slowed down and/or prevented. As it acts more centrally to the spinal column and brain, it therefore dulls pain to the thorax and abdomen (the nerve arcs to the vital organs and those in close proximity being much shorter), thus its effectiveness in treating motion sickness and IBS (irritable bowel syndrome).<br /> <br /> ==Side effects==<br /> Scopolamine has a lot of nerological side effects, and overdose on thedrug can lead to dillusion, delirium, paralysis, stupour and death. It also causes the pupils to dilate, and paralysis of the eye muscles in medium doses. The drug is also known to cause anisocoria, which is an effect characterised by an unequal size of the pupils and nausea. For this reason the effects of the drug can be confused with brain cancer, as these effects (nausea, and anisocoria) are also seen in patients with brain tumours.<br /> <br /> ==Uses==<br /> Scopolamine was one of the drugs investigated in the 1950's for its 'truth drug' or mind control properties by the CIA and the British government. The investigations began on the back of intelligence obtained during the Cold War suggesting that the Soviets had themselves obtained mind control capabilities. Other drugs tested by the intelligence agencies included but were not limited to LSD, mescaline, and quinuclidinyl benzyilate other chemical psycological and biological methods of mind control were also explored including for example sleep depravation.The test subjects would be given the drugs, then interrogated and their answeres recorded and analysed. Subjects would often be given the drugs without their knowledge and their reactions would be monitored. Scopolamine was abandoned as a possible truth drug because its hallucinogenic side effects meant that the answers obtained from subjects under the influence of the drug were were prone to distortion.<br /> <br /> The drug has also found use as a 'date rape' drug, and also as an aid to robbery. In these cases the drug is usually administered to the victim by drugging the persons drink. It is used for this purpose because of its ability to cause amniesia in the victim, meaning that they forget events that happen prior to taking the drug.<br /> <br /> As mentioned above the drug is also used in the treatment of motion sickness, and has become popular among divers for its use in the treatment of sea-sickness. It must though be taken with caution by divers as it has been found to cause pain in the eyes when divers reach depths of about 50 feet. This pain usually subsides if the diver rises to 40 feet or above.<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> <br /> Extended thanks to the following locations and parties for the use of their material:<br /> <br /> [http://www.plantphysiol.org/cgi/content/abstract/105/2/483 Species-Dependent Expression of the H6H Gene in the Pericycle] Plant Physiology (Vol 105, 483-490): Molecular Biology &amp; Gene Regulation - T. Kanegae, H. Kajiya, Y. Amano, T. Hashimoto and Y. Yamada<br /> <br /> [http://redpoll.pharmacy.ualberta.ca/drugbank/cgi-bin/getCard.cgi?CARD=APRD00616.txt Scopolamine(APRD00616)] DrugBank<br /> <br /> [http://www.drugs.com/pdr/scopolamine.html Scopolamine Drug Information] Drug Information Online (Prescription Drug Information for Consumers &amp; Professionals)<br /> <br /> also see [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acetylcholine Wikipedia's Acetylcholine]</div>

Aoa105 https://chemwiki.ch.ic.ac.uk/index.php?title=It:Scopolamine&diff=7698 2006-12-07T20:12:15Z

<p>Aoa105: </p> <hr /> <div>==Scopolamine==<br /> <br /> ===Abstract===<br /> <br /> As is common knowledge, scopolamine (systematic name (alpha)-(hydroxymethyl) benzeneacetic acid 9-methyl-3-oxa-9-azatricyclo [3.3.1.0 &lt;sup&gt;2,4&lt;/sup&gt;] non-7-yl ester) was used during the Second World War as a 'truth drug' by the German Military and Intelligence (as many viewers and fans of 'The Guns of Navarone' would know). However, serving in this role, its success was limited, and scopolamine had (and indeed has) several other roles, neurological and otherwise, in human physiology and pharmacology. While it was used as a depressant (being an anticholigenic drug), it worked to mollify patients thanks to its sedative capabilities, thus making it easier to obtain 'blind' answers to question.<br /> <br /> However, scopolamine is one of the drugs that is not technically synthesized chemically. Like insulin, scopolamine is produced (if required to be on a mass scale) by splicing the relevant gene responsible for its (enzyme) production onto the RNA sequence of a bacterium, usually of the ''E. coli'' family, or a derivative of it. Also, even then it needs the precursor to it to be present or produced: hyoscyamine.<br /> <br /> In actuality, scopolamine is not all that common in the higher plants, one of the few plants capable of making it being ''Hyoscyamus niger''. In the case of ''H. niger'' the drug is produced in the branch roots. The reason behind the lack of frequency of the presence of scopolamine throughout the Solonaceae family of plants, is the lack of a particular gene. This gene is responsible for the production of the enzyme which catalyses the synthesis of scopolamine from hyoscyamine: hyoscyamine 6 [beta]-hydroxylase (often abbreviated to H6H).<br /> <br /> Medically speaking though, the drug is rarely taken as its naturally occurring form. As with the majority of other drugs, it is taken as a salt analogue: scopolamine hydrochloride; or -methyl nitrate. Moreover, there are other analogues of scopolamine, such as atropine, though it is considered that the former has a greater central nervous systemic effect (hence its use in the treatment of motion sickness).<br /> <br /> &lt;u&gt;'''Chemical Structure &amp; Properties'''&lt;/u&gt;<br /> <br /> Scopolamine has the structure as below:<br /> <br /> [[Image:Scopolamine.gif|thumb|left|Chemical Structure of Scopolamine]]<br /> <br /> {| border=&quot;1&quot;<br /> <br /> | {{chembox header}} | Chemical &amp; Biological Properties<br /> |- <br /> | colspan=&quot;1&quot; | Chemical Formula<br /> | colspan=&quot;2&quot; | C&lt;sub&gt;17&lt;/sub&gt;H&lt;sub&gt;21&lt;/sub&gt;NO&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | colspan=&quot;1&quot; | Melting Point<br /> | colspan=&quot;2&quot; | 381.2-390.2°C (as nitrate), 55°C (as hydrobromide trihydrate)<br /> |-<br /> | colspan=&quot;1&quot; | Principle Indications <br /> | colspan=&quot;2&quot; | excessive salivation, IBS, motion sickness<br /> |-<br /> | colspan=&quot;1&quot; | Additional<br /> | colspan=&quot;2&quot; | colicky abdominal pain, sialorrhoea<br /> |-<br /> | colspan=&quot;1&quot; | Mechanism<br /> | colspan=&quot;2&quot; | interference of ACh* in nerve impulses<br /> |-<br /> | colspan=&quot;1&quot; | Biological Half-Life<br /> | colspan=&quot;2&quot; | approx. 9.5 hours in normal adult<br /> |-<br /> | colspan=&quot;1&quot; | Solubility<br /> | colspan=&quot;2&quot; | highly soluble in both organic &amp; inorganic solvents<br /> |-<br /> | 3D Structure<br /> |&lt;jmol&gt;<br /> &lt;jmolApplet&gt;<br /> &lt;size&gt;325&lt;/size&gt;<br /> &lt;color&gt;white&lt;/color&gt;<br /> &lt;script&gt;zoom 100; cpk off;frame 1; move 10 -20 10 0 0 0 0 0 3; delay 1;&lt;/script&gt;<br /> &lt;inlineContents&gt;HEADER CSD ENTRY XICKAV<br /> ATOM 1 C1 MOL 1 17.518 11.060 2.578 1.00 0.00 <br /> ATOM 2 N2 MOL 1 18.311 10.816 1.313 1.00 0.00 <br /> ATOM 3 C3 MOL 1 17.739 9.837 0.345 1.00 0.00 <br /> ATOM 4 C4 MOL 1 18.716 11.972 0.377 1.00 0.00 <br /> ATOM 5 C5 MOL 1 18.794 9.982 -0.755 1.00 0.00 <br /> ATOM 6 C6 MOL 1 16.350 10.296 -0.244 1.00 0.00 <br /> ATOM 7 C7 MOL 1 19.631 11.141 -0.508 1.00 0.00 <br /> ATOM 8 C8 MOL 1 17.583 12.505 -0.647 1.00 0.00 <br /> ATOM 9 O9 MOL 1 20.100 9.876 -0.053 1.00 0.00 <br /> ATOM 10 C10 MOL 1 16.253 11.893 -0.265 1.00 0.00 <br /> ATOM 11 O11 MOL 1 15.129 12.413 -0.993 1.00 0.00 <br /> ATOM 12 C12 MOL 1 13.942 12.104 -0.279 1.00 0.00 <br /> ATOM 13 C13 MOL 1 12.622 12.698 -0.686 1.00 0.00 <br /> ATOM 14 O14 MOL 1 14.003 11.453 0.779 1.00 0.00 <br /> ATOM 15 C15 MOL 1 12.479 14.029 0.137 1.00 0.00 <br /> ATOM 16 C16 MOL 1 11.432 11.762 -0.382 1.00 0.00 <br /> ATOM 17 O17 MOL 1 11.300 14.783 -0.180 1.00 0.00 <br /> ATOM 18 C18 MOL 1 10.201 12.231 -0.287 1.00 0.00 <br /> ATOM 19 C19 MOL 1 11.669 10.316 -0.193 1.00 0.00 <br /> ATOM 20 C20 MOL 1 9.076 11.341 0.015 1.00 0.00 <br /> ATOM 21 C21 MOL 1 10.646 9.504 0.084 1.00 0.00 <br /> ATOM 22 C22 MOL 1 9.293 10.040 0.196 1.00 0.00 <br /> ATOM 23 H48 MOL 1 17.995 11.730 3.147 1.00 0.00 <br /> ATOM 24 H50 MOL 1 17.423 10.202 3.083 1.00 0.00 <br /> ATOM 25 H52 MOL 1 16.612 11.409 2.341 1.00 0.00 <br /> ATOM 26 H54 MOL 1 17.572 8.929 0.730 1.00 0.00 <br /> ATOM 27 H56 MOL 1 19.017 12.779 0.885 1.00 0.00 <br /> ATOM 28 H58 MOL 1 18.340 9.606 -1.563 1.00 0.00 <br /> ATOM 29 H60 MOL 1 16.257 9.948 -1.177 1.00 0.00 <br /> ATOM 30 H62 MOL 1 15.614 9.929 0.325 1.00 0.00 <br /> ATOM 31 H64 MOL 1 20.162 11.855 -0.966 1.00 0.00 <br /> ATOM 32 H66 MOL 1 17.522 13.501 -0.592 1.00 0.00 <br /> ATOM 33 H68 MOL 1 17.821 12.236 -1.580 1.00 0.00 <br /> ATOM 34 H70 MOL 1 16.055 12.184 0.671 1.00 0.00 <br /> ATOM 35 H72 MOL 1 12.607 12.851 -1.674 1.00 0.00 <br /> ATOM 36 H74 MOL 1 12.452 13.797 1.109 1.00 0.00 <br /> ATOM 37 H76 MOL 1 13.278 14.601 -0.048 1.00 0.00 <br /> ATOM 38 H78 MOL 1 11.275 15.613 0.378 1.00 0.00 <br /> ATOM 39 H80 MOL 1 10.033 13.207 -0.424 1.00 0.00 <br /> ATOM 40 H82 MOL 1 12.595 9.946 -0.273 1.00 0.00 <br /> ATOM 41 H84 MOL 1 8.150 11.710 0.085 1.00 0.00 <br /> ATOM 42 H86 MOL 1 10.808 8.525 0.215 1.00 0.00 <br /> ATOM 43 H88 MOL 1 8.529 9.430 0.408 1.00 0.00 <br /> END&lt;/inlineContents&gt;<br /> &lt;/jmolApplet&gt;<br /> &lt;/jmol&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |}<br /> * ACh = acetylcholine, see below<br /> <br /> [[Image:ACh.gif|thumb|left|Chemical Structure of Acetylcholine - ACh]]<br /> <br /> ==Biological Mechanism==<br /> <br /> Scopolamine works by interfering with one of two sets of acetylcholine receptor sites which are the nicotinic (nAChR) and muscarinic (mAChR). The drug prevents the acetylcholine from binding with the latter (and nicotine induces a hypersensitivity at the former). This Is done by the scopolamine itself binding to the receptor in the place of the ACh, thereby blocking it. Having done so, being attached, it creates no inducive effect for the nerve impulse to proceed, hence, the sedative effect, as chemical signals back and forth between brain and skeletal muscles are slowed down and/or prevented. As it acts more centrally to the spinal column and brain, it therefore dulls pain to the thorax and abdomen (the nerve arcs to the vital organs and those in close proximity being much shorter), thus its effectiveness in treating motion sickness and IBS (irritable bowel syndrome).<br /> <br /> ==Side effects==<br /> Scopolamine has a lot of nerological side effects, and overdose on thedrug can lead to dillusion, delirium, paralysis, stupour and death. It also causes the pupils to dilate, and paralysis of the eye muscles in medium doses. The drug is also known to cause anisocoria, which is an effect characterised by an unequal size of the pupils and nausea. For this reason the effects of the drug can be confused with brain cancer, as these effects (nausea, and anisocoria) are also seen in patients with brain tumours.<br /> <br /> ==History==<br /> Scopolamine was one of the drugs investigated in the 1950's for its 'truth drug' or mind control properties by the CIA and the British government. The investigations began on the back of intelligence obtained during the Cold War suggesting that the Soviets had themselves obtained mind control capabilities. Other drugs tested by the intelligence agencies included but were not limited to LSD, mescaline, and quinuclidinyl benzyilate other chemical psycological and biological methods of mind control were also explored including for example sleep depravation.The test subjects would be given the drugs, then interrogated and their answeres recorded and analysed. Subjects would often be given the drugs without their knowledge and their reactions would be monitored. Scopolamine was abandoned as a possible truth drug because its hallucinogenic side effects meant that the answers obtained from subjects under the influence of the drug were were prone to distortion.<br /> <br /> =References=<br /> <br /> Extended thanks to the following locations and parties for the use of their material:<br /> <br /> [http://www.plantphysiol.org/cgi/content/abstract/105/2/483 Species-Dependent Expression of the H6H Gene in the Pericycle] Plant Physiology (Vol 105, 483-490): Molecular Biology &amp; Gene Regulation - T. Kanegae, H. Kajiya, Y. Amano, T. Hashimoto and Y. Yamada<br /> <br /> [http://redpoll.pharmacy.ualberta.ca/drugbank/cgi-bin/getCard.cgi?CARD=APRD00616.txt Scopolamine(APRD00616)] DrugBank<br /> <br /> [http://www.drugs.com/pdr/scopolamine.html Scopolamine Drug Information] Drug Information Online (Prescription Drug Information for Consumers &amp; Professionals)<br /> <br /> also see [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acetylcholine Wikipedia's Acetylcholine]</div>

Aoa105 https://chemwiki.ch.ic.ac.uk/index.php?title=It:Scopolamine&diff=7697 2006-12-07T20:11:18Z

<p>Aoa105: </p> <hr /> <div>&lt;u&gt;'''''Scopolamine'''''<br /> <br /> '''Abstract'''&lt;/u&gt;<br /> <br /> As is common knowledge, scopolamine (systematic name (alpha)-(hydroxymethyl) benzeneacetic acid 9-methyl-3-oxa-9-azatricyclo [3.3.1.0 &lt;sup&gt;2,4&lt;/sup&gt;] non-7-yl ester) was used during the Second World War as a 'truth drug' by the German Military and Intelligence (as many viewers and fans of 'The Guns of Navarone' would know). However, serving in this role, its success was limited, and scopolamine had (and indeed has) several other roles, neurological and otherwise, in human physiology and pharmacology. While it was used as a depressant (being an anticholigenic drug), it worked to mollify patients thanks to its sedative capabilities, thus making it easier to obtain 'blind' answers to question.<br /> <br /> However, scopolamine is one of the drugs that is not technically synthesized chemically. Like insulin, scopolamine is produced (if required to be on a mass scale) by splicing the relevant gene responsible for its (enzyme) production onto the RNA sequence of a bacterium, usually of the ''E. coli'' family, or a derivative of it. Also, even then it needs the precursor to it to be present or produced: hyoscyamine.<br /> <br /> In actuality, scopolamine is not all that common in the higher plants, one of the few plants capable of making it being ''Hyoscyamus niger''. In the case of ''H. niger'' the drug is produced in the branch roots. The reason behind the lack of frequency of the presence of scopolamine throughout the Solonaceae family of plants, is the lack of a particular gene. This gene is responsible for the production of the enzyme which catalyses the synthesis of scopolamine from hyoscyamine: hyoscyamine 6 [beta]-hydroxylase (often abbreviated to H6H).<br /> <br /> Medically speaking though, the drug is rarely taken as its naturally occurring form. As with the majority of other drugs, it is taken as a salt analogue: scopolamine hydrochloride; or -methyl nitrate. Moreover, there are other analogues of scopolamine, such as atropine, though it is considered that the former has a greater central nervous systemic effect (hence its use in the treatment of motion sickness).<br /> <br /> &lt;u&gt;'''Chemical Structure &amp; Properties'''&lt;/u&gt;<br /> <br /> Scopolamine has the structure as below:<br /> <br /> [[Image:Scopolamine.gif|thumb|left|Chemical Structure of Scopolamine]]<br /> <br /> {| border=&quot;1&quot;<br /> <br /> | {{chembox header}} | Chemical &amp; Biological Properties<br /> |- <br /> | colspan=&quot;1&quot; | Chemical Formula<br /> | colspan=&quot;2&quot; | C&lt;sub&gt;17&lt;/sub&gt;H&lt;sub&gt;21&lt;/sub&gt;NO&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | colspan=&quot;1&quot; | Melting Point<br /> | colspan=&quot;2&quot; | 381.2-390.2°C (as nitrate), 55°C (as hydrobromide trihydrate)<br /> |-<br /> | colspan=&quot;1&quot; | Principle Indications <br /> | colspan=&quot;2&quot; | excessive salivation, IBS, motion sickness<br /> |-<br /> | colspan=&quot;1&quot; | Additional<br /> | colspan=&quot;2&quot; | colicky abdominal pain, sialorrhoea<br /> |-<br /> | colspan=&quot;1&quot; | Mechanism<br /> | colspan=&quot;2&quot; | interference of ACh* in nerve impulses<br /> |-<br /> | colspan=&quot;1&quot; | Biological Half-Life<br /> | colspan=&quot;2&quot; | approx. 9.5 hours in normal adult<br /> |-<br /> | colspan=&quot;1&quot; | Solubility<br /> | colspan=&quot;2&quot; | highly soluble in both organic &amp; inorganic solvents<br /> |-<br /> | 3D Structure<br /> |&lt;jmol&gt;<br /> &lt;jmolApplet&gt;<br /> &lt;size&gt;325&lt;/size&gt;<br /> &lt;color&gt;white&lt;/color&gt;<br /> &lt;script&gt;zoom 100; cpk off;frame 1; move 10 -20 10 0 0 0 0 0 3; delay 1;&lt;/script&gt;<br /> &lt;inlineContents&gt;HEADER CSD ENTRY XICKAV<br /> ATOM 1 C1 MOL 1 17.518 11.060 2.578 1.00 0.00 <br /> ATOM 2 N2 MOL 1 18.311 10.816 1.313 1.00 0.00 <br /> ATOM 3 C3 MOL 1 17.739 9.837 0.345 1.00 0.00 <br /> ATOM 4 C4 MOL 1 18.716 11.972 0.377 1.00 0.00 <br /> ATOM 5 C5 MOL 1 18.794 9.982 -0.755 1.00 0.00 <br /> ATOM 6 C6 MOL 1 16.350 10.296 -0.244 1.00 0.00 <br /> ATOM 7 C7 MOL 1 19.631 11.141 -0.508 1.00 0.00 <br /> ATOM 8 C8 MOL 1 17.583 12.505 -0.647 1.00 0.00 <br /> ATOM 9 O9 MOL 1 20.100 9.876 -0.053 1.00 0.00 <br /> ATOM 10 C10 MOL 1 16.253 11.893 -0.265 1.00 0.00 <br /> ATOM 11 O11 MOL 1 15.129 12.413 -0.993 1.00 0.00 <br /> ATOM 12 C12 MOL 1 13.942 12.104 -0.279 1.00 0.00 <br /> ATOM 13 C13 MOL 1 12.622 12.698 -0.686 1.00 0.00 <br /> ATOM 14 O14 MOL 1 14.003 11.453 0.779 1.00 0.00 <br /> ATOM 15 C15 MOL 1 12.479 14.029 0.137 1.00 0.00 <br /> ATOM 16 C16 MOL 1 11.432 11.762 -0.382 1.00 0.00 <br /> ATOM 17 O17 MOL 1 11.300 14.783 -0.180 1.00 0.00 <br /> ATOM 18 C18 MOL 1 10.201 12.231 -0.287 1.00 0.00 <br /> ATOM 19 C19 MOL 1 11.669 10.316 -0.193 1.00 0.00 <br /> ATOM 20 C20 MOL 1 9.076 11.341 0.015 1.00 0.00 <br /> ATOM 21 C21 MOL 1 10.646 9.504 0.084 1.00 0.00 <br /> ATOM 22 C22 MOL 1 9.293 10.040 0.196 1.00 0.00 <br /> ATOM 23 H48 MOL 1 17.995 11.730 3.147 1.00 0.00 <br /> ATOM 24 H50 MOL 1 17.423 10.202 3.083 1.00 0.00 <br /> ATOM 25 H52 MOL 1 16.612 11.409 2.341 1.00 0.00 <br /> ATOM 26 H54 MOL 1 17.572 8.929 0.730 1.00 0.00 <br /> ATOM 27 H56 MOL 1 19.017 12.779 0.885 1.00 0.00 <br /> ATOM 28 H58 MOL 1 18.340 9.606 -1.563 1.00 0.00 <br /> ATOM 29 H60 MOL 1 16.257 9.948 -1.177 1.00 0.00 <br /> ATOM 30 H62 MOL 1 15.614 9.929 0.325 1.00 0.00 <br /> ATOM 31 H64 MOL 1 20.162 11.855 -0.966 1.00 0.00 <br /> ATOM 32 H66 MOL 1 17.522 13.501 -0.592 1.00 0.00 <br /> ATOM 33 H68 MOL 1 17.821 12.236 -1.580 1.00 0.00 <br /> ATOM 34 H70 MOL 1 16.055 12.184 0.671 1.00 0.00 <br /> ATOM 35 H72 MOL 1 12.607 12.851 -1.674 1.00 0.00 <br /> ATOM 36 H74 MOL 1 12.452 13.797 1.109 1.00 0.00 <br /> ATOM 37 H76 MOL 1 13.278 14.601 -0.048 1.00 0.00 <br /> ATOM 38 H78 MOL 1 11.275 15.613 0.378 1.00 0.00 <br /> ATOM 39 H80 MOL 1 10.033 13.207 -0.424 1.00 0.00 <br /> ATOM 40 H82 MOL 1 12.595 9.946 -0.273 1.00 0.00 <br /> ATOM 41 H84 MOL 1 8.150 11.710 0.085 1.00 0.00 <br /> ATOM 42 H86 MOL 1 10.808 8.525 0.215 1.00 0.00 <br /> ATOM 43 H88 MOL 1 8.529 9.430 0.408 1.00 0.00 <br /> END&lt;/inlineContents&gt;<br /> &lt;/jmolApplet&gt;<br /> &lt;/jmol&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |}<br /> * ACh = acetylcholine, see below<br /> <br /> [[Image:ACh.gif|thumb|left|Chemical Structure of Acetylcholine - ACh]]<br /> <br /> ==Biological Mechanism==<br /> <br /> Scopolamine works by interfering with one of two sets of acetylcholine receptor sites which are the nicotinic (nAChR) and muscarinic (mAChR). The drug prevents the acetylcholine from binding with the latter (and nicotine induces a hypersensitivity at the former). This Is done by the scopolamine itself binding to the receptor in the place of the ACh, thereby blocking it. Having done so, being attached, it creates no inducive effect for the nerve impulse to proceed, hence, the sedative effect, as chemical signals back and forth between brain and skeletal muscles are slowed down and/or prevented. As it acts more centrally to the spinal column and brain, it therefore dulls pain to the thorax and abdomen (the nerve arcs to the vital organs and those in close proximity being much shorter), thus its effectiveness in treating motion sickness and IBS (irritable bowel syndrome).<br /> <br /> ==Side effects==<br /> Scopolamine has a lot of nerological side effects, and overdose on thedrug can lead to dillusion, delirium, paralysis, stupour and death. It also causes the pupils to dilate, and paralysis of the eye muscles in medium doses. The drug is also known to cause anisocoria, which is an effect characterised by an unequal size of the pupils and nausea. For this reason the effects of the drug can be confused with brain cancer, as these effects (nausea, and anisocoria) are also seen in patients with brain tumours.<br /> <br /> ==History==<br /> Scopolamine was one of the drugs investigated in the 1950's for its 'truth drug' or mind control properties by the CIA and the British government. The investigations began on the back of intelligence obtained during the Cold War suggesting that the Soviets had themselves obtained mind control capabilities. Other drugs tested by the intelligence agencies included but were not limited to LSD, mescaline, and quinuclidinyl benzyilate other chemical psycological and biological methods of mind control were also explored including for example sleep depravation.The test subjects would be given the drugs, then interrogated and their answeres recorded and analysed. Subjects would often be given the drugs without their knowledge and their reactions would be monitored. Scopolamine was abandoned as a possible truth drug because its hallucinogenic side effects meant that the answers obtained from subjects under the influence of the drug were were prone to distortion.<br /> <br /> =References=<br /> <br /> Extended thanks to the following locations and parties for the use of their material:<br /> <br /> [http://www.plantphysiol.org/cgi/content/abstract/105/2/483 Species-Dependent Expression of the H6H Gene in the Pericycle] Plant Physiology (Vol 105, 483-490): Molecular Biology &amp; Gene Regulation - T. Kanegae, H. Kajiya, Y. Amano, T. Hashimoto and Y. Yamada<br /> <br /> [http://redpoll.pharmacy.ualberta.ca/drugbank/cgi-bin/getCard.cgi?CARD=APRD00616.txt Scopolamine(APRD00616)] DrugBank<br /> <br /> [http://www.drugs.com/pdr/scopolamine.html Scopolamine Drug Information] Drug Information Online (Prescription Drug Information for Consumers &amp; Professionals)<br /> <br /> also see [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acetylcholine Wikipedia's Acetylcholine]</div>

Aoa105 https://chemwiki.ch.ic.ac.uk/index.php?title=It:Scopolamine&diff=7694 2006-12-07T19:56:58Z

<p>Aoa105: </p> <hr /> <div>&lt;u&gt;'''''Scopolamine'''''<br /> <br /> '''Abstract'''&lt;/u&gt;<br /> <br /> As is common knowledge, scopolamine (systematic name (alpha)-(hydroxymethyl) benzeneacetic acid 9-methyl-3-oxa-9-azatricyclo [3.3.1.0 &lt;sup&gt;2,4&lt;/sup&gt;] non-7-yl ester) was used during the Second World War as a 'truth drug' by the German Military and Intelligence (as many viewers and fans of 'The Guns of Navarone' would know). However, serving in this role, its success was limited, and scopolamine had (and indeed has) several other roles, neurological and otherwise, in human physiology and pharmacology. While it was used as a depressant (being an anticholigenic drug), it worked to mollify patients thanks to its sedative capabilities, thus making it easier to obtain 'blind' answers to question.<br /> <br /> However, scopolamine is one of the drugs that is not technically synthesized chemically. Like insulin, scopolamine is produced (if required to be on a mass scale) by splicing the relevant gene responsible for its (enzyme) production onto the RNA sequence of a bacterium, usually of the ''E. coli'' family, or a derivative of it. Also, even then it needs the precursor to it to be present or produced: hyoscyamine.<br /> <br /> In actuality, scopolamine is not all that common in the higher plants, one of the few plants capable of making it being ''Hyoscyamus niger''. In the case of ''H. niger'' the drug is produced in the branch roots. The reason behind the lack of frequency of the presence of scopolamine throughout the Solonaceae family of plants, is the lack of a particular gene. This gene is responsible for the production of the enzyme which catalyses the synthesis of scopolamine from hyoscyamine: hyoscyamine 6 [beta]-hydroxylase (often abbreviated to H6H).<br /> <br /> Medically speaking though, the drug is rarely taken as its naturally occurring form. As with the majority of other drugs, it is taken as a salt analogue: scopolamine hydrochloride; or -methyl nitrate. Moreover, there are other analogues of scopolamine, such as atropine, though it is considered that the former has a greater central nervous systemic effect (hence its use in the treatment of motion sickness).<br /> <br /> &lt;u&gt;'''Chemical Structure &amp; Properties'''&lt;/u&gt;<br /> <br /> Scopolamine has the structure as below:<br /> <br /> [[Image:Scopolamine.gif|thumb|left|Chemical Structure of Scopolamine]]<br /> <br /> {| border=&quot;1&quot;<br /> <br /> | {{chembox header}} | Chemical &amp; Biological Properties<br /> |- <br /> | colspan=&quot;1&quot; | Chemical Formula<br /> | colspan=&quot;2&quot; | C&lt;sub&gt;17&lt;/sub&gt;H&lt;sub&gt;21&lt;/sub&gt;NO&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | colspan=&quot;1&quot; | Melting Point<br /> | colspan=&quot;2&quot; | 381.2-390.2°C (as nitrate), 55°C (as hydrobromide trihydrate)<br /> |-<br /> | colspan=&quot;1&quot; | Principle Indications <br /> | colspan=&quot;2&quot; | excessive salivation, IBS, motion sickness<br /> |-<br /> | colspan=&quot;1&quot; | Additional<br /> | colspan=&quot;2&quot; | colicky abdominal pain, sialorrhoea<br /> |-<br /> | colspan=&quot;1&quot; | Mechanism<br /> | colspan=&quot;2&quot; | interference of ACh* in nerve impulses<br /> |-<br /> | colspan=&quot;1&quot; | Biological Half-Life<br /> | colspan=&quot;2&quot; | approx. 9.5 hours in normal adult<br /> |-<br /> | colspan=&quot;1&quot; | Solubility<br /> | colspan=&quot;2&quot; | highly soluble in both organic &amp; inorganic solvents<br /> |-<br /> | 3D Structure<br /> |&lt;jmol&gt;<br /> &lt;jmolApplet&gt;<br /> &lt;size&gt;325&lt;/size&gt;<br /> &lt;color&gt;white&lt;/color&gt;<br /> &lt;script&gt;zoom 100; cpk off;frame 1; move 10 -20 10 0 0 0 0 0 3; delay 1;&lt;/script&gt;<br /> &lt;inlineContents&gt;HEADER CSD ENTRY XICKAV<br /> ATOM 1 C1 MOL 1 17.518 11.060 2.578 1.00 0.00 <br /> ATOM 2 N2 MOL 1 18.311 10.816 1.313 1.00 0.00 <br /> ATOM 3 C3 MOL 1 17.739 9.837 0.345 1.00 0.00 <br /> ATOM 4 C4 MOL 1 18.716 11.972 0.377 1.00 0.00 <br /> ATOM 5 C5 MOL 1 18.794 9.982 -0.755 1.00 0.00 <br /> ATOM 6 C6 MOL 1 16.350 10.296 -0.244 1.00 0.00 <br /> ATOM 7 C7 MOL 1 19.631 11.141 -0.508 1.00 0.00 <br /> ATOM 8 C8 MOL 1 17.583 12.505 -0.647 1.00 0.00 <br /> ATOM 9 O9 MOL 1 20.100 9.876 -0.053 1.00 0.00 <br /> ATOM 10 C10 MOL 1 16.253 11.893 -0.265 1.00 0.00 <br /> ATOM 11 O11 MOL 1 15.129 12.413 -0.993 1.00 0.00 <br /> ATOM 12 C12 MOL 1 13.942 12.104 -0.279 1.00 0.00 <br /> ATOM 13 C13 MOL 1 12.622 12.698 -0.686 1.00 0.00 <br /> ATOM 14 O14 MOL 1 14.003 11.453 0.779 1.00 0.00 <br /> ATOM 15 C15 MOL 1 12.479 14.029 0.137 1.00 0.00 <br /> ATOM 16 C16 MOL 1 11.432 11.762 -0.382 1.00 0.00 <br /> ATOM 17 O17 MOL 1 11.300 14.783 -0.180 1.00 0.00 <br /> ATOM 18 C18 MOL 1 10.201 12.231 -0.287 1.00 0.00 <br /> ATOM 19 C19 MOL 1 11.669 10.316 -0.193 1.00 0.00 <br /> ATOM 20 C20 MOL 1 9.076 11.341 0.015 1.00 0.00 <br /> ATOM 21 C21 MOL 1 10.646 9.504 0.084 1.00 0.00 <br /> ATOM 22 C22 MOL 1 9.293 10.040 0.196 1.00 0.00 <br /> ATOM 23 H48 MOL 1 17.995 11.730 3.147 1.00 0.00 <br /> ATOM 24 H50 MOL 1 17.423 10.202 3.083 1.00 0.00 <br /> ATOM 25 H52 MOL 1 16.612 11.409 2.341 1.00 0.00 <br /> ATOM 26 H54 MOL 1 17.572 8.929 0.730 1.00 0.00 <br /> ATOM 27 H56 MOL 1 19.017 12.779 0.885 1.00 0.00 <br /> ATOM 28 H58 MOL 1 18.340 9.606 -1.563 1.00 0.00 <br /> ATOM 29 H60 MOL 1 16.257 9.948 -1.177 1.00 0.00 <br /> ATOM 30 H62 MOL 1 15.614 9.929 0.325 1.00 0.00 <br /> ATOM 31 H64 MOL 1 20.162 11.855 -0.966 1.00 0.00 <br /> ATOM 32 H66 MOL 1 17.522 13.501 -0.592 1.00 0.00 <br /> ATOM 33 H68 MOL 1 17.821 12.236 -1.580 1.00 0.00 <br /> ATOM 34 H70 MOL 1 16.055 12.184 0.671 1.00 0.00 <br /> ATOM 35 H72 MOL 1 12.607 12.851 -1.674 1.00 0.00 <br /> ATOM 36 H74 MOL 1 12.452 13.797 1.109 1.00 0.00 <br /> ATOM 37 H76 MOL 1 13.278 14.601 -0.048 1.00 0.00 <br /> ATOM 38 H78 MOL 1 11.275 15.613 0.378 1.00 0.00 <br /> ATOM 39 H80 MOL 1 10.033 13.207 -0.424 1.00 0.00 <br /> ATOM 40 H82 MOL 1 12.595 9.946 -0.273 1.00 0.00 <br /> ATOM 41 H84 MOL 1 8.150 11.710 0.085 1.00 0.00 <br /> ATOM 42 H86 MOL 1 10.808 8.525 0.215 1.00 0.00 <br /> ATOM 43 H88 MOL 1 8.529 9.430 0.408 1.00 0.00 <br /> END&lt;/inlineContents&gt;<br /> &lt;/jmolApplet&gt;<br /> &lt;/jmol&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |}<br /> * ACh = acetylcholine, see below<br /> <br /> [[Image:ACh.gif|thumb|left|Chemical Structure of Acetylcholine - ACh]]<br /> <br /> ==Biological Mechanism==<br /> <br /> Scopolamine works by interfering with one of two sets of acetylcholine receptor sites which are the nicotinic (nAChR) and muscarinic (mAChR). The drug prevents the acetylcholine from binding with the latter (and nicotine induces a hypersensitivity at the former). This Is done by the scopolamine itself binding to the receptor in the place of the ACh, thereby blocking it. Having done so, being attached, it creates no inducive effect for the nerve impulse to proceed, hence, the sedative effect, as chemical signals back and forth between brain and skeletal muscles are slowed down and/or prevented. As it acts more centrally to the spinal column and brain, it therefore dulls pain to the thorax and abdomen (the nerve arcs to the vital organs and those in close proximity being much shorter), thus its effectiveness in treating motion sickness and IBS (irritable bowel syndrome).<br /> <br /> ==Side effects==<br /> Scopolamine has a lot of nerological side effects, and overdose on thedrug can lead to dillusion, delirium, paralysis, stupour and death. It also causes the pupils to dilate, and paralysis of the eye muscles in medium doses. The drug is also known to cause anisocoria, which is an effect characterised by an unequal size of the pupils and nausea. For this reason the effects of the drug can be confused with brain cancer, as these effects (nausea, and anisocoria) are also seen in patients with brain tumours.<br /> <br /> =References=<br /> <br /> Extended thanks to the following locations and parties for the use of their material:<br /> <br /> [http://www.plantphysiol.org/cgi/content/abstract/105/2/483 Species-Dependent Expression of the H6H Gene in the Pericycle] Plant Physiology (Vol 105, 483-490): Molecular Biology &amp; Gene Regulation - T. Kanegae, H. Kajiya, Y. Amano, T. Hashimoto and Y. Yamada<br /> <br /> [http://redpoll.pharmacy.ualberta.ca/drugbank/cgi-bin/getCard.cgi?CARD=APRD00616.txt Scopolamine(APRD00616)] DrugBank<br /> <br /> [http://www.drugs.com/pdr/scopolamine.html Scopolamine Drug Information] Drug Information Online (Prescription Drug Information for Consumers &amp; Professionals)<br /> <br /> also see [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acetylcholine Wikipedia's Acetylcholine]</div>

Aoa105 https://chemwiki.ch.ic.ac.uk/index.php?title=It:Scopolamine&diff=7693 2006-12-07T19:49:51Z

<p>Aoa105: </p> <hr /> <div>&lt;u&gt;'''''Scopolamine'''''<br /> <br /> '''Abstract'''&lt;/u&gt;<br /> <br /> As is common knowledge, scopolamine (systematic name (alpha)-(hydroxymethyl) benzeneacetic acid 9-methyl-3-oxa-9-azatricyclo [3.3.1.0 &lt;sup&gt;2,4&lt;/sup&gt;] non-7-yl ester) was used during the Second World War as a 'truth drug' by the German Military and Intelligence (as many viewers and fans of 'The Guns of Navarone' would know). However, serving in this role, its success was limited, and scopolamine had (and indeed has) several other roles, neurological and otherwise, in human physiology and pharmacology. While it was used as a depressant (being an anticholigenic drug), it worked to mollify patients thanks to its sedative capabilities, thus making it easier to obtain 'blind' answers to question.<br /> <br /> However, scopolamine is one of the drugs that is not technically synthesized chemically. Like insulin, scopolamine is produced (if required to be on a mass scale) by splicing the relevant gene responsible for its (enzyme) production onto the RNA sequence of a bacterium, usually of the ''E. coli'' family, or a derivative of it. Also, even then it needs the precursor to it to be present or produced: hyoscyamine.<br /> <br /> In actuality, scopolamine is not all that common in the higher plants, one of the few plants capable of making it being ''Hyoscyamus niger''. In the case of ''H. niger'' the drug is produced in the branch roots. The reason behind the lack of frequency of the presence of scopolamine throughout the Solonaceae family of plants, is the lack of a particular gene. This gene is responsible for the production of the enzyme which catalyses the synthesis of scopolamine from hyoscyamine: hyoscyamine 6 [beta]-hydroxylase (often abbreviated to H6H).<br /> <br /> Medically speaking though, the drug is rarely taken as its naturally occurring form. As with the majority of other drugs, it is taken as a salt analogue: scopolamine hydrochloride; or -methyl nitrate. Moreover, there are other analogues of scopolamine, such as atropine, though it is considered that the former has a greater central nervous systemic effect (hence its use in the treatment of motion sickness).<br /> <br /> &lt;u&gt;'''Chemical Structure &amp; Properties'''&lt;/u&gt;<br /> <br /> Scopolamine has the structure as below:<br /> <br /> [[Image:Scopolamine.gif|thumb|left|Chemical Structure of Scopolamine]]<br /> <br /> {| border=&quot;1&quot;<br /> <br /> | {{chembox header}} | Chemical &amp; Biological Properties<br /> |- <br /> | colspan=&quot;1&quot; | Chemical Formula<br /> | colspan=&quot;2&quot; | C&lt;sub&gt;17&lt;/sub&gt;H&lt;sub&gt;21&lt;/sub&gt;NO&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | colspan=&quot;1&quot; | Melting Point<br /> | colspan=&quot;2&quot; | 381.2-390.2°C (as nitrate), 55°C (as hydrobromide trihydrate)<br /> |-<br /> | colspan=&quot;1&quot; | Principle Indications <br /> | colspan=&quot;2&quot; | excessive salivation, IBS, motion sickness<br /> |-<br /> | colspan=&quot;1&quot; | Additional<br /> | colspan=&quot;2&quot; | colicky abdominal pain, sialorrhoea<br /> |-<br /> | colspan=&quot;1&quot; | Mechanism<br /> | colspan=&quot;2&quot; | interference of ACh* in nerve impulses<br /> |-<br /> | colspan=&quot;1&quot; | Biological Half-Life<br /> | colspan=&quot;2&quot; | approx. 9.5 hours in normal adult<br /> |-<br /> | colspan=&quot;1&quot; | Solubility<br /> | colspan=&quot;2&quot; | highly soluble in both organic &amp; inorganic solvents<br /> |-<br /> | 3D Structure<br /> |&lt;jmol&gt;<br /> &lt;jmolApplet&gt;<br /> &lt;size&gt;325&lt;/size&gt;<br /> &lt;color&gt;white&lt;/color&gt;<br /> &lt;script&gt;zoom 100; cpk off;frame 1; move 10 -20 10 0 0 0 0 0 3; delay 1;&lt;/script&gt;<br /> &lt;inlineContents&gt;HEADER CSD ENTRY XICKAV<br /> ATOM 1 C1 MOL 1 17.518 11.060 2.578 1.00 0.00 <br /> ATOM 2 N2 MOL 1 18.311 10.816 1.313 1.00 0.00 <br /> ATOM 3 C3 MOL 1 17.739 9.837 0.345 1.00 0.00 <br /> ATOM 4 C4 MOL 1 18.716 11.972 0.377 1.00 0.00 <br /> ATOM 5 C5 MOL 1 18.794 9.982 -0.755 1.00 0.00 <br /> ATOM 6 C6 MOL 1 16.350 10.296 -0.244 1.00 0.00 <br /> ATOM 7 C7 MOL 1 19.631 11.141 -0.508 1.00 0.00 <br /> ATOM 8 C8 MOL 1 17.583 12.505 -0.647 1.00 0.00 <br /> ATOM 9 O9 MOL 1 20.100 9.876 -0.053 1.00 0.00 <br /> ATOM 10 C10 MOL 1 16.253 11.893 -0.265 1.00 0.00 <br /> ATOM 11 O11 MOL 1 15.129 12.413 -0.993 1.00 0.00 <br /> ATOM 12 C12 MOL 1 13.942 12.104 -0.279 1.00 0.00 <br /> ATOM 13 C13 MOL 1 12.622 12.698 -0.686 1.00 0.00 <br /> ATOM 14 O14 MOL 1 14.003 11.453 0.779 1.00 0.00 <br /> ATOM 15 C15 MOL 1 12.479 14.029 0.137 1.00 0.00 <br /> ATOM 16 C16 MOL 1 11.432 11.762 -0.382 1.00 0.00 <br /> ATOM 17 O17 MOL 1 11.300 14.783 -0.180 1.00 0.00 <br /> ATOM 18 C18 MOL 1 10.201 12.231 -0.287 1.00 0.00 <br /> ATOM 19 C19 MOL 1 11.669 10.316 -0.193 1.00 0.00 <br /> ATOM 20 C20 MOL 1 9.076 11.341 0.015 1.00 0.00 <br /> ATOM 21 C21 MOL 1 10.646 9.504 0.084 1.00 0.00 <br /> ATOM 22 C22 MOL 1 9.293 10.040 0.196 1.00 0.00 <br /> ATOM 23 H48 MOL 1 17.995 11.730 3.147 1.00 0.00 <br /> ATOM 24 H50 MOL 1 17.423 10.202 3.083 1.00 0.00 <br /> ATOM 25 H52 MOL 1 16.612 11.409 2.341 1.00 0.00 <br /> ATOM 26 H54 MOL 1 17.572 8.929 0.730 1.00 0.00 <br /> ATOM 27 H56 MOL 1 19.017 12.779 0.885 1.00 0.00 <br /> ATOM 28 H58 MOL 1 18.340 9.606 -1.563 1.00 0.00 <br /> ATOM 29 H60 MOL 1 16.257 9.948 -1.177 1.00 0.00 <br /> ATOM 30 H62 MOL 1 15.614 9.929 0.325 1.00 0.00 <br /> ATOM 31 H64 MOL 1 20.162 11.855 -0.966 1.00 0.00 <br /> ATOM 32 H66 MOL 1 17.522 13.501 -0.592 1.00 0.00 <br /> ATOM 33 H68 MOL 1 17.821 12.236 -1.580 1.00 0.00 <br /> ATOM 34 H70 MOL 1 16.055 12.184 0.671 1.00 0.00 <br /> ATOM 35 H72 MOL 1 12.607 12.851 -1.674 1.00 0.00 <br /> ATOM 36 H74 MOL 1 12.452 13.797 1.109 1.00 0.00 <br /> ATOM 37 H76 MOL 1 13.278 14.601 -0.048 1.00 0.00 <br /> ATOM 38 H78 MOL 1 11.275 15.613 0.378 1.00 0.00 <br /> ATOM 39 H80 MOL 1 10.033 13.207 -0.424 1.00 0.00 <br /> ATOM 40 H82 MOL 1 12.595 9.946 -0.273 1.00 0.00 <br /> ATOM 41 H84 MOL 1 8.150 11.710 0.085 1.00 0.00 <br /> ATOM 42 H86 MOL 1 10.808 8.525 0.215 1.00 0.00 <br /> ATOM 43 H88 MOL 1 8.529 9.430 0.408 1.00 0.00 <br /> END&lt;/inlineContents&gt;<br /> &lt;/jmolApplet&gt;<br /> &lt;/jmol&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |}<br /> * ACh = acetylcholine, see below<br /> <br /> [[Image:ACh.gif|thumb|left|Chemical Structure of Acetylcholine - ACh]]<br /> <br /> ==Biological Mechanism==<br /> <br /> Scopolamine works by interfering with one of two sets of acetylcholine receptor sites which are the nicotinic (nAChR) and muscarinic (mAChR). The drug prevents the acetylcholine from binding with the latter (and nicotine induces a hypersensitivity at the former). This Is done by the scopolamine itself binding to the receptor in the place of the ACh, thereby blocking it. Having done so, being attached, it creates no inducive effect for the nerve impulse to proceed, hence, the sedative effect, as chemical signals back and forth between brain and skeletal muscles are slowed down and/or prevented. As it acts more centrally to the spinal column and brain, it therefore dulls pain to the thorax and abdomen (the nerve arcs to the vital organs and those in close proximity being much shorter), thus its effectiveness in treating motion sickness and IBS (irritable bowel syndrome).<br /> <br /> '''References'''<br /> <br /> Extended thanks to the following locations and parties for the use of their material:<br /> <br /> [http://www.plantphysiol.org/cgi/content/abstract/105/2/483 Species-Dependent Expression of the H6H Gene in the Pericycle] Plant Physiology (Vol 105, 483-490): Molecular Biology &amp; Gene Regulation - T. Kanegae, H. Kajiya, Y. Amano, T. Hashimoto and Y. Yamada<br /> <br /> [http://redpoll.pharmacy.ualberta.ca/drugbank/cgi-bin/getCard.cgi?CARD=APRD00616.txt Scopolamine(APRD00616)] DrugBank<br /> <br /> [http://www.drugs.com/pdr/scopolamine.html Scopolamine Drug Information] Drug Information Online (Prescription Drug Information for Consumers &amp; Professionals)<br /> <br /> also see [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acetylcholine Wikipedia's Acetylcholine]</div>

Aoa105 https://chemwiki.ch.ic.ac.uk/index.php?title=It:Cis-platin&diff=7667 2006-12-07T18:19:02Z

<p>Aoa105: </p> <hr /> <div>=Cis-Platin=<br /> ==Introduction==<br /> [[image:cisplatin.jpg|right]]<br /> Cis-Platin (cis-diamminedichloroplatinum(II)) is a platinum based drug used in medcine to treat many different types of cancers, including sarcomas carcinomars and lymphomars.<br /> PtCl&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;(NH&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;)&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; has 2 isomers; cis-PtCl&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;(NH&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;)&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; and trans-PtCl&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;(NH&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;)&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;. <br /> Both compounds have a square planer geometry, and have been found not to isomerize at room temperature.<br /> <br /> =Synthesis=</div>

Aoa105 https://chemwiki.ch.ic.ac.uk/index.php?title=It:Cis-platin&diff=7663 2006-12-07T18:16:45Z

<p>Aoa105: </p> <hr /> <div>=Cis-Platin=<br /> ==Introduction==<br /> [[image:cisplatin.jpg|right]]<br /> Cis-Platin (cis-diamminedichloroplatinum(II)) is a platinum based drug used in medcine to treat many different types of cancers, including sarcomas carcinomars and lymphomars.<br /> PtCl&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;(NH&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;)&lt;sub&gt;2 has 2 isomers; cis-PtCl&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;(NH&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;)&lt;sub&gt;2 and trans-PtCl&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;(NH&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;)&lt;sub&gt;2. Both compounds have a square planer geometry, and have been found not to isomerize at room temperature.<br /> <br /> =Synthesis=</div>

Aoa105 https://chemwiki.ch.ic.ac.uk/index.php?title=It:Cis-platin&diff=7637 2006-12-07T17:30:41Z

<p>Aoa105: </p> <hr /> <div>[[image:cisplatin.jpg|right]]</div>

Aoa105 https://chemwiki.ch.ic.ac.uk/index.php?title=It:Cis-platin&diff=7635 2006-12-07T17:29:50Z

<p>Aoa105: </p> <hr /> <div>[[image:cisplatin.jpg]]</div>

Aoa105 https://chemwiki.ch.ic.ac.uk/index.php?title=File:Cisplatin.jpg&diff=7627 2006-12-07T17:25:51Z

<p>Aoa105: </p> <hr /> <div></div>

Aoa105 https://chemwiki.ch.ic.ac.uk/index.php?title=File:Cisplatin.msv&diff=7624 2006-12-07T17:19:30Z

<p>Aoa105: </p> <hr /> <div></div>

Aoa105 https://chemwiki.ch.ic.ac.uk/index.php?title=It:projects&diff=7601 2006-12-07T16:40:03Z

<p>Aoa105: /* Supplemental Project Page */</p> <hr /> <div>__FORCETOC__<br /> <br /> '''''You MUST use the Edit buttons on the right to edit this content. Do NOT use the Edit button on the top of this page.'''''<br /> == Sandbox (Play-Pen) == <br /> <br /> This is an area where you can play without worrying what you do. Enter it by pressing the [Edit] button '''on the right''' and '''not''' at the top. Go here for a [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Cheatsheet ''cheat sheet''] summary of how to create a Wiki page. It's a free-for-all in here! Learn how to use a Wiki by coming here! PS This is how to do Greek: &amp;Alpha;, &amp;alpha;, &amp;beta; &amp;Delta;, &amp;delta; <br /> Try copying/pasting some of the [http://www.ch.ic.ac.uk/local/it/lab1.html examples in the course work] into this page. See the effect by selecting '''Show Preview'''. No not use '''Save Page''' so as to leave this area uncluttered for others.<br /> ----<br /> {|<br /> |NEW: This demonstrates the use of Jmol loading discrete molecule files (rather than having to paste them into the wiki page). Upload the molecule file, and invoke it as shown here. Use it for eg loading large proteins etc. Sorry about the delay in getting this working, but the cause was pretty unobvious.--[[User:Rzepa|Rzepa]] 16:07, 4 December 2006 (UTC)<br /> &lt;center&gt;&lt;jmol&gt;<br /> &lt;jmolApplet&gt;<br /> &lt;title&gt;Pentahelicene&lt;/title&gt;&lt;color&gt;yellow&lt;/color&gt;<br /> &lt;uploadedFileContents&gt;Pentahelicene.mol&lt;/uploadedFileContents&gt;<br /> &lt;/jmolApplet&gt;<br /> &lt;jmolMenu&gt;<br /> &lt;item&gt;&lt;text&gt;Start spinning&lt;/text&gt;&lt;script&gt;spin on&lt;/script&gt;&lt;/item&gt;<br /> &lt;item&gt;&lt;text&gt;Stop spinning&lt;/text&gt;&lt;script&gt;spin off&lt;/script&gt;&lt;/item&gt;<br /> &lt;menuHeight&gt;-1&lt;/menuHeight&gt;<br /> &lt;/jmolMenu&gt;<br /> &lt;jmolButton&gt;<br /> &lt;script&gt;console&lt;/script&gt;<br /> &lt;text&gt;open a console window&lt;/text&gt;<br /> &lt;/jmolButton&gt;<br /> &lt;/jmol&gt;&lt;/center&gt;<br /> -----<br /> &lt;center&gt;&lt;jmol&gt;&lt;jmolAppletButton&gt;&lt;title&gt;Show Pentahelicene in popup window&lt;/title&gt;&lt;color&gt;cyan&lt;/color&gt;<br /> &lt;uploadedFileContents&gt;Pentahelicene.mol&lt;/uploadedFileContents&gt;&lt;/jmolAppletButton&gt;<br /> &lt;/jmol&gt;&lt;/center&gt;<br /> <br /> == Main Project Page ==<br /> '''Please do not edit this page itself'''. Click on one of the titles to start editing.<br /> {| summary=&quot;CIT Project Titles&quot; border=&quot;1&quot;<br /> ! bgcolor=&quot;cyan&quot; |Project&lt;br /&gt; Number<br /> ! bgcolor=&quot;cyan&quot; |General Keywords<br /> |-<br /> | bgcolor=&quot;#CCFF00&quot; |01<br /> | bgcolor=&quot;#CCFF00&quot; | [[it:Lignocaine|Lignocaine (used in dentistry as a &quot;local&quot;)]]<br /> |-<br /> | bgcolor=&quot;#CCFF00&quot; |02<br /> | bgcolor=&quot;#66FF99&quot; | [[it:Piperine|Piperine (active ingredient of both black and white pepper)]]<br /> |-<br /> | bgcolor=&quot;#CCFF00&quot; |03<br /> | bgcolor=&quot;#CCFF00&quot; | [[it:Rapamycin|Rapamycin (prevents transplant rejection)]]<br /> |-<br /> | bgcolor=&quot;#CCFF00&quot; |04<br /> | bgcolor=&quot;#66FF99&quot; | [[it:Gossypol|Gossypol (male birth control)]]<br /> |-<br /> | bgcolor=&quot;#CCFF00&quot; |05<br /> | bgcolor=&quot;#CCFF00&quot; | [[it:Gentamycin|Gentamicin A (aminoglycoside antibiotic)]]<br /> |-<br /> | bgcolor=&quot;#CCFF00&quot; |06<br /> | bgcolor=&quot;#66FF99&quot; | [[it:Herceptin|Herceptin (topical anticancer drug)]]<br /> |-<br /> | bgcolor=&quot;#CCFF00&quot; |07<br /> | bgcolor=&quot;#CCFF00&quot; | [[it:Gingerone|Zingerone (the characteristic smell of ginger)]]<br /> |-<br /> | bgcolor=&quot;#CCFF00&quot; |08<br /> | bgcolor=&quot;#66FF99&quot; | [[it:Sucralose|Sucralose (non-metabolizable sweetening agent)]]<br /> |-<br /> | bgcolor=&quot;#CCFF00&quot; |09<br /> | bgcolor=&quot;#CCFF00&quot; | [[it:Bufotoxin|Bufotoxin (active component of the toad ''Bufo vulgaris'')]]<br /> |-<br /> | bgcolor=&quot;#CCFF00&quot; |10<br /> | bgcolor=&quot;#66FF99&quot; | [[it:Roaccutane|Roaccutane (treatment for severe acne)]]<br /> |-<br /> | bgcolor=&quot;#CCFF00&quot; |11<br /> | bgcolor=&quot;#CCFF00&quot; | [[it:Sibutramine|Sibutramine (appetite suppresor)]]<br /> |-<br /> | bgcolor=&quot;#CCFF00&quot; |12<br /> | bgcolor=&quot;#66FF99&quot; | [[it:Anandamide|Anandamide (the &quot;feel-good&quot; factor in chocolate)]]<br /> |-<br /> | bgcolor=&quot;#CCFF00&quot; |13<br /> | bgcolor=&quot;#CCFF00&quot; | [[it:h3nbh3|Ammonia-borane: H&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;N-BH&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt; (Hydrogen storage molecule?)]]<br /> |-<br /> | bgcolor=&quot;#CCFF00&quot; |14<br /> | bgcolor=&quot;#66FF99&quot; | [[it:Methoxsalen|Methoxsalen (Treatment of psoriasis)]]<br /> |-<br /> | bgcolor=&quot;#CCFF00&quot; |15<br /> | bgcolor=&quot;#CCFF00&quot; | [[it:Hycocine|Hyoscine (From Mandrake and Witches Henbane, pre-med before surgery)]]<br /> |-<br /> | bgcolor=&quot;#CCFF00&quot; |16<br /> | bgcolor=&quot;#66FF99&quot; | [[it:Capreomycin|Capreomycin (Drug-resistant TB)]]<br /> |-<br /> | bgcolor=&quot;#CCFF00&quot; |17<br /> | bgcolor=&quot;#CCFF00&quot; | [[it:wilkinson|Wilkinson's catalyst]]<br /> |-<br /> | bgcolor=&quot;#CCFF00&quot; |18<br /> | bgcolor=&quot;#66FF99&quot; | [[it:Jacobsen|Jacobsen's epoxidation catalyst]]<br /> |-<br /> | bgcolor=&quot;#CCFF00&quot; |19<br /> | bgcolor=&quot;#CCFF00&quot; | [[it:Methylaluminoxane|Methylaluminoxane: MAO - hugely important ethylene polymerisation cocatalyst]]<br /> |-<br /> | bgcolor=&quot;#CCFF00&quot; |20<br /> | bgcolor=&quot;#66FF99&quot; | [[it:Schwartz|Schwartz reagent for the hydrozirconation of alkenes and alkynes]]<br /> |-<br /> | bgcolor=&quot;#CCFF00&quot; |21<br /> | bgcolor=&quot;#CCFF00&quot; | [[it:Schrock|Schrock metathesis catalyst]]<br /> |-<br /> | bgcolor=&quot;#CCFF00&quot; |22<br /> | bgcolor=&quot;#66FF99&quot; | [[it:knots|Molecular-scale knots (nanoscale devices)]]<br /> |-<br /> |bgcolor=&quot;#CCFF00&quot; |23<br /> | bgcolor=&quot;#CCFF00&quot; | [[it:Vioxx|Vioxx (treatment of osteoarthritis symptoms and pain)]]<br /> |-<br /> | bgcolor=&quot;#CCFF00&quot; |24<br /> | bgcolor=&quot;#66FF99&quot; | [[it:Sertraline|Sertraline HCl (anti-depression)]]<br /> |-<br /> | bgcolor=&quot;#CCFF00&quot; |25<br /> | bgcolor=&quot;#CCFF00&quot; | [[it:Ceftriaxone|Ceftriaxone (Gonorrhoea)]]<br /> |-<br /> | bgcolor=&quot;#CCFF00&quot; |26<br /> | bgcolor=&quot;#66FF99&quot; | [[it:Zithromycin|Zithromycin (anti-infective)]]<br /> |-<br /> | bgcolor=&quot;#CCFF00&quot; |27<br /> | bgcolor=&quot;#CCFF00&quot; | [[it:Lipitor|Lipitor (Cholesterol reducing agent)]]<br /> |-<br /> | bgcolor=&quot;#CCFF00&quot; |28<br /> | bgcolor=&quot;#66FF99&quot; | [[it:Cyameluric Acid|Cyameluric acid (Linus Pauling's last idea!)]]<br /> |}<br /> <br /> == Supplemental Project Page ==<br /> <br /> This area is for people who wish to create their own projects if none of the above appeal to them. Click on the '''Edit''' button to the right to open up an editable page,<br /> then add an entry below as follows<br /> <br /> *&lt;nowiki&gt; [[it:name_of_project|Descriptive name of intended project]]&lt;/nowiki&gt;<br /> *This will produce the effect: [[it:name_of_project|Descriptive name of intended project]]<br /> ----<br /> *[[it:sitagliptin_page|Sitagliptin]]<br /> *[[it:Retinal|Retinal, molecule of sight]]<br /> *[[it:Tamoxifen|Tamoxifen, breast cancer treatment]]<br /> *[[it:Morphine|Morphine, painkiller]]<br /> *[[it:Pelargonidin|Pelargonidin, colouring in nature]]<br /> *[[it:Propanil|Propanil, weedkiller]]<br /> *[[it:Ranitidine|Ranitidine, antiulcerative]]<br /> *[[it:chlorphentermine|chlorphentermine, anorectic]]<br /> *[[it:Serotonin|Serotonin, The 'HAPPY' Drug]]<br /> *[[it:Amphidinolide T1|Amphidinolide T1]]<br /> *[[it:Rosiglitazone|Rosiglitazone, drug that is currently used to treat diabetes.]]<br /> *[[it:Furosemide|Furosemide]]<br /> *[[it:Tryptophan|Tryptophan]]<br /> *[[it:methylpentynol|methylpentynol, tranquilliser.]]<br /> *[[it:Ferrocene|Ferrocene]]<br /> *[[it:Scopolamine|Scopolamine, the (Former) Truth Drug]]<br /> *[[it:Camptothecin|Camptothecin,Anti-cancer agent ]]<br /> *[[it:Salmeterol|Salmeterol, an agonist used to treat asthma]]<br /> *[[it:Psilocin|Psilocin]]<br /> *[[it:Epibatidine|Epibatidine]]<br /> *[[it:Beta Carotene|Beta Carotene]]<br /> *[[it:Thyroxine|Thyroxine, the Thyroid Hormone]]<br /> *[[it:Tetrahydrocannabinol|Tetrahydrocannabinol]]<br /> *[[it:Linalool|Linalool(A component of essential oil)]]<br /> *[[it:Dihydroartemisinin| Dihydroartemisinin, An Active Anti-Malarial]]<br /> *[[it:Acrolein|Acrolein]]<br /> *[[it:Cinnamaldehyde|Cinnamaldehyde: The smell and taste in the spice cinnamon]]<br /> *[[it:Melatonin|Melatonin: The All-Natural Nightcap]]<br /> *[[it:Benzylpiperazine|Benzylpiperazine (BZP): Party Pills]]<br /> *[[it:Vanillin|Vanillin, flavouring used in food]]<br /> *[[it:Gingerol|Gingerol, precursor of Zingerone]]<br /> *[[it:MSG|MSG; because everyone loves the flavour]]<br /> *[[it:DDT|DDT, Pesticide]]<br /> *[[it:Oseltamivir|Oseltamivir, neuraminidase inhibitor]]<br /> *[[it:Caffeine|Caffeine]]<br /> *[[it:Fullerene]]<br /> *[[it:Histrionicotoxin]]<br /> *[[it:limonene]]<br /> *[[it:Capsanthin]]<br /> *[[it:Safrole|Safrole: A formerly popular food and drinks additive]]<br /> *[[it:Adenosine_Triphosphate|Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP), Energy source in muscles]]<br /> *[[it:Aspartame|Aspartame: Artificial sweetener]]<br /> *[[it:Astemizole|Astemizole:non-sedating anti-histamine]]<br /> *[[it:Flucloxacillin|Flucloxacillin:antibiotic]]<br /> *[[it:Quinine|Quinine: The Perfect Tonic for Any Fever]]<br /> *[[it:Caramel|Caramel]]<br /> *[[it:Azithromycin|Azithromycin]]<br /> *[[it:Artemisinin|Artemisinin: An antimalarial drug]]<br /> *[[it:Bradykinin|Bradykinin]]<br /> *[[it:Carminic_acid|Carminic acid, Red colouring agent]]<br /> *[[it:Oxytocin|Oxytocin: The Hormone of Love]]<br /> *[[it:Carmoisine|Carmoisine]]<br /> *[[it:Ziegler-Natta|Ziegler-Natta]]<br /> *[[it:Cyclamate|Cyclamate]]<br /> *[[it:Polyurethane|Polyurethane]]<br /> *[[it:sexithiophene|sexithiophene]]<br /> *[[it:Polydimethylsiloxane|Polydimethylsiloxane: Silicon-based organic polymer]]<br /> *[[it:Lycopene|Lycopene: the red antioxidant molecule]]<br /> *[[it:Crystal Meth|Crystal Meth]]<br /> *[[it:Mustard Gas|Mustard Gas]]<br /> *[[it:Saxitoxin|Shellfish Poison]]<br /> *[[it:Luminol|Luminol: Chemiluminescence Reactions]]<br /> *[[it:Tumor Necrosis Factor|Tumour Necrosis Factor]]<br /> *[[it:Tamiflu|Tamiflu: Antiviral]]<br /> *[[it:Warfarin|Warfarin: Blood thinner]]<br /> *[[it:Vitamin C|Ascorbic acid: Vitamin C]]<br /> *[[it:Hexahelicene|Hexahelicene]]<br /> *[[it:Cocaine|Cocaine]]<br /> *[[it:Eucalyptol|Eucalyptol: The main component of eucalyptus oil]]<br /> *[[it:dichlorodifluromethane| Dichlorodifluromethane]]<br /> *[[it:Theobromine| Theobromine]]<br /> *[[it:Maraviroc|Maraviroc: A Potent CCR5 Antagonist for treatment of HIV]]<br /> *[[it:Aspirin]]<br /> *[[it:DEET|DEET]]<br /> *[[it:PhenylButazone|PhenylButazone]]<br /> *[[it:Epinephrine|Epinephrine]]<br /> *[[it:Phenylmercury Acetate|Phenylmurcury Acetate]]<br /> *[[it:Methyltestosterone|Methyltestosterone]]<br /> *[[it:Carboplatin|Carboplatin]]<br /> *[[it:Osmium Tetroxide|Osmium Tetroxide]]<br /> *[[it:TNT|TNT]]<br /> *[[it:Ethenzamide|Ethenzamide]]<br /> *[[it:Cis-platin|Cis-platin]]<br /> <br /> == Arsine ==<br /> Arsine is a trihydride Arsenic compound that has uses in forensic science, synthesis of organoasenic compund and also as a semi conductor. While used in the detection of arsenic poisoning it is in itself a highly poisonous gas and must be handled with care <br /> <br /> # [http://diberri.dyndns.org/wikipedia/html2wiki/ A HTML2Wiki Converter]<br /> <br /> === Marsh Test ===<br /> <br /> The Marsh test was a developed by one James Marsh as a means of detecting asenic poisoning. Body parts (typically the stomach) of a victim suspected of arsenic poisoning are reduced by zinc and sulphuric acid. If any arsenic is prsent then it is converted into gaseous Arsine that is fed through a heated tube. This will break down the arsine gas and form a black film of arsenic on the inside of the tube. This method was used during the 19th centuary and up to the middle of the 20th centuary, when it became replaced by more modern methods. The most common method of detection nowadays is neutron activation analysis.<br /> <br /> ----<br /> [[Template:Chem-Data]]<br /> <br /> [[Template:Drug-Box]] - For pharmaceutical drugs just copy variable names and code generates tables<br /> <br /> [[Template:Chembox supplement]] - to be linked to from the supplementary section of the table in the template above, for usage see [[Template_talk:chembox_supplement|here]]<br /> <br /> [[Template:NFPA_704]] - for notes on how to use, see [[Template_talk:NFPA_704|here]]<br /> <br /> [[R &amp; S Phrases]]</div>

Aoa105